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Status of the Croatian Nuclear
Energy Programme (CRONEP)
Željko Tomšić University of Zagreb
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing
Regional Workshop on Establishing a National Position
and Decision Making
for a Nuclear Power Programme
Zagreb, Croatia, 7 - 9 September 2011
CROATIAN ENERGY STRATEGY
AND NUCLEAR POWER
PROGRAMME
BASIC CROATIAN ENERGY STRATEGY OBJECTIVES
National Energy Strategy is adopted by the Croatian
Parliament on October, 16th 2009.
The Croatian Energy Strategy has three basic energy
objectives:
— Security of energy supply;
— Competitiveness of energy sector;
— Sustainable development.
FOLLOWING 20-20-20 EU TARGETS
20% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020
in comparison to 1990;
20% of renewable energy sources in gross final
energy consumption in 2020;
10% shall be a share of renewable energy sources in
2020 used in all types of transport in comparison with
final gasoline and diesel fuel, bio fuel consumption in
road and railway transport and total electricity
consumption in transport;
9% decrease of final energy consumption in a period
by 2016 applying energy efficiency measures.
FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION PROJECTIONS
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
PJ
Other Sectors Transport Industry
46.1%
32.0%
22.0%
46.3%
33.0%
20.6%
2006 2020
Comparison of final
energy consumption
according to the
business-as-usual
projection with the final
energy consumption
after the
implementation of
energy efficiency
measures.
PJ 2006 2015 2020 Growth rate
2006 - 2020 2030
Consumption according to
Business as usual scenario 267.89 362.75 409.60 3.1 % 500.83
Consumption after
implementation of energy
efficiency measures
267.89 345.18 386.84 2.7 % 470.60
Reduction in final energy
consumption 0.00 17.57 22.76 / 30.24
Sustainable scenario of final energy consumption
CROATIAN ENERGY SECTOR
CHARACTERISTICS AND POTENTIAL
Poor domestic reserve of
fossil fuels,
but
Potentially transit country for
oil, natural gas and electricity;
Advantages of maritime country;
Potential and sites for:
— hydropower plants, wind
parks, biomass, geothermal,
solar,
—construction of underground
gas storages,
—underground CO2 storages,
—nuclear power plant,
—other power generation
facilities.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Prod
uctio
n, 1
03t
Domestic production Oil import
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
10
6m
3
Domestic production Import
Estimated domestic gas production in Croatia
Estimated oil production in Croatia
No domestic coal reserves
NATIONAL TARGET
The Republic of Croatia has set the goal that in
the period until year 2020 the share in
electricity generation from large hydro power
plants and other renewable energy sources in
total electricity consumption is maintained at the
present level of 35%.
SECTORS OBJECTIVES FOR RES
Biomass31.5%
Biofuels10.8%
Hydropower- HPP28.2%
Hydropower- Small HPP1.2%
Wind energy12.2%
Solar energy5.9%
Biogas3.1%
Geothermal energy1.3%
Other energy(air, water)
5.8%
Structure of RES shares in 20% of gross final energy consumption in 2020
Sector Share of RES, %
Electricity 9.2
Transport 2.2
Heating and cooling 8.6
The goal is to use around 84 PJ of renewable energy sources in
2020
ELECTRICITY
Year 2006. 2010. 2020.
Growth rate of
consumption
2006. - 2020. (%)
2030.
Immediate consumption
according to the basis projection
(TWh) 15,0 18,0 27,0 4,3 36,9
Direct consumption towards a
sustainable scenario (TWh) 15,0 17,0 25,0 3,7 33
Total electricity consumption for
sustainable scenario (TWh) 17,3 20,0 28,0 3,5 36,8
Final electricity consumption and total electricity consumption in sustainable scenario
Installed capacity and starting up new plants
- 1,1 GW power
plants will be shut
down.
• 2,4 GW thermal
power plants
should be built to
cover consumption
and support
generation from
RES.
3 POSSIBLE SCENARIOS AND CO2 EMISSIONS
Even with nuclear option Croatia will have difficulties in meeting
internationally negotiating binding targets, CO2 reduction until 2020 in
comparison to 1990 while maintaining security of supply and
competitiveness.
Kyoto targetBase year
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
10
00
ktC
O2e
q
Emission 1990.-2005. 'Blue'' scenario 'Green'' scenario
'White'' scenario Kyoto target Base year
Blue scenario without
NPP (gas, coal, RES);
NPP after 2020 in
Green (gas,NPP,RES)
and White scenario
(gas,coal,NPP,RES);
After 2020 CCS
technology included.
NUCLEAR - PRESENT NATIONAL POSITION
National Energy Strategy is adopted by the Croatian
Parliament on October, 16th 2009 decided in favour of
launching the Croatian Nuclear Energy Program (CRONEP),
consistent with the IAEA methodology.
Before making the decisions on building the nuclear power
plant, it is necessary to perform preparation activities in
accordance with the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA).
Decision on the construction of a nuclear power plant will be
taken by the Croatian Parliament.
It was primarily planned decision-making on building the nuclear
power plant by 2012, nowdays is not realistic but launching
nuclear program is necessary and is in the process.
National Position
The Program of Preliminary Activities
on CRONEP will be detailed in the
Strategy Implementation Programme
Strategy Implementation Programme –
in preparation – contains also a list of
preparatory activities of the Phase 1
The launching of the Croatian Nuclear Energy
Programme comprises two basic goals:
— providing for existence (co-existence) in
immediate vicinity of two nuclear power plants and
five nuclear reactors in NPP Krško and NPP Paks
— providing for preconditions required for
decision making and realization of nuclear
power plant construction.
Nuclear safety and public awareness will be
in the focus of the CRONEP.
ROLE OF CRONEP
EXPERIENCE IN NUCLEAR
The Republic of Croatia has previous nuclear experience and belongs to a group of countries that use nuclear power for energy purposes.
Hrvatska Elektroprivreda (Croatian Power Utility) is co-owner of 700 MW NPP Krško in Slovenia.
Croatian nuclear experience arises from: — more than 10 years of preparations and construction
of NPP Krško; — 28 years of successful operation of NPP Krško; — preparation for construction of the first NPP in Croatia
carried out until 1987 (NPP Prevlaka).
Positive influence of NPP Krško construction and operation is still present in the Croatian industry.
In 1987 NPP Prevlaka project was terminated after Chernobyl accident.
Tanja
Vir
Prevlaka
In Croatia a few nuclear sites were identified through intensive site selection processes carried out in 70-ies, late 80-ies and early 90-ies;
A site for low and medium level radioactive waste identified and included in the National Spatial Plan;
Now it is necessary to re-evaluate them but they were identified.
SITE – THE GREAT ADVANTAGE
Siting Regulation
Site Selection Criteria for thermal power plants and
nuclear facilities (1991) Elimination criteria
Comparative criteria
Ordinance on safety and security for siting, design,
construction, operation and decommissioning of
nuclear facilities (2008) Basic elimination criteria (7)
Special elimination criteria (16)
Comparative criteria (33)
New Act on radiological and nuclear safety (OG
28/2010) Site Selection is deregulated from the nuclear safety point of
view
New ordinance on site evaluation in preparation
Overview of Current Human Resources
in Croatia to Support Nuclear Power
20-30 years ago Croatia had experienced nuclear staff
Knowledge achieved during two nuclear projects: Construction and operation of NPP Krško – jointly built with
Slovenian partners
Construction of NPP Prevlaka – project ceased in 1987, after Chernobyl accident
The biggest number of nuclear experts (nuclear power engineers) already retired
Lack of new nuclear projects in the last 20 years resulted in Multy skilled workforce – a number of ex-nuclear staff has been
involved in different areas of business today
Drop of interest of local industry for participation in relatively narrow range of jobs and services related to NPP Krško
Drop of interest of students for nuclear power courses
Overview of Current Human Resources in
Croatia to Support Nuclear Power
Government
Ministry of Economy
Educational institutions
Scientific Institutions
Regulator = State office
for Radiation Protection
and Nuclear Safety
Consultants
National Industry
Operator = Croatian
Power Utility
Currently
25
employees
10-20
companies
with working
experience on
NPP Krško
Institute Ruđer
Bošković, …
Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and
Computing Zagreb
Domestic + foreign
+ Croatian
workforce from
NPP Krško (80
workers)
4 nuclear engineers
+ variety of
workforce in fields
needed to start with
PHASE 1
18
State Office for Radiological and Nuclear Safety established in 2010 based on Act on radiological and nuclear safety (OG 28/2010)
Took over all responsibilities from the former State office for radiation protection and State office for nuclear safety together with inspection of radiation sources which was located within Ministry of Health
Functionally and financially independent nuclear regulatory body
Act on radiological and nuclear safety (2010)
Details of licensing process for nuclear instalation will be presentend in separate presentation
Legal & regulatory infrastructure
Overall development
In accordance with IAEA methodology, the aspects
covered by preliminary activities from PHASE 1 are the
following:
national status
nuclear safety
nuclear program management
program funding
legal framework
the proliferation issue
regulatory framework
environmental protection
protection against radiation
siting and infrastructure
electricity transmission network
human resources development
public communication
planning of crisis
safety and physical protection
nuclear fuel cycle
radioactive waste
inclusion of domestic industry, work and services
policy regarding the procurement of equipment and services.
Overall development
Nuclear safety and Regulatory framework
Probably the most developed part of the
CRONEP
Favourable influence of two factors:
Existence of the nuclear regulator (State
office for radiological and nuclear safety)
Significant number of institutes, local
industry and individuals with previous
experience from NPP Krško operation have
already achieved safety culture
Overall development
Electricity transmission network
A study on the circumstances in the Croatian power
grid in 2020 was carried out in 2008
Results:
Croatian Power System may easily withstand a
1000 MW NPP in 2020
Construction of 600 MW NPP will result in
shortage of power in 2020
1600 MW NPP will be too big for the Croatian
Power System in 2020
Overall development
Public communication
A limited range of public surveys were conducted in the
past 3-4 years, mostly among student population
NEMIS - internet portal (www.nemis.zpf.fer.hr )
containing objective information on nuclear issues was
set up in 2009
During the process of preparation the National Energy
Strategy, positive aspects of nuclear energy were
recognized among participating parties
However, engagement of a professional
communication agency is inevitable in the near future
Overall development
Radioactive waste Croatia has obligation to find solution for half of the waste from NPP
Krško
National Strategy for Management of radioactive waste and
spent nuclear fuel (July 2009) – 3 options:
Fund for financing decommissioning of NPP Krško and
disposal of NPP Krško radioactive waste and spent
nuclear fuel established in 2007.
Project tasks for analysis these 3 options is defined
Joint CRO-
SLO
repositories
Export in 3rd
country
Repository in
Croatia
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Plitvice Krka waterfalls
Zagreb