status of ch em ical pesticides use and their regulation
TRANSCRIPT
Status of Chemical pesticides
use and their regulation in Nepal
Dilli Ram Sharma, PhD
Chief
Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Management Centre
NEPAL:PESTICIDE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL SET UP
Pesticide Act in 1991
Pesticide Rules and Regulations in 1993
Enforcement initiated in 1994
First amendment of Regulation 2064(2007)
Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Management Centre took over the role of
pesticide registration and management and implement the regulation of
pesticides and Plant Protection.
Plant Protection Officer from AGK in each district (total 77) designated as
pesticide inspector.
USE OF PESTICIDES:
•Introduced in Nepal in 1950s for malaria eradication.
• Mostly use in high value and vegetable crops.
Source: Sharma, 2015
Adverse effect of hazardous pesticides
Pest resistance
Resurgence of pests
Toxic residues in food, water, air and soil
Pollution to environment
Elimination of natural enemies
Disruption of eco-system
Poisoning
PESTICIDES PROBLEMS
Improper handling
Improper storage
Improper transport
Unsound disposal Methods
Environment
pollution
Chronic Acute
Poisoning Health hazards
CONSUMPTION OF PESTICIDES
396gm a.i./ha
The consumption pattern of pesticides in different countries
S.N. Country Pesticide use active ingredient(ai) kg/ha
1 Japan 10.8
2 Europe 1.9
3 USA 1.5
4 India 0.481
5 Latin America 0.22
6 Oceania 0.20
7 Africa 0.13
8 Argentina 0.295
9 Turkey 0.298
10 Indonesia 0.575
11 Thailand 1.367
12 Mexico 1.375
13 Republic of Korea 16.559
14 Hungary 12.573
15 Italy 13.355
16 China 2.0-2.5
17 Nepal 0.396 Source: Arora et al., 2011
Top 10 Pesticide Consuming Countries of The World Rank Country Annual Pesticide
Consumption (mt)
1 China 1,806000
2 United States 386000
3 Argentina 265000
4 Thailand 87000
5 Brazil 76000
6 Italy 63000
7 France 62000
8 Canada 54000
9 Japan 52000
10 India 40000
56 77
108
196
146 152 177 176
154 131 132
347 356
211
335 345
410
455
550 574
635
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Trends of Pesticide Import by year Mt.
Year
Mt.
Trends of Pesticide Import
Registered Pesticide in Nepal (Upto 2018/12/15)
SN Pesticide Category Common Name Trade Name
1. Insecticide 60 1635
2. Fungicide 42 746
3. Bactericide 1 17
4. Herbicide 30 436
5. Acaricide 6 28
6. Molluscicide 1 2
7. Rodenticide 2 38
8. Biopesticide 14 113
9. Herbal 13 1
Total 169 3034
Status of Extremely & Highly Hazardous Pesticides Registered in Nepal
WHO
Class
Pesticide
Category
Common Name CAS No LD 50
(mg/kg)
No. of Trade
Name Regd.
Ib Insecticide Dichlorvos 62-73-7 56 78
Ib Carbofuran 1563-66-2 8 38
II Insecticide Carbaryl 63-25-2 300 1
II Insecticide Triazophos 24017-47-8 82 54
II Herbicide Paraquat
dichloride
1910-42-5 150 17
Ib (GHS 1)
Rodenticide Bromadiolone 28772-56-7 0.2-3.0 13
Ib Rodenticide Zinc Phosphide 1314-84-7 45 16
U Fungicide Benomyl 17804-35-2 >10000 1
Total 7 218
S.N. Description Number
1. Pesticide registered till December
2018 (Trade name) 3034
2. Pesticide registered till December
2018 (Common name) 169
3. License holder (Retailers) 11777
4. Trained personnel (safe storage
and use) 11159
5. Formulators (13th March 2013 5
6. License on spraying 19
7 Importer 160
Pesticide brief data 2017/18
LIST OF BANNED PESTICIDES IN NEPAL
S.N. Name of pesticides Year
1 Chlordane 2001
2 Dieldrin 2001
3 Aldrin 2001
4 Mirex 2001
5 Lindane 2001
6 Phosphamidon 2001
7 DDT 2001
8 Endrin 2001
9 Heptachlor 2001
10 BHC 2001
11 Organo mercury 2001 Fungicids
S.N. Name of pesticides Year
12 Toxaphene 2001
13 Monochrotophos 2006
14 Methyle parathion 2006
15. Endosulfan 2012
16. Phorate 2015
17 Carbofuran 2019
18 Dichlorvos 2019
19 Triazophos 2019
20 Carbaryl 2019
21. Benomyl 2019
Ecological Belt Total
Pesticide
applied (a.i.
kg)
Percentage Quantity
(a.i.
kg/ha)
High hill 23.83 4 0.085
Hill 114.4 20 0.314
Terai 342.4 59 0.995
Valley 94.22 17 0.470
Total 574.9 100 -
Ecological Scenario of Pesticide Use
PPD, 2015
Regions Total
pesticides
applied(kg)
Percentage Quantity(a.i
.kg/ha)
FWDR 31.27 5.43 0.146
MWDR 45.66 7.94 0.225
WDR 66.35 11.53 0.276
CDR 261.50 45.48 1.015
EDR 170.19 29.62 0.616
Total 574.97 100
Regional Scenario
PPD, 2015
Crops Total
Pesticide
a.i.kg
Total Area
(ha)
Quantity
(a.i.kg/ha)
Cereals 43.975 953.379 0.046125
Vegetables 513.967 320.290 1.604693
Cash Crops 12.921 69.266 0.186542
Pulses 2.178 42.916 0.05075
Fruits 1.952 66.880 0.029187
Total 574.993 1452.730
Pesticide Consumption by Crop
PPD, 2015
Areas of pesticide problems in Nepal • Overdose and frequent application of pesticides in cotton, tea
and commercial vegetable farming areas along with cocktail spray
• Use of insecticide particularly endosulfan for killing fish in stream and ponds-fisherman’s practice.
• Use of insecticide particularly DDT in the past and dichlorvos and malathion at present for the control of the head louse – public practice.
• Use of insecticide particularly endosulfan on cattle body for the control of mange.
• Use of pesticide treated grains ( supposed to be dumped or buried) for making alcohol (local wine) and also for feeding horses in remote districts.
Contd….
• Dipping green vegetables particularly broad leaf mustard, tomatoes and brinjal ( eggplant) in malathion solution in the evening to keep it fresh and shiny looking and taking the product in the market next morning-farmer’s practice.
• Dipping tomatoes and brinjal (egg plant) in mancozeb solution just before taking it in the market to keep it fresh and shiny looking-farmer’s practice.
• Spraying insecticides on body surface of fish to keep flies while displaying it on the shop for selling-trader’s practice.
• Throwing away date expired pesticides and empty containers in public area (green ground, open area), local streams and drainage/sewage without any hesitation-general practice.
• Use of fumigants particularly aluminium phosphide in the locally made mud bins with loose cover that are kept either in bedroom or in storeroom adjacent to bedroom
Routine base spray
• No any disease and pests infestation
Unsound disposal
Pesticides selling together with foods.
Pesticides are mixing near water source.
Farmer mixing pesticides with barren hand.
Acute poisoning
Pesticide bottles in the river
Preparing to mix pesticides with vegetables( Tomatoes)
Farmer mixing pesticides by barren hand with fertilizer.
85
[VALUE]
Share of chemical pesticide
Vegetable
Other crops
Share of pesticides
Sharma et al., 2015
Use of pesticides by farmers
Source: Sharma, 2015
Use of different pesticides
Sharma et al., 2014
Sharma et al., 2014
Pesticides used by WHO classification
Source: Sharma, 2015
Source of advice
Source: Sharma, 2013
(% farmers)
S.N. Districts Name of
Pockets
Types of Protective measures Protectiv
e
measures
used Mask Cloth Boot Gloves
1 Bara Bhali-
Bhalbariha
8 18 2 2 30
Raghunathpur 10 26 0 4 40
2 Dhading Kewaltar 24 8 4 0 36
Benighat 8 24 8 0 40
3 Kavre Nala 36 12 8 4 60
Kusadevi 24 12 0 4 40
Overall 18.33 16.66 3.66 2.33 41
Protective measures used during application of pesticides
Source: Sharma, 2013
Bad Habits also lead to Pesticide Poisoning
• Nine percent farmers eat or drink during application of pesticides in study areas.
9%
91%
Farmer used to eat/drink during handling of pesticides
Eat/drink
Does not eat/drink
Source: Sharma, 2013
Pattern of use of remaining pesticides also lead to Pesticide Poisoning
Source: Sharma, 2013
S.N. Districts Name of Pockets Farmer's Perceptions
Bisadi( Poison) Ausadhi ( Medicine)
1 Bara Bhali-Bhalbariha 41(82) 9(18)
Raghunathpur 32(64) 18(36)
Tatal 73(73) 27(27)
2 Dhading Kewaltar 22(88) 3(12)
Benighat 15(60) 10(40)
Tatal 37(74) 13(26)
3 Kavre Nala 22(88) 3(12)
Kusadevi 17(68) 8(32)
Tatal 39(78) 11(22)
Overall 149(74.5) 51(25.5)
Perceptions of farmers about the name of pesticides for control of pest.
Figures in parenthesis indicates percentage
Source: Sharma, 2013
Careless of farmers which barrier to trade
Sharma, 2015
Ecologica
l zone
Districts
Aspect of pesticide focus
Label contain
Effectiveness of
pesticide to control the
target pests
Adverse effect of
pesticides on human
health
Adverse
effects of
pesticide on
environment
Expiry date of pesticides
Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Freque
ncy % Frequency %
Terai Bara 43 43 92 92 18 18 17 17 84 84
Terai
Total
43 43 92 92 18 18 17 17 84 84
Mid hills Dhading 17 34 23 46 1 2 0 0 34 68
Kavre 10 20 29 58 1 2 1 2 12 24
Mid hills
total
27 27 52 52 2 2 1 1 46 46
Grand
Total 70 35 144 72 20 10 18 9 130 65
Farmer's practices while buying the pesticides
Sharma, 2015
Symptom noticed by farmers.
Source: Sharma, 2013
1% 1%
31%
49%
18%
Pesticides disposal practices
Put oil
Store food
Burn/bury
Throw away
Sell to market
Source: Sharma, 2013
• Developing countries use 25 percent of the world’s production of pesticides but have 99 percent of pesticide-related deaths. In rural areas, the percentages of suicides which involve pesticides are:
- 60 percent in China,
- 71 percent in Sri-Lanka,
- more than 90 percent in Malaysia,
- 68 percent in Trinidad and
- 30 percent in India. (Brian, 2005).
• According to WHO, three million acute poisoning cases with 2, 20,000 deaths occur annually throughout the world. Out of these 90 percent of poisoning cases belongs to developing countries particularly among agricultural workers (Dhavai et al, 2011).
Some fact of poisoning cont….
Efforts of PQPMC to Manage Pesticides
• Enforced Pesticide Act/Regulation
• Adoption of International code of conduct.
• Register the imported pesticides
• Banning the pesticides
• Deregistration of hazardous pesticides
• Restriction to use of pesticides
• Licensing to Agro vets
• Rapid Bio-assay Residue Analysis of pesticides Laboratory establish for pesticide monitoring and implementation of regulation.
• Awareness campaign on right use of pesticides.
• Celebrate No Pesticide Use Week.
• Capacity development on management of pesticides to officials and farmers.
• Regulation of SPS measures .
Regulation on Pesticide management
• A NEW PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT ACT 2075 IS APPROVED BY PARLIAMENT
• A NEW PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT ACT 2075 IS IN THE PROCESS OF APPROVE FROM UPPER HOUSE.
Main points proposed in to the new Pesticide Act 2075
• Definition of pesticide harmonized as FAO code of conduct.
• Provision of registration of bio-pesticides and gave priority to register bio-pesticides.
• Provision of facilitate warehouse for storing the date expire, band and obsoleted pesticides in 7 province.
• Date expire, band and other spoiled pesticides should bring back in the same company(country) by importer.
• Producers are also given responsibility about no residue products produce and bring in to the market.
• Provision of pesticide quality and research laboratory establishment.
• Provision of disposal of safe pesticides.
• Provision of province pesticide committee.
• Provision on punishment:
Minimum: 25 thousands and one month prison.
Maximum: 2 lakhs and one year prison.
Conclusion and Recommendations • PQPMC implement Pesticide Act/Regulation for pesticide management in the country.
• Hazardous pesticides are banding and need to be banned.
• Discourage to use WHO Ia and Ib class pesticides.
• Large scale mass campaign should be carried out to make farmer aware of the potential harm to the human health and the environment.
• Organize intensively training about the safe handling of pesticides to the Agro vets and farmers.
• The alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides (mostly biological means) should be encouraged for pest suppression in agriculture.
• The governments should give emphasis on research and extension activities related to IPM and continuity of IPM program for minimizing the use of chemical pesticides.
• The pesticide regulations should be enforced properly.
• The agricultural extension workers should have proper training in crop protection especially about the safe handling of pesticides.
• OP Group, Rodenticides and Carbamates pesticides should not be sold without prescriptions.
• Minimize the poisoning cases by advocacy about proper handling the pesticides.
• New Pesticide Act has been tabled in parliament and hopefully implement very soon.
• New pesticides Act will encourage to solve some problems of pesticides and minimize the haphazard use of pesticides. .