STATUS OF BANANA CULTIVATION STATUS OF BANANA CULTIVATION AND DISEASE INCIDENCES IN AND DISEASE INCIDENCES IN

MALAYSIAMALAYSIA

MokhtarudMokhtarud--din Husain and Robert Williamdin Husain and Robert WilliamCrop Protection & Plant Quarantine DivisionCrop Protection & Plant Quarantine Division

Department of Agriculture, MalaysiaDepartment of Agriculture, Malaysia

CONTENT

• Introduction• Crop Statistics• Pest and Diseases• Disease Incidences• Management of Diseases• Conclusion

Agriculture• Agriculture sector - Nation economy’s 3rd

engine of growth in term of GDP after Manufacturing industries & Service sectors

• 8.44 million hectares or 25% of land area devoted to agriculture

• Contribute 9.1% towards the nation GDP• Provide employment to 12% of the

population

INTRODUCTION

• The fruit crop sector ranks fourth after oil-palm, rubber and rice in terms of hectarage

• The area cultivated with fruits stands at 250,000 ha and banana cover 27,500 ha which constitutes 11.0 % of the total fruit area in the country

Fruit Cultivation

• Banana is among the important fruits cultivated in the country

• Other major fruits planted include durian, rambutan, pineapple, melon, cempedak, dokong and mango

• Johore (7,161 ha), Pahang (3,927 ha) and Sarawak (3,729 ha) are the 3 major banana producing states in the country

Banana

Listed as one of six fruit crops fordevelopment under the Entry Point Projectof the National Key Economic Area for fruitproduction. The others being rock-melon,papaya, star-fruit, pineapple and Jack-fruit

Banana

Banana Planted Area (Ha) In MalaysiaBanana Planted Area (Ha) In Malaysia(2005 (2005 –– 2009)2009)

Ha.

Year

Total area planted with bananahas largely remained thesame. They range from 27,000– 28,000 ha/yr for the 5 yearsfrom 2005-2009

Production of Banana (Mt) In MalaysiaProduction of Banana (Mt) In Malaysia(2005 (2005 –– 2009)2009)

M ton

Year

Banana production hasincreased marginally for the5 years from 2005-2009.They range from 250000 –280000 Mt/yr.

Average Yield of Banana In MalaysiaAverage Yield of Banana In Malaysia(2005 (2005 –– 2009)2009)

Mt/ha

Year

Total banana productionvalue in 2009 is estimated tobe RM452.4 million

•Banana is mainly exported to Singapore and a small amount to Indonesia, Brunei, Saudi Arabia and Hong Kong

•Import of banana is chiefly from Philippines and Thailand

Export and Import of Banana Year 2009

Export(Mt)

Value(RM million)

Import(Mt)

Value(RM million)

19,934 20.3 558 0.6

• Both the dessert and cooking bananacultivars are grown in the country

• The freshly edible cultivars include Mas,Berangan, Cavendish and Rastali

• Some cooking banana cultivars are Nangka,Raja Lang, Relong, Tanduk, Nipah andPisang Awak

• The Berangan and Cavendish bananaaccount for about 50% of the total cultivarsgrown

Banana cultivars

PEST AND DISEASES

Disease Name Causal Agent Type

Moko Disease or Bacterial Wilt

Ralstoniasolanacearum race 2, biovar 1

Bacterial

Panama Disease or Fusarium Wilt

Fusarium oxysporiumf. sp.cubense

Fungus

Yellow Sigatoka Mycosphaerellamusicola.

Fungus

Black Sigatoka Mycosphaerellafijiensis

Fungus

Cordana Leaf-Spot Cordana musae Fungus

Major Diseases of Banana

Common Name Scientific Name

Banana Weevil Rhizome weevil

Cosmopolites sordidus

Weevil Stem Borer Odoiporus longicollis

Banana skipper Erionota thrax

Fruit fly Bactrocera papayae and B. carambolae

Thrip Chaetanaphotrips signipennis

Burrowing nematode Rodophilus similis

Leaf and fruit beetle(Banana scarring bettle)

Nodostoma musae

Pests of Banana

MokoMoko Disease or Bacterial WiltDisease or Bacterial Wilt

• First observed to be attacking banana on 16 March 2007 in Pontian, in the state of Johore - following a serious flood that hit the state in that year

• Moko disease, a bacterial wilt of banana, is caused by Ralstonia solanacearum

• Survive in soil for 2 years• Spreads by water, soil, farm implements and

machinery• It can also be transmitted by insects

MOKO DISEASEMOKO DISEASE

Older leaves turn yellow and wilt , and become necrotic and collapse. Younger leaves turn pale green and then turn necrotic

Young plant and suckers wilt , candle leaf turns black, become stunted or twisted

MOKO DISEASEMOKO DISEASEVascular tissue becomes discoloured in the middle and when cut and dip in water exudes bacterial ooze

Fruit development is arrested and fingers may ripen prematurely or split. Internally, the fruit becomes discoloured and eventually rot

Panama Disease Panama Disease or Fusarium Wiltor Fusarium Wilt

• Soil-borne fungus• Thrives on moist soil conditions• Survive in soil for many years (as long as

30 years??)• Spreads by water, soil and farm tools and

machinery• Gains entry into plants via roots

PANAMA DISEASEPANAMA DISEASE((Fusarium oxysporium f. sp.cubense)Fusarium oxysporium f. sp.cubense)

Wilting and light yellow colouring of lower leaves especially around the margins

Leaves become yellow and die. A skirt of dead leaves surrounds the stem

Reddish-brown discoloration away from the centre of vascular tissue

PANAMA VERSUS MOKO

Usually does not attack plants and suckers that are less 4 months old

Young plants and suckers are attacked and they wilt and become necrotic

Affected vascular tissue does not exude ooze

Affected vascular tissue exudes a very distinctive ooze

Internal portions of affected fruits are not discoloured

Internal portions of affected fruits are discoloured

Looming CrisisLooming Crisis• Currently, Panama disease and Moko

disease followed by Sigatoka disease arethe most serious diseases in the country

• Panama and Moko disease, in particular,spread rapidly, retard crop plant growthand causes heavy yield losses and canseverely impact the banana growth sector

• There are no known effective chemicalcontrol measures against these 2 diseases

• Most of other banana pest and diseases,to a large extent, are manageable

• Upper leaf surface of pale yellow streak and lower leaf surface dark brown streak

• The speck develop into streak that runs parallel to a leaf vein. The streak elongates and expands laterally to become elliptical in shape & turns rusty red. Spots coalesce & large areas of leaf tissue become necrotic with dark border

SIGATOKA LEAF SPOTSIGATOKA LEAF SPOT

SIGATOKA LEAF SPOT SIGATOKA LEAF SPOT ((Mycosphaerella fijiensis & M.musicola) Mycosphaerella fijiensis & M.musicola)

- Involved 2 related ascomycetous fungi Mycosphaerella fijiensis & M.musicola

- Accurate detection & diagnosis of these diseases difficult due to their morphological similarity & the presence of other related fungi on leaves

- Involved 2 related ascomycetous fungi Mycosphaerella fijiensis & M.musicola

- Accurate detection & diagnosis of these diseases difficult due to their morphological similarity & the presence of other related fungi on leaves

Cordana Leaf Spot Cordana Leaf Spot ((Cordana musaeCordana musae))

• It causes its greatest damage during rainy weather on the lower leaves of plantain.

• Pale, brown, oval patches, ranging from one to several centimetres in diameter from towards the margins and in association with wounds caused by other disease and leaf tear.

• Lesions are surrounded by bright yellow haloes.

PESTS OF BANANA

The adult weevil is dark brown to greyblack. Most damage is done by theextensive tunneling of the larva in thecorm, thus weakening the plant &causing blow-down by even slightwind. Causes wilt-like yellowing ofleaves & stunting of plant growth

RHIZOME WEEVIL (Cosmopolites sordidus)

• Early symptoms of the infestationare the presence of small pinhead-sized holes on the stem, fibrousextrusions from bases of leafpetioles, adult weevils andexudation of a gummy substancefrom the holes on the pseudostem.During the advanced stages ofinfestation, the stem, when splitopen, exhibits extensive tunnellingboth in the leaf sheath and in thetrue stem. Rotting occurs due tosecondary infection of pathogens.

Weevil Stem Borer (Odoiporus longicollis)

Banana SkipperBanana Skipper( ( Erionota thraxErionota thrax ))

The larva feed on the leaves of banana resulting leaves of banana tree rolled up. Rolled leaves are good indicator of banana skipper damage. The wing of adult banana skipper is chocolate brown. Anterior wings with 3 discal pale ochraceous spots.

Banana Scarring Beetle Banana Scarring Beetle ((Nodostoma musaeNodostoma musae))

The beetles feed on unfolded leaves and fruit. Theleaves of central whorl are worst affected. The beetlescratch epicarp of the tender fruits, blemish them andrender them unmarketable. During raining season up to80% bunches are attacked.

Damages by Banana Scarring Damages by Banana Scarring Beetle Beetle

DISEASE INCIDENCESDISEASE INCIDENCES

Diagnostic and Identification Diagnostic and Identification Services RecordServices Record

The Department of Agriculture Malaysiathrough diagnostic and identificationservices record for the year 2008-2009shows that Panama and Moko diseasesare prevalent in most states of the countryand the other pests and diseases,although present, do not pose a seriousproblem.

Panama and Moko Disease Recorded Through The

Diagnostic And Identification Services 2008 – 2009

StateLocation Where Disease Recorded

Moko PanamaPerlis - -

Kedah Kubang Pasu & Sik -

Penang - Seberang Prai Utara, Tengah, Selatan& Barat Daya

Perak Titi Gantong & Perak Tengah Manjung, Kuala Kangsar & Batang Padang

Selangor - Sabak Bernam & Klang

N.Sembilan Tampin, Jelebu, P.Dickson, Kuala Pilah, Seremban, Rembau, Jempul

Jempol

Melaka Liput Kajang, Merlimau & Jasin Jasin, Alor Gajah & Masjid Tanah

Pahang Bandar Tun Razak, Muadzam Shah

Maran & Gambang

Terengganu - Besut

Kelantan Jeli Jeli, Kok Lanas & Tanah Merah

Disease SurveyDisease Survey

• A banana disease survey was carried out in August, 2007, in all the 8 districts in the state of Johor

• The objective of the survey was to determine the status of Panama and Moko disease incidences of banana in the state of Johor

Survey LocationsSurvey LocationsDistrict Location

Batu Pahat Sg. Punggur, Sg. Kluang, Kg. Baru, Minyak Beku, Senggarang, Tg. Semberong, Chaah Baru, Semerah, Sri Gading, Bagan, Peserai

Pontian Benut, Pontian, Api-api, Ayer Baloi, Serkat

Kluang Macap, Ulu Benut, Layang-layang, Paloh, Kahang

Johor Bahru Tiram, Gelang Patah, Sedenak

Muar Bakri, Jorak, Gersik, Sagil, Serom

Kota Tinggi Penggerang, Sedeli, Ulu Sg. Johor

Segamat Buluh Kasap, Pagoh, Labis

Mersing Mersing, Tenggaroh, Tengelu, Endau

Survey ResultSurvey Result

The survey, which covered an area of 3212 out of a total area of 8200 ha planted with banana in Johor, shows that 60.7% and 23.5% of them were found to be, respectively, attacked by Moko and Panama disease

Survey ResultSurvey ResultDistrict Area

Surveyed (ha)

Moko Incidences

(Ha)

Fusarium Incidences

(Ha)

No Disease Incidences

(Ha)

Batu Pahat 1,237 650 208.7 269.3

Pontian 1,006.7 650.6 290.6 65.5

Kluang 338.55 281.6 54.2 2.8

Johor Bahru 231.8 186.8 0.6 44.4

Muar 164.5 3 111.5 50

Kota Tinggi 108.5 69.6 19.9 19

Segamat 95 0 49 46

Mersing 30.5 0.4 21.6 8.5

Total 3,212.55 1,951 (60.7%) 756.05 (23.5%)

505.5 (15.8%)

Survey ResultSurvey ResultMOKO• Moko disease was recorded in all the districts

except in Segamat• The 3 districts with high incidences of Moko

disease are Batu Pahat (759 ha),Pontian (651 ha) and Kluang (282 ha)

PANAMA• Panama disease was recorded in all the districts• The 3 districts with high incidences of Panama

disease are Pontian (291 ha), Batu Pahat (209ha) and Muar (112 ha)

DISTRIBUTION OF MOKO AND PANAMA DISTRIBUTION OF MOKO AND PANAMA DISEASES OF BANANA IN JOHORDISEASES OF BANANA IN JOHOR

PANAMA DISEASE

MOKO DISEASE

PONTIAN

BATU PAHAT

JOHOR BAHRU

KOTA TINGGI

MUAR

SEGAMAT

KLUANG

MERSING

Moko and Panama Moko and Panama Disease Incidences Disease Incidences According to Crop According to Crop

CultivarsCultivars

No. BANANA CULTIVAR

AREA SURVEYED

MOKO PANAMA NO INFECTION

Ha % Ha % Ha %

1 Nipah 1711.6 1457 85.1 178.3 10.4 76.2 4.5

2 Berangan 974.4 273.6 28.1 458.2 47.0 242.6 24.9

3 Rastali 201.2 130.4 64.8 33.2 16.5 37.6 18.7

4 Emas 77.95 15.6 19.0 27.35 35.5 35 45.5

5 Kapas 47.9 19.4 40.5 17.9 37.4 10.6 22.1

6 Nangka 48.7 23.8 48.9 12.9 26.5 12 24.6

7 Raja 8.8 6.8 77.3 2.0 22.7 0 0

8 Raja Udang 13.8 3.0 21.7 4.0 29.0 6.8 49.3

9 Tanduk 72.1 7.3 10.1 14.7 20.4 50.1 69.5

10 Boyan 16.4 0 0 2.4 14.6 14 85.4

11 Awak 4.4 2.4 54.5 0.6 13.6 1.4 31.8

12 Awak Abu 1.0 1.0 100.0 0 0 0 0

13 Lilin 25.3 6.6 26.1 1.5 5.9 17.2 68.0

14 Lemak Manis

7.0 2.0 28.6 3.0 42.9 2 28.6

15 Masak Hijau

1.0 1.0 100.0 0 0 0 0

16 Pisang Abu 2.0 2.0 100.0 0 0 0 0

Total 3,212.55 1,951.0 60.7 756.1 23.5 505.5 15.8

Disease Survey ResultDisease Survey Result

There were a total of 16 banana cultivars covered in this survey

All cultivars of banana except, Boyan, were susceptible to Moko disease

As for Panama disease, 3 cultivars namely Awak Abu, Masak Hijau and Pisang Abu were found to be free of this disease

DISEASE DISEASE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Disease ManagementDisease Management

Disease Free Planting Materials Regulatory Measures Farm Inspection Diagnostic And Identification Services Training

Disease Free Disease Free Planting MaterialsPlanting Materials

Improve arrangement for production of disease free planting material through training & ensure that these are made available

The Department of Agriculture Malaysia plans to inspect suppliers of planting materials (suckers, corms and tissue culture plantlets) and certified them as free from pests and diseases

Regulatory Measures Regulatory Measures Enforcing Plant Quarantine Act 1976 to ensure that importers of plant and planting materials abide by the conditions stipulated in the Import Permit issued under the Act

It specifically states that plant and planting materials imported into the country are certified free of pests and diseases via the issuance of a phythosanitary certificate by the exporting country

Inspection of imported banana tissue cultured plants in Post Entry Quarantine Station

Banana plants are placed in a secured area to ensure that they are free from pests and diseases

prior to their release

Farm SurveillanceFarm Surveillance A sizeable area grown with banana are supervisedby the Department of Agriculture such as thePermanent Food Production Parks and GroupOrchards . These farms are regularly surveyed byDOA officers

In this context, DOA also trains farmers to carry outtheir own surveillance to monitor the pestoccurrences and pressure

When a disease is detected, growers are advised totake immediate action to remove and destroyed theaffected crop plant and, thus, prevent the diseasespread

Diagnostic/ Inspection Diagnostic/ Inspection ServicesServices

Coupled with the farm surveillance and inspection, DOA provides diagnostic services whereby officers pay visit to farm to help diagnose/ identify problems encountered by banana growers and advise them accordingly the appropriate remedial action to take against the diseased crop plant

TrainingTraining DOA undertakes the task of training itsextension officers and farmers

Aims to create an awareness and farmers tobe vigilant against diseases

Need to adopt GAP that encompasses Best-bet practices and IPM approach, to fend offpest and disease intrusions

TrainingTrainingNo viable control options currently available against these disease maladies. Therefore :

Plant diseased free planting materials

Ensure there is proper drainage in the field. Do not over water & do not drain water from infested to clean field

Farmers must constantly monitor and destroy diseased plants and plants in the immediately vicinity

Quarantine the affected area to prevent soilmovement

TrainingTraining Farm tools and equipment regularly disinfected

Invigorate crop plant growth to enable them to ward off these diseases

Avoidance (field known to have history of diseases)

TrainingTraining

Distribution of poster,pamphlets and othertechnical publications togrowers to equip theminformation necessary tocombat the menacingdiseases

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Panama and Moko disease will continue to be a constraint to the banana sector growth in the country in the foreseeable future

To prevent infection and further spread of these devastating disease, all the stakeholders need to increase vigilance to take preemptive action to destroy infected plants as soon as they appear. Capacity to recognize the diseases and to deploy rapid eradication responses are vital.

Growers need to intensify the adoption of GAP to mitigate the ill-effects of these menacing diseases

Thank YouThank You