status and control technologies of dioxin (dxn) emission...

1

Status and Control Technologies of Dioxin (DXN) Emission

in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incineration in Japan

Yoshihiro IDE, Dr. Eng.

1

Environmental Control Plant Division Plant & Infrastructure Engineering CompanyKAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD.

2

CONTENTS

1. Status of Dioxin (DXN) Emission fromMunicipal/Industrial Waste IncinerationFacilities in Japan

2. Control Technologies in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Thermal Treatment

3. Examples of Retrofitting of MSWIncineration Facilities in Japan

2

3

1. Status of Dioxin (DXN) Emissionfrom Municipal/Industrial WasteIncineration Facilities in Japan (2003)

3

4

Table. Percentage of MSW Combusted and Number of MSW Incineration Facilities in Different Countries, 2000

1,71577 %JapanAsia

< 5 %World Average

5 %Other Countries

approx. 206 %Canada

approx. 15015 %USNorth America

00 %Ireland

30 %Portugal

96 %Spain

176 %UK

3217 %Italy

1125 %Norway (not in the EU)

5925 %Germany

1140 %The Netherlands

21040 %France

1760 %Belgium

3060 %Sweden

3265 %Denmark

180 %Luxembourg

80 %Switzerland (not in the EU)Europe

NumberPercentageCountryRegion

(G.Bertolini, 2003; the European IPPC Bureau, 2004)4

5

020406080

100120140160

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Operation Starting Year (―)

Num

ber o

f MSW

Inci

nera

tion

Furn

aces

(―)

Fig. Histogram of Operation Starting Year of MSW Incineration Facilities in Japan (The National Survey in 2003)

＊

(＊Not Facilities)

5

Total 2,366 Furnaces (1,680 Facilities (2001))

6

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Operation Starting Year (―)

Cap

acity

of M

SW In

cine

ratio

nFa

cilit

ies

(t/d)

Fig. Histogram of Operation Starting Year of MSW Incineration Facilities in Japan (The National Survey in 2003)

6

Total 182,717 t/d

7

Emission Standard for Existing Facilities

80 ng-TEQ/m3 [N]

Up to Nov.30, 2002

10 ng-TEQ/m3 [N]5 ng-TEQ/m3 [N]Less than 2 t/h

5 ng-TEQ/m3 [N]1 ng-TEQ/m3 [N]2 to 4 t/h

1 ng-TEQ/m3 [N]0.1 ng-TEQ/m3[N]4 t/h or more

From Dec.1, 2002

onward

Emission Standard for

Facilities to be newly

Constructed

Treatment Capacity of

Combustion Furnace

Table. Emission Standards forWaste Incineration FacilitiesAccording to the Law for Special Measures Against Dioxins in Japan

Effluent Standard

Concentration Standard for Incineration Residues

Emission Factor

: 10 pg-TEQ/L

: 3,000 pg-TEQ/g

: 5μg-TEQ/t-waste

7

＊

＊This value was set in the DXN Guidelines.

8

5,000

1,550 1,3501,018 812

370 310

1,500

1,100

690

555533

265 200

71

74

2,650

2,040

1,5731,345

635

145

510

6,500

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 ReductionTarget

Industrial Waste Incineration FacilitiesMunicipal Waste Incineration Facilities

Annu

al E

mis

sion

of D

XN (g

-TEQ

/y)

Fig. Trend of the Annual Emission of DXN from Waste Incineration Facilities in Japan

8

The Issue of the DXN Guidelines (Jan. 23, 1997)

The Completion of the Moratorium in the Guidelines (Nov. 30, 2002)

9

497

151

461

333

260

226

01 0101

0092

1220

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

≦0.1 0.1< ≦1 1< ≦5 5< ≦10 10<

DXN (ng-TEQ/m3[N] )

Num

ber o

f Fur

nace

s (―

)

9

Fig. Histogram of DXN Concentration in MSW Incineration Facilities (2003)

2 <

4 <

≦ 2

≦ 4

Capacity (t/h)

＊

(＊Not Facilities)

10

2,239

4 112 110

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

Incineration Gasificationand SyngasProduction

Gasificationand Melting

The Others

Num

ber o

f Fur

nace

s (―

)

Fig. Type of MSW Thermal Treatment Processes (2003)

10

＊1

(＊1 Not Facilities)

(＊2 A Combustible Synthesis Gas)

＊2

11

1,221

535 589

210200

400600

8001,000

1,2001,400

Continuous Semi-Continuous

Mechanical-Grate Batch

Fixed- Grate Batch

Num

ber o

f Fur

nace

s (―

)

Fig. Operation Type of MSW Incinerators (2003)11

＊

(＊Not Facilities)

12

1,970

37113 2100

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

Fabric orBag Filters

(FF/BF)

ElectrostaticPrecipitators

(ESP/EP)

Multi-Cyclones

(MC)

The Others Not Installed

Num

ber o

f Fur

nace

s (―

)

Fig. Type of Dust and Particle Collector EquipmentMSW Incinerators (2003)

12

＊

(＊Not Facilities)

13

Fig. Scatter Plot of DXN vs. Treatment Capacityof MSW Incinerators

13(Data of ND are plotted at 0.000001ng-TEQ/m3[Ｎ] expediently.)

0.000001

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25Capacity (t/h)

DXN

(ng-

TEQ

/m3 [N

])

0 100 200 300 400 500 600Capacity (t/d)

FF/BF

1414

0.000001

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25Capacity (t/h)

DXN

(ng-

TEQ

/m3 [N

])

0 100 200 300 400 500 600Capacity (t/d)

ESP/EPMCThe OthersNot Installed

Fig. Scatter Plot of DXN vs. Treatment Capacityof MSW Incinerators

(Data of ND are plotted at 0.000001ng-TEQ/m3[Ｎ] expediently.)

15

15637

146

80

455

370

0 0000 002 142 25

323

87 90

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

≦0.1 0.1< ≦1 1< ≦5 5< ≦10 10< ≦40 40< ≦80 80<

DXN (ng-TEQ/m3[N] )

Num

ber o

f Fur

nace

s (―

)

15

2 <

4 <

≦ 2

≦ 4

Capacity (t/h)

Fig. Histogram of DXN Concentrationin Industrial Waste Incineration Facilities (2003)

＊

(＊Not Facilities)

16

Waste Plastics790 Facilities

Waste Oil600 Facilities

DXNAverage 1.19 ng-TEQ/m3[N]Median 0.23 ng-TEQ/m3[N]


3(0 ％)

320(53 ％)

13(2 ％)

105(18 ％)

159(26 ％)

331(42 ％)

252(32 ％)

166(21 ％)

1(0 ％)

34(4 ％)

6(1 ％)

16

≦0.1

≦1

≦5

≦10

≦40

≦80

0.1<

1<

5<

10<

40<

80<

DXN

(ng-TEQ/m3[N])

Fig. DXN Concentration in Industrial Waste Incineration Facilities (Waste Plastics, Waste Oil) (2003)

17

Sludge594 Facilities

The Others1,152 Facilities



2(0 ％)

419(36 ％)

10(1 ％)

74(6 ％)

352(31 ％)

348(58 ％)

145(24 ％)

88(15 ％)

1(0 ％)

12(2 ％)

5(0 ％)

290(25 ％)

17

Fig. DXN Concentration in Industrial Waste Incineration Facilities (Sludge, The Others) (2003)

≦0.1

≦1

≦5

≦10

≦40

≦80

0.1<

1<

5<

10<

40<

80<

DXN

(ng-TEQ/m3[N])

18

Cleanup and Removal of Disused Incineration Facilities Contaminated by DXN

Disused Municipal Waste Incineration Facilities:Approx. 500 Facilities

Disused Industrial Waste Incineration Facilities:Approx. 3,800 Facilities

(Dec. 1, 2003)18

REMAINING PROBLEM

19

Table. Trend of Number of Operating and Disused Industrial Waste Incineration Facilities

Dec.1, 2003－－

（523）（1,833）2,356

4013,872－－－Total

48253（1,044）（1,534）2,578Dec.1, 2002

501,387

24311

49246

101282

1291,393

（521）（3,421）3,942Dec.1, 2001

（554）（3,705）4,259Dec.1, 2000

（545）（3,942）4,487Dec.1, 1999

（653）（3,840）4,493Dec.1, 1998

－－－－5,757Dec.1, 1997

New Operation

Disuse(Pause)(Work)Operation

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2. Control Technologies in MSW Thermal Treatment

2.1. Thermal Treatment Process

20

21

Stoker Incineration

21

22

Kawasaki-Sun-type Reciprocating Stoker

22

23

A Concept of the Kawasaki-advanced Stoker

Flue Gas Re-circulation

Water Cooling of Grates Hydration of Bottom Ash

Parallel Flow Type

Water Cooling of Refractory Panel

Boiler Condition6MPa×450℃

SCR(approx. 170℃)

180 ℃

23

24

Annex 1.

24

25

Advanced Thermal Treatment of MSW

Gasification and Melting Systems

Gasification and Syngas ProductionSystems

Shaft Furnace Type

Rotary Kiln Type

Stoker Type

Shaft Furnace Type

Rotary Kiln Type

Advanced Stoker Systems

25

Fluidised Bed Type

26

Gasification and Melting System

Kawasaki Shaft Furnace Gasification and Melting System

26

27

Gasification and Melting System

Fluidized Bed Gasificationand Melting System

27

28


2.2. Flue Gas Treatment Process

28

29

Flue Gas Treatment Process

29

35

Recent Dioxin DataIncinerating Capacity Flow Dioxin Data

ACR : Activated Carbon Reactor/ReductionSCR : Selective Catalytic Reactor/Reduction

500 t/ 24 h × 3：

40 t/ 24 h × 2：

10 t/ 8 h × 2：

Furnace → Boiler → FF → WS → SCR → Stack：

ND - 0.07 ng-TEQm3[N]

Furnace → Water Spray → FF → ACR → Stack：

↑ Activated Carbon 0.0008 - 0.04 ng-TEQm3[N]

Furnace → Water Spray → FF + FF → Stack：

↑ (↑) Activated CarbonND - 0.0002 ng-TEQm3[N]

35

36

Other Techniques for Flue Gas Treatment

1. Double Filtrations (1st FF + 2nd FF) and Utilization of Additives : A

2. Utilization of Na Compounds (ex. NaHCO3) Instead ofCa Compounds : A

3. Ceramic Filters or Cyclones at Temperatures of approx. 800 ℃ : P

4. Electron Beam (EB) : P

5. Electro Dynamic Venturi (EDV) : P

( A : Actual Equipment ; P : Pilot Equipment )

36

37

SamplingPeriod

6 h – 4 weeks

6 h – 4 weeks･Sampling Equipment(See Fig.1)

･AMESAAdsorption

Becker MesstechnikGmbh (Germany)

･Sampling Equipment(See Fig.2)

･DMSAdsorption

Dioxin Monitoring System (Austria)

CharacteristicMethodMaker

37

Table. Gas Sampling Equipment for DXN Monitoring in the EU

＊

＊Adsorption Method for Sampling of Dioxins and Furans

Fig.1 AMESA Fig.2 DMS

38

Laser Ionization → TOFMS 1 min

2 – 6 h

20 s

15 – 60 min

15 min

20 s

Detection Period

10,000 ng/m3PCB

0.05 ng/m3P5CDF

Detection Limit

10,000 ng/m3PCB

80 ng/m3CBzUV ionization→ TOFMS

(*Adsorption)Mitsubishi

HeavyIndustry, Ltd.

80 ng/m3CBzCPh

･GDX-2000Adsorption →

ECDNKK - ToaDKK,

Ltd.

500 ng/m3T3CPh･CP-2000APCI ionization→ ITMS

Hitachi, Ltd.

CharacteristicCom-Pound

MethodMaker

Table. Gas Monitors in Japan for Dioxin Surrogate Compounds

38

＊

39


2.3. Treatment of Incineration Residues

39

40

Fly Ash Treatment Equipment for Dechlorination of DXN

40

41

Ash Melting System

Plasma-type Oil Burner-type

41

42

Other Countermeasures for DXN Abatement in MSW Treatment

① Wide-area Treatment Systemin Waste Management

② Non-combustion Treatment(ex. Bio-treatment)

42

43

An Idea of Wide-area-treatment System by RDF (Refuse-derived Fuel) in MSW Management43

44

Transforming Waste into Fuel

Refuse-derived Fuel (RDF) Production Plant

44

45

Fluidized Bed Incineration

Internal Circulation FluidizedBed-type Boiler

Fluidized Bed Incinerator

45

46

Annex 2.

46

47

The Overview of the Commercial RDF Power Plant (The City of Omuta)

47

48

Gasifying Waste (Bio-treatment of Garbage, Grass, and Trees)Organic Waste Gasification System

48

49The Overview of the Pilot Plant (Kyoto City)

49

50

The Overview of the Fermentation Vessel (Kyoto City)

50

51

3. Examples of Retrofitting of MSW Incineration Facilities in Japan

51

52

Fig. The Sectional Outline of the Plant A before Retrofitting (200 t/d × 3) 52

ESP Wet Scrubber

53

Fig. The Sectional Outline of the Plant A after Retrofitting (200 t/d × 3) 53

SCR Wet ScrubberFFSpray Gas

CoolerRetrofitting of Firing System

54

Table. DXN Data before and afterRetrofitting of the Plant A (200 t/d × 3 )

After RetrofittingBefore Retrofitting

－

0.014 ng/g

0.020 ng/g

0.00034 ng-TEQ/m3

Concentration

Bottom Ash 1.52.40.022 ng/g

2.3210－Total

0.7420012 ng/gFly Ash

0.00229.51.5 ng-TEQ/m3Flue Gas

Emission Factor

(μg-TEQ/t-waste)

Emission Factor

(μg-TEQ/t-waste)

Concentration

54

＊

＊Fly ash treatment equipment for dechlorination of DXN was installed.

55

Fig. The Sectional Outline of the Plant B before Retrofitting (200 t/d × 3) 55

ESP Wet Scrubber

56

Fig. The Sectional Outline of the Plant B after Retrofitting (200 t/d × 3) 56

SCRWet

ScrubberFFSpray Gas

CoolerRetrofitting of Firing System

5757

Furnace #1 : 0.0014 ng-TEQ/m3[Ｎ]

Furnace #2 : 0.00039 ng-TEQ/m3[Ｎ]

Furnace #3 : 0.00065, 0.00029 ng-TEQ/m3[Ｎ]

(Before Retrofitting : 0.78 - 2.7 ng-TEQ/m3[N])

Table. DXN Data at the Outlet of SCR after Retrofitting of the Plant B (200 t/d × 3 )

58

Table. The Costs of Retrofitting MSW Incineration Facilities

80 t/d × 3

Plant D

200 t/d × 3

Plant B

－1,4101,6901,160SGH + SCR

1,3952,9501,4303,350ESP → Spray Gas Cooler + FF

300 t/d × 2200 t/d × 3Capacity

Plant CPlant AFacility

4,360

－

－

－

Fly Ash De-chlorination Equipment －－1,100

1,4703,6607,340Total

7540410Injection Unit of Activated Carbon

－5001,320Retrofitting of Firing System

58

＊1 Fabric Filter with dosage of Slaked Lime＊2 Steam Gas Heater＊3 Selective Catalytic Reactor/Reduction

(Million Yen)

＊1

＊2

＊3

59

CONCLUSIONS

1. Reduction target of DXN emission in Japan was achieved.

2. The problem of cleanup and removal ofdisused incineration facilities is remaining.

3. Advanced thermal treatment of MSW is in operation in Japan.

4. Abatement techniques of DXN in flue gas are adopted as actual equipment or pilot equipment.

5. Retrofitting costs of MSW incineration facilities varied site by site.

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