statue of liberty: a risk analysis - jensen hughes · o crown access safer by modifying helical...
TRANSCRIPT
The National Park Service (NPS) contracted a performance-based life-safety and emergency management assessment of the Statue of Liberty
Key questions:o Can you satisfy code requirements with
respect to the Crown? o Physical changes required to bring the
facility into code compliance?o How can the NPS minimize the life and
safety risks?o How many people could be safely
accommodated?o What operational procedures would need
to be in place?
www.jensenhughes.com
NFPA 101, Life Safety Code (2006) ICC, International Building Code (2006) 2008 New York City Building Code
New & Existing Construction
New Construction New Construction
www.jensenhughes.com
Pedestal Coreo 6-Story vertical opening
containing all egress stairs from upper levels
o Potentially meets intent of codes for shaft requirements
Does not comply with requirements for exit enclosures
Egress Components –Stairs, Doors, Rampso Most stairs – Noncompliant
o Several egress doors -Noncompliant
o Ramp at Sally Port exit –Noncompliant
o Unique issues: Stair/Door to Level 7P and double-helix stair to Crown
www.jensenhughes.com
Structure does not comply with criteria
Replacing double-helix stair does not fully address code issues for Crown.
Levels 4P-6P are effectively served by only a single exit. The exterior walkways at Levels 3P and 2P-exit discharge onto
top of Fort Wood. Temporary wood stairs provide access to grade.
General Approacho Model the structure using the CFD model Fire
Dynamics Simulator (FDS)o Develop design fire scenarios o Evaluate fire environment as a function of critical
tenability criteria Temperature Toxicity (CO Concentration) Visibility
www.jensenhughes.com
Trash Fire Storage Fires
o Sprinkler Controlledo Sprinkler Suppressed
Museum Displayso Sprinkler Controlledo Unsprinkled
Elevator Hydraulic Fluid Spill Gasoline Spill (Intentional)
www.jensenhughes.com
General Approacho Establish emergency egress
performanceo Derive procedural/structural
recommendationso Receive feedbacko Determine consequences of
recommendations on non-emergency egress and access.
o Modify recommendations/ non-emergency operations if necessary
www.jensenhughes.com
Model of the Monument constructed using buildingEXODUSo Developed by the University of Greenwich (UK)
www.jensenhughes.com
Candidate fire safety designs were considered. Six design packages were developed
o Increasing in cost/complexity and level of code compliance.
o No designs were considered that were visible from the exterior of the structure.
Cost estimates were developed for individual design features and design packages
Meetings were conducted with stakeholders to assess/approve options
www.jensenhughes.com
Major Structural Improvements, Administrative Controls, and Fire Protection System Improvements
www.jensenhughes.com
A qualitative risk assessment was performed to assess the risk associated with a fire hazard/event.
A risk ranking approach was used to evaluate risk as a function of:o Frequencyo Consequence
www.jensenhughes.com
Severe 9 5 2 1
High 13 8 4 3
Moderate 15 12 7 6
Low 16 14 11 10
Improbable Unlikely Possible Anticipated
Cons
eque
nce
Frequency
Ranking Index Suggested Risk Level
1-2 Extreme Risk3-5 High Risk6-9 Moderate Risk
10-16 Low Risk
www.jensenhughes.com
Event tree matrices (decision trees) used to evaluate risk. o Crown usage and o Fire events / failure modes.
Failure modes considered both equipment and administrative failures:o Sprinklers Fail to Control Fireo Response Time Delayedo Combustible Controlso Open Doors (Indirect)o Open Doors (Direct)
www.jensenhughes.com
Is there any way to satisfy code requirements with respect to access to the Crown? What physical changes to the structure would be required to bring the facility into code compliance?o Major structural improvements to Pedestal to provide two separate
means of egress.
o Crown access safer by modifying helical stair.
o Passive fire protection, smoke control, alarm/notification enhancements provided as part of design package.
If access to the Crown cannot be made code compliant, how can the NPS minimize the life and safety risks to staff, visitors, and emergency management personnel? How many people could be safely accommodated and under what conditions? What operational procedures would need to be in place to allow access?
o Improvements to physical features.
o Procedural issues initiated for guided tour access to Crown.
Statue of Liberty construction completed in 2010-2011
www.jensenhughes.com
If access to the Crown cannot be made code compliant, how can the NPS minimize the life and safety risks to staff, visitors, and emergency management personnel? How many people could be safely accommodated and under what conditions? What operational procedures would need to be in place to allow access?o Improvements to physical features.
o Procedural issues initiated.
www.jensenhughes.com
Heather Stickler, PMP, LEED APDirector of Marketing410-737-8677 x463
JENSEN HUGHES
For More Information Contact:
www.jensenhughes.com