states of consciousness. waking consciousness consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our...
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Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms
periodic physiological fluctuations Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur
on a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature
Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active
Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss
of consciousness
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves slow waves of a
relaxed, awake brain
Delta Waves large, slow waves
of deep sleep Hallucinations
false sensory experiences
Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Hours of sleep
Minutesof Stage 4 and REM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
10
15
20
25
5
Decreasing Stage 4
Increasing REM
Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired
concentration depressed
immune system greater
vulnerability to accidents
Sleep Deprivation
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,more accidents
More sleep,fewer accidents
Monday before time change Monday after time change
Accident frequency
Sleep Disorders Insomnia
persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks
Sleep Apnea temporary cessation of
breathing momentary re-awakenings
Night Terrors and Nightmares
Night Terrors occur within 2
or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal-- appearance of being terrified
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
Dreams: Freud Dreams
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering
Dreams: Freud Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of
Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings Manifest Content
remembered story line Latent Content
underlying meaning
Dreams
As Information Processinghelps facilitate memories
REM ReboundREM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation
Early Beliefs Dreams were believed to be omens from God or the gods
Sigmund Freud Dreams are the Royal Road to the unconscious and a place for Wish fulfillment.
Carl Jung Dreams are an expression of the personal unconscious through the archetypes of the collective unconscious.
Alfred Adler Dreams were a way of addressing our insecurities. In a dream we can safely face things that would otherwise scare us.
Calvin Hall Dreams contain maps which the dreamer follows to anticipate difficulties and obstacles. He also thought that meaningful predictions can be made about the dreamer's behavior and lifestyle
Edgar Cayce Through dreaming, people are given access to their spirit, and further, that all possible questions could be answered from the inner consciousness given the proper awareness
Ann Faraday Dreams are warnings of something about to happen
Allan Hobson /Robert McCarley
Dreaming is a simple and unimportant by-product of random stimulation of brain cells activated during REM sleep.
Francis Crick/Mitchinson
Dreaming is like a computer in that it was "off-line" during dreaming. During this phase, the brain supposedly sifts through information gathered throughout the day and throws out all unwanted material.
Hypnosisa social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965)control group instructed to “pretend”
unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones
Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Hypnosis Dissociation
a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and
behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Hidden Observer Hilgard’s term describing a
hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
Near-Death Experiences
Near-Death Experience an altered state of
consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
Near-Death Experiences
Dualism the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
Monism the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing
Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug,
marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug
Dependence and Addiction
Tolerance diminishing
effect with regular use
Withdrawal discomfort and
distress that follow discontinued use
Small Large
Drug dose
Littleeffect
Bigeffect
Drugeffect
Response tofirst exposure
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect
Psychoactive Drugs Depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogenspsychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory inputLSD
Psychoactive Drugs
Barbituratesdrugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiatesopium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetaminesdrugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Psychoactive Drugs
Ecstasy (MDMA) synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
both short-term and long-term health risks
THC the major active ingredient in marijuana
triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
Trends in Drug Use
1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
80%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
High schoolseniors
reportingdrug use
Alcohol
Marijuana/hashish
Cocaine