States &

Types of States

Political Geography

• Nation: a group of people with a common culture

- Tightly knit group of people possessing shared cultural beliefs & unity: _______ genous

- Ancestry or historical events - Language

- Ethnicity - Religion

- EX. _________________________________

• State: an organized independent area

– Territory administered by a:

– Defined territory - Permanent population

– Recognized by international community

– Sovereign government

– Power + control over its internal & foreign affairs» AKA country

Pg. 1

How

many are

there in

the

world?

Differences in States:

• Nation-State: state whose territory is occupied by a particular ethnicity nation (90% or greater)

– State settled by a certain group of people

• Ethnicity can transform into a nationality over time

• Self-determination: an ethnicities have the right to govern

themselves

• Multinational State: state with 2 or more nations A state with more than one nation (less than 90%)

– Nation-state is occupied by a particular ethnicity that has become a nationality

– Agree to coexist peacefully

• Stateless nation: a nation with NO boundaries & NO

government of its own

– A nation without a state!

A. Nation-state – Poland and Slovenia are examples of states occupied by a distinct nation or people

B. Multinational state – Switzerland shows that a common ethnicity, language, or religion is not necessary for a strong sense of nationalism

• (D) Stateless-nation – Kurds are ancient group located in

five different states

(C) Multinational state-

FEDERAL STATE (Government)

• Government system where power is divided (national, state, & local government) rather than concentrated within a central government (global trend)

• Size of federal states varies

– Larger states: Russia, Brazil, Canada, India, & U.S.

– Belgium is federal state = two cultural groups

• Advantages: good for multi_____ states nationalities representation + degree of autonomy

• Disadvantages: government agencies may have

overlapping functions different agencies must work together

Federalism

UNITARY STATE (Government)

• Power in the hands of central government

• Works best in nation-states with few internal cultural differences (single ethnic state) & smaller states

– Advantages:

• central government -=more power

– Disadvantages:

• states have little or no autonomy to their land territories

– EX. France, Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda, Communist Europe, China

• Especially common in EUROPE

ARAB SPRING: Late 2010- spring 2011

• Major protests in countries in SW Asia & N. Africa

• Force to remove autocratic rulers in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, & Yemen

• Protests

– Demonstrations, rallies, strikes, & civil disobedience

– Led by college-age people

– Social media

• contagious diffusion

Armed conflicts: 2 types

• International conflict – two or more nations engage their formal militaries in combat

• Non-international conflict- conflict kept entirely

within the borders and forces of a single state ( such as the use of government military forces to quell dissidents, or a traditional civil war between two opposing factions within a state.)

• Not covered under the Geneva Conventions

• War - organized conflict that is carried out by states or within states.

– Extreme violence, social disruption, & economic destruction

TERRORISM

• Systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimateanother group to grant

their demands

• How does terrorism differ from an assassination?_______________________________________________________

What is Terrorism?

• The use of violence by one group in order to intimidate another group

• These attacks are aimed at ORDINARY PEOPLE!

What is the intent of

terrorism?

• GOAL:

• Intimidate a population

• Coerce a government into granting its demands

ASSASSINATION

• Aimed to attack one particular individual

• 4 U.S. Presidents – Lincoln 1865

– Garfield 1881

– McKinley 1901

– Kennedy 1963

• 1 attempted but survived

– Reagan 1981

• Julius Caesar, Franz Ferdinand & leaders in Israel / PLO

TERRORISM AGAINST AMERICANS

INTERNAL

• 1993 – NYC World Trade

Center car bomb deployed in garage of World Trade Center

• 1995 – Timothy McVeigh -

Car bomb killed 168 people in Oklahoma City @ Alfred Murrah Federal Building

• Unabomber –Theodore Kaczynski

• 2013 – Boston Marathon

TRANSNATIONAL

• 1988 - Pan Am 103 over

Lockerbie, Scotland

• 1996 – Truck bomb blew

up US soldiers apartment in Saudi Arabia

• 1998 – US embassies in

Kenya & Tanzania bombed

• 2000 – USS Cole bombed

while in port in Yemen

• 2001 – 9/11

Al-Qaeda & Osama Bin Laden

• Osama Bin Laden– From one of Saudi Arabia’s wealthiest families.

• Used that wealth to support the Afghanistan resistance

– Founder and leader of Al-Qaeda

• Al-Qaeda = terrorist network founded by Osama Bin Laden

– Saw violence as a way to bring attention to issues & grievances not addressed through peaceful negotiation

– HOLY WAR = Jihad • Focused on driving Westerners

out of the Middle East • Feels our ideas has contaminated

the Muslim society

State Support for Terrorism

Hiding Terrorists wanted by other countries

• AFGHANISTAN

– Communism influence

– Taliban takeover

• Support of al-Qaeda & Osama bin Laden

– US invasion in 2001

– New struggle inside multiethnic state

• PAKISTAN

– Taliban party

– Multiethnic state & intrafaith conflict

– Assassination of Osama bin Laden

Supplying weapons, money, & intelligence

• IRAQ

– President Saddam Hussein elected in 1979

– War with Iran in 1980

– Attack on Kurds in 1988

– Invasion of Kuwait in 1990

– 1991 Persian Gulf War

– 2003 US led attack “regime change”

– Multiethnic state & intrafaith conflict

• IRAN

– Largest _____ Muslim State

• Theocracy

– Revolution

– Iran-Iraqi War – 1980-1988

– Decreased US relations over nuclear weapons & leadership

State Support for Terrorism

Planning attacks using terrorists

• LIBYA

– Poor relations with US since 1981

– Bombed Berlin nightclub -1986

– US bombed Tripoli & Benghazi

– Bombs on Pan Am Flight 103 killed 270 people in Scotland – 1988

– UN economic sanctions

– Turned over terrorists

– Arab Spring

– UN & people ousted Qaddafi