The State of Science The State of Science and Technology in the and Technology in the

Philippines Philippines

andand thethe

Advocacy for a Pro-Advocacy for a Pro-People S&TPeople S&T

What is Science and What is Science and Technology?Technology?

Science is…Science is…is the systematic body of knowledge is the systematic body of knowledge covering truths or the operation of covering truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and general laws especially as obtained and tested through the scientific methodtested through the scientific method

Technology is…Technology is…the application of sciencethe application of science

Advances and challengesAdvances and challenges

Great and exciting advances Great and exciting advances Information technologyInformation technology AutomationAutomation Genetics and medicineGenetics and medicine

Greatest challengesGreatest challenges Famine and hungerFamine and hunger Rapid ecological destructionRapid ecological destruction Breakdown of health systemsBreakdown of health systems Social decay and disintegrationSocial decay and disintegration

one billion people are hungry

160 million more malnourished

every day world wide: 70,000 persons join hungry and starving masses

Despite the advances in science and Despite the advances in science and technology, why is it unable to answer the technology, why is it unable to answer the needs of the people?needs of the people?

Science and historyScience and history

Man interacts with natureMan interacts with nature Produce goods for everyday livingProduce goods for everyday living

Relations in historical epochRelations in historical epoch Shape knowledge and tools Shape knowledge and tools

Dominant economic and Dominant economic and political segmentpolitical segment Decides and allocates resources Decides and allocates resources

Current dominant modeCurrent dominant mode Favors profit over people’s interestFavors profit over people’s interest Monopoly capitalMonopoly capital

Science and technology for Science and technology for profitprofit

New products and processesNew products and processes Better and more efficient Better and more efficient Survive intense competitionSurvive intense competition

Ultimate objective: gaining profitsUltimate objective: gaining profits S&T under control of monopoly capitalS&T under control of monopoly capital Hunger, poverty, environment, healthHunger, poverty, environment, health

Lesser focusLesser focus DoublespeakDoublespeak

Hunger and genetically engineered Hunger and genetically engineered foodfood

Priority: marketing and commercial Priority: marketing and commercial release release

Resolve safety and health concerns Resolve safety and health concerns Profits, not hungerProfits, not hunger

Concentrated Capital and Technology Concentrated Capital and Technology

Industrial countriesIndustrial countries Tight hold on high techTight hold on high tech

70% global market: consumer durables 70% global market: consumer durables Top 5 MNCsTop 5 MNCs

50 % of the world’s total productive 50 % of the world’s total productive outputoutput Top 5 in auto, airline, aerospace, Top 5 in auto, airline, aerospace,

electrical, electronic and steel electrical, electronic and steel industries industries

40 % of global sales40 % of global sales Top 5 MNCs in oil, PC and mediaTop 5 MNCs in oil, PC and media

Foreign affiliates of 23 MNCs Foreign affiliates of 23 MNCs 80 % of total sales in electronics80 % of total sales in electronics 70 to 80 % of R&D70 to 80 % of R&D 80 to 90 % of technology payments80 to 90 % of technology payments

Third world science and Third world science and technologytechnology

Third world industries Third world industries Cheap labor for reassembly of Cheap labor for reassembly of

parts parts Consumer goods  Consumer goods  

More underdeveloped countries More underdeveloped countries Use older production equipment Use older production equipment Marked disadvantageMarked disadvantage

International finance International finance Stimulate production and sale Stimulate production and sale

of consumer goodsof consumer goods Cover debt service burden and Cover debt service burden and

budgetary deficits budgetary deficits Prescriptions of the IMF and the Prescriptions of the IMF and the

WBWB

State of science and State of science and technologytechnology

Philippine science and technologyPhilippine science and technology UnderdevelopedUnderdeveloped StuntedStunted DependentDependent

StatisticsStatistics EducationEducation industriesindustries

Education: teacher Education: teacher competencecompetence

1992 up institute of science and mathematics education survey1992 up institute of science and mathematics education survey

mathmath

generalgeneralsciencescience

biologybiology

physicsphysicschemchem

71 %

40 % 41 %

21 %

8 %

Education: student Education: student performanceperformance

Filipino 13 year oldsFilipino 13 year olds 40 out of 41 in science40 out of 41 in science 37 out of 39 in math37 out of 39 in math

Poor science and math Poor science and math educationeducation

1996 Third International Mathematics and Science Study

Low manpower in Low manpower in S&TS&T

PhD’s per millionPhD’s per million UN:380UN:380 Singapore:2800Singapore:2800 South Korea:South Korea:

33003300 Taiwan:4300Taiwan:4300 Philippines: 155Philippines: 155

Average number of Average number of R&D personnelR&D personnel 14,41114,411

So

uth

Ko

rea

Sin

ga

po

re

Ta

iwan

UNstandards

Research & Research & developmendevelopmen

t:t:ManpowerManpower

Research&development:Research&development:resourcesresources

low expenditures on R&Dlow expenditures on R&D DOST budget decreasingDOST budget decreasing UN standards for LDC UN standards for LDC

1% of national budget1% of national budget 19921992

Japan/US: 2.8%Japan/US: 2.8% Korea: 1.8%Korea: 1.8% Taiwan 1.1%Taiwan 1.1% Philippines: Philippines: 0.22 %0.22 %

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

94 95 96 98 99 '00 '01

Research&development: Research&development: resourcesresources

No research laboratoriesNo research laboratories No extensive S&T libraries/information No extensive S&T libraries/information

networknetwork No support for R&D workersNo support for R&D workers Low output in scientific publicationLow output in scientific publication

Share of total int’l scientific publications: phil. 0.035%Share of total int’l scientific publications: phil. 0.035% 51st in world51st in world Below singapore, thailand, malaysia and indonesiaBelow singapore, thailand, malaysia and indonesia

Allocation of budgetAllocation of budget

Higher Education

Government

Non-Government

Private Industry

BasicResearch

AppliedResearch

Experimental Development

Patents ratio: Patents ratio: nationals/foreignersnationals/foreigners

CountryCountry Patents GrantedPatents Granted Patents Patents GrantedGranted

to Nationalsto Nationals to Foreignersto Foreigners

   19761976 19819866

19919944

19761976 19861986

PhilippinePhilippiness

108108 8282 3939 767767 755755   19761976 19861986

USAUSA 169%169% 116%116%

KoreaKorea 92%92% 32%32%

PhilippinesPhilippines 14%14% 11%11%

IndustryIndustry

Agriculture

Industry

Services Major Industry GroupMajor Industry Group TotalTotal

PhilippinesPhilippines 30,11930,119

AgricultureAgriculture 11,14611,146

Agriculture, hunting, and Agriculture, hunting, and forestryforestry

10,01210,012

FishingFishing 1,1341,134

IndustryIndustry 4,5604,560

Mining and quarryingMining and quarrying 9898

ManufacturingManufacturing 2,7672,767

Electricity, gas, and waterElectricity, gas, and water 117117

ConstructionConstruction 1,5781,578

ServicesServices 14,41414,414

AgricultureAgriculture

Crops

Livestock

Poultry

Fishery

SubsectorSubsector Gross ValueGross Value

TotalTotal 617.9617.9

CropsCrops 305.4305.4

LivestockLivestock 110.8110.8

PoultryPoultry 88.688.6

FisheryFishery 113.1113.1

P 617.9 billionexportsexports $ 1.30 $ 1.30

billionbillion

importsimports $ 2.10 $ 2.10 billionbillion

R&D in agricultureR&D in agricultureResearch expenditureResearch expenditure 19851985 19951995

1,000 1995 U.S. dollars1,000 1995 U.S. dollars

Agricultural machinery Agricultural machinery 305305 Unknown, Unknown, but but smallsmall

Agricultural chemicals Agricultural chemicals 1,6571,657 2,5622,562

Livestock Livestock 708708 1,4801,480

Plant breeding Plant breeding 2,2422,242 1,8001,800

Plantations Plantations 1,6101,610 4,6804,680

Total private research Total private research 6,5226,522 10,52210,522

Public research expenditure Public research expenditure n.a. n.a. 37,00037,000

Private research as a Private research as a percentage percentage

of total research of total research

n.a. n.a. 22%22%

Agricultural gross domestic Agricultural gross domestic product product

11,054,0011,054,0000

16,319,0016,319,0000

Private research as percentage Private research as percentage ofof

agriculture gross domestic agriculture gross domestic product product

0.06%0.06% 0.06%0.06%

Types of agricultural firms with RD activities.

TypeType NuNumbembe

rr

Agrichemical producerAgrichemical producer 99

Animal breederAnimal breeder 77

Banana fruit producerBanana fruit producer 55

Poultry integratorPoultry integrator 44

Seed producerSeed producer 44

Organic fertilizers Organic fertilizers producer producer

44

Animal health product Animal health product producer producer

44

Feed producer Feed producer 33

Hog grower Hog grower 33

Machinery Machinery fabricators/assembler fabricators/assembler

11

Grain producer Grain producer 11

Ornamental plant Ornamental plant grower grower

11

Research foundations Research foundations 44

Research & development: Research & development: outputoutput

Philippines Philippines 42 out of 4842 out of 48 Thailand (31st)Thailand (31st) Malaysia (33rd), china (26th), singapore (10th)Malaysia (33rd), china (26th), singapore (10th)

Technology index Technology index -0.1 -0.1 Patents and registration of new designsPatents and registration of new designs Technology tradeTechnology trade Value added in manufacturing Value added in manufacturing Export of technology intensive goodsExport of technology intensive goods

Low level of technology in manufacturingLow level of technology in manufacturing Federation of Philippine Industries from 1988-1996: no Federation of Philippine Industries from 1988-1996: no

R&DR&D Local companies Local companies

Historical contextHistorical context

Pre-spanishPre-spanish Handicrafts, pottery, Handicrafts, pottery,

weaving, blacksmithing weaving, blacksmithing and boat building/wet and boat building/wet and dry rice agricultureand dry rice agriculture

Banawe rice terracesBanawe rice terraces

History:Spanish RuleHistory:Spanish Rule

SpanishSpanish Encomienda Encomienda Hacienda system, Hacienda system,

cigar cigar manufacturing, manufacturing, abaca rope making, abaca rope making, telegraphtelegraph

History:American RuleHistory:American Rule

AmericanAmerican Slight processing of Slight processing of

agricultural productsagricultural products Sugar millsSugar mills

Export of raw materialsExport of raw materials mineral oresmineral ores

Unequal trading system Unequal trading system between Philippines and between Philippines and USUS

Import-dependent, Import-dependent, export-oriented export-oriented economyeconomy What is left for the What is left for the

scientist?scientist?

Current situationCurrent situation

• No program for rural No program for rural industrialization, industrialization, agricultural modernizationagricultural modernization

• No basic industries No basic industries

• No infrastructure in energy, No infrastructure in energy, transportation, transportation, communications, communications, information technology and information technology and basic servicesbasic services

Role of S&T workersRole of S&T workers

Key players in industrializationKey players in industrialization S&T workers S&T workers

Lifeblood of research, innovation Lifeblood of research, innovation Have important roles in the industry and Have important roles in the industry and

manufacturing sectormanufacturing sector Scientists must become advocatesScientists must become advocates

science and technology for the peoplescience and technology for the people

Patriotic Science and Patriotic Science and TechnologyTechnology

Pro-people Pro-people developmentdevelopment

National National industrializationindustrialization

Genuine Agrarian Genuine Agrarian ReformReform

United with other United with other progressive sectorsprogressive sectors

Science and technology for the Science and technology for the peoplepeople

Committed to people’s interestsCommitted to people’s interests science for people’s requirements and needs science for people’s requirements and needs responsive and constantly plansresponsive and constantly plans

Development and management Development and management science, technology and natural resources science, technology and natural resources consciously linked on people’s needsconsciously linked on people’s needs

Greatest and continuing challengeGreatest and continuing challenge progress for benefit of the peopleprogress for benefit of the people

Make science and technology serve the people

AGHAAGHAM M

organization of patriotic, organization of patriotic, pro-people science and pro-people science and technology advocatestechnology advocates

promoting science and promoting science and technology that genuinely technology that genuinely serve the interest of the serve the interest of the Filipino peopleFilipino people

direct technical service to direct technical service to communities through communities through researches researches

advocacy through various advocacy through various forms not only limited to forms not only limited to research, education, fora research, education, fora and discussion groupsand discussion groups

Five concernsFive concerns

Food Security and Self-Food Security and Self-sufficiencysufficiency

Scientific and Mass CultureScientific and Mass Culture EnvironmentEnvironment Pubic UtilitiesPubic Utilities National IndustrializationNational Industrialization

Man can find meaning in life. Short Man can find meaning in life. Short and perilous as it is, only through and perilous as it is, only through devoting himself to society. devoting himself to society.

––Albert Einstein, in “Why Socialism”Albert Einstein, in “Why Socialism”

Samahan ng Nagtataguyod ng Agham at Samahan ng Nagtataguyod ng Agham at Teknolohiya Para sa SambayananTeknolohiya Para sa Sambayanan