State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)

American Democracy in Word and Deed

MDUSD/UCB H-SSP

11th Grade Lesson: FDRs Four Freedoms Speech

Developed by: Jen Collier, Lauren Weaver, Elizabeth Haugen, and Sarah Gold

Teaching American History Grant Focus Question:

How have the words and deeds of people and institutions shaped democracy in the U.S.?

Grant Yearly Theme: Cultural/ Intellectual

History-Social Science Standard/s: 11.7.1, 11.7.4

Unit Topic: WWII

Lesson Focus Question:

Why did President Roosevelt believe it was necessary for the U.S. to be involved in WWII?

Lesson Teaching Thesis:

Roosevelt believed that aggressor nations sought to destroy the democratic way of life; therefore, he believed the U.S. would ultimately be attacked.

Although Roosevelt knew that Americans were still deeply committed to staying out of war, he also believed that there could be no peace in a world controlled by dictators. Americans, p550

Reading and Writing Strategy/ies:

READING Strategy:

Speech deconstruction

Vocabulary

Visual sources orally-guided analysis

WRITING Strategy:

Responses to questions

Lesson Assessment:

Assessment will be ongoing throughout lesson by gaging student responses to the speech questions and oral student responses to the paintings. Finally, student responses to the Focus Question will reveal the degree of learning.

Suggested Amount of Time:

1 class period

Textbook:

Danzer, Gerald et al. The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal Littell Inc., 2006, Chapter 16, Section 4, pp. 550-557.

Primary Source Citations:

SPEECH: Four Freedoms by Franklin Delano Roosevelt

American Rhetoric: http://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrthefourfreedoms.htm and

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/od4freed.html

Background info/ lasting impact info directly from: http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/fourfreedoms

PAINTINGS: Four Freedoms by Norman Rockwell

National Archives: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/four_freedoms/four_freedoms.html

Context of the lesson in the unit:

Students should be studying WWII and should read pages 550-551 prior to the lesson.

Lesson Procedure:

1. Introduction

Warm-up question: What was Lend-Lease?

Review with students the war and the isolationist position of the U.S.

2. Primary Source : Four Freedoms Speech [35-45 minutes]

Pass out the speech.

Discuss the focus question, the date/time/context, background information, and purpose of the State of the Union.

Additionally, set the scene that his address was broadcast over the radio so the American people (and Congress to which hes addressing) are listening.

Point out that in Jan 1941 Pearl Harbor has not occurred.

Call on students to read aloud the speech and deconstruct each section by asking leading questions like, Whats he saying here? What does this mean?

Students fill in responses to boxed questions

Reading Strategies to incorporate during the reading of the speech:

Page 1: go over vocab

Page 2: explain that a good note taking strategy is to highlight, circle or box lists- First Second Third. Have students also underline the main points that follow each.

Page 2: The next section of the speech has a lot of rich phrases/ strong language so have students reread this section and underline phrases that they think are important. When done, students can share with a partner, then elicit some answers whole class as a lead in to answering the questions in the box.

Page 3: new order, moral order, and world order- these terms are stated by FDR as he introduces his idea that all peoples should have his Four Freedoms (freedom of speech & religion; freedom from want & fear) human rights protections. Spend time dissecting what he means by each: new order, moral order, and world order

When done with speech, have students answer the focus question

Read the Lasting Impact of the Four Freedoms Speech box & discuss.

3. Primary Sources : Norman Rockwells Four Freedoms Paintings [10-15 minutes]

Provide some context: identify who Norman Rockwell was, when he painted these, what they were used for originally (see info. on page 14)

Project the first painting. (paintings are pages 9-13)

Reading Art Strategy: Ask students guided questions: What do you notice?

Who do you see?

What are they doing?

What does this tell you about?

How does this image make you feel?/ What emotions does this painting emote? etc

After orally deconstructing a painting, ask students to identify which of the Four Freedoms it represents.

Continue with the 3 other paintings

Then, pass out or project the images on page 15 which reveal these Four Freedoms paintings were used as government propaganda to promote the buying of war bonds (the government added the words/titles). Discuss this implication with students.

STANDARDS

History-Social Science Content Standards:

11.7 Students analyze America's participation in World War II.

1. Examine the origins of American involvement in the war, with an emphasis on the events that precipitated the attack on Pearl Harbor.

4. Analyze Roosevelt's foreign policy during World War II (e.g., Four Freedoms speech).

Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills:

Chronological and Spatial Thinking

1. Students compare the present with the past, evaluating the consequences of past events and decisions and determining the lessons that were learned.

2. Students analyze how change happens at different rates at different times; understand that some aspects can change while others remain the same; and understand that change is complicated and affects not only technology and politics but also values and beliefs.

Historical Interpretation

1. Students show the connections, causal and otherwise, between particular historical events and larger social, economic, and political trends and developments.

3. Students interpret past events and issues within the context in which an event unfolded rather than

solely in terms of present-day norms and values.

Common Core State Standards:

English Language Arts Standards Reading: Informational Text Grade 11-12

Reading: Informational Text

RI.11-12.7. Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words in order to address a question or solve a problem.

Language:

L.11-12.3. Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening.

Grades 6-12 Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, & Technical Subjects

English Language Arts Standards History/Social Studies Grades 11-12

Key Ideas and Details

RH.11-12.1. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, connecting insights gained from specific details to an understanding of the text as a whole.

RH.11-12.2. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary that makes clear the relationships among the key details and ideas.

Craft and Structure

RH.11-12.4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including analyzing how an author uses and refines the meaning of a key term over the course of a text (e.g., how Madison defines faction in Federalist No. 10).

Integration of Knowledge and Ideas

RH.11-12.7. Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, as well as in words) in order to address a question or solve a problem.

RH.11-12.9. Integrate information from diverse sources, both primary and secondary, into a coherent understanding of an idea or event, noting discrepancies among sources.

TEACHER KEYState of the Union Four Freedoms Speech

January 6, 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt

I address you, the members of the 77th Congress, at a moment unprecedented in the history of the Union. I use the word "unprecedented," because at no previous time has American security been as seriously threatened from without as it is today.

Every realist knows that the democratic way of life is at this moment being directly assailed in every part of the worldassailed either by arms, or by secret spreading of poisonous propaganda by those who seek to destroy unity and promote discord in nations that are still at peace. During 16 long months this assault has blotted out the whole pattern of democratic life in an appalling number of independent nations, great and small. The assailants are still on the march, threatening other nations, great and small.

Therefore, as your President, performing my constitutional duty to "give to the Congress information of the state of the Union," I find it, unhappily, necessary to report that the future and the safety of our country and of our democracy are overwhelmingly involved in events far beyond our borders

I have recently pointed out how quickly the tempo of modern warfare could bring into our very midst the physical attack which we must eventually expect if the dictator nations win this warThe first phase of the invasion of this Hemisphere would not be the landing of regular troops. The necessary strategic points would be occupied by secret agents and their dupesand great numbers of them are already here, and in Latin America. As long as the aggressor nations maintain the offensive, theynot wewill choose the time and the place and the method of their attack. And that is why the future of all the American republics is today in serious dangerThe need of the moment is that our actions and our policy should be devoted primarilyalmost exclusivelyto meeting this foreign peril. For all our domestic problems are now a part of the great emergency.

Our national policy is this: First, we are committed to all-inclusive national defenseSecond, we are committed to full support of all those resolute peoples, everywhere, who are

resisting aggression and are thereby keeping war away from our hemisphere. By this support, we express our determination that the democratic cause shall prevail; and we strengthen the defense and the security of our own nation.

Third, we know that enduring peace cannot be bought at the cost of other people's freedomTherefore, the immediate need is a swift and driving increase in our armament production

To change a whole nation from a basis of peacetime production of implements of peace to a basis of wartime production of implements of war is no small task. And the greatest difficulty comes at the beginning of the program, when new tools, new plant facilities, new assembly lines, and new ship ways must first be constructed before the actual material begins to flow steadily and speedily from them

New circumstances are constantly begetting new needs for our safety. I shall ask this Congress for greatly increased new appropriations and authorizations to carry on what we have begun.

I also ask this Congress for authority and for funds sufficient to manufacture additional munitions and war supplies of many kinds, to be turned over to those nations which are now in actual war with aggressor nations. Our most useful and immediate role is to act as an arsenal for them as well as for ourselves. They do not need man power, but they do need billions of dollars worth of the weapons of defense

Taking counsel of expert military and naval authorities, considering what is best for our own

security, we are free to decide how much [weapons and war materials] should be kept here and how much should be sent abroad to our friends who by their determined and heroic resistance are giving us time in which to make ready our own defense.

Let us say to the democracies: "We Americans are vitally concerned in your defense of freedom. We are putting forth our energies, our resources and our organizing powers to give you the strength to regain and maintain a free world. We shall send you, in ever-increasing numbers, ships, planes, tanks, guns. This is our purpose and our pledge."

In fulfillment of this purpose we will not be intimidated by the threats of dictators that they will regard as a breach of international law or as an act of war our aid to the democracies which dare to resist their aggression. Such aid is not an act of war, even if a dictator should unilaterally proclaim it so to be.

And when the dictators, if the dictators, are ready to make war upon us, they will not wait for an act of war on our part. They did not wait for Norway or Belgium or the Netherlands to commit an act of war The happiness of future generations of Americans may well depend on how effective and how immediate we can make our aid felt. No one can tell the exact character of the emergency situations that we may be called upon to meet. The nation's hands must not be tied when the nation's life is in danger.

Yes, and we must all prepare, all of us prepare, to make the sacrifices that the emergencyalmost as serious as war itselfdemands. Whatever stands in the way of speed and efficiency in defense preparations must give way to the national need.

In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.

The first is freedom of speech and expressioneverywhere in the world.

The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own wayeverywhere in the world.

The third is freedom from wantwhich, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitantseverywhere in the world.

The fourth is freedom from fearwhich, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighboranywhere in the world.

That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb.

To that new order we oppose the greater conceptionthe moral order. A good society is able to face schemes of world domination and foreign revolutions alike without fear.

Since the beginning of our American history, we have been engaged in changein a perpetual peaceful revolutiona revolution which goes on steadily, quietly adjusting itself to changing conditionswithout the concentration camp or the quick-lime in the ditch. The world order which we seek is the cooperation of free countries, working together in a friendly, civilized society.

This nation has placed its destiny in the hands and heads and hearts of its millions of free men and women; and its faith in freedom under the guidance of God. Freedom means the supremacy of human rights everywhere. Our support goes to those who struggle to gain those rights or keep them. Our strength is our unity of purpose.

To that high concept there can be no end save victory.

NAME________________________________________________

State of the Union Four Freedoms Speech

January 6, 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt

I address you, the members of the 77th Congress, at a moment unprecedented in the history of the Union. I use the word "unprecedented," because at no previous time has American security been as seriously threatened from without as it is today.

Every realist knows that the democratic way of life is at this moment being directly assailed in every part of the worldassailed either by arms, or by secret spreading of poisonous propaganda by those who seek to destroy unity and promote discord in nations that are still at peace. During 16 long months this assault has blotted out the whole pattern of democratic life in an appalling number of independent nations, great and small. The assailants are still on the march, threatening other nations, great and small.

Therefore, as your President, performing my constitutional duty to "give to the Congress information of the state of the Union," I find it, unhappily, necessary to report that the future and the safety of our country and of our democracy are overwhelmingly involved in events far beyond our borders

I have recently pointed out how quickly the tempo of modern warfare could bring into our very midst the physical attack which we must eventually expect if the dictator nations win this warThe first phase of the invasion of this Hemisphere would not be the landing of regular troops. The necessary strategic points would be occupied by secret agents and their dupesand great numbers of them are already here, and in Latin America. As long as the aggressor nations maintain the offensive, theynot wewill choose the time and the place and the method of their attack. And that is why the future of all the American republics is today in serious dangerThe need of the moment is that our actions and our policy should be devoted primarilyalmost exclusivelyto meeting this foreign peril. For all our domestic problems are now a part of the great emergency.

Our national policy is this: First, we are committed to all-inclusive national defenseSecond, we are committed to full support of all those resolute peoples, everywhere, who are

resisting aggression and are thereby keeping war away from our hemisphere. By this support, we express our determination that the democratic cause shall prevail; and we strengthen the defense and the security of our own nation.

Third, we know that enduring peace cannot be bought at the cost of other people's freedomTherefore, the immediate need is a swift and driving increase in our armament production

To change a whole nation from a basis of peacetime production of implements of peace to a basis of wartime production of implements of war is no small task. And the greatest difficulty comes at the beginning of the program, when new tools, new plant facilities, new assembly lines, and new ship ways must first be constructed before the actual material begins to flow steadily and speedily from them

New circumstances are constantly begetting new needs for our safety. I shall ask this Congress for greatly increased new appropriations and authorizations to carry on what we have begun.

I also ask this Congress for authority and for funds sufficient to manufacture additional munitions and war supplies of many kinds, to be turned over to those nations which are now in actual war with aggressor nations. Our most useful and immediate role is to act as an arsenal for them as well as for ourselves. They do not need man power, but they do need billions of dollars worth of the weapons of defense

Taking counsel of expert military and naval authorities, considering what is best for our own

security, we are free to decide how much [weapons and war materials] should be kept here and how much should be sent abroad to our friends who by their determined and heroic resistance are giving us time in which to make ready our own defense.

Let us say to the democracies: "We Americans are vitally concerned in your defense of freedom. We are putting forth our energies, our resources and our organizing powers to give you the strength to regain and maintain a free world. We shall send you, in ever-increasing numbers, ships, planes, tanks, guns. This is our purpose and our pledge."

In fulfillment of this purpose we will not be intimidated by the threats of dictators that they will regard as a breach of international law or as an act of war our aid to the democracies which dare to resist their aggression. Such aid is not an act of war, even if a dictator should unilaterally proclaim it so to be.

And when the dictators, if the dictators, are ready to make war upon us, they will not wait for an act of war on our part. They did not wait for Norway or Belgium or the Netherlands to commit an act of war The happiness of future generations of Americans may well depend on how effective and how immediate we can make our aid felt. No one can tell the exact character of the emergency situations that we may be called upon to meet. The nation's hands must not be tied when the nation's life is in danger.

Yes, and we must all prepare, all of us prepare, to make the sacrifices that the emergencyalmost as serious as war itselfdemands. Whatever stands in the way of speed and efficiency in defense preparations must give way to the national need.

In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.

The first is freedom of speech and expressioneverywhere in the world.

The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own wayeverywhere in the world.

The third is freedom from wantwhich, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitantseverywhere in the world.

The fourth is freedom from fearwhich, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighboranywhere in the world.

That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb.

To that new order we oppose the greater conceptionthe moral order. A good society is able to face schemes of world domination and foreign revolutions alike without fear.

Since the beginning of our American history, we have been engaged in changein a perpetual peaceful revolutiona revolution which goes on steadily, quietly adjusting itself to changing conditionswithout the concentration camp or the quick-lime in the ditch. The world order which we seek is the cooperation of free countries, working together in a friendly, civilized society.

This nation has placed its destiny in the hands and heads and hearts of its millions of free men and women; and its faith in freedom under the guidance of God. Freedom means the supremacy of human rights everywhere. Our support goes to those who struggle to gain those rights or keep them. Our strength is our unity of purpose.

To that high concept there can be no end save victory.

President Franklin Roosevelts Four Freedoms

Depicted by Norman Rockwell for the Saturday Evening Post over four consecutive weeks next to essays from prominent thinkers of the day.

President Roosevelts State of the Union Address in January of 1941 so inspired illustrator Norman Rockwell that he created a series of paintings on the "Four Freedoms" theme. In the series, he translated abstract concepts of freedom into four scenes of everyday American life. Although the Government initially rejected Rockwell`s offer to create paintings on the "Four Freedoms" theme, the images were publicly circulated when The Saturday Evening Post, one of the nation`s most popular magazines, commissioned and reproduced the paintings. After winning public approval, the paintings served as the centerpiece of a massive U.S. war bond drive and were put into service to help explain the war`s aims.

Info from: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/four_freedoms/four_freedoms.html

Focus Question: Why did President Roosevelt believe it was necessary for the U.S. to be involved in WWII?

Background: Franklin Roosevelt was elected president for an unprecedented third term in 1940 because at the time the world faced unprecedented danger, instability, and uncertainty. Much of Europe had fallen to the advancing German Army and Great Britain was barely holding its own. A great number of Americans remained committed to isolationism and the belief that the United States should continue to stay out of the war, but President Roosevelt understood Britain'sneed for American support and attempted to convince the American people of the gravity of the situation. In his Annual Message to Congress (State of the Union Address) on January 6, 1941, Franklin Roosevelt presented his reasons for American involvement.

Information from the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum website: http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/fourfreedoms

US Constitution Article 2 - The Executive Branch, Section 3 - State of the Union

He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient

According to the U.S. Constitution, what is the purpose of a State of the Union Speech?

The President gives a State of the Union Speech to Congress so he can recommend measures he thinks are necessary for the nation.

According to FDR, why must the U.S. be involved in WWII? (Give specific examples that illustrate FDRs fears.)

-American democratic way of life is threatened by dictators

-we have already been attacked by propaganda

-we have already been occupied by secret agents

VOCAB: unprecedented - not done or experienced beforedupes-a person who is tricked into helping

expedient quick responseperil- danger

assailed- attacked violently assailants- a person who attacks someone violently

What does FDR see as necessary to protect the nation and other keepers of democracy?

-We need to build up a strong national defense- we need to protect ourselves. We also need to protect other peoples in foreign nations who are fighting against the aggressor nations. To achieve these goals, we need to increase armament production and change from a peacetime economy to a wartime economy.

Inference: What role did CA play in the production of wartime materials?

-Richmond Ca. ship yards, Rosie the Riveter

FDR is asking Congress for _ appropriations ( $, funds sufficient to manufacture munitions/war supplies money- billions of dollars worth of weapons) and __ authorizations _(authority, power) ________

Foreign and Domestic Policy: Why does FDR feel such a sense of urgency to help defend our Allies?

How would supplying weapons to our Allies aid in our future defense?

(i.e. What does FDR mean when he says We Americans are vitally concerned in your defense of freedom?)

By protecting our Allies, we protect ourselves. If they are not free, we will not be free ultimately. FDR knows the war will come to the US, but it can be postponed while we prepare & while other countries fight (with war materials we send them).

VOCAB: resolute- determined

appropriations money used or provided by a government for a specific purpose

unilaterally involving only one group or country

What are the freedoms that FDR sees as essential to making the future of the world safe for democracy?

1. freedom of speech and expressioneverywhere in the world.

2. freedom of every person to worship God in his own wayeverywhere in the world

3. freedom from wanteverywhere in the world.

4. fourth is freedom from fearanywhere in the world.

Freedom means the supremacy of human rights everywhere.

What do you think FDR means (and what role will the US play in achieving this goal)?

FDR believes its imperative for all people (everywhere in the world) to have basic human rights

FDR believes the US will take the lead to create a world order where free countries protect human rights

Lasting Impact of the Four Freedoms Speech:

The ideas enunciated in Roosevelts Four Freedoms were the foundational principles that evolved into the Atlantic Charter declared by Winston Churchill and FDR in August 1941; the United Nations Declaration of January 1, 1942; President Roosevelts vision for an international organization that became the United Nations after his death; and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations in 1948 through the work of Eleanor Roosevelt.

Information from the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum website: http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/fourfreedoms

Focus Question: Why did President Roosevelt believe it was necessary for the U.S. to be involved in WWII?

FDR knows America must be involved (he believes the war is coming), and he wants the US to aid our Allies in defense of democratic ideals.

VOCAB: antithesis exact opposite of something

tyranny government in which all power belongs to one person-the tyrant

supremacy- having more power or authority than anyone else; domination

New order dictators tyrannical rule

Moral order-society that protects rights of people

World order-cooperation of free countries working to protect human rights

Focus Question: Why did President Roosevelt believe it was necessary for the U.S. to be involved in WWII?

Background: Franklin Roosevelt was elected president for an unprecedented third term in 1940 because at the time the world faced unprecedented danger, instability, and uncertainty. Much of Europe had fallen to the advancing German Army and Great Britain was barely holding its own. A great number of Americans remained committed to isolationism and the belief that the United States should continue to stay out of the war, but President Roosevelt understood Britain'sneed for American support and attempted to convince the American people of the gravity of the situation. In his Annual Message to Congress (State of the Union Address) on January 6, 1941, Franklin Roosevelt presented his reasons for American involvement.

Information from the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum website: http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/fourfreedoms

US Constitution Article 2 - The Executive Branch, Section 3 - State of the Union

He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient

According to the U.S. Constitution, what is the purpose of a State of the Union Speech?

According to FDR, why must the U.S. be involved in WWII? (Give specific examples that illustrate FDRs fears.)

VOCAB: unprecedented - not done or experienced beforedupes-a person who is tricked into helping

expedient quick responseperil- danger

assailed- attacked violently assailants- a person who attacks someone violently

What does FDR see as necessary to protect the nation and other keepers of democracy?

\

Inference: What role did CA play in the production of wartime materials?

FDR is asking Congress for _____________________________________________ and

___________________________________________________________________ Foreign and Domestic Policy: Why does FDR feel such a sense of urgency to help defend our Allies? How would supplying weapons to our Allies aid in our future defense?(i.e. What does FDR mean when he says We Americans are vitally concerned in your defense of freedom?)

VOCAB: resolute- determined

appropriations money used or provided by a government for a specific purpose

unilaterally involving only one group or country

What are the freedoms that FDR sees as essential to making the future of the world safe for democracy?

1.

2.

3.

4.

Freedom means the supremacy of human rights everywhere.

What do you think FDR means (and what role will the US play in achieving this goal)?

Lasting Impact of the Four Freedoms Speech:

The ideas enunciated in Roosevelts Four Freedoms were the foundational principles that evolved into the Atlantic Charter declared by Winston Churchill and FDR in August 1941; the United Nations Declaration of January 1, 1942; President Roosevelts vision for an international organization that became the United Nations after his death; and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations in 1948 through the work of Eleanor Roosevelt.

Information from the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum website: http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/fourfreedoms

Focus Question: Why did President Roosevelt believe it was necessary for the U.S. to be involved in WWII?

VOCAB: antithesis exact opposite of something

tyranny government in which all power belongs to one person-the tyrant

supremacy- having more power or authority than anyone else; domination

New order

Moral order

World order