state of the knowledge for gender- responsive breeding: case … · 2019-12-07 · participatory...
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6 O C T O B E R 2 0 1 7
StateoftheKnowledgeforGender-ResponsiveBreeding:CaseStudiesforPractitioners
H a l e A n n T u f a n , K a y t e M e o l a a n d S t e f a n i a G r a n d o
Background– WhytheSynthesisofCaseStudies
• “Gender, Breeding and Genomics” workshop, October 18-22, 2016 generated a set of case studies
• 13 cases presented• Interest to fully document and
compile the cases• Identify current approaches toward
gender-responsive breeding• Highlight best practice, tools used
and lessons learned
Use case studies to validate/map design principles for gender responsive breeding
TheApproachBreedingCycle– MainStages
Socialtargetinganddemandanalysis
Settingbreedingpriorities/objectives
Generation/Identificationofnewvariation
Selectioninsegregatingpopulations
Testingexperimentalvarieties
Releasingnewvarieties
Seedproductionanddistribution
TheApproachGuidingQuestionsfortheCaseStudies
G.Smith/CIAT
• At what stage of the breeding cycle did you identify gender-differentiated preferences for one or more traits and what were these preferences?
• How were these preferences identified?• Which changes in the structure of the breeding program did you make to
address differences in preferences identified?• Which specific tool(s) was (were) used to address gender-differentiated
preferences?• What were the final products and their uptake by men and/or women users, and
what benefits (e.g. improved food security, income) did different user groups obtain as a result?
LinkstoOtherInputPapers
• Cases used in the STP framework paper
• Social targeting and demand analysis by J. Ouma
• Cassava trait preferences in Nigeria by Jeffrey Bentley
• Breeding priorities• Examine case studies for
priority setting
AudiencefortheSynthesisofCaseStudies
• Breeding teams including breeders and gender specialists • Research managers and Institutional leadership• Donors• University students in breeding and social sciences
• Decision on audience really matters!
Outline/ContentoftheSynthesisofCase Studies
I. Foreword:ImportanceofgenderincropandanimalbreedingII. ExecutiveSummary:overview,majoremergingideasandimplicationsfor
research.III. Introduction:FramingofGBI,workshopoutputsetcIV. TheoreticalFraming:Theoreticalfoundationdrawingfromfeministtheory
andgenderinagriculturaldevelopmentdebates.V. CaseStudies:AtleastonecaseperstepinbreedingcycleVI. Lessonslearned:Synthesisofmajorlearningsfromallcasesstudiesinto
designprinciplesforgender-responsivebreedingforpractitionersVII. Toolbox:Synthesisofkeytoolsandusetips
Foreword
• Co-writtenbygenderspecialistandbreeder
• Focusisonhigherleveldiscussionon“whygenderresearchmattersforbreeding”
• Wewillbeapproachingafewofyoutoseekinterest!
CaseStudies:AnOverview
Category CaseName Authora.SocialTargetingandDemandAnalysis ThePre-CookedBean J.Ouma
b.SettingBreedingPriorities
Towardsimprovedgender-responsivebeanbreeding:Lessonsfrombeanimprovementresearchinselectedcountries EKatungi
Genderanalysisforforageimprovementintheololili conservationsystemofTanzania AGalie
c.Selection
ParticipatoryPlantBreedingandWomenEmpowermentforcollectiveinnovationandsustainableTransition:ACasefromSWChina YSongCasestudyofcassavatraitpreferencesofmenandwomenfarmersinNigeria:Implicationsforgender-responsivecassavavarietydevelopment OOlaosebikanFarmerengagementinvarietytestingandevaluationsprovidescrucialinformationforbreedingstrategiesinMali KIsaacsParticipatorybreedingandgenderroleincañahua,aNUSAndeanGraincropinBolivia JPRodriguez
d.TestingExperimentalVarieties
Gender-differentiatedpreferencesinbreedingfornewmatookehybridsinUganda NLSanyaTrialevaluationswithwomen EWeltzien
CaseStudy1
Breedingcyclestep:SettingBreedingPriorities
Title:Towardsamoregender-responsivebeanbreedingprogram:lessonsfromEasternAfrica
Summary: ThestudyuseschoiceexperimentationinPVSforbeanbreedinginEastAfrica
Findings:• Significantdifferencesinfarmerpreferencesdependentongender,landholdingand
marketaccess• Countertoexpectations,preferenceforshortcookingtimewasnotdifferent
betweenwomenandmen,butdeterminedbyaccesstomarkets• InPVStrials,onlyonevarietyshowedsignificantlydifferentrankingbetweenmen
andwomen
CaseStudy1
Implicationsforbreeding:Cookingtimehasnowbeenaddedasa“must-have”traitforPABRA
Photo:PABRA
CaseStudy2
Breedingcyclestep:SettingBreedingPriorities
Title: Gender-responsiveintensificationintheololili systemofTanzania
Summary:Thiscasestudyexaminesgenderedlabororganization,knowledgeandtraitpreferencesofforageplantsandgovernanceoftheololili system
Findings:• Theololili systemreliesheavilyonwomen’sunpaidlabour,andlackoffinances,and
communitypowerandgenderdynamicshinderrestoration• Numberofforageplantsmentionedwassimilarbetweenwomenandmen,but
eachgrouprankedtheimportanceoftheseforagesdifferently.• Veryfewcommonalitiesexistedacrossgenderandacrosslocationsintermsofthe
traitswomenandmenattributedtoaspecificplant.• Womenandmenfromallvillagesexpressedaninterestinplantingforageanddual-
purposecrops
CaseStudy2
Implicationsforbreeding:Breedersidentifiedlegumeandgrassspeciescompatiblewiththeexistingnaturalpastures.Thesespeciesaddressedthetwooutofthethreetraitprioritiesidentifiedduringthegenderstudyascommontomenandwomen
CaseStudy3
Breedingcyclestep:Selectinginsegregatingpopulations
Title:ParticipatoryPlantBreedingandWomenEmpowermentforcollectiveinnovationsandtransformationtowardsequalandsustainabledevelopment:ACasefromSWChina
Summary:Thisstudyexamineshowfarmersandbreedersinteractinmaizeimprovement,insituconservation andvalueaddingactivities
Findings:• PPBactivitieshaveconservedmorethan50foodvarietiesandimproved10landraces• Theactivitieshaveincreasedwomen’sincome,enhancedcommunitybased
collaborationinsharingproductiveactivities,managingnaturalresourcesandlinkingtoexternalinformation andmarkets
• HybridandOPVimprovementcanbeintegratedasparalleleffortsinonePPBbreedingprogramme tosupportmultiplefunctionalityofdiversifiedfarmingandfoodsystems
CaseStudy3
Implicationsforbreeding:Duringtheexchangevisitsthe‘professional’breedersdiscoveredthatthefarmershadconservedandimprovedTuxpeno 1.OnefarmerinparticularhadfurtherimprovedTuxpeno 1,theresultingvarietyhadbecomewidelypopularinthesurroundinglocalcommunities
Photo:NationalGeographic
CaseStudy4
Breedingcyclestep:Testingexperimentalvarieties
Title: FarmerengagementinculinarytestingandgrainqualityevaluationsprovidescrucialinformationforsorghumbreedingstrategiesinMali
Summary:ThisstudypresentslessonslearnedaroundusingsorghumculinarytestingmethodologywithwithfarmersinMali
Findings:• Menandwomenevaluatesorghumvarietiesfromperspectivesthatarebasedontheir
rolesandresponsibilitiesinthehousehold• Womenevaluatethequalityofavarietyforprocessingandcooking,andthattheir
valuationofthevarietalyieldextendsfarbeyondtheagronomicyield.• Decorticationlosses,waterabsorptionpotential,andproportionsofflourandgritwere
keyconsiderationsforgrainprocessors:Householdsmaketrade-offs• WomendiscusseconomyduringTopreparation,evaluatingifavarietyproducesmore
foodduetothesetraits
CaseStudy4
• Implicationsforbreeding:Diversevarietiesarenowtestedinthefieldandduringprocessingtoensurethatvarietiesselectedforthenextseasoncapturetherangeofcharacteristicsexpectedbythehouseholdasawhole
CaseStudy5
Breedingcyclestep:Testingexperimentalvarieties
Title:Gender-differentiatedpreferencesfornewmatooke hybridsinUganda
Summary:Thisstudyexaminesparticipatoryevaluation,sensoryandconsumeracceptabilitybymenandwomenofnewmatooke hybrids
Findings:• Qualityattributesaredeterministicofadoptionofbananahybridvarieties• Hybridbananasdifferedsignificantlyforsensoryattributes• 78%ofthematooke hybridsevaluatedforreleasehadlowheatretainingcapacity(food
hardensfastwhenserved)• Thehybridsalsorequiredprolongedcookingtimetosoftenthetextureaddingmore
labour timetogatherfuelwoodwhichbecameanadditionalchallengetothealreadyoverburdenedwomen
CaseStudy5
Implicationsforbreeding:Newmatooke hybridsarenowevaluatedstepwisewithaqualityfocus:beginwithfoodqualitytraits,followwithproductionrelatedtraits.Womenpanelistsareinvolvedinthepreparationofthesamplesforsensoryevaluation.
CaseStudy6
Breedingcyclestep:Testingexperimentalvarieties
Title:Involvingwomenfarmersinvarietyevaluationsofa“men’scrop”:ConsequencesforthesorghumbreedingstrategyandfarmerempowermentinMali
Summary:ThisstudyprovidesandoverviewofchangestosorghumbreedingstrategyinMaliinformedbylongtermgenderanalysisandparticipatoryevaluation
Findings:• Womennotsometimesawareofnewvarietiestestedbytheirhusbands• Gender-responsiveparticipatorybreedingincreasedwomen’saccesstonewvarietiesand
diversityofimprovedvarietiescultivatedintheirvillages• Women’spreferredvarietiesforseedproductionarenowgivenstrongerconsiderationby
therespectivecooperatives:enhancedtheiragency• Women’sgroupsnowengageinlarge-scaleproductionandcommercializationofsorghum
andgroundnutseed
CaseStudy6
Implicationsforbreeding: Fundamentalchangetobreedingprogramtoemphasizedesirablegrainquality:womeninvitedtotheresearchstationtoscoregrainqualitiesofearlygenerationmaterialduringtheselectionprocess.SorghumbreedingprogramsinMalinowgrowallsegregatinggenerationmaterialunderlow-Pconditionsinfieldsmanagedspecificallyforthispurpose
CaseStudy7
Breedingcyclestep:SettingBreedingPriorities
Title:Cassavafarmers’preferencesforvarietiesandseeddisseminationsysteminNigeria:Genderandregionalperspectives
Summary:Thiscasestudyexploredadoptionofimprovedcassavavarietiesbyfarmers,thecassavaseedsystemandvarietypreferencesofmenandwomen
Findings:• Improvedvarietiesaregraduallysqueezingoutthelocalvarieties• Forbothmenandwomen,acompositeofallpreferencesshouldberealizedtogear
breedingeffortstowardsabasket(set)ofimprovedvarietiesthatcombinehighyielding,poundability,ingroundstorability,easeofpeeling,weedcompetitiveness
• Useoftrainedandexperiencedsocialscienceandgenderspecialistsasfacilitatorsiscrucialtomoveawayfromthesimplisticdisaggregationofdatabysex.
CaseStudy7
Implicationsforbreeding: Thisstudyhasinformedbreedersonimportantnewtraitssuchaseaseofpeeling,swellability,weedsmolderingthatcanbeconsideredwhensettingbreedingpriorities.
Criteria
• Studyclearlymapstoastepinthebreedingcyclediagram• Theresearchisclearlyfocusedongeneratinginformationforapplication
inbreeding• Sex-disaggregateddatacollectedandusedanalysis• Qualitativeandquantitativedatacollected• Intersectionalityconsideredanddiscussed• Findings,conclusion,anddiscussionincludetake-aways and
recommendationsaddingtodesignprinciplesforgender-responsivebreedingprograms?
Criteria
• Extenttowhichandhowgenderisaddressedinthestudy• Roles/responsibilities• Opportunities/Constraints• Access/controlofresources• Preferences/Practical&Strategicneeds• Decision-makingpower• Culturalnorms• Genderedbenefit/costdifferentials• GenderedParticipation• Differencesintraditionalknowledge• Communityleadership
SynthesisofTools
• ConventionalBreedingTechniques• ParticipatoryVarietalSelection(PVS)• ParticipatoryPlantBreeding(PPB)• FocusGroupDiscussions(FGDs)-
• mixedgroups• groupsdisaggregatedbysex,age
• IndividualInterviews• sex-disaggregateddatacollection• bothheadsofhousehold• equitablegenderbalanceinsample
• ChoiceExperimentation• fortraitidentificationatearlystageof
breeding
• GenderSensitiveIntervention• usingrecommendationsfrom
FGDs
• Sensoryandconsumeracceptabilityevaluations
• Post-harvestCulinaryTesting• GrainQualityEvaluations• TransectWalks• Foresightanalysis tohelppredict
prioritytraitsthatwillbedemandinthemarketintheyearstocome
LessonsLearned
• Wecannotassumeknowledgewilltricklefrommentowomen
• Qualityattributes,esp.taste,areimportanttraitforbothmenandwomen
• Menandwomenevaluatevarietiesfromperspectivesthatarebasedontheirroles,responsibilities,andconstraints
• Intersectionality isimportant
• Insemi-subsistencecontext,genderdifferencescanbedifficulttodetect
• Choiceexperimentstudiesrequirespecializedtraining
• Institutionalcapacityneededtocommunicationoffindingsongenderneedsandprioritiesforbuildinggenderresponsivebreedingprograms
Wanted:Morecases!
• Thereisdefinitescopeformorecasestobeincluded
• Especiallyweak/underrepresentedarefollowingstepsinthebreedingcycle:
• Identificationofnewvariation• Releasingnewvarieties• Seedproductionanddistribution
• Livestock/Fishbreedingmissing
Thankyou