State of the Art for Waste Incineration Plants

State of the Art for Waste Incineration Plants

Vienna, November 2002

Authors: Josef Stubenvoll (TBU) Siegmund Bhmer (UBA) Ilona Szednyj (UBA) Coordination of the joint study: Gabriele Zehetner Note: The studie is also retrievable from the internet (www.lebensministerium.at)

Impressum: Published by: Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Environment and Water Man-agement, Devision VI/3, Stubenbastei 5, 1010 Wien Printed by: Druckerei Berger, 3850 Horn, Austria Printed on Recyclingpaper Copyright: Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Environment and Water Manage-ment All rights reserved ISBN 3-902 338-13-X Cover photo: Bernhard Grger (UBA), AVN, WAV, AVE RV Lenzing Reproduction is permissible if the source is quoted In case of having no use for this publication please return it for reuse resp. recovery to the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Environment and Water Management

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CONTENT

CONTENT ...................................................................................................................2 SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................................6

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................14 1.1 Aims and Objectives ..............................................................................................14 1.2 The connection to the IPPC-Directive...................................................................14

2 FIRING TECHNOLOGIES..............................................................................16 2.1 Delivery and pretreatment of waste ......................................................................16 2.2 Firing system and waste heat boiler .....................................................................16 2.2.1 Grate firing systems .................................................................................................17 2.2.2 Rotary kiln ................................................................................................................19 2.2.3 Fluidised bed combustion .........................................................................................20 2.2.4 Degassing and/or gasification of wastes...................................................................23

3 TECHNOLOGIES FOR FLUE GAS CLEANING............................................24 3.1 Separation of dust and non-volatile heavy metals...............................................24 3.1.1 Electrostatic precipitator ...........................................................................................24 3.1.2 Fabric filters..............................................................................................................25 3.1.3 Fine wet scrubbing ...................................................................................................26 3.2 HCl, HF, SO2 and Hg removal ................................................................................26 3.2.1 Dry and semi-dry processes .....................................................................................26 3.2.2 Wet flue gas cleaning...............................................................................................27 3.3 NOx removal ............................................................................................................31 3.3.1 Primary Measures ....................................................................................................31 3.3.2 Secondary measures................................................................................................32 3.4 Reduction of organic emissions and PCDD/F......................................................37 3.4.1 Primary measures ....................................................................................................38 3.4.2 Secondary measures................................................................................................39 3.5 Simultaneous removal of acid gases, NOx and dioxins.......................................40 3.5.1 Moving bed adsorber with activated carbon..............................................................40 3.5.2 Fluidised bed systems ..............................................................................................40 3.6 Avaibility and use in Austria..................................................................................41

4 WASTE WATER TREATMENT......................................................................42 4.1 Gravity separation ..................................................................................................42 4.2 Neutralisation .........................................................................................................43

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4.2.1 Increase of pH..........................................................................................................43 4.2.2 Reduction of pH........................................................................................................43 4.3 Precipitation............................................................................................................43 4.4 Flocculation ............................................................................................................44 4.5 Flotation ..................................................................................................................44 4.6 Filtration..................................................................................................................45 4.7 Ion exchanger .........................................................................................................46 4.8 Activated coke filter ...............................................................................................46

5 DISPOSAL AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR WASTE TREATMENT..................47 5.1 Landfilling in big bags........................................................................................47 5.2 Solidification...........................................................................................................48 5.3 Separation of metals ..............................................................................................48 5.4 Washing processes................................................................................................48 5.5 Thermal treatment ..................................................................................................49

6 UTILISATION OF ENERGY ...........................................................................50 6.1 Corrosion ................................................................................................................55

7 CROSS-MEDIA ASPECTS ............................................................................56

8 DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS .......................................................................59 8.1 Domestic waste incineration .................................................................................60 8.1.1 Waste incineration plant Fltzersteig........................................................................60 8.1.2 Waste incineration plant Spittelau ............................................................................67 8.1.3 Waste incineration plant Wels ..................................................................................75 8.2 Incineration of hazardous wastes .........................................................................81 8.2.1 Rotary kilns of the Plant Simmeringer Haide ............................................................81 8.2.2 Waste incineration plant Arnoldstein ........................................................................88 8.3 Incineration of clinical waste.................................................................................95 8.3.1 Clinical waste incineration plant Baden.....................................................................95 8.4 Incineration of sewage sludge ..............................................................................97 8.4.1 Fluidised bed reactors of the Plant Simmeringer Haide ............................................97 8.5 Incineration of treated waste fractions...............................................................103 8.6 Combined waste incineration..............................................................................103 8.6.1 AVE - Reststoffverwertung (AVE-RVL) Lenzing .....................................................103 8.7 Pyrolisis of wastes ...............................................................................................109 8.8 Gasification...........................................................................................................109

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8.9 Planned plants and plants under construction..................................................110 8.9.1 Waste incineration plant Zistersdorf .......................................................................110 8.9.2 Plant Simmeringer Haide: Fluidised bed reactor 4..................................................111 8.9.3 Waste incineration plant Drnrohr ..........................................................................111 8.9.4 Waste incineration plant Arnoldstein ......................................................................115 8.9.5 Thermal residue utilisation plant Niklasdorf ............................................................117

9 ESTIMATION OF COSTS ............................................................................119 9.1