state lead by example guide

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Lea by

ExampleGuidE

Clean Energy

Strateges, Resorces, an

Acton Steps for State Programs

U.S. EnvironmEntal ProtEction agEncy

JUnE 18, 2009


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I this document is reerenced, it should be cited as:

U.S. EPA State Clean Energy and Climate Program(2009). Clean Energy Lead by Example Guide: Strate-

gies, Resources, and Action Steps or State Programs.Prepared by Joanna Pratt and Joe Donahue, StratusConsulting, Inc.

For more inormation, please contact:

Niko DietschU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOfice o Air and RadiationClimate Protection Partnerships Divisionel: (202) 343-9299E-mail: [email protected]

Clen Eneg Led b Eple Gde |
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-and-local/index.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-and-local/index.htmlmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-and-local/index.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-and-local/index.html


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Eece Sar

State governments can achieve

substantial energy cost savings

across their acilities, operations, and

feets through clean energy Lead by

Example (LBE) programs.

Tey can also demonstrate energy and environmentalleadership, raise public awareness o the benefits o cleanenergy technologies, improve air quality, reduce green-house gas (GHG) emissions, improve energy supply andreliability, and oster markets or environmentally pre-erable products. Te LBE Guide provides inormation toassist state governments as they develop and implementeective LBE programs to achieve their clean energygoals. It presents strategies, resources, and tools statedecision makers can use throughout the process.

EPA and other organizations recognize leading byexample as a key policy option or states seeking toachieve their clean energy goals. For example, theimportance o LBE programs is documented in thethe National Action Plan or Energy Eciency Vi-sion or 2025 report. Te Vision identifies LBE as acritical component o achieving the long-term goal o

all cost-eective energy eciency by 2025. Goal Sixo the Visions ten implementation goals is to developstate policies such as LBE or pursuing robust energyeciency practices.

BACkGRound

State governments across the country are achievingsignificant energy, environmental, public health, and

ExECutivE Summary | Clen Eneg Led b Eple G

ChAPtER onE

idu

ChAPtER two

Pe lBE aes d mesues

ChAPtER thREE

Esbsh he lBE P Fewk

ChAPtER FouR

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ChAPtER FivE

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UmEntmaP


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financial benefits through a variety o clean energy poli-cies and programs (U.S. EPA, 2006). One o these cleanenergy strategies is leading by example, which involvesimplementing clean energy policies and programs inbuildings, acilities, operations, and eets under theircontrol (U.S. EPA, 2006). State governments are findingthat such Lead by Example (LBE) programs producesubstantial energy savings while oering a range o

other benefits, including: demonstrating leadership andthe economic competitiveness o clean energy; reducingemissions o greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollut-ants; increasing uel diversity; improving energy systemreliability; ostering markets or clean energy products,services, and technologies; and promoting sustainablealternatives to conventional practices.

o help states achieve these benefits, EPA has devel-oped the LBE Guide. States can use the LBE Guide toinitiate or expand an LBE program with the objective

o establishing a comprehensive LBE program acrosstheir buildings, acilities, operations, and eets. Acomprehensive program typically (1) oers greater

benefits due to its broader scope, (2) increases thecost-eectiveness o LBE activities, due to economieso scale rom bundling individual activities, (3) garnerpolitical support by appealing to a variety o constitu-encies, and (4) increases the visibility o LBE activities

Te LBE Guide is an important next step in EPAs e-orts to assist states as they develop clean energy port-

olios. It extends and supports two other recent statepolicy assistance documents:

EPAs Clean Energy-Environment Guide to Action,which describes and provides inormation on sixteenclean energy policies, including LBE (U.S. EPA, 2006).

Te National Action Plan or Energy Eciency (Action

Plan), which is a private-public initiative designedto overcome barriers to energy eciency. TeActionPlans implementation ramework the Vision or

2025 defines implementation goals or achieving allcost-eective energy eciency by 2025. Tis documenrecognizes LBE programs as an important componento this goal, and uses the presence o a strong state LBEprogram as an indication o progress towards achievinthis goal (NAPEE, 2006, NAPEE, 2007).

Te LBE Guide outlines:

Te value o clean energy LBE programs and activities

A set o LBE activities that states are successully

implementing,

A process or developing, implementing, and tracking

comprehensive LBE program that includes one or moro these LBE activities, and

Key strategies, resources, and tools or states to use

during this process.

Troughout the LBE Guide more than 120 sidebars ancase studies are provided. Tese examples describe specific instances in which state and local governments arpursuing and implementing LBE programs. Additiona

whAt iS CLEAn EnERGy?

ce ee udes ded- d supp-sde esues h

e ess pu ws ee ee ded. ce ee

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Eerg ecec ees us ess ee pde he

se ped ee see he ee sue

e ee w. Ee ee esues ude

wde e ehes d pesses, d bepeeed ss j ee-su ses.

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-depe ee sues de ed use

ee ee. reewbe ee des b

se, bu usu ude wd, s, d ehe ee.

Se ses s sde w-p s hd, bss,

bs, d wse--ee be eewbe ee sues.

reewbe ee be eeed se e

s.

Cbe ea a per (ChP) s kw s

ee, cHP s e, ee eh h

pes he es ee d ee

sses b us wse he ee ee pdue he ee he e

dus es. cHP sses p hee 60%

75% ue use eees, whh s s hhe h

hse e pwe ps.

Clea srbe geera (dG) ees

ezedusu s-seeewbe ee d cHP.

F e , s he U.S. Ee Pe

aes (EPas) ce Ee Web se (http://www.epa.gov/

cleanenergy) d he EnErgy Star Web se (http://www.

energystar.gov/).

thE LBE GuidE And LoCAL GovERnmEntS

Whe hs Guide s desed p sss ses

p, pee, deep, d pe

pehese lBE ps, he pphes

desbed hee s bee ees. lke ses

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de. ths Guide pdes bh expes hw e

se es e ee ees d see

ses whh lBE es se es.

Clen Eneg Led b Eple Gde | ExECutivE Summary
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergyhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergyhttp://www.energystar.gov/http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergyhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy


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state and local examples are presented throughout thetext. Te structure o the LBE Guide and a selectiono some o the state and local examples highlightedin each chapter o the Guide are summarized in ableES-1, and a brie summary o the key elements o theGuide is provided below.

thE vALuE oF CLEAn EnERGy LBE

PRoGRAmS

Te LBE Guide describes a series o activities andstrategies that states can adopt to capture significantenergy, environmental, economic, and other benefits.An overview o these benefits is provided below, along

tABLE ES-1 LBE GuidE: oRGAnizAtion And ContEntS

Caper Ces a Spprg ira Selece Sae a Lcal Eaples

Caper 1: irc

ces:

Desbes he e bees lBE ps d ues he

lBE pess.

Wi: Ee Bus P vedne

me c., mD: Wd Pwe Puhses

ct: Ded respse P

ct: Deep Se lBE P

Caper 2: LBE Aces a measres

ces:

idues p bkud bees d

pee ssues ssed wh sx ke pes lBE

es. the d expes pded hs hpe

hep dess upe ses he lBE p

deepe pess, desbed subseque hpes.

Supp i:

appedx B: Se d l ce Ee lBE Ps:Expes, ts, d i resues

va: Ee Ee P d ads cu

ca: Behk Se Fes

mn: Se Susbe Bud gudees

ny: gee d ce Se Buds

ma: Ee Peebe Pdu Puee

ct: gee Pwe Puhses

nJ: aeed gee Pwe Puhse

il: Se ae cHP aes

Ut: S Pwe Des

co: We cse Se aees

ct: Ded respse P

Caper 3: Esablsg e LBE Prgra Fraer

ces:

Desbes he s seps esbsh ewk

pehese lBE p, ud see lBE e d

he ke pps, b hh ee supp, se s,d he p.

Supp i:

appedx a: Se Exeue odes, les, Pes, d Ps

i lBE Ps

appedx c: resues ipee lBE Ps

Esbsh lBE te d ob Supp

ma: lBE chps

ga: g Supp lBE P

ct: np oz Pp

Se ce Ee gs

ca: Behk ie

ny: gee d ce Se Buds d vehes

Esbsh mehss ipee he lBE P

Sc: Ee Ee a

Wa: K cu mde lBE P



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Caper Ces a Spprg ira Selece Sae a Lcal Eaples

Caper 4: Screeg LBE Aces a measres

ces:

Pdes ssess lBE es d esues

ee p lBE es d esues.

Supp i:

appedx B: Se d l ce Ee lBE Ps:

Expes, ts, d i resues

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Caper 5: deelpg a Cpreese LBE Prgra

ces:

Dsusses ke des d pee ssues ses

sde s he deep he lBE ps.

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appedx c: resues ipee lBE Ps

appedx D: resues Fud lBE Ps

appedx E: resues cdu cus d

oueh lBE Ps

appedx F: resues teh d F assse

l gees

appedx g: Se lBE Ps d cs

iee iddu ce Ee aes P

ca: S Shs P

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vt: Puee P

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Caper 6: tracg, Ealag, a Reprg LBE Prgra Prgress

ces:

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appedx i: m&v Ps d gude

appedx J: resues rep he resus lBE Ps

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S De l gee Ee Ee P

tABLE ES-1 LBE GuidE: oRGAnizAtion And ContEntS (cont.)



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with able ES-2 that describes the specific benefits osix key LBE activities highlighted in this Guide.

Demonstrate leadership . Trough good energy manage-ment, state governments can proactively address thenations energy challenge while also being fiscal respon-sible. Trough their direct actions and by sharing theirapproaches, state governments can help raise awareness

o clean energy opportunities, help develop markets orclean energy technologies and services, make technicaland financial resources available or local clean energyactivities, and help develop and implement programsthat directly assist constituents.

Reduce energy consumption and costs. Combined, stateand local governments spend more than $11 billionannually on energy costs, which can account or asmuch as 10% o a typical governments annual operat-ing budget (U.S. DOE, 2007a). State governments can

implement a variety o LBE activities that reduce thesecosts. I a state government that spends 10% o its op-erating budget on energy reduces its energy consump-tion by 20% a goal which many states have adopted it can reduce operating budget costs by 2% and createsignificant operating budget exibility.

Reduce air pollutants and GHG emissions. By imple-menting LBE activities, state governments can reduceemissions o GHGs and air pollutants (e.g., sulur andnitrogen compounds) associated with conventionalenergy generation rom ossil uels.

Foster markets or energy-ecient products and en-

courage economic development in local and regionalcommunities. LBE activities can support developmento in-state markets or clean energy products, manuac-turers, and services. Investing in energy eciency andclean energy can also provide an economic stimulus tothe local economy. Across the nation, energy eciencyand renewable energy technologies and services areestimated to have led to the creation o 8.5 million jobsin 2006, with state government spending on energy e-ficiency responsible or about 64,000 o these jobs (U.S.DOE, 2004; ASES, 2007).

Oer improved energy supply reliability. Many LBEactivities can reduce energy demand (kW) and mitigateenergy supply constraints during peak periods. Reduc-ing peak demand makes sense rom a financial perspec-tive (i.e., due to higher peak energy demand costs andthe potential or incentive payments rom utility pro-grams) and improves reliability across the transmission

and distribution system. Reducing demand can alsoreduce energy prices, which is a special concern inareas where sales-volume-sensitive gas prices have beensteadily increasing. According to one estimate, or every1% reduction in national natural gas demand, naturalgas prices decrease by 0.8% to 2% (Wiser et al., 2005).

Oer greater energy price certainty. State government

LBE activities can provide more reliable energy servic-es and help governments hedge against uncertaintiesassociated with uture ossil uel-based energy costsand availability (U.S. EPA, 2006; U.S. EPA, 2004a).

Promote sustainable alternatives to conventional prac-

tices. By implementing other energy and environmentalactivities that complement LBE clean energy activities,states can achieve secondary energy savings benefits.For example, coordinating LBE activities with wastemanagement, water treatment, and other state programs

can lead to energy savings due to the energy implica-tions o recycling, solid waste reduction, water conser-vation, and landscaping strategies (Choate et al., 2005).

Provide other benefts. Clean energy LBE programs cansometimes produce additional benefits, including:

Improved indoor air quality and productivity in

energy-ecient and green buildings.

Increased asset value in energy-ecient buildings.

Reduced maintenance costs in energy-ecient

buildings.

LBE GoALS And ACtivitiES

Many states are pursuing clean energy across theirbuildings, acilities, operations, and eets. As a result,they are reaping significant energy, environmental, andeconomic benefits. Tese activities are being imple-mented through executive orders, legislation, plans,and policies to establish one or more LBE goals acrosstheir acilities and/or eets. Examples o state-specific

LBE goals reerenced in this Guide are summarized onable ES-3. Tese goals can:

Encompass all o a states buildings and operations,

Encompass some or all o a states buildings,

Address some element o a states buildings and/or op-

erations, such as new construction or energy-ecientproduct procurement, and/or

Address state eets and uel use.



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tABLE ES-2 PotEntiAL BEnEFitS oF LBE ACtivitiES

Ac Peal Beefs

ipre Eerg

Ecec

Gere Facles

iped ee ee ee es deese ee sup b 35% exs

buds d 50% ew d eed buds, hus edu ee ss d gHg d pu

esss (U.S. EPa, 2004b; 2005; U.S. DoE, 2007b).

redu se ee ee sup b 20% e ( se ) edue he

ee se ees u ee bs b s uh s $16 d se e 1.2 Bu

u ee use (acEEE, 2003).

the pe edu gHg d pu esss se es s subs: ee use

e (ud se ee buds) d dus es us e 50%

U.S. gHg esss (U.S. EPa, 2008b). Fss ue bus ee ee us hh

peees co2, Sox, d nox esss, whh be edued huh ped ee ee

se ee es (U.S. EPa, 2008).

appxe 60% expedues pe ee ee se es s b ss, e

h ee ee es ese epe ppues (U.S. DoE. 2004).

$1 spe ped ee ee bud esu $2 $3 ese he buds ue

(U.S. EPa 2004b).

iegrae Eerg

Ecec aReeable Eerg

measres Gree

Blgs

ip ee ee ee bud dess (.e., b w EnErgy Star udees)

edue ee ss b s uh s 50% ped e buds, pdu u eess bu $0.50 pe sque (U.S. EPa, 2008; U.S. EPa, 2006).

Use ee ee, eewbe ee, d ee esues ee buds :

redue gHg esss.

Ehe bdes d esse pese.

redue su d de debs d he wse ses.

Pdue sed ee s bees huh we ee, e, d he es h

eque s us ee.

Prcre Eerg

Ece Prcs

Se ees sped he de $11 b ee bs u. a se ee-ee pdu

puee p se up 10% ses ee u b (lBnl, 2002, Hs e ., 2004; U.S.

EPa, Uded; U.S. DoE, 2007).

EnErgy Star-qued pdus p use 25% 50% ess ee h e pdus d,

se ses, e ee s ss up 90% ped e pdus (U.S. EPa, 2007;

2008).

a p se ee h puhses bske EnErgy Star-qued pdus (ud

pues d s, ed hes, ex ss, pes, d ss) edue ee ss

b e h $200,000 pe e, eque ee ss $1.5 (U.S. EPa, Uded).

B pu hese EnErgy Star pdus, se hee u co2 ss bu 1,900 s,

eque e-e ss bu 16,500 s (U.S. EPa, Uded).

Prcase Gree Per Puhs ee pwe ds use e ues, hus edu sewde gHg esss d he

ee ps (U.S. EPa, 2008s). F expe, puhs 100 kWh ee pwe d

esss bu 78,000 e s co2, eque e 14,000 pssee ehes he

d (U.S. EPa. 2008).

Ses h puhse ee pwe he u edue expsue e ss ue pes (U.S. EPa,

2004b; nySErDa, 2003).

gee ee pwe ed jb e se d ees. F expe, he

uue, su, s, d ee 1 mW s phs, whh s sd s

ee pwe, eques d suss 22 jbs (ap ae, 2007).



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Ac Peal Beefs

use Clea Eerg

Sppl teclges

gee e ee be hepe h puhs ee huh he d.

gee e ee supp subs edue sewde gHg esss d he ee

ps (U.S. EPa, 2008s).

cbed he d pwe (cHP) sses e ee 40% e ee h sepe he d pwe

ee sses, hus equ 40% ess sue ee d edu se wde ee ss (U.S. EPa,2007b).

iplee oer

EergSag

oppres

Ded espse (Dr) ps ed we sse peks edue ee ss d pdue

eeues se ees huh ee pes ues d ee d pes.

We ee esues pesee ube u esue whe pe s s u

ee. n, we supp d wsewe ee u e 1% ee

ee (U.S. EPa, 2008d).

ipees we ee se es huh he s ee d

sses deese u ee sup b 10% (We, 2002).

Se e ps esu s ee ss de e see 70%

90% he ee equed pdue pdus es (che e ., 2005). re 1

e ppe ses 10.2 Bu d e 1 uu s sees 206.9 Bu (che

e ., 2005).

Descriptions o each o these LBE activities are provided in Table ES-4, Six Key LBE Activities and Selected State Examples Included in the Guide.

tABLE ES-2 PotEntiAL BEnEFitS oF LBE ACtivitiES (cont.)


o achieve these goals, states are implementing LBEactivities that all into one o six categories. Teseactivities and a selection o the state examples provided

in this Guide are summarized in able ES-4. Te sixcategories are:

Improve energy eciency in government acilities.

Integrate energy eciency and renewable energy mea-

sures in green buildings.

Procure energy-ecient products.

Purchase green power.

Use clean energy supply technologies.

Implement other energy-saving opportunities.

Beyond these six stationary-source energy eciencyand clean energy supply LBE activities, there are op-portunities or states to lead by example in the trans-portation sector. Te LBE Guide does not address thesetransportation activities. However, inormation aboutEPAs transportation programs, policies, regulations,and tools, is available in the EPA Oce o ransporta-tion and Air Quality Plannings State and Local rans-

portation Resources Web site (http://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/index.htm).

EStABLiShinG A LEAd By ExAmPLE

PRoGRAm

States can use the LBE Guide to initiate or expand anLBE program toward the objective o establishing acomprehensive LBE program across all their buildings,acilities, and operations. Te steps involved in theLBE process, and specific actions states can undertaketo achieve each o the steps are illustrated in able ES-5. Tese steps include:

Establish the LBE program ramework, which includes

selecting the LBE team, establishing the business caseor the program and obtaining program support,setting LBE goals, and establishing the mechanismsrequired to initiate the program.

Screen LBE activities and measures.

Develop a comprehensive LBE program.

rack, measure, and report on LBE program progress.
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/index.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/index.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/index.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/index.htm


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tABLE ES-3 ExAmPLES oF LBE GoALS And tARGEtS FoR StAtE LBE PRoGRAmS

Sae/tle Gal r targe

oerall LBE Eerg Sags

vrga

Eece orer 48

Esbshes se ees edue u ee ss b 20% b 2010. Se-wed

es e 5,000 sque ee e equed be desed sse wh lEED d EnErgy Star

sses.

ipre Eerg Ecec Esg a ne Gere Facles

ne hapsre

Eece orer 20054

reques he se edue ee sup se es b 10% de wh he

EnErgy Star chee.

iegrae Eerg Ecec a Reeable Eerg measres Gree Blgs

wasg, d.C.

Gree Blg Ac 2006

reques pub-wed d pub ed buds be desed ee lEED-Se

e sdds ee pee d e 75 ps he EPa ee

pee sse, us he EnErgy Star te Fde .

Prcre EergEce Prcs

Clra

Eece orer 0012 07

reques Depe Pese d ads deep pes se ees

puhse EnErgy Star-qued equpe.

use a Clea Eerg Sppl

wscs

wscs Ac 141

reques he Depe ads se eewbe ee puhse s sx ees

wh e h eewbe ee u 10% se ee puhses b 2008 d 20%

b 2012.

Sae Flees a Fel use

Gerga

Eece orer 2.28.06.02

Des se ees ese epee ue es sed b 20% huh pessed d

e wk shedues d eewk.


Best practices or developing and implementing suc-cessul and cost-eective programs, which are based onstate LBE experiences, are provided in able ES-6.

LBE GuidE tooLS And RESouRCES

Te LBE Guide provides a set o tools and resources toassist states in developing and implementing their LBE

programs. Tese include:

Preliminary Assessment ools. An important task whendeveloping an LBE program is to screen potential LBEactivities and measures to determine which ones aremost likely to help meet state goals. Tis can involveevaluating a buildings energy perormance, trackingGHG and air pollution emissions, and calculatingenergy and financial savings. Key tools or states to use

when assessing LBE options are summarized in ableES-7. States can use these tools when:

Assessing building perormance.

Developing emissions inventories.

Estimating potential energy savings.

Assessing financial costs and benefits.

Additional Resources . Te LBE Guide provides a wealtho additional resources or states to use as they developtheir LBE programs. Tese resources are identified anddescribed throughout the Guide and are summarized,by subject area in the appendices. able ES-8 presentsa summary o some o the key resources, organized byLBE Guide chapter.


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tABLE ES-4 Six kEy LBE ACtivitiES And SELECtEd StAtE ExAmPLES

Ac Sar Ac

Selece Eaples

Pre Ge oe Sae Eaple

ipre

Eerg

Ecec

Gere

Facles

Se d ees e

espsbe e h 16 b

sque ee bud spe

ee s bu $11

b (U.S. DoE, 2007). Eeuse se ee es

sue pe budes

d u s uh s 90%

se ees gHg

esss (msshuses, 2004).

ip ee ee se

ee-wed d esed

es huh pehese

ee ee pph

ed s ee,

ee, e,

d he bees. Ses e

des u ss

he de $1 $15 ds, deped ee

ps d s.

Wi: Wss Ee ie

va: Ee Ee P d

ads cu

ca: Behk Se Fes

mi: Se Fes Ee Ss

P

mt: 20 x 10 ie

nH: EnErgy Star chee

Pp

or: Bud css

P

Wa: Bud css

P

nc: Susbe Ee Ee

Buds P

co: Ee mee d

ieed Ee-Ee Des

K-12 Shs

Wss used EnErgy Star s

d esues sse

epe h xues se

buds s Wss Ee

ie whh esued $7.5 u ee s

ss d esss edu

eque he esss

20,000 ehes e e. the

se ex pusued pehese

whe-bud es 60

sque ee e spe

s $35 whh e

expeed ed $11

u s ss wh pbk

ped ess h u es.

(naSEo, 2006).

iegrae

Eerg

Ecec a

Reeable

Eerg

measres

Gree

Blgs

the p, des, d

su pess ew

d eed buds es

ppues be ee

ee d eewbe ee

des eues wh he esues

h he ee d

heh bees (e.., see

susbe ses, us eed-e es, d dsp

edue we d ee use).

these ee ee d

eewbe ee esues e ke

ws edue gHg esss d

deese he b p

ew d eed se es.

ny: gee d ce Se

Buds

aZ: gee Bud P Pub

Buds

Hi: led b Expe ie

mn: Se Susbe Bud

gudees

ma: lEED-Pus Sdd

nm: led b Expe ie

Pa: Hh Pee gee

Bud P

Pa: cb Se oe Bud

or: Pd gee Bud P

Wi: Susbe Fes gudees/

Sdds

Wi: Depe nu

resues Buds

Dc: Wsh, D.c. geeBud P

i new yk, se ees e

equed b exeue de

w lEED udees he

su ee buds

d se ee he EnErgy

Star bud e ee

pee. See new yks

se ees he peed

deep susbe desudees, ud Hh-

Pee Des gudees

se ee d ues

buds (nySErDa, 2001; 2005).



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Ac Sar Ac

Selece Eaples

Pre Ge oe Sae Eaple

Prcre

Eerg

Ece

Prcs

Ee-ee pdu

puee be ese

se ees

ee ee se

d be pu hepu se he deepe

-se kes e ee

pdus. Ee-ee pdu

puee e pdus

s he e eped, wh

ee-ee pdus h

e s peu. F

expe, EnErgy Star-

qued ees d e

equpe pdus be

puhsed wh s peu,

bu pdue s ee s

ss

ma: Ee Peebe

Pdus Puee

ny: new yk c Ee-Ee

Pdu Puee

i Fy 2001, msshuses spe

$92.5 ee

peebe pdus. the s

ss he p supssed

$544,000, wh ss ee-ee e equpe

e u $270,000

(msshuses, 2003).

Prcase

Gree Per

gee pwe s ee pdued

eewbe sues (e.., wd,

s, bs, bss, w-p

hd, d ehe esues)

h uses -de

gHg esss, hs supe

ee pe ped

e pwe ee,

d ws bu e Ju 1, 1997.

B hs puhse ee

pwe, se ees edue

ee ss ue-bsed ee

(U.S. EPa, 2004; 2007d) d hep

edue gHg esss, edueueb e ee

pe , d pe ee

supp eb. the pe peu

ee pwe h es he

esed ss dd ee

pwe he pwe ee

x es ss he u. i

2006, he ee ws

bu 2 pe kWh (Bd e ., 2007).

tehques suh s eed

puhs we hs peu

s.

mE: ae gee Pwe

Puhses

Pa: gee Pwe Puhse

ce

ct: gee Pwe Puhses

nJ: aeed gee Pwe

Puhse

mD: me cu Wd

Pwe Puhse

i me, he es 2003

ee ed esbshed

he se ee

puhse es 50% s

ee eewbe pwe

sues, us ee ee

esues se buds se

he s he eewbe ee.

ths ws e b

eee

e 800 se e us

ude e see eee. me

hs w esed s eewbe

ee puhse 100% (DSirE,2007).

tABLE ES-4 Six kEy LBE ACtivitiES And SELECtEd StAtE ExAmPLES (cont.)



13/318

Ac Sar Ac

Selece Eaples

Pre Ge oe Sae Eaple

use Clea

Eerg Sppl

teclges

Ses e pee e

ee ee suh s -

se eewbe ee ee

d e Dg d cHP

pde e ee-suppee h edues gHg d

pu esss, hedes s

e ee pe ,

pes ee supp eb,

d sees edue ee

ss.

aZ: a a t Se S

F

va: S Pwe new Se

Fes

Ut: S Pwe Des

or: S Se Buds

ca: S teh Se

Fes

ma: reewbe Ee ies

il: Se ae cHP aes

nJ: S Pwe Pub Sh

Ds

ca: S Pwe Ues

oH: cHP oh Ues

tX: cHP he Ues texs

Wi: cHP he Ues

Wss

mn: cHP Wsewe tee

F

az deeped s

suppee s ee use he

a a t Se. the

$196,000 ph sse

pdues 31 kW ee, whhhs edued d-bsed ee

puhses b 113,000 kWh, 31%,

d ses he depe $20,000

u ee ss (aZDoc,

2006; az, 2007).

iplee

oer Eerg

Sag

oppres

Ded espse (Dr) ps

d ee es suh

s e, we ee, d

susbe dsp sees

s esu s ee

s ss.

ct: Ded respse P

ma: Se Susb P

co: We cse Se

aees

ma: We csup redug

as expe se Dr

p, he ceu oe

P d mee (oPm)

dses Ded respse

P h des ded

espse es eee se

ees. oPm wks wh heseees edue pek ee

ds du ped hh ded

b se ds dsbued

ee equpe d edu

-esse ee ds. these

s ebe iSo new Ed,

he e d pe, d

s dd suue

h wud hewse be eeded

ee ded. as pes,

iSo new Ed pdes oPm

ppxe $300,000 que,

huh hd-p s.

ths pe s ed he pp ees

eese e ee

pjes (ceu oPm, 2008).

a January 1, 1997 is the accepted date marking the beginning o the voluntary green power market.

tABLE ES-4 Six kEy LBE ACtivitiES And SELECtEd StAtE ExAmPLES (cont.)



14/318

tABLE ES-5 SummARy oF thE LBE imPLEmEntAtion PRoCESS

LBE Aces

a measres

Esabls e LBE Prgra Fraer

Scree LBE

Aces a

measres

deelp a

Cpreese

LBE Prgra

trac, Ealae,

a Repr

LBE Prgra

Prgress

Esabls LBE

tea a

oba Sppr

Se Clea Eerg

Gals

Esabls

mecass

iplee e

LBE Prgra

See chpe 2 See Ses 3.13.3 See Se 3.4 See Se 3.5 See chpe 4 See chpe 5 See chpe 6

PoSSiBLE ACtionS

ipe ee

ee

buds.

iee ee

ee d

eewbe

ee esues

ee

buds.

Puhse

ee-ee

pdus.

Puhse ee

pwe.

Use e

ee supp.

ipee he

ee-s

es.

PoSSiBLE ACtionS

ide ed d

supp lBE

e ee

ees.

ide ke

pese.

ide d

b hh-ee

supp.

ide heke ees

d ups

hep shpe d

pee lBE

ps

PoSSiBLE ACtionS

Deep ee

sup

bsee.

assess se

ex.

Se se lBE

s.

oe ee

ss d gHg

ess es.

Exs bud

es.

new bud

es.

Ee-ee

pdu

puee

s.

reewbe

ee es.

Ee-ee

puee

s.

Se fee d

ue use es.

PoSSiBLE ACtionS

ge ssues

exeue

de.

Se esue

es lBE

es.

Se esbshes

lBE p

huh se

p pess.

Se ee

e es

lBE p.

ohe

zs

dp ps

h supp

fuee he

ses dp

lBE

p.

PoSSiBLE ACtionS

See lBE

es d

esues

he uese

lBE es.

Deep

ssesse

e.

Ese ss

d bees.

See d

pee lBE

es d

esues.

PoSSiBLE ACtionS

iee

e ee

ppues.

Deee

p

.

cdu

us

d ueh.

Pde ehd

ssse

ees.

She

d

ess ede,

se, d

lBE esues.

PoSSiBLE ACtionS

Deep k

eu, d

ep p.

Esbsh

bsees.

cdu

behk.

tk ee

use, esss,

d ss.cdu p,

pess, d/

ke ees

eus.

rep pess.

rese p

bsed esus.


REFEREnCES

ACEEE. 2003. Energy Eciencys Next Generation:Innovation at the State Level. Report E031. November.Available: http://www.aceee.org/pubs/e031ull.pd. Ac-cessed 1/15/2007.

Arizona. 2007. Te Executive Budget: FiscalYear 2007. Available: http://www.douglasaz.gov/StateInormation/2007DetailBook.pd. Accessed3/20/2007.

Arizona DOC. 2006. State Agency Annual Energy Us

age Report. Arizona Department o Commerce. June2006. Available: http://www.azcommerce.com/doclib/energy/stateagency_energy_progress_report-7.01.06.pd. Accessed 3/19/2007.

ASES. 2007. Renewable Energy and Energy EciencyEconomic Drivers or the 21st Century. November2007. Available: http://asesprot.org//images/stories/ASES-JobsReport-Final.pd. Accessed 7/11/2008.
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15/318

tABLE ES- 6 ELEmEntS oF A

SuCCESSFuL LBE PRoGRAm

Bl a srg LBE ea. a suessu lBE

p ss wh e h s -

ed de he x es,

esues, d pphes bes sued

he ddu se. the pess bud

s e udes de se

e ed he lBE e d seee epesees, hs d he

se ees, wh e e

expese d pespees (e..,

ee, ee ee, eew-

be ee, susb, ee).

Pes usde se ee

s pde ube pu he lBE pe-

e pess d/ see s p

hps he u.

Secre gleel sppr. the supp

p-ee edeshp s lBE p-

s suess. apphes bud d

supp ude p-kes he e ses he pess,

de e e lBE e ebes

wh ess ke des-kes, d

e u he ue he lBE

e.

Esabls gals. Se e, qube lBE

s (huh exeue des, se ws,

he se p pess, he se

es) esue h skehdes u-

desd he expeed ues, pde

ese esuee d ep, d

dese he esb esbsh

e ee es.

deelp a eerg basele . t esue h

lBE s e esube d hebe,

bse he u ps d ue se

ee sup d d pjeed

sup. ths eques e se

ee sup d d

ssues h e ee use (e.., he

ube, sque e, d d

se es; fee sze; d ue e

ee ehes).

Scree LBE ps base eerg sa

gs a er crera. Deep see

e deee he lBE es d

esues ude he lBE p. Ke

e ude expeed ee ss, ssues (e.., pbk peds d

e-e ss), ee bees,

e bees, sb, d esb.

iplee a sseac apprac e

erg ecec. the s s-eee

pph p ee ee

se buds s w he sse-

pess deed he EnErgy Star

Guidelines or Energy Management. ide,

s bes pped ss p -

ee buds. i esues e ed,

ses pp he pess s p

e ew buds d use he esus de uhe ee ee

dd se buds. a sse p-

ph ee s eee

pehese lBE p.

tae aaage aalable facg

ecass. a e se-

es s be ses lBE es.

Beuse hese es pee ed

esues wh he p-

s, s hepu use upe -

ps (e.., up es-puhse

eees, e uds, e-

ed puhses). i se ses, ses eed d he ues esue h ees

he ess bd e

ehss (e.., pee -

) d u ehds (e.., e-e

s u).

Cc cca a reac.

Ses dese edeshp d

b - lBE supp se

e pese, he pub, d he

u skehdes b du

u d ueh es h

ue he bees he p d

eue pp , d supp

he p.

Lear r lcal, sae, a eeral srces. m se d up ees

he peeed lBE ps. S

hese ees s we s he lBE ps,

de pes, d ude he he

deeped e ke lBE esues. i dd

, ede ps pde esues

des d pee lBE es.

F expe, he EnErgy Star p

pdes ude d s p

ee ee exs d ew

buds.

Ealae, repr , a pae e LBE

prgra. i s p pedeue he ses lBE es d ep

he esus hese ssesses. Bsed

eu esus, ses expd su

essu (d pe suessu) e

d ese ee updue lBE

es.

Bird, L., L. Dagher, and B. Swezey. 2007. Green Power

Marketing in the United States. NREL/P-670-42502.Available: http://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/

resources/pds/42502.pd. Accessed 3/28/2008.

Choate, A., L. Pederson, J. Scharfenberg. 2005. WasteManagement and Energy Savings: Benefits by theNumbers. Prepared by ICF Consulting or U.S. EPA.Available: http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarm-ing.ns/UniqueKeyLookup/TMAL6GDR3K/$File/Energy%20Savings.pd. Accessed 3/19/2007.

Connecticut OPM. 2008. Demand Response Program.Available:

http://www.ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?a =2994&q = 389740. Accessed 5/16/2008.

DSIRE. 2007. Maine Incentives or Renewables andEciency. Database o State Incentives or Renewablesand Energy Eciency. Available: http://www.dsireusa.org/library/includes/incentive2.cm?Incentive_Code =ME08R&state = ME&CurrentPageID = 1&RE = 1&EE= 1. Accessed 3/19/2007.

http://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/resources/pdfs/42502.pdfhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/resources/pdfs/42502.pdfhttp://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/TMAL6GDR3K/$File/Energy%20Savings.pdfhttp://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/TMAL6GDR3K/$File/Energy%20Savings.pdfhttp://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/TMAL6GDR3K/$File/Energy%20Savings.pdfhttp://www.ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?a=2994&q=389740http://www.ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?a=2994&q=389740http://www.dsireusa.org/library/includes/incentive2.cfm?Incentive_Code=ME08R&state=ME&CurrentPageID=1&RE=1&EE=1http://www.dsireusa.org/library/includes/incentive2.cfm?Incentive_Code=ME08R&state=ME&CurrentPageID=1&RE=1&EE=1http://www.dsireusa.org/library/includes/incentive2.cfm?Incentive_Code=ME08R&state=ME&CurrentPageID=1&RE=1&EE=1http://www.dsireusa.org/library/includes/incentive2.cfm?Incentive_Code=ME08R&state=ME&CurrentPageID=1&RE=1&EE=1http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/TMAL6GDR3K/$File/Energy%20Savings.pdfhttp://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/TMAL6GDR3K/$File/Energy%20Savings.pdfhttp://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/TMAL6GDR3K/$File/Energy%20Savings.pdfhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/resources/pdfs/42502.pdfhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/resources/pdfs/42502.pdfhttp://www.dsireusa.org/library/includes/incentive2.cfm?Incentive_Code=ME08R&state=ME&CurrentPageID=1&RE=1&EE=1http://www.dsireusa.org/library/includes/incentive2.cfm?Incentive_Code=ME08R&state=ME&CurrentPageID=1&RE=1&EE=1http://www.dsireusa.org/library/includes/incentive2.cfm?Incentive_Code=ME08R&state=ME&CurrentPageID=1&RE=1&EE=1http://www.dsireusa.org/library/includes/incentive2.cfm?Incentive_Code=ME08R&state=ME&CurrentPageID=1&RE=1&EE=1http://www.ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?a=2994&q=389740http://www.ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?a=2994&q=389740


16/318

tABLE ES-7 PRELiminARy ASSESSmEnt tooLS

tls/orgaa descrp uRL/Srce

tls r Assessg Blg Perrace

Prl maager (EnERGy

StAR)

Ebes ses e he es ee pee

d de p ppues.

assss ses pp he EnErgy Star be

es s 75 hhe.

http://www.energystar.gov/index.

cm?c = evaluate_perormance.

bus_portoliomanager

targe Fer (EnERGy StAR) aws ses ssess he des ew buds d

pe sus wh exs buds, bsed d

pded.

Heps se ee pee s d eee ee

des pjes.

http://www.energystar.gov/index.

cm?c = new_bldg_design.bus_

target_nder

Sall Bsess Calclar

(EnERGy StAR)

Eses s ee es d pe ee

s ss updes.

http://www.energystar.gov/

index.cm?c = small_business.

sb_calculate

LeCcle Cs Prgra

(naal ise Saars/teclg)

Ebes ses eue ee dess h he

hhe ss, us e-e s ehd.

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/

emp/inormation/download_blcc.html

Ess ier tls

Clea Ar a Clae Prec

Sare (naal Assca

Clea Ar Ageces)

tks ess edus d ess esss

ppsed edu esues.

Deeps ee bsee e.

http://www.cacpsotware.org/

Greese Gas Eqaleces

Calclar (u.S. EPA)

tses gHg edus es h e ese

epuze. Ses s use he u

eese.

http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/

energy-resources/calculator.html

eGRid (u.S. EPA) aws ses b pwe ps.

Deep esss ees buds.

http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/

egrid/index.htm

Sae ier tl (u.S. EPA;

er eelpe)

Ebes ses deep gHg esss ees http://www.epa.gov/

climatechange/wycd/stateand

localgov/analyticaltools.html

Esss Frecasg tl (u.S.

EPA; er eelpe)

Ebes ses es busess-s-usu esss

huh 2020

http://www.epa.gov/

climatechange/wycd/stateand

localgov/analyticaltools.html

Eerg Sag tl

C Eerg oppr

Fer (Rc ma

ise)

Heps de pe u bees esu

ee ee updes d eewbe ee

ppues.

http://www.energynder.org

Facal a Ecc Aalss tl

Cas Fl oppr

Calclar (EnERGy StAR)

cues he u equpe h be puhsed

us ped ss.

cpes ss d w sh.

http://www.energystar.gov/ia/

business/co_calculator.xls

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanagerhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanagerhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanagerhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_bldg_design.bus_target_finderhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_bldg_design.bus_target_finderhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_bldg_design.bus_target_finderhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=small_business.sb_calculatehttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=small_business.sb_calculatehttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=small_business.sb_calculatehttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/information/download_blcc.htmlhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/information/download_blcc.htmlhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/information/download_blcc.htmlhttp://www.cacpsoftware.org/http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/egrid/index.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/egrid/index.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.htmlhttp://www.energyfinder.org/http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/cfo_calculator.xlshttp://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/cfo_calculator.xlshttp://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/cfo_calculator.xlshttp://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/cfo_calculator.xlshttp://www.energyfinder.org/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/egrid/index.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/egrid/index.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.htmlhttp://www.cacpsoftware.org/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/information/download_blcc.htmlhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/information/download_blcc.htmlhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/information/download_blcc.htmlhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=small_business.sb_calculatehttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=small_business.sb_calculatehttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=small_business.sb_calculatehttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_bldg_design.bus_target_finderhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_bldg_design.bus_target_finderhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_bldg_design.bus_target_finderhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanagerhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanagerhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager


17/318

tABLE ES-8 kEy RESouRCES FoR dEvELoPinG An LBE PRoGRAm

Caper 2: LBE Aces a measres

daabases

Dbse Se iees reewbe Ee http://www.dsireusa.org/

DoE Se Ee P http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy_program/topic_denition_

detail.cm/topic = 115

Bes Pracces Resrces

EPa ENERGY STAR Building Upgrade Manual http://www.energystar.gov/index.cm?c=business.bus_upgrade_manual

EPa Clean Energy-Environment Guide to Action http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-and-local/

state-best-practices.html

EPa ce Ee-Ee Se Peshp P

teh Fu

http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/state-and-local/

state-orum.html

EPa ENERGY STAR Guidelines or Energy Management http://www.energystar.gov/index.cm?c = guidelines.guidelines_index

n ges ass cee Bes Pes http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.50aeae570b817ae8ebb8

56a11010a0/

Caper 3: Esablsg e LBE Prgra Fraer

Eaples Sae Plas a Gace r ipleeg LBE Prgras

ceu Leading by Example Report http://ctclimatechange.com/StateActionPlan.html

ceu ce che Web se http://www.ctclimatechange.com/rb_rept.html

me ce gee Web Se http://www.maine.gov/cleangovt/

msshuses State Agency Sustainability Planning and

Implementation Guide

http://www.mass.gov/envir/Sustainable/pd/ss_guide_web.pd

new yk Green and Clean State Buildings and Vehicles

Guidelines Exeue ode 111

http://www.nyserda.org/programs/State_Government/

exorder111guidelines.pd

Sae Eece orers r iag LBE Prgras

msshuses Executive Order 484 http://www.mass.gov/Agov3/docs/Executive%20Orders/Leading%20

by%20Example%20EO.pd

v Executive Order 48 http://www.governor.virginia.gov/initiatives/ExecutiveOrders/pd/EO_48.

pd

Resrces r ipleeg LBE Prgras

c Local Energy Efciency Program Workbook http://www.caleep.com/workbook/workbook.htm

n ges ass Securing A Clean Energy

Future ie

http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.751b18665e10b568a2781

10501010a0/?vgnextoid=080dd9ebe318110VgnVCM1000001a01010aRC

RD&vgnextchannel=92ebc7d618a2010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD

Caper 4: Screeg LBE Aces a measres

Caliornia Local Energy Efciency Program Workbook http://www.caleep.com/workbook/workbook.htm

Massachusetts State Agency Sustainability Planning and


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Colorado Greening Government Planning and


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Caper 5: deelpg a Cpreese LBE Prgra

EPa EnErgy Star ie F Sus: Fd

me yu Ee Ee Pjes

http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/COO-CFO_Paper_nal.pd

new yk gee ad ce Se Buds d vehes

gudees

http://www.nyserda.org/programs/State_Government/

exorder111guidelines.pd

gee c Web se http://www.green.ca.gov/deault.htm

cd gee gee Web se http://www.colorado.gov/greeninggovernment/index.html

Caper 6: tracg, Ealag, a Reprg LBE Prgra Prgress

EPa mde Ee Ee P ip Eu

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http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/evaluation_guide.pd

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requees Eu Pesss

http://www.calmac.org/publications/EvaluatorsProtocols_Final_

AdoptedviaRuling_06-19-2006.pd

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Depe Ps

http://www.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/km_portal/docs/pd/2007/impact_

ramework_tech_deploy_2007_main.pd

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Buds d vehes au Ee rep

http://www.nyserda.org/programs/pds/execorder111nalreport7-03.pd

tABLE ES-8 kEy RESouRCES FoR dEvELoPinG An LBE PRoGRAm (cont.)


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U.S. EPA. 2008b. Green Choices Grow with ENERGYSAR Qualified Buildings. Available: http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.ns/1e7cd36224b565785257359003533/1e156a04a68baa30852573ed005bea4e!OpenDocument. Accessed 5/8/2008.

U.S. EPA. 2008c. Greenhouse Gas Equivalences Cal-culator. Available: http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/

energy-resources/calculator.html. Accessed (at ormerlocation - Climate echnology Cooperation Gatewayhttp://www.usctcgateway.net/tool/): 12/14/2006.

U.S. EPA. 2008d. Water and Energy: Leveraging Volun-tary Programs to Save Both Water and Energy. March.Prepared or the Climate Protection Partnerships Divi-sion. Available: http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/publications/pubdocs/Final%20Report%20Mar%202008.pd. Accessed: 7/18/2008.

U.S. EPA. Undated. ENERGY SAR in Local and

State Government Good or Your Budget and theEnvironment. Available: http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/Govt_FactSheet.pd. Ac-cessed 4/17/2008.

Watergy. 2002. Watergy: Taking Advantage o Un-tapped Energy and Water Eciency Opportunitiesin Municipal Water Systems.Available: http://www.watergy.org/resources/publications/watergysummary.pd. Accessed 4/19/2007.

Wiser, R., M. Bolinger, and M. St. Clair. 2005. Easing

the Natural Gas Crisis: Reducing Natural Gas Pricesthrough Increased Deployment o Renewable Energyand Energy Eciency. Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory. Prepared or U.S. DOE. Available: http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sabl/2005/Febru-ary/assets/Natural-Gas.pd. Accessed 3/19/2007.

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Chapter one

Idci

M se emes e

s le ee Le b

Emle LBE ms se

ee me ee

eese s emsss ss

e les, es, ees.

Tese LBE programs also demonstrate leadership onenergy and environmental issues, raise public aware-ness o the benets o clean energy technologies, im-prove air quality, improve energy supply and reliability,and oster markets or environmentally preerableproducts and services.

Te LBE Guide provides inormation to assist stategovernments as they develop and implement eectiveLBE programs to achieve clean energy goals. It presentsstrategies, resources, and tools that state decision mak-ers can use throughout the process.

State governments across the nation are pursuing cleanenergy policies and programs to help meet the growingdemand or energy and to address the environmental,

public health, and nancial challenges associated withconventional energy generation and use. Advancingclean energy can provide many benets includingreduced energy costs, lower emissions o air pollutantsand greenhouse gases (GHGs), increased uel diversity,and improved reliability and security o the energysystem (U.S. EPA, 2006b).

A key strategy or state governments is implementingclean energy activities and measures in their acilities,

Chapter One | Cl egy Ld by eml G

What Is Clean energy?

Clean energy incldes demand- and spply-side

resorces that are less pollting ways to meet energy

demand. Clean energy resorces inclde:

e cic reers to sing less energy toprovide the same or improved level o service to the

energy consmer in an economically ecient way.

Energy eciency measres inclde a wide variety o

technologies and processes, and can be implemented

across all major energy-consming sectors.

rwb energy generated partially or

entirely rom non-depleting energy sorces or direct

end se or electricity generation. Renewable energy

denitions vary by state, bt sally inclde wind, solar,

and geothermal energy. Some states also consider low-

impact or small hydro, biomass, biogas, and waste-to-

energy to be renewable energy sorces. Renewable

energy can be generated on site or at a central station.

Cbid d w Chp also known as

cogeneration, CHP is a clean, ecient technology that

improves the conversion eciency o traditional energy

systems by sing waste heat rom electricity generation

to prodce thermal energy or heating or cooling in

commercial or indstrial acilities. CHP systems typically

achieve 60% to 75% el se eciencies, which is a

signicantly higher than those o conventional power

plants.

C diibd i Dg reers to non

centralizedsally small-scalerenewable energy and

CHP.

For more inormation, visit the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgencys (EPAs) Clean Energy Web site (http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy) and the ENERGY STAR Web site (http://www.energystar.gov/).
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergyhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergyhttp://www.energystar.gov/http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergyhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy


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operations, and eets. Tese lead by example (LBE)programs requently include actions such as:

Improving how buildings are operated and maintained

to maximize energy eciency,

Procuring energy-ecient products, and

Purchasing green power.

In addition to the energy, environmental, and nancialbenets o LBE programs, states are demonstratingleadership on clean energy issues and documentingthe economic easibility o clean energy strategies. Tishelps to develop markets or clean energy technologiesand services, raises awareness o clean energy oppor-tunities, and promotes the adoption o clean energymeasures in other sectors o the state economy.

o pursue these benets, states may need to overcomeseveral persistent market barriers that limit investment

in clean energy programs. Tese barriers include:

Limited knowledge about clean energy or LBE

programs,

Limited high-level and agency-level support,

Insucient unding, and

Insucient sta availability.

Te Lead by Example Guide is designed to help statesovercome these barriers. It provides a compilation o

inormation to assist governments in developing theirLBE programs, including step-by-step guidance, ex-amples o successul state and local LBE programs, andresources and tools targeted at key LBE activities. Anoverview o the LBEGuide is presented in this sectionand includes:

Background on the importance o LBE programs as

part o state clean energy eorts,

Te key LBE activities that state governments are suc-

cessully implementing,

Te major benets associated with LBE programs, and

An overview o how the Guide is structured and theLBE program development and implementation pro-cess, and

A list o the state and local government examples pro-

vided in the LBE Guide.

1.1 lBe Is a CrItICal

state Clean energy polICy

Leading by example is a key policy option or statesseeking to achieve clean energy goals. Te LBE Guideis an important next step in EPAs eorts to assist stateas they develop clean energy strategies or their ownacilities and operations. It extends and supports two

other recent state policy assistance documents:

EPAs Clean Energy-Environment Guide to Action,which describes and provides inormation on sixteenclean energy policies, including LBE (U.S. EPA, 2006).

National Action Plan or Energy Eciency (Action

Plan), which is a private-public initiative designed toovercome barriers to energy eciency. Te ActionPlans implementation ramework the Vision or 2025 denes ten implementation goals or achieving allcost-eective energy eciency by 2025, recognizes LBprograms as an important component o this goal, anduses the presence o a strong state LBE program as anindication o progress towards achieving this goal (seetext box on page 1-3) (NAPEE, 2006, NAPEE, 2007).Te Vision also highlights the value o LBE strategiesas an option or leveraging purchasing power, controlo signicant energy-using resources, and the high visibility o public acilities to demonstrate clean energytechnologies and approaches that lower energy costsand reduce emissions. It urther stresses that strongLBE programs involve establishing goals and processe

necessary or program implementation and periodicreporting on progress.

Te LBEGuide is oered as a tool to assist states andlocal governments in making progress towards theirgoals, consistent with the goals and recommendationso these documents.

the lBe guIDe anD loCal governments

While the LBE Gide is designed primarily to assist states

in planning, implementing, developing, and operatingcomprehensive LBE programs, local governments can also

benet rom the Gide. Like states, mnicipalities are also

actively involved in developing clean energy LBE programs,

althogh specic program activities and isses may dier.

While this Gide ocses on how states can develop LBE

programs, it also highlights examples o local LBE activities that

states can adopt and describes how certain state activities are

relevant to local governments.

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1.2 What state

governments Can Do

State LBE activities typically fall into one of the fol-

lowing areas:

Improve the energy eciency o existing and1.new government-owned and -leased acilities.State governments operate many acilities, includingoce buildings, public schools, colleges, and universi-ties, which consume large amounts o energy. Tesegovernments are responsible or more than 16 billionsquare eet o building space and spend more than $11billion annually on building energy costs, which canaccount or as much as 10% o a typical governmentsannual operating budget (U.S. DOE, 2007). Improvingenergy eciency in these structures can substantiallyreduce energy consumption, decrease GHG and airpollutant emissions, and lead to economic and other

benets. In addition, states can assist local govern-ments, which can, in turn, reach out to assist theircommunities in improving building energy eciency.

Integrate energy eciency and renewable energy2.measures in green buildings. Te planning, design,and construction process or new and renovated build-ings oers opportunities to integrate energy eciencyeatures with additional measures that achieve envi-ronmental and health benets (e.g., purchasing greenpower, developing on-site renewable energy, selectingsustainable sites, using recycled-content materials,

and landscaping to reduce water and energy use).Implementing energy eciency and renewable energymeasures are key ways to reduce GHG emissions anddecrease the carbon ootprint o new state acilities.By making this link between energy eciency, renew-able energy, and climate change, states are in a betterposition to achieve results and gain support or theirprograms.

Procure energy-ecient products.3. Energy-ecientproduct procurement can be a cornerstone o a states

overall energy management strategy. State and lo-cal governments spend $50 to $70 billion a year topurchase energy-related products, and could save acombined total o more than $750 million annuallythrough energy-ecient product procurement (CEE,2004; Harris et al., 2004; U.S. DOE, 2006.) Tis can beparticularly helpul or ostering the development oin-state markets or clean energy products.

the natIonal aCtIon plan or energy

eICIenCy anD vIsIon or 2025: aChIevIng all

Cost-eeCtIve energy eICIenCy By 2025

The National Action Plan or Energy Eciency (Action

Plan) recognizes that improving energy eciency in

or homes, bsinesses, schools, governments, and

indstries which consme more than 70% o thenatral gas and electricity needs in the contry is

one o the most constrctive, cost-eective ways

to address or nations energy challenges. The

Action Plan, developed in Jly 2006 by more than 50

leading organizations representing key stakeholder

perspectives, describes policy recommendations or

creating a sstainable, aggressive national commitment

to energy eciency throgh gas and electric tilities,

tility reglators, and partner organizations.

In 2007, Action Plan leaders dened a vision that

provides the ramework or implementing the Action

Plan. This Vision establishes a goal o achieving all

cost-eective energy eciency by 2025; describes

ten implementation goals or states, tilities, and other

stakeholders; describes what 2025 might look like i the

goal is achieved; and provides a means or measring

progress. The ten Vision goals are:

Establish cost-eective energy eciency as a high-1.

priority resorce.

Develop processes to align tilities incentives eqally or2.

eciency and spply resorces.

Establish cost-eectiveness tests.3.

Establish evalation, measrement, and verication4.

mechanisms.

Establish eective energy eciency delivery5.mechanisms.

Develop state policies to ensre robst energy eciency6.

practices.

Key step: Develop and implement lead-by-example

energy eciency programs at the state and local levels.

Align cstomer pricing and incentives to encorage7.

investment in energy eciency.

Establish state o the art billing systems.8.

Implement state o the art eciency inormation sharing9.

and delivery systems.

Implement advanced technologies.10.Web site: http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/vision.pd

Chapter One | Cl egy Ld by eml G
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Purchase green power.4. Green power is electricity pro-duced rom renewable sources (e.g., wind, solar, biogas,biomass, low-impact hydro, and geothermal resources)that is produced with no man-made GHG emissions,has a superior environmental prole compared to con-ventional power generation, and was built afer January1, 1997.1 By choosing to purchase green power, statescan reduce reliance on conventional ossil uel-based

energy, which can help stabilize energy prices andreduce GHG emissions. Increased use o green power

can also provide economic benets and improve na-tional security.

Use clean energy supply technologies.5. Clean energygeneration technologies, such as on-site wind and photovoltaic (PV) systems and clean DG and CHP, provida clean energy alternative to conventional uels thatreduces the amount o energy lost in transmission rom

source to site, thereby reducing total energy demand,and lowers emissions o GHG and air pollutants. In-creasing use o clean energy supply can also help stategovernments hedge against volatile ossil uel-basedenergy prices.

Implement other energy-saving opportunities.6.Implementing other environmental activities, such asrecycling, water eciency, and sustainable landscapingactivities, requently has the secondary eect o reduc-ing energy use. For example, using products made

rom recycled or renewable materials through non-energy-intensive methods can prevent unnecessarydepletion o natural resources and re

state lead by example guide

Documents