state building in europe chapter 15. focus question describe 2 events that lead to european monarchs...
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STATE BUILDING IN EUROPE
Chapter 15
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Focus Question
Describe 2 events that lead to European Monarchs having Absolute power.
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Social Upheaval in Europe
Between 1560 and 1650 Europe suffered economic and social crises as well as political upheaval. In addition to the religious turmoil and wars, other factors contributed. Economy began to retract. Italy, which had been an economic hot-bed of trade during the
renaissance period was eclipsed by Atlantic powers. Spain’s fortunes declined. Mini-ice age after middle of 1500s hurt agriculture, leading to
dislocation of farmers and intermittent food shortages. Results in leveling and even slight decline in the
population of Europe after 150 years of growth following the period of the Black Death.
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Absolutism (1648-1763)
System where a ruler holds total power Only England and the Netherlands lacked an
absolute government in Europe 17th century Europe – Tied to the idea of
the divine right of kings Rulers received their powers from god Rulers were only accountable to god
France was the model for the new system
Louis XIV’s Versailles at night
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Origins of the State
Evolution Theory Force Theory Divine Right Social Contract
How did states and governments come into being? Four theories:
Principles of Government
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Social Contract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau – The Social Contract (1762) – The general will is sacred and absolute and reflects the common interests of all the people.
General will is not necessarily the will of the majority
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Social Contract ~ Hobbes
17th Century & The Age of Enlightenment,
People begin to challenge the monarchy and the idea of Divine Right
Thomas Hobbes promotes the concept of government by social contract
Principles of Government
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Hobbes ~ Social Contract His 1651 book Leviathan
established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory
In a “state of Nature” there is nogovernment and man is free.
However, absolute freedom has a price… life is “cruel, brutish and short” Why?
To escape this cruel reality, men would give up some freedom to the state; in return the government (state) would offer people security through law & order
Principles of Government
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Locke ~ Social Contract
John Locke took Hobbes ideas one step further by promoting the “right to revolution” – Second Treatise of Civil Government
Natural Rights – government should protect our life, liberty, and property
Locke believed that if the government fails to provide people with security or if the state abused its power over the people the people could change the government. Does this happen today?
Principles of Government
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Fall of the Spanish Hapsburgs
Loss in the 30 years war – cemented the fact that Spain was no longer the European power – Netherlands independence – Cut ties with the Austrian branch of the family
No domestic economic base – No Jews and Muslims Fell behind other countries in technology and business Phillip II has depleted the Spanish treasury in battles against
Turks, Dutch and English. Bankrupt Spain is spread very thinly with its many over-seas possessions. Philip II dies in 1598 – In 1700 Charles II dies with no heir – War
of Spanish Succession
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The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
Last of the religious wars, but also dynasty rivalry and balance of power.
Started in the Holy Roman Empire Protestant Union Catholic League
Austrian and Catholic Hapsburgs v. French Bourbons
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Four Phases of War First phase–
civil war in Bohemia as Bohemians fought for independence from Austrian Hapsburg rule.
Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II totally defeated Protestant forces. (¾ land burned)
Second Phase—Danish Phase Denmark intervenes to support Protestant forces.
Catholics roll up victories. Third Phase—Swedish Phase
Swedish King intervened to support the Protestant cause.
Decisive for the Protestants and ended Hapsburg ambition of uniting all the German states under imperial authority.
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Four Phases of War
Fourth Phase—French/International phase Death of Swedish King prompts French to enter the
war to ensure that HRE does not remain strong. France declares war on Spain and sends assistance
to protestant forces in Germany. War drags on with French, Dutch and Swedes,
supported by Scots, Finns and German mercenaries burning, looting and destroying German agriculture and commerce.
1/3 of urban and 40% of rural population destroyed. Economy ravaged.
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Peace of Westphalia—1648
Terms End of HRE as real political entity. Each of the
German princes recognized as sovereign, independent authority
Independence of United Provinces of the Netherlands acknowledged.
France gets Alsace, increasing its size and prestige. France allowed to intervene at will in German affairs. Pope denied the right to intervene in German affairs. Portugal recognized as independent of Spain.
France emerges as the dominant nation in Europe.
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Focus Question
Is there really “equal rights” in the U.S.? What are some examples of people not having “equal rights”?
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Bourbon France
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 8/24/1572 – Queen Catherine attacks the Huguenots (French Protestants)
Civil Wars retarded France’s development as an international and colonial power
Wars lasted for 30 years.
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House of Bourbon
Bourbons(Huguenot) become the ruling family.
Henry IV (1598-1610) – Had no choice but to convert to Catholic
Edict of Nantes (1598)— Catholicism is the official religion of
France Huguenots guaranteed freedom of
worship and right to all political privileges. Huguenots have the right to fortify their
castles and towns.
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Bourbons
Louis XIII (1610) – He takes over at age 8 and mother helps out
At 15, he throws mother out and takes over.
She convinces him that he needs an advisor
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Bourbons
Cardinal Richelieu (reason of state)
He eliminates all enemies Strips noble’s of authority Attacks the Huguenots Richelieu dies in 1642 and
Louis XIII dies a year later
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France and Louis XIV (1643-1715)
His reign is regarded as the best example of absolute monarchy in the 17th century Most powerful monarch in
French history 1643 – Louis came to the
throne at the age of 4 or 5 – Cardinal Mazarin Fronde – Riots in Paris
force him in hiding
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Sun King
23 – Louis took absolute control Said “I am the state”
Called the Sun King because he was the source of light for all of his people – Estates General
Anti-Protestant Destroyed churches and closed
schools (1685) Revoked Edict of Nantes,
which had given Protestant Huguenots freedom of religion
Protestants fled France
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VersaillesSlide show
Established royal court at Versailles(1664-1697) Greatest danger came from nobles and princes
Louis had complete authority over foreign policy, the church, and taxes – Colbert (mercantilism) His power was limited at the local level
Nobles, local officials, and town councils had more influence than the king
Louis bribed people to make sure his policies were carried out
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Louis XIV
Developed standing army of 400,000 in times of war Added territory to France France was the strongest
power in Europe and had many enemies
War of Spanish Succession dragged on for 13 years – Philip Anjou wants to become king of Spain – Philip is grandson of Louis XIV
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Louis XIV
He loses the war of Spanish Succession – Defeated by the English, Dutch and Austria
Treaty of Utrecht - He has to give up land in North America – Spain had to give up Italian land and the low countries (Netherlands) – Balance of Power
Legacy for France after the death of the Sun King Great debt (bankruptcy) Surrounded by enemies His successor was 5 (great-grandson)
On his deathbed, he told Louis XV to try and be at peace
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England
Parliament – weakens monarch
representatives elected by landowners
Parliament and Monarch were interdependent, not rivals – Conflict?
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England
Constitution – A set of unwritten or written precedents, laws, and royal acts
Common Law – legal practices and customs
Magna Carta – all people equal under the law
Tudor’s Legacy
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James I (1603-1625)
First of the Stuart Dynasty - Scot He derives his power from God Spends too much money –
Parliament Puritans – They want to purify
the church of all Catholic rituals and symbols – Opponents of James I
Died of stroke – age 59
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Charles (1625- 1647)
Married to French Princess (Catholic)
Parliament would not give him money, so he raises taxes
He forces people to house soldiers – at war with France
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Petition of Right - 1628
King forbidden from collecting taxes and forcing loans
Could not imprison anyone without just cause
Troops could not be housed by citizens Could not declare martial law unless at
war
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Civil War (1642-1647)
Charles dissolves Parliament for 11 years Charles recalls Parliament – Money?
Conflicts with Ireland and Scotland Puritan controlled Parliament Roundheads Vs. Cavaliers Cromwell leads the Roundheads to victory
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New Government
Commonwealth – State governed by elected representatives
Parliament would not hold re-elections - Puritans
1653 – Cromwell takes over He puts in strict Puritan laws 1658 – He dies and his son takes
over – malaria – age 59
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Back to Monarchy
Cromwell’s son is forced out Parliament decides to give power back to
the Monarchy, but no absolutism Stuart Dynasty would Continue – Charles II
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Charles II (1660-1685)
He allows Parliament to run the country
Church of England becomes official religion
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James II (1685-1689)
Charles’ brother Catholic – ignores religious
laws Leads to division in
Parliament – Exclusion Bill (Whigs and Tories)
He orders to bring back the Catholic Church without the blessing of Parliament
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Glorious Revolution 1688
Parliament names William and Mary as the new King and Queen – He is king of Netherlands and she is daughter of James
They force James II to exile They rule from the Netherlands Parliament is even stronger
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William and Mary (1689-1702)
They sign the English Bill of Rights
Laws, taxes, army all were placed under the Parliament’s control and a list of basic rights established.
Act of Settlement – no Catholic can become king
Ireland forced to be Protestant Property owners can vote (4%) End of the Stuarts
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Mercantilism
The economic doctrine that government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the state- Balance of Trade
Mercantilism was a cause of frequent European wars in that time and motivated colonial expansion.
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Mercantilism
High tariffs, especially on manufactured goods, are an almost universal feature of mercantilist policy.
Building a network of overseas colonies; Forbidding colonies to trade with other nations; Monopolizing markets with stable ports; Banning the export of gold and silver, even for
payments; money system – exchange of currency
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Mercantilism
Forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships; Export subsidies; Government funded Promoting manufacturing with research or direct
subsidies; Limiting wages; Maximizing the use of domestic resources; Restricting domestic consumption with non-tariff
barriers to trade. Colonies
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The New Austrian Empire
Hapsburgs had been leaders of Holy Roman Empire They lost their empire in Germany Created a new empire in Austria, Hungary,
and Central Europe 1713 – Pragmatic Sanction – Charles VI
wants his daughter, Maria Theresa, to succeed him – He asks other European leaders to accept the succession. Yeah right
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Maria Theresa (1740-1780)
Her government pays for health care, roads, and prisons
She encourages trade and industry – Austria prospers
And she raises 16 kids – 3 queens and 2 kings
Died at age 63
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Prussia and Frederick the Great
Emerged as one of the great European powers following the Thirty Years’ War Very clever in diplomacy Frederick built a large and efficient
standing army As many as 85,000 men
Prussian kings initially didn’t want to fight in any major wars
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Frederick the Great
War of Austrian Succession Turned back by Charles VI’s
daughter, Maria Theresa
Promoted economic activity Created strong bureaucracy Began state-sponsored
school system
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Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War in the Americas)
Two sides: Austria, France, and Russia
vs. Britain and Prussia
Prussia wins in Europe France and England were
battling for colonies in the Americas – England wins all land West of the Mississippi River, Canada and India
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Russia and Peter the Great
Predecessors: Tsar (czar) Ivan the Great (III)
Freed Moscow from Mongols and used centralized rule
Tsar Ivan IV (the Terrible) Michael Romanov founded the Romanov
dynasty (1613-1917) He was chosen by representatives from 50
Russian cities
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Peter the Great (1689-1725)
Absolutist monarch who claimed divine right to the throne
Eventually made himself head of the Russian Orthodox Church
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Peter the Great (1689-1725)
Fascinated by Europe and the sea Westernization
Wanted to make Russia respectable to the West Men asked to shave beards and wear Western clothes Women received more freedom
Reorganized Russian army Copied European militaries Standing army of 210,000
Included peasants who were drafted for 25 years Added infantry
Hired European officers to train the soldiers
Created Russian navy
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Peter the Great (1689-1725)
Encouraged education for nobles Especially in math and technical subjects
Changes were selective Applied only to nobles, not to peasants Workers were serfs rather than free laborers
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Peter the Great (1689-1725)
• Moved capital of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg
Swampy As many as 100,000 peasants died while
building the city Peter ordered that all nobles move from Moscow
to St. Petersburg
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Peter the Great (1689-1725)
Expansion Fought for 21 years against Sweden to get
access to warm-water ports on the Baltic Lost to Ottomans – Black Sea
1725 – Death
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Catherine the Great (1762-1769)German
Replaced her husband Enlightened Despot – educated
the public, except the serfs Defeats the Ottomans – Black
Sea Partition of Poland (1772) –
Divide the land in 3 parts – Russia, Prussia, and Austria
Poland would not be free until 1919