Starter: On the bottom of page 24 of your lab manual, write the common Kingdom characteristics for the Kingdom Animalia, including:

•Cell Type:•Cellular Organization:•Mode of Nutrition:•Cell Wall:•Habitat:

Kingdom ANIMALIA

Just what is an animal???

Eukaryotic (unlike Bacteria)

Multicellular (unlike most Protists)

Heterotrophic (unlike Plants)

Cells lack cell walls (unlike Fungi)

Animals are organized into nine phyla according to:•Level of organization – Cells Tissues Organs Organ

Systems

•Body symmetry – see next slide – Asymmetry, radial, & bilateral

•Cephalization – concentration of sensory tissue at the head

•Body cavity formation

Symmetry

What should YOU know about each phylum???how they get their food;how they keep from being another organism’s food;

& how they reproduceMajor characteristics (body plans)

Phylum Porifera - sponges

                   

   

Characteristics:• means “pore bearer”

• simplest animals• All aquatic

Feeding: • filter feeding using protist-like chanocytes in pores

Defense Mechanisms:• Spine-like spicules and toxins

Locomotion:• Sessile (nonmoving) adults with free-swimming

gametes

Choanocyte

Skeletal System:• Can be hard with spicules or soft with spongin

Reproduction:• Reproduce both asexually (budding) and sexually

Symmetry:Asymmetrical – no ends or sides

Phylum CnidariaJellyfish, corals, sea anemone, hydra

Characteristics:•First to have tissues•Aquatic habitats

Feeding Mechanisms:•Single gastrovascular cavity through which food enters and waste leaves

Defense Mechanisms:•Can detect light, gravity, and touch•Stinging cells called cnidocytes are used for defense and food capture

Locomotion:•Polyps are sessile•Medusas use jet propulsion

Skeletal System (body plan)•Two types of body plan, polyp and medusa

Reproduction• Sexual and asexual (budding) reproduction

Symmetry:•Radial symmetry

PLATYHELMINTHESflatworms: flukes,

turbellarians, tapeworms

Characteristics•First group with organs•First cephalized group

•Free living flatworms (Planaria, e.g.): carnivores with gastrovascular cavity (actively pursue prey with pharynx)

•Parasitic flatworms (tapeworms, e.g.): absorb nutrients from host

•Defense: detect stimuli with eyespots (sense light)

•Locomotion: capable of movement with muscles and cilia

Skeletal System (body plan):Acoelomate - solid body construction

• There is no fluid-filled cavity (coelom)

Reproduction:•Hermaphroditic

• both sexes in one worm, two worms line up and exchange sperm

Symmetry:• Bilateral

Phylum NEMATODAroundworms: hookworms, heartworms, and pinworms

Characteristics:• Freeliving and parasitic

Feeding Mechanisms: • First group to have a separate mouth and anus• Parasitic, predators, or herbivores

Defense Mechanisms:• Sense organs detect chemicals of prey or hosts

Locomotion:• Use muscles to move

through water or soil

Reproduction:• Sexually, separate sexes• Parasitic roundworms

usually have more than one host

Symmetry:• bilateral

Skeletal System (body plan)• Pseudocoelomate - false body cavity

• There is a cavity, but it is not lined with mesoderm tissue

Phylum ANNELIDA

Segmented worms: earthworms, leeches, polychaetes

Characteristics:• Segments allow for more complex movement• first group with true organs and systems

Feeding:• Can be filter-feeders, predators, or detritovores (feed

on decaying materials)

Defense:• Well-developed nervous system• eyes

Locomotion:• Two types of muscles that work together for movement• Setae on segments (hair-like bristles)

Skeletal System (Body Plan):• Coelomate - true body cavity completely lined with

mesoderm

Phylum Mollusca

Class Gastropoda (snails & slugs),

Class Bivalvia (clams & scallops),

Class Cephalopoda (squids & octopi)

Feeding:•Gastropods use a radula to eat algae; Octopi use jaws; Clams, oysters, and scallops are filter-feeders

Defense:•Some highly intelligent w/ eyes and tentacles

Locomotion:•Cephalopods use jet propulsion

Skeletal System:•Foot – flat part of snails or tentacles of cephalopods•Mantle – tissue•Shell – internal or external

Reproduction:•Sexually – most release gametes wa

Reproduction:• Hermaphroditic or separate sexes• clitellum is used for fertilization

Symmetry:• bilateral

The ARTHROPODS

•“joint-footed”•largest phylum-96% of all animals

•73% of these are insects•aquatic and terrestrial

•Use specialized mouthparts like pinchers, fangs, jaws specialized according to whether they are Herbivores, Carnivores, or Parasites

•Most have sophisticated sense organs, such as taste receptors, for gathering information from the environment. All have a brain.

•Three body parts-head, thorax, and abdomen•exoskeleton made of chitin- which they

molt/shed as they grow

•Sexual reproduction, with separate sexes

•Bilateral Symmetry

CLASS CRUSTACEA: crabs, crayfish, barnacle•10 legs/appendages•2 or 3 body sections•Usually 2 pair antennae

CLASS INSECTA• Six legs, 1 pair antenna, 3 body parts

CLASS ARACHNIDA: Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy longlegs

• 8 legs 2 body sections

PhylumECHINODERMATA

sea stars, sand dollars, sea biscuits, sea urchins, and sea

cucumbers

Characteristics:•Spiny skinned animals•Internal skeleton• Only phylum that is entirely marine (salt water-ocean)•Often keystone species-removal of them from their environment will cause the ecosystem to crash

Feeding:•Use tube feet to obtain food (turns stomach inside out and digests the body of the organism and withdraws the stomach containing food)

Defense:•Scattered sensory cells detect light, gravity, and chemicals released by potential prey

Locomotion:•Water vascular system to pump water through body to feed and move

Reproduction: •sexual (separate sexes) and asexual (regeneration)

Symmetry:•5-part radial symmetry (bilateral as larva)

Phylum CHORDATA (that’s us!)

All Chordates have:• Dorsal nerve cord• Notochord (becomes backbone)• Post anal tail• Pharyngeal pouches ( become gill slits in fish,

but become tonsils, esophagus, inner ear, etc. of humans)

Most chordates are Vertebrates (have a backbone)

Class Agnatha

• Jawless fishes• Ectothermic - body temp dependent

on temp of surrounding water• Often are external parasites of other fish• Examples: hagfish and lamprey

Class Chondrichthyes

• sharks, skates, rayssharks, skates, rays•Cartilaginous skeletonCartilaginous skeleton• First group to develop teeth, fins, First group to develop teeth, fins,

and scalesand scales

Class Osteichthyes• “Bony fish”• Examples—bass, trout, flounder

Class Amphibia•Amphibia means “two lived”: live in water as

juveniles and land as adults (gills turn in to lungs)• jelly-like eggs laid in water•first to have lungs•moist skin—gas exchange through skin and lungs•no teeth or claws• examples: frogs, toads, salamanders

Class ReptiliaAdapted for dry conditions

•Scaly skin, teeth and claws• leathery eggs laid on land•Examples: turtles, alligators, lizards,

snakes, and dinosaurs

Class Aves

• First to be endothermic-able to maintain constant body temperature regardless of surrounding temp.

• beak and scaly skin on feet• First 4-chambered heart: allows for more efficient

circulation•Adapted for flying

•Adaptations for flight1. Wings2. Feathers3. Hollow bones4. large breastbone for flight muscles

Class Mammalia

2. marsupials• immature young finish development in mother’s

pouch called marsupium•Examples: kangaroo and opossum

3. Placental mammals• give birth to live, well-formed young• Nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and waste

exchanged through placenta• Examples: cow, human, elephant, horse