star test review bio-cp. chapter 15 evolution- organisms change over time charles darwin- naturalist...
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Star Test Review
Bio-CP
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Chapter 15
• Evolution- organisms change over time• Charles Darwin- Naturalist who went on 5 year
voyage on HMS Beagle stopping at Galapagos Islands. Known for his theory of evolution and natural selection.
• Natural selection- nature selects for those who are the most fit for their environment to survive to reproduce
• Adaptations- inherited characteristics that increase an organisms chance for survival
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Chapter 11
• Meiosis- formation of gametes• Gametes- sex cells (sperm or egg)• Haploid- 1 copy of the chromosomes (gametes),
human haploid #= 23• Diploid- 2 copies of the chromosomes (rest of
cells), human diploid #= 46• Homologous pairs- one chromosome from mom
and one from dad• Crossing over- homologous pairs touch during
meiosis and swap DNA, increases genetic diversity
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Chapter 11
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• Gregor Mendel- Father of Modern genetics, known for his work with pea plants
• Genes- sequences of DNA that code for proteins
• Alleles- 2 forms of the gene (TT, Tt, tt)• Genotype- genetic make-up (alleles)• Phenotype- what you physically express (tall
versus short pea plants)
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• Homo = same• Homozygous dominant- TT• Homozygous recessive- tt• Hetero= different• Heterozygous- Tt• Punnett squares- uses parent’s gametes to
predict probable genetic outcomes of offspring
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• Round (R) is dominant over wrinkled (r) seeds. Cross 2 heterozygous pea plants for seed shape.
• What are the chances the offspring willexpress the recessive trait?
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• Dad is heterozygous and mom is homozygous recessive. What are the chances their offspring will express the dominant trait?
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Chapter 3
• Autotroph/ producer- organism that can make its own food. Ex: plants
• Heterotroph/ consumer- organism that must consume food for energy. Ex: animals
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Energy Pyramid/ trophic levels
• Energy flows in one direction
• Only 10% energy passed on to next trophic level
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Chapter 7
• Nucleus- control center of cell, contains DNA• Ribosomes- site where proteins are made• Rough ER- modifies proteins• Golgi- packages and ships proteins• Lysosomes- contains digestive enzymes to break
down old cell parts, clean up crew• Mitochondria- powerhouse of cell, energy,
cellular respiration• Vacuole- storage• Chloroplast- photosynthesis in plants
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• Cell membrane- selectively permeable, only certain things can pass through the membrane
• Diffusion- pass through the membrane without using energy (passive transport)
• Osmosis- diffusion of water
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• Active transport uses energy
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Chapter 2:Macromolecule monomer function example
carbs monosaccharide Immediate energy
Glucose, bread
lipids Glycerol, fatty acids
Energy storage
Fats, oils, steroids
proteins Amino acids Everything!! Meat, enzymes
Nucleic acids nucleotides Store, transmit hereditary info
DNA, RNA
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Atom
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Chapter 1
• Independent Variable- the one thing the experimenter changes
• Dependent variable- changes in response to independent variable
• Controlled variables- variables that remain constant throughout the entire experiment