star-probio productspefcr guidance or the en 16751 norm. there is an avoerall good convergence...
TRANSCRIPT
This project is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and innovation action under grant agreement No 727740 with the Research Executive Agency (REA) - European Commission. Duration: 36 months (May 2017 – April 2020). Work Programme BB-01-2016: Sustainability schemes for the bio-based economy
www.star-probio.eu
STAR-ProBio
Sustainability Transition Assessment and Research of Bio-based Products
Grant Agreement Number 727740
Deliverable D2.1 Report summarizing the findings of
the literature review on environmental indicators related to
bio-based products Version 1.3, [2017/10/31]
2 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
REPORT
Deliverable identifier D2.1 Document status Submitted document Authors (Organisation) Vincent Rossi, Xavier Bengoa (Quantis) Lead Beneficiary UTC Deliverable Type LCA Dissemination Level Confidential, only for members of the consortium
(including the Commission Services) Month due (calendar month) Month 3 (October 2017)
DOCUMENT HISTORY
Version Description 0.1 First draft 0.2 Second draft 0.3 – 0.6 Draft content inclusion 0.7 Final draft 1.0 Submitted document 1.1 Submitted document with 2 additional annexes 1.2 Submitted document in pdf version 1.3 Change in title formulation
3 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
Abstract
This report reviews 83 scientific articles assessing bio-based products, retained for their relevance in the framework of the STAR-ProBio project. The review presents in quantitative terms the environmental indicators used by this sample of literature, grouped by “clusters”, which are groups of similar indicators. The clusters found are compared with those suggested by the key literature sources, such as the PEFCR guidance or the EN 16751 norm. There is an avoerall good convergence between the clusters found in the reviewed articles and those that are recommended. However, the indicators belonging to the following clusters are considered highly relevant by the key literature and are not used in the reviewed articles as frequently as they should: - Water availability - Land use - Ecosystem quality Finally, the impacts of wastes are not really addressed by the reviewed articles neither by the key literature sources, mostly because of the lack of methodology for the assessment of the risk that the presence of plastic in the environment represents.
Suggested citation
Disclaimer
The content of this report does not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Commission or other institutions of the European Union. STAR-ProBio has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Program research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 727740. Re-use of information contained in this document for commercial and/or non-commercial purposes is authorised and free of charge, on the conditions of acknowledgement by the re-user of the source of the document, not distortion of the original meaning or message of the document and the non-liability of the STAR-ProBio consortium and/or partners for any consequence stemming from the re-use. The STAR-ProBio consortium does not accept responsibility for the consequences, errors or omissions herein enclosed. This document is subject to updates, revisions and extensions by the STAR-ProBio consortium. Questions and comments should be addressed to: http://www.star-probio.eu/contact-us/ Copyright - This document has been produced and funded under the STAR-ProBio H2020 Grant Agreement 727740. Unless officially marked both Final and Public, this document and its contents remain the property of the beneficiaries of the STAR-ProBio Consortium and may not be distributed or reproduced without the express written approval of the project Coordinator.
STAR-ProBio (2017), STAR-ProBio Deliverable D2.1, “Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products”. Available from Internet: www.star-probio.eu.
4 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
TableofContents
1 Introduction and Background ............................................................................ 62 Relevant types of studies targeted by the review .............................................. 7
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 72.2 Life Cycle Assessment .................................................................................... 72.3 Input-output analysis .................................................................................... 92.4 Life Cycle Costing ........................................................................................... 92.5 Social Life Cycle Assessment ........................................................................ 10
3 Critical aspects considered in the review ........................................................ 113.1 Elements related to LCA scope ..................................................................... 11
3.1.1 Attributional versus Consequential LCA ........................................................ 113.1.2 Allocation procedure ................................................................................. 113.1.3 Functional unit ......................................................................................... 113.1.4 System boundaries and cut-off criteria ........................................................ 123.1.5 Indirect and Direct Land Use Change (iLUC, dLUC) ........................................ 12
3.2 Elements related to Life Cycle Inventory data .............................................. 133.2.1 Primary data ............................................................................................ 133.2.1 Secondary data - Background LCI database ................................................. 133.2.2 Data quality assessment ........................................................................... 14
3.3 Elements related to Impact Assessment ...................................................... 143.3.1 Life Cycle Impact Assessment methods ....................................................... 143.3.2 Midpoint versus Endpoint methods .............................................................. 153.3.3 Environmental indicators ........................................................................... 16
4 Key documents - International standards and guidelines ................................ 174.1 ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 ........................................................................... 174.2 International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook ............... 174.3 Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide and Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR) Guidance .......................................................... 174.4 EN 16751 Bio-based products – Sustainability criteria ................................. 184.5 EN 16760 Bio-based products – Life Cycle Assessment ................................ 19
5 Relevant literature-review case studies .......................................................... 205.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 205.2 Raw materials .............................................................................................. 21
5.2.1 Oils (non-polymerized) .............................................................................. 215.2.2 Sugars and starch (non-polymerized) .......................................................... 215.2.3 Fibres ..................................................................................................... 21
5.3 Platforms ..................................................................................................... 225.3.1 Platforms obtained by fermentation route .................................................... 225.3.2 Platforms obtained by other routes ............................................................. 22
5.4 Products ....................................................................................................... 225.4.1 Plastic polymers (non-fibre) ....................................................................... 225.4.2 Fine and bulk chemicals ............................................................................ 225.4.3 Proteins .................................................................................................. 225.4.4 Others .................................................................................................... 22
6 Results of the review ...................................................................................... 236.1 Types of studies ........................................................................................... 236.2 Approaches .................................................................................................. 236.3 System boundaries ....................................................................................... 24
5 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
6.4 Land use change (LUC) ................................................................................ 256.5 LCIA methods .............................................................................................. 256.6 Reviewed environmental indicators ............................................................. 266.7 Environmental indicators found in the key international standards and guidelines ............................................................................................................. 28
6.7.1 ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 ......................................................................... 286.7.2 International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook ................... 286.7.3 Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide and Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR) Guidance ........................................................................... 296.7.4 EN 16751 Bio-based products – Sustainability criteria ................................... 306.7.5 EN 16760 Bio-based products – Life Cycle Assessment .................................. 316.7.6 Recapitulation of the key international standards and guidelines ..................... 31
7 Interpretation and final conclusions ............................................................... 337.1 Synthesis of all indicators clusters ............................................................... 337.2 Interpretation .............................................................................................. 347.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 35
8 Reference list .................................................................................................. 369 ANNEXES ......................................................................................................... 38
9.1 List of reviewed articles ............................................................................... 389.2 Short bibliographic reports .......................................................................... 449.3 Synthesis of reviewed articles ...................................................................... 44
6 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
1 IntroductionandBackgroundTheSTAR-ProBioprojectaimstopromoteamoreefficientandharmonizedpolicyregulationframeworkforthemarket-pullofbio-basedproducts,throughthedevelopmentofadedicatedsustainabilityscheme.AnintegralpartofSTAR-ProBioistheadoptionoflife-cyclemethodologiestomeasureenvironmental,techno-economicandsocialimpactsofbio-basedproducts.TheaimofSTAR-ProBioistocovergapsintheexistingframeworkforsustainabilityassessmentofbio-basedproducts,andimproveconsumeracceptanceforbio-basedproductsbyidentifyingthecriticalsustainabilityissuesintheirvaluechains.
TheaimofWorkPackage(WP)2istodevelopanLCAapproachforstrategicandpolicydecisionsupportthatiscompliantwiththeILCDandPEFframeworks;andtoperformupstreamLCAforthecasestudiesidentifiedinWP1.Thisreportisthedeliverable(D2.1)oftask2.1whichobjectiveistocarryoutadetailedliteraturereviewfocusingonavailablepeer-reviewedstudiesbasedonenvironmentalindicatorsofbio-basedproductsobtainedfromresidues/wastesand/orrenewablesourcesandavailableLCAsoftware.AlthoughspecialattentionwaspaidtoEuropeancasestudies,thereviewcoversotherstudiesavailableworldwideinordertoobtainabroadoverviewofcurrentpractices.
Themostrepresentativeenvironmentalindicatorsandimpactcategoriesareidentified.Thisliteraturereviewwillserveasthebasisfortheselectionofimpactcategoriesandindicators,whichwillbecarriedoutinTask2.3.
7 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
2 Relevanttypesofstudiestargetedbythereview
2.1 Introduction
Thisliteraturereviewtargetsseveraltypesofstudies,whicharedescribedinthefollowingsections.
2.2 Life Cycle Assessment
EnvironmentalLifeCycleAssessment(E-LCA),normallyreferredtoasLifeCycleAssessment(LCA),isatechniquethataimsataddressingtheenvironmentalaspectsofaproductandtheirpotentialenvironmentalimpactsthroughoutthatproduct’slifecycle.Theterm“product”referstobothgoodsandservices.Aproduct’slifecycleincludesallstagesofaproductsystem,fromrawmaterialacquisitionornaturalresourceproductiontothedisposaloftheproductattheendofitslife,includingextractingandprocessingofrawmaterials;manufacturing;distribution;use;re-use;maintenance;recycling;andfinaldisposal(i.e.,cradle-to-grave).
ThetechniquenowcalledE-LCAwasoriginallydevelopedinthelate1960’sandthroughoutthe1970’stoaddressthedesireofenterprisesandpolicymakerstounderstandtherelativeenvironmentalimpactsofalternativepackagingoptions.Thescopeofenvironmentalimpactsgrewwithtimeasmorestudieswereperformedformoreaudiences.Initially,theimpactsofinterestwereenergyconsumptionandtheproductionofsolidwastes;thus,theinventorydatafocusedontheseimpactsaswell.Emissionsofregulatedairpollutantsweresoonadded,aswerereleasesofwaterpollutants.
Duringthe1970’s,1980’sandearly1990’sthisLCAtechniquewasappliedtoanincreasingvarietyofproducttypes,andmethodsforlifecycleenvironmentalimpactassessmentbegantobedeveloped.Attheendofthe1980’sandtheearly1990’s,aseriesofworkshopswereconvenedbytheSocietyofEnvironmentalToxicologyandChemistry(SETAC)inordertogeneratedocuments,includingtheinitialLCACodeofPractice,publishedbySETACin1993,whichpromotedconsistencyandawarenessofbestpracticesinE-LCA.
AsameansofconsolidatingLCAproceduresandmethods,standardsweredevelopedaspartofISO’sstandardsonenvironmentalmanagement.FourISOstandards(ISO14040-14043)werepublishedintheyears1997-2000,allofwhichwerereplacedin2006withtwostandards,ISO140401andISO140442.ThesestandardsdescribetherequiredandrecommendedelementsofE-LCAs.
TheISOstandardsidentifyfourphases(illustratedinFigure1)forconductinganLCA:
1. GoalandScope--wherethereasonsforcarryingoutthestudyanditsintendedusearedescribedandwheredetailsaregivenontheapproachtakentoconductthestudy.Notably,itisinthisphaseofthestudythatthefunctionalunit(see4.2.4)isdefined,andthatmodellingapproachesarespecified.
1 ISO, “ISO 14040:2006(E) Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Principles and Framework”. 2 ISO, “ISO 14044:2006(E) Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Requirements and Guidelines”.
8 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
2. LifeCycleInventory(LCI)--wheretheproductsystem(orsystems)anditsconstituentunitprocessesaredescribed,andexchangesbetweentheproductsystemandtheenvironmentarecompiledandevaluated.Theseexchanges,calledelementaryflows,includeinputsfromnature(e.g.extractedrawmaterials,landused)andoutputstonature(e.g.emissionstoair,waterandsoil).Theamountsofelementaryflowsexchangedbytheproductsystemandtheenvironmentareinreferencetoonefunctionalunit,asdefinedintheGoalandScopephase.
3. LifeCycleImpactAssessment(LCIA)--wherethemagnitudeandsignificanceofenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththeelementaryflowscompiledduringthepreviousphaseareevaluated.Thisisdonebyassociatingthelifecycleinventoryresultswithenvironmentalimpactcategoriesandcategoryindicators.LCIresults,otherthanelementaryflows(e.g.landuse),areidentifiedandtheirrelationshiptocorrespondingcategoryindicatorsisdetermined.LCIAhasanumberofmandatoryelements:selectionofimpactcategories,categoryindicators,andcharacterizationmodelsaswellasassignmentoftheLCIresultstothevariousimpactcategories(classification)andcalculationofcategoryindicatorresults(characterization).Thiscanthenbefollowedbyoptionalelementssuchasnormalization,groupingandweighting.
4. LifeCycleInterpretation,wherethefindingsoftheprevioustwophasesarecombinedwiththedefinedgoalandscopeinordertoreachconclusionsorrecommendations.
ItisimportanttonotethatE-LCAprovidesanassessmentofpotentialimpactsonthebasisofachosenfunctionalunit.
Figure 1: Framework for LCA (from ISO 14040:20063; modified)
3 ISO, “ISO 14040:2006(E) Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Principles and Framework”.
9 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
2.3 Input-output analysis
Input-outputanalysisisabranchofeconometricsusedtoanalyseinter-industryrelationshipinordertounderstandtheinter-dependenciesandcomplexitiesoftheeconomyandthustheconditionsformaintainingequilibriumbetweensupplyanddemand.
2.4 Life Cycle Costing
Lifecyclecosting,orLCC,isacompilationandassessmentofallcostsrelatedtoaproduct,overitsentirelifecycle,fromproductiontouse,maintenanceanddisposal.ItwasfirstdevelopedandusedbytheU.S.militaryinthe1960’sinordertoassessthecostsoflonglivinggoodssuchastanksandtractors4.Themotivationisthat,formanyproducts,thepurchasepricereflectsonlyaminorityofthecoststhatwillbecausedbytheproduct.Sinceitsearlybeginnings,LCCisappliedinmanydifferentindustrialsectorsandusecases,especiallyforinvestmentgoods(transport–railways,air,sea;buildingsector;generalmachinery,chemicalindustry).AnumberofindustryguidelinesandreferenceshavebeendevelopedbutanISOstandarddoesnotexistyet.Productscanrangefromcompleteofficebuildings,trainsortraincarriagestoonesquaremeterofcarpet5.
LCCcanaddresstheeconomicimpactofaproductwhoseenvironmentalperformanceisscrutinizedinaE-LCA.SincebothLCCandE-LCAbuildonanetworkofinterlinkedmaterialflowsoverthewholelifecycleoftheproduct,suchacombinationisinviting.However,itbearsparticularmodellingpitfallsinordertoobtainan“asbestaspossible”andconsistentassessment,withoutdoublecounting.
ASETACguidelineisunderpreparationatthemoment.EnvironmentalLifeCycleCostingismeanttobeappliedinparalleltoanE-LCA,andisdefinedas:
Anassessmentofallcostsassociatedwiththelifecycleofaproductthataredirectlycoveredbyanyoneormoreoftheactorsintheproductlifecycle(e.g.,supplier,manufacturer,userorconsumer,orEndofLifeactor)withcomplementaryinclusionofexternalitiesthatareanticipatedtobeinternalizedinthedecision-relevantfuture6.
SystemboundariesoftheenvironmentalLCCneedtobeequivalenttoE-LCA.Theywilloftennotbeidentical,sinceresearchanddevelopment,planningandmanagerialoverheadwillhavedecision-relevantcosts(andwillthereforebeconsidered)evenwithoutasignificantshareofenvironmentalimpacts.
ThetextofthissectionisfromUNEP7.
4 Sherif and Kolarik, “Life Cycle Costing: Concept and Practice”. 5 Ciroth, “Cost Data Quality Considerations for Eco-Efficiency Measures”. 6 Ciroth et al., Environmental Life Cycle Costing. Page 173. 7 UNEP 2009, Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products
10 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
2.5 Social Life Cycle Assessment
Asocialandsocio-economicLifeCycleAssessment(S-LCA)isasocialimpact(andpotentialimpact)assessmenttechniquethataimstoassessthesocialandsocio-economicaspectsofproductsandtheirpotentialpositiveandnegativeimpactsalongtheirlifecycleencompassingextractionandprocessingofrawmaterials;manufacturing;distribution;use;re-use;maintenance;recycling;andfinaldisposal.S-LCAcomplementsE-LCAwithsocialandsocio-economicaspects.ItcaneitherbeappliedonitsownorincombinationwithE-LCA.
S-LCAassessessocialandsocio-economicimpactsfoundalongthelifecycle(supplychain,includingtheusephaseanddisposal)withgenericandsite-specificdata.Itdiffersfromothersocialimpactsassessmenttechniquesbyitsobjects:productsandservices,anditsscope:theentirelifecycle.SocialandsocioeconomicaspectsassessedinS-LCAarethosethatmaydirectlyaffectstakeholderspositivelyornegativelyduringthelifecycleofaproduct.Theymaybelinkedtothebehavioursofenterprises,tosocio-economicprocesses,ortoimpactsonsocialcapital.Dependingonthescopeofthestudy,indirectimpactsonstakeholdersmayalsobeconsidered.
S-LCAdoesnothavethegoalnorpretendstoprovideinformationonthequestionofwhetheraproductshouldbeproducedornot.S-LCAdocumentstheproductutilitybutdoesnothavetheabilitynorthefunctiontoinformdecisionmakingatthatlevel.Itiscorrectthatinformationonthesocialconditionsofproduction,useanddisposalmayprovideelementsforthoughtsonthetopic,butwill,initself,seldombeasufficientbasisfordecision.
S-LCAisatechniquethathelpsinformincrementalimprovementsbutdoesnotinitselfprovideabreakthroughsolutionforsustainableconsumptionandsustainableliving.Thosetopicsgowellbeyondthescopeofthetool.
S-LCAprovidesinformationonsocialandsocio-economicaspectsfordecisionmaking,instigatingdialogueonthesocialandsocio-economicaspectsofproductionandconsumption,intheprospecttoimproveperformanceoforganizationsandultimatelythewell-beingofstakeholders.
ThetextofthissectionistakenfromUNEP8andFontes9.
8 UNEP, 2009, Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products 9 Fontes, Handbook for Product Social Impact Assessment 3.0.
11 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
3 Criticalaspectsconsideredinthereview
3.1 Elements related to LCA scope
3.1.1 Attributional versus Consequential LCA
3.1.1.1 Attributional LCA
AttributionalLCAinvolvesthedeterminationofburdensassociatedwithaproduct(includingproductionanduse),serviceorprocessataspecificpointintime.
ForattributionalLCAs,thereisnoperfectallocationsystembecausethedesiretoattributeimpactsorbenefitstoaspecificsystemisapurelyhumanneedthatvariescase-by-case.Thus,theallocationrulescanbemodifiedaccordingtothenatureofthestudytoavoidun-realisticresults.3.1.1.2 Consequential LCA
ConsequentialLCAsinvolvetheidentificationofenvironmentalconsequencesofadecisionorchangeinaparticularsystem.Bothmarketandeconomicimplicationsmayrequireconsideration.
3.1.2 Allocation procedure
AcommonmethodologicaldecisionpointinLCAoccurswhenthesystembeingstudiedisdirectlyconnectedtoapastorfuturesystem,orproducesco-products.Whensystemsarelinkedinthismanner,theboundariesofthesystemofinterestmustbewidenedtoincludetheadjoiningsystem,ortheimpactsofthelinkingitemsmustbedistributed—orallocated—acrossthesystems.Whilethereisnoclearscientificconsensusregardinganoptimalmethodforhandlingthisinallcases10,manypossibleapproacheshavebeendeveloped,andeachmayhaveagreaterlevelofappropriatenessincertaincircumstances.
ISO14044prioritizesthemethodologiesrelatedtoapplyingallocation.Itisbesttoavoidallocationthroughsystemsubdivisionorexpansion.Ifthatisnotpossible,thenoneshouldperformallocationusinganunderlyingphysicalrelationship.Ifusingaphysicalrelationshipisnotpossibleordoesnotmakessense,thenonecanuseanotherrelationship.
3.1.3 Functional unit
Lifecycleassessmentreliesona“functionalunit”(FU)forcomparisonofalternativeproductsthatmaysubstituteeachotherinfulfillingacertainfunctionfortheuserorconsumer.TheFUdescribesthisfunctioninquantitativetermsandservesasananchorpointofthecomparisonensuringthatthecomparedalternativesdoindeedfulfilthesamefunction.Itisthereforecriticalthatthisparameterisclearlydefinedandmeasurable.
10 Reap et al., “A Survey of Unresolved Problems in Life Cycle Assessment - Part 1: Goal and Scope and Inventory Analysis”.
12 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
3.1.4 System boundaries and cut-off criteria
Thesystemboundariesidentifythelifecyclestages,processes,andflowsconsideredintheLCAandshouldincludeallactivitiesrelevanttoattainingthestudyobjectives.
Thesystemboundariesidentifythelifecyclestages,processesandflowsconsideredintheLCAandshouldincludeallactivitiesnecessarytoprovidethespecifiedfunctionandthereforerelevanttoattainingtheabovementionedstudyobjectives,asillustratedbyFigure2.
Figure 2: Example of system boundaries describing the main process steps in bio-HDPE (left) and bio-PET (right) production (source: Tsiropoulos et al11 )
Processesmaybeexcludediftheircontributionstothetotalsystem’senvironmentalimpactarelessthan1%.Allproductcomponentsandproductionprocessesareincludedwhenthenecessaryinformationisreadilyavailableorareasonableestimatecanbemade.
3.1.5 Indirect and Direct Land Use Change (iLUC, dLUC)
Landusechange(LUC,orlandtransformation)isachangefromonelandusetypetoanotherasaresultofahumanactivity.Landusechangehasimpactsonsoilproperties(e.g.carboncontent,compaction,nutrientsleaching,N2Oemissionsamongothers),onbiodiversity,onbiotic
11 Tsiropoulos et al., “Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Bio-Based Plastics from Sugarcane Ethanol”.
13 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
production12;13andonotherenvironmentalaspectssuchaslandscape,albedoandevapotranspiration14.
Direct(dLUC)andindirect(iLUC)landusechangesareoftendistinguished.Directlandusechangecanbedefinedasachangedirectlyrelatedtothehistoryofthepieceoflandoccupied.Indirectlandusechangecanbedefinedasachangethatappearsinadifferentareathanthedirectlanduseasanindirectconsequence.TypicalexampleofiLUCistheincreaseofsoybeanproductioninBrazilthatforcescattleproductiontomovetootherregions,wheredeforestationtendstoincreaseasaconsequenceofincreasedpressureonland15.ThereisnointernationalconsensusonhowtoconsistentlyandsystematicallyaddressLUCinlifecycleinventory,despitesignificantresearchintheLCAcommunity16;17;18.
ThelackofconsensusisinnowayareasontoignoreiLUCinLCA,asarguedbyMuñozetal.19inoppositiontoFinkbeiner20.
3.2 Elements related to Life Cycle Inventory data
3.2.1 Primary data
Primarydata:Thistermreferstodatafromspecificprocesseswithinthesupply-chainofthecompanycommissioningtheLCAstudy.Suchdatamaytaketheformofactivitydata,orforegroundelementaryflows.Primarydataaresite-specific,company-specific(ifmultiplesitesforasameproduct)orsupply-chain-specific.Primarydatamaybeobtainedthroughmeterreadings,purchaserecords,utilitybills,engineeringmodels,directmonitoring,material/productbalances,stoichiometry,orothermethodsforobtainingdatafromspecificprocessesinthevaluechainofthecompany.
3.2.1 Secondary data - Background LCI database
Secondarydata:Thistermreferstodatathatisnotdirectlycollected,measured,oresti-matedbythecompanycommissioningtheLCAstudy,butsourcedfromathird-partylife-cycle-inventorydatabaseorothersources.Secondarydataincludesindustry-averagedata(e.g.,frompublishedproductiondata,governmentstatistics,andindustryassociations),literaturestudies,engineeringstudiesandpatents,andcanalsobebasedonfinancialdata,andcontainproxydata,andothergenericdata.
Primarydatathatgothroughahorizontalaggregationstepareconsideredassecondarydata.
12 Brandão and Milà i Canals, “Global Characterisation Factors to Assess Land Use Impacts on Biotic Production”. 13 Koellner and Geyer, “Global Land Use Impact Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in LCA”. 14 Spracklen, Arnold, and Taylor, “Observations of Increased Tropical Rainfall Preceded by Air Passage over Forests”. 15 Lapola et al., “Indirect Land-Use Changes Can Overcome Carbon Savings from Biofuels in Brazil.” 16 Bauen et al., A Causal Descriptive Approach to Modelling the GHG Emissions Associated with the Indirect Land Use Impacts of Biofuels. 17 Fritsche, Sims, and Monti, “Direct and Indirect Land-Use Competition Issues for Energy Crops and Their Sustainable Production - an Overview”. 18 Schmidt, Weidema, and Brandão, “A Framework for Modelling Indirect Land Use Changes in Life Cycle Assessment”. 19 Muñoz et al., “Rebuttal to ‘Indirect Land Use Change (iLUC) within Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Scientific Robustness and Consistency with International Standards’”. 20 Finkbeiner, Indirect Land Use Change (iLUC) within Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – Scientific Robustness and Consistency with International Standards.
14 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
3.2.2 Data quality assessment
Thedataqualityassessmentisaprocessaimingatidentifyingthedataelementsthatareoflowqualityandthereforecouldaffecttheresultsintermsofuncertaintyifnotimproved.Itreliesonfourcriteria:reliability,temporalrepresentativeness,geographicalrepresentativenessandtechnologicalrepresentativeness
Adataqualityrating(DQR)iscalculatedastheaverageofthescoresattributedtoeachofthefivecriteria.AmoredetailedprocedureisdescribedinthePEFCRguidance21.
3.3 Elements related to Impact Assessment
3.3.1 Life Cycle Impact Assessment methods
ThisphaseisdescribedasfollowsbyISO1404022:"Phaseoflifecycleassessmentinvolvingthecompilationandquantificationofinputsandoutputsforagivenproductsystemthroughoutitslifecycle."
Theimpactassessmentclassifiesandcombinestheflowsofmaterials,energy,andemissionsintoandoutofeachproductsystembythetypeofimpacttheiruseorreleasehasontheenvironment.
LifeCycleImpactAssessment(LCIA)isthephaseinanLCAwheretheinputsandoutputsofelementaryflowsthathavebeencollectedandreportedintheinventoryaretranslatedintoimpactindicatorresultsrelatedtohumanhealth,naturalenvironment,andresourcedepletion.
ItisimportanttonotethatLCAandtheimpactassessmentisanalysingthepotentialenvironmentalimpactsthatarecausedbyinterventionsthatcrosstheborderbetweentechnosphereandecosphereandactonthenaturalenvironmentandhumans,oftenonlyafterfateandexposuresteps.TheresultsofLCIAshouldbeseenasenvironmentallyrelevantimpactpotentialindicators,ratherthanpredictionsofactualenvironmentaleffects.LCAandLCIAareequallydistinctfromriskbased,substancespecificinstruments.
AccordingtoJRC-IES23,LCIAiscomposedofmandatoryandoptionalsteps,asreflectedalsobythesubchapters:
Basedonclassificationandcharacterisationoftheindividualelementaryflows,theLCIAresultsarecalculatedbymultiplyingtheindividualinventorydataoftheLCIresultswiththecharacterisationfactors.
Inasubsequent,optionalstep,theLCIAresultscanbemultipliedwithnormalisationfactorsthatrepresenttheoverallinventoryofareference(e.g.awholecountryoranaveragecitizen),obtainingdimensionless,normalisedLCIAresults.
InasecondoptionalstepthesenormalisedLCIAresultscanbemultipliedbyasetofweightingfactors,thatindicatethedifferentrelevancethatthedifferentimpactcategories(midpointlevelrelatedweighting)orareas-of-protection(endpointlevelrelatedweighting)mayhave,obtaining
21 European Commission, Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules Guidance - Version 6.2. 22 ISO, “ISO 14040:2006(E) Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Principles and Framework”. 23 JRC-IES, ILCD Handbook - General Guide for Life Cycle Assessment - Detailed Guidance.
15 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
normalisedandweightedLCIAresultsthatcanbesummeduptoasingle-valueoverallimpactindicator.Notethataweightingsetalwaysinvolvesvaluechoices.
TheLCIAphasepreparesadditionalinputfortheinterpretationphaseoftheLCI/LCAstudy.
3.3.2 Midpoint versus Endpoint methods
Themidpointmethodisacharacterisationmethodthatprovidesindicatorsforcomparisonofenvironmentalinterventionsatalevelofcause-effectchainbetweenemissions/resourceconsumptionandtheendpointlevel.
Thecategoryendpointisanattributeoraspectofnaturalenvironment,humanhealth,orresources,identifyinganenvironmentalissuegivingcauseforconcern.Hence,endpointmethod(ordamageapproach)/modelisacharacterisationmethod/modelthatprovidesindicatorsatthelevelofAreasofProtection(naturalenvironment'secosystems,humanhealth,resourceavailability)oratalevelclosetotheAreasofProtectionlevel.
Midpointandendpointlevelimpactassessment-requirements
LCIAmethodsexistformidpointandforendpointlevel,andforbothinintegratedLCIAmethodologies(seeFigure3).Bothlevelshaveadvantagesanddisadvantages.Ingeneral,onmidpointlevelahighernumberofimpactcategoriesisdifferentiatedandtheresultsaremoreaccurateandprecisecomparedtothethreeAreasofProtectionatendpointlevelthatarecommonlyusedforendpointassessments.
Commonenvironmentalimpactcategories(midpoint):
Climatechange,(Stratospheric),Ozonedepletion,Humantoxicity,Respiratoryinorganics,Ionizingradiation,(Ground-level),Photochemicalozoneformation,Acidification(landandwater),Eutrophication(landandwater),Ecotoxicity(landandwater),Landuse,Resourcedepletion(minerals,fossilandrenewableenergyresources,water).
Mostcommonlyusedenvironmentalareasofprotection(damagecategories,endpoint):
Humanhealth,Naturalenvironment,Naturalresources
Bydefault,alltheaboveimpactcategoriesshouldbecoveredbythecombinationofselectedLCIAmethods.Ifavailableandeligible,itisrecommendedtousethemtogetherwithcoherentimpactfactorsontheendpointlevel.
JRC-IES24haspublishedandin-depthanalysisofdifferentmethodologiesandindicators.
24 JRC-IES, ILCD Handbook - Analysis of Existing Environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies for Use in Life Cycle Assessment.
16 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
Figure 3: example of impact assessment method including midpoint impact categories (left) and endpoint damage categories (right). In addition, areas of concern, frequently subject to footprinting, are defined and are displayed across the areas of protection. This example is IMPACT World+ 25
3.3.3 Environmental indicators
Theenvironmentalindicatorsarethemainfocusofthepresentreview.
Thereisalargediversityofmidpointindicators,asoutlinedintheprevioussection.Manyoftheseindicatorscancarrysimilarnameswhilebeingcalculateddifferently,bydifferentLCIAmethodologiesorbythesameLCIAmethodologybutinseveralversions,duetoscientificevolutionorduetocharacterizationchoices(e.g.,usingahierarchistapproachoranother).
Thenumberofpublishedindividualmidpointindicatorsmustrangeinthehundreds.Forthesakeoftheanalysisrequiredforthisreport,agroupingofallfoundindicatorsisrealisedandpresentedintheresults,section6.6.
25 Bulle et al., “IMPACT World+: A Globally Regionalized Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method”.
Eutrophication
Ozonelayerdepletion
Climatechange
Resourceuse
Acidification
Humantoxicity
Ecotoxicity
Water scarcity
LanduseCa
rbonfootprint
Waterfootprint
Humanhealth
Ecosystemquality
Resources&ecosystemservices
IMPACTCATEGORIES DAMAGEONAREASOFPROTECTION
17 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
4 Keydocuments-Internationalstandardsandguidelines
4.1 ISO 14040 and ISO 14044
TheISO1404026and1404427normsarethereferencestandardsforenvironmentallifecycleassessment(LCA).Theydefinethetermsagreedinternationally,themethodologicalframework,keyprinciplesforlifecycleinventory(LCI)andlifecycleimpactassessment(LCIA),aswellasinterpretationandreportingrequirementforstate-of-the-artLCA.
4.2 International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook
TheILCDHandbook28;29isthefirstmethodologicalreferenceforLifeCycleAssessmentdevelopedbytheEuropeanCommission.ItprovidesgeneralguidanceonLCAandImpactAssessment(LCIA),andstandardisesnomenclatureanddataqualityrequirementsfollowingtheILCDframework.ThemethodpresentedintheILCDHandbookisupdatedinthePEFGuideandPEFCRGuidance(seebelow),whichserveasnewreferencesforallLCAstudiesconductedintheEUcontext.
4.3 Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide and Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR) Guidance
TheProductEnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)InitiativeprovidesastandardisedframeworkfortheassessmentoftheenvironmentalfootprintofproductsintheEuropeanUnion.ThePEFGuide30definesthegeneralframeworkwhilethePEFCRGuidance31definesthetechnicalandmethodologicalinstructionstobeappliedwhendefiningProductEnvironmentalFootprintCategoryRules(PEFCR).
ThecurrentversionofthePEFCRGuidance,v6.2,istheresultof4yearsofcollaborationbetweentheEuropeanCommissionDG-Environment,theEuropeanCommissionJointResearchCentre,multipleindustrysectorsanddozensofLCAspecialists.ItbuildsontheexperiencefromthePEFPilotPhasewhere22sectorstestedthePEFGuideandPEFCRGuidanceindraftingPEFCRforawidearrayofconsumerandintermediateproducts.
ThePEFCRGuidancenotonlybuildsonthePEFGuide,butalsoonseveralexistingstandardssuchas:
26 ISO, “ISO 14040:2006(E) Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Principles and Framework”. 27 ISO, “ISO 14044:2006(E) Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Requirements and Guidelines”. 28 JRC-IES, ILCD Handbook - General Guide for Life Cycle Assessment - Detailed Guidance. 29 JRC-IES, ILCD Handbook - Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European Context. 30 Manfredi et al., Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide. 31 European Commission, Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules Guidance - Version 6.2.
18 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
l ISO 14025:2006 - Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmentaldeclarations–Principlesandprocedures(ISO)
l BPX30-323-0:2011-Principesgénérauxpourl'affichageenvironnementaldesproduitsdegrandeconsommation(AFNOR,France)
l GreenhouseGasProductAccountingandReportingStandard(GHGProtocol,2011)l PAS2050-Specificationfortheassessmentofthe lifecyclegreenhousegasemissionsof
goodsandservices(BSI,2011)l ISO14020:2000Environmentallabelsanddeclarations–Generalprinciplesl ISO 14021:1999 Environmental labels and declarations — Self-declared environmental
claims(TypeIIenvironmentallabelling)l ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment —Principles and
frameworkl ISO14044:2006Environmentalmanagement—Lifecycleassessment—Requirementsand
guidelinesl ISO14050:2006Environmentalmanagement—vocabularyl ISO/TS14067:2013Greenhousegases--Carbonfootprintofproducts--Requirementsand
guidelinesforquantificationandcommunicationl ISO 17024:2003 Conformity assessment – General requirements for bodies operating
certificationofpersons.l ISO/TS14071:2014Environmentalmanagement—Lifecycleassessment—Criticalreview
processes and reviewer competencies: Additional requirements and guidelines to ISO14044:2006
l ISO14046:2014Environmentalmanagement--Waterfootprint--Principles,requirementsandguidelines
l ENVIFOODPROTOCOL-FoodSCPRT(2013),ENVIFOODProtocol,EnvironmentalAssessmentofFoodandDrinkProtocol,EuropeanFoodSustainableConsumptionandProductionRoundTable(SCPRT),WorkingGroup1,Brussels,Belgium.
AmongtheissuescoveredbythePEFCRGuidance,thefollowingareofparticularinteresttoSTAR-ProBio:
l Listofimpactcategoriesl Handlingmulti-functionalprocessesl Climatechangemodelling,includinglanduseandlandusechangel Agriculturalmodellingl Electricitymodellingl End-of-lifemodellingl Datarequirementsandqualityrequirements
TheimpactcategoriesrecommendedbythePEFGuidancearereportedinsection6.7.3.
4.4 EN 16751 Bio-based products – Sustainability criteria
Acknowledgingtheneedforcommonstandardsforbio-basedproducts,theEuropeanCommissioninitiatedaseriesofstandardsdevelopedbyCEN/TC411,withafocusonbio-basedproductsotherthanfood,feedandbiomassforenergyapplications.
19 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
ThestandardEN1675132ispartofthisseriesandsetshorizontalsustainabilitycriteriaapplicabletothebio-basedpartofallbio-basedproducts,excludingfood,feedandenergy,coveringallthreepillarsofsustainability;environmental,socialandeconomicaspects.
ThisEuropeanStandardcanbeusedfortwoapplications;eithertoprovidesustainabilityinformationaboutthebiomassproductiononlyortoprovidesustainabilityinformationinthesupplychainforthebio-basedpartofthebio-basedproduct.ThisEuropeanStandardsetsaframeworktoprovideinformationonmanagementofsustainabilityaspectsandcanbeusedforbusiness-to-businesscommunicationorfordevelopingproductspecificstandardsandcertificationschemes.
4.5 EN 16760 Bio-based products – Life Cycle Assessment
ThestandardEN1676033isalsopartoftheseriesdevelopedbyCEN/TC411(seeabove).Itprovidesspecificlifecycleassessmentrequirementsandguidanceforbio-basedproducts,excludingfood,feedandenergy,basedonENISO14040andENISO14044.
ThisEuropeanStandardcoversbio-basedproducts,derivedwhollyorpartlyfrombiomass.Itprovidesguidanceandrequirementstoassessimpactoverthelifecycleofbio-basedproductswiththefocusonhowtohandlethespecificitiesofthebio-basedpartoftheproduct.
32 CEN,“EN16751:2016Bio-BasedProducts-SustainabilityCriteria”. 33 CEN,“EN16760:2015Bio-BasedProducts-LifeCycleAssessment”.
20 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
5 Relevantliterature-reviewcasestudies
5.1 Introduction
Theliteraturereviewtargetsawidearrayofbio-basedproducts.BythegoalsdefinitionoftheSTAR-ProBioproject,biofuel,feedandfoodareexcluded;however,theremainingpossiblebio-basedproductsarestillverydiverse.Moreimportantly,studiesavailableintheliteraturecanberealisedatseveralpossiblelevelsofthechemicalvaluechain,dependingonthetypeoffeedstockorproduct:forinstance,afinalproductsuchasethanolisalsoaplatformthatcanbeusedforfurthersynthesistoothertypesofproducts.Figure4illustratesthisforpolymersonly.
Figure 4: Illustration of the diversity of bio-based products (here: polymers) and their chemical pathways. Source: Carus and Aeschelmann34.
Itisthereforenotasimpletasktostructurealiteraturereviewcomprehensivelycoveringallproductswhileavoidingoverlap.ThewayitwasdoneforthepresentreportisillustratedintheTable1:threerealisationlevelsofstudiedsubjecthavebeendefined(rawmaterial,platformandproduct)andeachofthemcontainfamiliesdefinedappropriatelytothelevel.Thiswayofdoing 34 Carus and Aeschelmann, Bio-Based Building Blocks and Polymers – Global Capacities and Trends Order 2016 - 2021.
21 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
hastheadvantageofsuitablyreflectingtherealpracticefoundinthevarietyofavailablestudies.Thenumberofreviewedarticlesisshowninthesametable.
Table 1: Families of bio-based products as defined for the needs of this report.
Study realised at the level of…
Defined family Number of reviewed articles
Raw material Oils (non-polymerized) 5 27
Sugars and starch (non-polymerized) 12
Fibres 10
Platform Platforms obtained by fermentation route
18 21
Platforms obtained by other routes 3
Product Plastic polymers (non-fibre) 12 35
Fine and bulk chemicals 6
Proteins 10
Others 7
Total 83 83
Notethatsomestudiedsubjectscouldfallinmorethanonefamilyinthisstructuration.Thishasanon-criticalinfluenceonthereviewanalysis.However,thisoverlapisminimisedwhenusingtherealisationlevel,thereforetheresultsofthereviewarepresentedattherealisationlevel.
5.2 Raw materials
ItisquitefrequentthatLCAsorotherstudiesfocusontheproductionofthematerialthatisatthestartofthetransformationprocess,orthatcanalreadybeconsideredasaproductatthislevel.Threemainfamiliesareidentifiedatthislevel,basedontheirfundamentalcharacteristics:
5.2.1 Oils (non-polymerized)
Oilsareveryoftenusedforfuelorfoodandthereforeoftenexcludedfromthisreview,hencetherelativelysmallnumberofreviewedarticles.
5.2.2 Sugars and starch (non-polymerized)
Sugarsandstarchcanbeusedfortheproductionofmanypolymersorotherproducts.
5.2.3 Fibres
Fibresareinterestingfortheirstructuralpropertiesandarethereforeoftenuseddirectlyasaproductorwithinacompositematerial.
22 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
5.3 Platforms
Somestudiesfocusattheintermediateproductlevel,capturingthefirststepsofthetransformationprocessuptothelevelatwhichchemical“bricks”areobtainedandcanbeusedinfurtherprocessing.Atthislevel,therouteisthekeycriterionforthetwodefinedfamilies:
5.3.1 Platforms obtained by fermentation route
Mostoftheplatformsfoundinthereviewedarticlesareproducedbythefermentationroute.
5.3.2 Platforms obtained by other routes
Onlyafewplatformsfoundareproducedbyadifferentroute,chemicalorthermal.Thethermalrouteiscommonforfuelsthatareexcludedfromthisreview.
5.4 Products
Themajorityofthestudiesarerealizedatthelevelofaparticularproduct.Atthislevel,thefamiliesaredefinedbasedonthetypeofproduct,inalargesense:
5.4.1 Plastic polymers (non-fibre)
Allbio-basedplasticpolymersingeneral.
5.4.2 Fine and bulk chemicals
Allotherformsof“simple”molecules,mostlyobtainedviabio-chemicalprocesses,tobeusedforanytypeofapplication.
5.4.3 Proteins
Allformsofcomplexmolecules,obtainedviabiologicalprocessesandmostlyintendedtomedicalapplicationsorveryspecificotherapplications.
5.4.4 Others
Intendedtoanyothertypeofmolecules,thisfamilymostlycontainsconstructionmaterials.
23 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
6 Resultsofthereview
6.1 Types of studies
Thefulllistofthe83reviewedarticlesisavailableinannex9.1.Theirshortreportsandthedataaggregationtableareavailableinseparatefiles,annexes9.2and9.3.
Thevastmajorityofthereviewedarticlesareenvironmentallife-cycleassessments(LCAs)(Table2).Mostofthetime,whenanothertypeofstudyisrealised,itisinadditiontotheLCA(combinedstudies).
Table 2: Quantitative results of the review – number of articles split by type of studies and by level. Some articles are combining several types of studies.
Typeofstudy Rawmaterial Platform Product Alllevels
LCA 25 21 35 81
Input-output 2 0 2 4
LCC 3 0 1 4
S-LCA 2 0 1 3
Other 0 1 0 1
Total 32 22 39 93
6.2 Approaches
Consequentialstudiesarerelativelyscarceinthereviewedarticles(Table3).Theattributionalapproachissignificantlymorefrequent,especiallyconsideringthatwhentheapproachisunspecifiedorunclear,itismostprobablyattributional.
Table 3: Quantitative results of the review – number of articles split by approach and by level. In one case, both approaches were compared.
Approach Rawmaterial Platform Product Alllevels
Attributional 19 6 20 45
Consequential 3 3 4 10
Unclear 5 13 11 29
Total 27 22 35 84
24 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
6.3 System boundaries
Mostofthereviewedstudiesare“cradle-to-gate”assessments,hencenotincludingstagesbeyondtransformation(Table4).Indeed,only13%ofthemincludetheusestage(whichcanbepassive,explainingthislowvalue)andonly23%ofthestudiesincludetheendoflife(EoL).Theseratesareevenlowerforstudiesrealisedatplatformlevel.
Asexpected,allstudiesatplatformandproductlevelsincludethetransformationstage.Inafewcases,notransformationisconsideredatrawmateriallevel,whichisunderstandable.
Theratesatwhichtheagriculturalactivitiesandlogisticsandtransportationareincludedintheboundariesarehighatrawmaterialandproductlevels,whilerelativelylow(lessthan50%)atplatformlevel.Thissuggeststhefollowing:
l Atrawmateriallevel,studiestendtoincludethemainsubject:therawmaterialproduction.Whenitisnotthecase,thestudyfocusesonthepre-processingstepsand/orusesbiomassresiduesconsideredtobearnoimpact.
l Atplatformlevel,studiestendtofocusonlytoprocessing.ThisisalsoshownbythelowrateofinclusionoftheEoL.
l At product level, studies tend to be more comprehensive and have the higher rate ofinclusionoftheagriculturalactivities,above90%.
Table 4: Quantitative results of the review from the perspective of the life cycle stages included in the system boundaries. Values are the number of occurrences that the stage is included relatively to the number of articles of the level.
Lifecyclestage Rawmaterial Platform Product Alllevels
R&D 7% 14% 3% 7%
Agriculturalactivities 70% 48% 94% 75%
Logisticsandtransportation 85% 43% 80% 72%
Transformation 89% 100% 100% 96%
Conditioning 33% 5% 54% 35%
Packaginganddistribution 22% 10% 17% 17%
Use 26% 5% 9% 13%
Endoflife 33% 5% 26% 23%
Advertisingandotheroverheads 0% 0% 0% 0%
Otherstage 11% 0% 0% 4%
25 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
6.4 Land use change (LUC)
TheinclusionrateofLUC(completeofdirectonly)inthereviewedarticlesissignificantlylower(Table5)thantheinclusionrateoftheagriculturalactivities(Table4).ThismeansthatLUCiseitherconsiderednegligibleorsimplyignoredbymostofthereviewedauthors.
Table 5: Quantitative results of the review – number of articles including LUC relatively to the number of articles of the level.
InclusionofLUC Rawmaterial Platform Product Alllevels
Yes 22% 10% 14% 16%
DirectLUConly 15% 5% 3% 7%
No/notmentioned 63% 86% 83% 77%
6.5 LCIA methods
ThereareimportantdisparitiesinthetypeofLCIAmethodsused,dependingontherealisationlevelofthestudiedsubject(Table6).TheCMLmethodisusedin40%ofthestudiesreferringtorawmaterials,34%forproductsbutisneverused,inthissample,forplatforms.
Table 6: Quantitative results of the review – number of articles split by LCIA methods and by level. In some cases, several methods have been used.
Rawmaterial Platform Product Alllevels
Numberofarticles 27 21 35 83StudiesusingaversionoftheCMLLCIAmethod 11 0 12 23
StudiesusingaversionoftheReCiPeLCIAmethod 7 3 4 14
StudiesusingaversionoftheILCDLCIAmethod 4 0 1 5
StudiesusinganotherLCIAmethodoracustomsetofindicators
7 18 19 44
Total 29 21 36 86
26 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
6.6 Reviewed environmental indicators
Forthesakeoftheanalysisrequiredforthisreview,the38midpointindicators35thathavebeenidentifiedhavebeengroupedintothematicclusters,asshowninTable7.Thisallowsanalysingtheresultsonamoreaccessiblebasis.
Thematicclustersaredefinedforthisreviewasgroupsofmidpointindicatorssharingsimilareffectsatalevelbelowtheareaofprotection(endpoint),onaspecificecologicaltheme.
Table7alsodisplaysthenumberofarticlesthatusetheindicatorsandclusters,ofthe83reviewedarticles.Therankingthatcanbedrawnatthisstage(Table8)representsthefrequencyatwhichanindicatorisusedinbio-basedproductsstudies,butdoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttherelevanceofthischoice.
Table 7: Grouping of all environmental indicators into thematic clusters and number of articles using this indicator / indicator cluster.
Cluster Environmentalindicator Numberofarticlesusingthisindicator
Acidification Acidification 49 49Airquality Particulatematter/respiratoryinorganics 19 72
Photochemicalozoneformation 44Indoorairquality 2Totalemissions 7
Climatechange Climatechange,GWP100 75 76Climateregulationpotential(CRP) 1Climatechange(endpoint) 0
Ecosystemquality(biodiversity)
Biodiversitydamagepotential(BDP) 1 10Ecosystemquality(endpoint) 8Habitatalteration 1
Ecotox Terrestrialecotox 13 47Ecotoxicityforaquaticfreshwater 19Marineecotox 9Ecotox(unspecified) 6
Eutrophication Eutrophication–terrestrial 12 75Eutrophication–aquaticandfreshwater 19Eutrophication–aquatic-marine 14Eutrophication(unspecified) 30
Humanhealth Humanhealth(endpoint) 8 45Humantoxicityandcancereffects 10Humantoxicity-non-cancereffects 8Humantox(unspecified) 19
Ionisingradiation Ionisingradiation 7 7Landtransformation Landtransformation 4 4Landuse Bioticproductionpotential(BPP) 1 18
Erosionregulationpotential(ERP) 1Agrolandoccupation 16
Mineralandfossilresources
Resourcedepletion–mineral,fossil 45 71Abioticdepletion 20
35 Several indicators actually exist in several versions. See section 3.3.3.
27 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
Resources(endpoint) 6Ozonelayer Ozonedepletion 34 34Wastes Wastes 1 1Wateravailability Freshwaterregulationpotential(FWRP) 1 21
Waterpurificationpotentialthroughphysicochemicalfiltration(WPPPCF)
1
Waterpurificationpotentialthroughmechanicalfiltration(WPP-MF)
1
Resourcedepletion–water 10Wateruse 8
Notethattheclustersreflecttheindicatorsfoundintheliterature.Someofthemaresituatedattheinventorylevel,suchaswastesorlandtransformation:theydonereflectanimpactbutonlyaquantity.
Table8showsthatindicatorsrelatedtoclimatechange,eutrophication,airqualityandmineral/fossilresourcesarealmostsystematicallyused.
Table 8: Illustration of the relative frequency of the indicator clusters found in the reviewed articles. The absolute values can be higher than the total number of articles, as several indicators of the same cluster can be cumulated in one study.
Cluster Platform Product Rawmaterial Alllevels FrequencyClimatechange 18 31 27 76Eutrophication 14 25 36 75Airquality 12 32 28 72Mineralandfossilresources 17 31 23 71Acidification 6 25 18 49Ecotox 4 16 27 47Humanhealth 3 17 25 45Ozonelayer 4 15 15 34Wateravailability 3 7 11 21Landuse 4 7 7 18Ecosystemquality(biodiv.) 1 5 4 10Ionisingradiation 0 1 6 7Landtransformation 0 1 3 4Wastes 1 0 0 1Totalarticles 21 35 27 83
Low,notoftenused
Seldomused
High,almostsystematicallyused
Medium,oftenused
28 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
6.7 Environmental indicators found in the key international standards and guidelines
6.7.1 ISO 14040 and ISO 14044
TheseISOstandardsdonotrecommendspecificindicatorsorimpactassessmentmethods,butprovidegeneralprinciplesfortheselectionofimpactcategorieswhicharerelevanttoSTAR-ProBiosuchas:
“Theselectionofimpactcategoriesshallreflectacomprehensivesetofenvironmentalissuesrelatedtotheproductsystembeingstudied,takingthegoalandscopeintoconsideration;(…)
Theimpactcategories,categoryindicatorsandcharacterizationmodelsshouldbeinternationallyaccepted,i.e.basedonaninternationalagreementorapprovedbyacompetentinternationalbody;(…)
Theimpactcategories,categoryindicatorsandcharacterizationmodelsshouldavoiddoublecountingunlessrequiredbythegoalandscopedefinition,forexamplewhenthestudyincludesbothhumanhealthandcarcinogenicity”(ISO14044,section4.4.2.2).
Thisrequirementwillbefulfilledinthetask2.3ofthisworkpackage,usingthepresentreportasabasis.
6.7.2 International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook
TheILCDHandbook36presentsalistofrecommendedmidpointfullydescribedindicators(i.e.,specifyingtheLCIAmethodologytobeused)thataresummarizedbelow:
l Climatechangel Ozonedepletionl Humantoxicity,cancereffectsl Humantoxicity,non-cancereffectsl Particulatematter/Respiratoryinorganicsl Ionisingradiation,humanhealthl Ionisingradiation,ecosystemsl Photochemicalozoneformationl Acidificationl Eutrophication,terrestriall Eutrophication,aquaticl Ecotoxicity(freshwater,terrestrialandmarine)l Landusel Resourcedepletion,waterl Resourcedepletion,mineralfossilandrenewable
Interestinglyenough,thisdocumentalsoprovidesalistofotherimpactcategoriesthatareonlyoccasionallyorneveraddressed:
36 JRC-IES, ILCD Handbook - Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European Context.
29 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
l Noisel Accidentsl Desiccationl Erosionl Salination
6.7.3 Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide and Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR) Guidance
ThePEFCRGuidance376.2presentsaclearchoiceoffullydescribedindicators(i.e.,specifyingtheLCIAmethodologytobeused)thatareshowninTable9.ThischoiceisbasedontheILCDlistpresentedabove,withslightmodifications.
Table 9: Impact categories recommended in the PEF Guidance
Impact category Indicator Unit
Climate change Radiative forcing as Global Warming Potential (GWP100)
kg CO2 eq
Ozone depletion Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) kg CFC-11eq
Human toxicity, cancer effects Comparative Toxic Unit for humans (CTUh)
CTUh
Human toxicity, non- cancer effects
Comparative Toxic Unit for humans (CTUh)
CTUh
Particulate matter/Respiratory inorganics
Impact on human health Deaths
Ionising radiation, human health
Human exposure efficiency relative to 235U
kBq 235U
Photochemical ozone formation
Tropospheric ozone concentration increase
kg NMVOCeq
Acidification Accumulated Exceedance (AE) mol H+ eq
Eutrophication, terrestrial Accumulated Exceedance (AE) mol N eq
Eutrophication, aquatic freshwater
Fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment (P)
fresh water: kg P equivalent
Eutrophication, aquatic marine
Fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment (N)
marine water: kg N equivalent
Ecotoxicity (freshwater) Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (CTUe)
CTUe
37 European Commission, Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules Guidance - Version 6.2.
30 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
Land use
- Soil quality index
- Biotic production
- Erosion resistance
- Mechanical filtration
- Groundwater replenishment
- dimensionless
- kg biotic production
- kg soil
- m3 water
- m3 ground-water
Water scarcity User deprivation potential (deprivation-weighted water consumption)
m3 world eq. deprived
Resource use, mineral Abiotic resource depletion (ADP ultimate reserves)
kg Sb-eq
Resource use, energy carriers Abiotic resource depletion – fossil fuels (ADP-fossil)
MJ
TheimpactcategoriesrecommendedinthePEFCRGuidance6.2donotaimtorepresentstate-of-the-artimpactassessment,e.g.thelatestUSEtoxÒ2.0model38isnotrecommendedfortoxicityassessmentcategories.Theyaretheresultofascientificandpoliticalconsensus,constitutedofasetofindicatorstakenfromvariousimpactassessmentmethodswhich,insomecases,arenotfullyconsistentwitheachother.
ThePEFCRGuidance6.2remainsadraftdocument.However,givenitswidestakeholdersacceptance,itislikelytobecomethenewmethodologicalstandardforanyenvironmentalLCAstudiesconductedinaEuropeancontextfrom2018onwards.
6.7.4 EN 16751 Bio-based products – Sustainability criteria
Thisnormpresentsindicatorsonthethreepillarsofsustainability.Theenvironmentalonesarethefollowing:
l GHGemissionsandremovalsl Airqualityl Waterqualityandquantityl Soilquality,productivityanderosionl Biodiversitywithintheareaofoperationl Biodiversityprotectedareasl Efficientuseofenergyandmaterialresourcesl Useofrenewableenergyandmaterialresourcesl Responsiblewastemanagement
38 Fantke et al., 2017, USEtox® 2.0 Documentation (Version 1)
31 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
6.7.5 EN 16760 Bio-based products – Life Cycle Assessment
Thisnormgivesguidelinesforspecificimpactindicators:l Treatmentofbiogenicandnon-biogeniccarboninassessingclimatechangel Landuseimpactonnaturalenvironment/ecosystemqualityl Landuseimpactonecosystemservices/naturalresourcesl Wateruse
6.7.6 Recapitulation of the key international standards and guidelines
Thekeyinternationalstandardsandguidelinesandthereviewedarticlesareintheirlargemajorityaligned,atleastattheleveloftheindicatorsclustersthathavebeenidentifiedasrelevantbythesestandards.
Table10showsthattheEN16751and16760normscoversomegapsoftheILCD/PEFCRguidance:ecosystemqualityandrenewableresourcesaremoredirectlyaddressed.Wastemanagementisalsoreintroduced.Conversely,noiseisatypeofimpactsuggestedbyILCDbutneverretainedbytheotherstandards.
Thistablealsoshowstheevaluatedrelevanceofeachclusterforbio-basedproducts,basedonthenumberoftimestheclusterisrecommendedandbywhichreferenceitisrecommended.
Table 10: Recapitulation of the indicators clusters recommended by the key international standards and guidelines. Values are the number of indicators recommended by the reference.
Cluster ISO14040/44
ILCD PEFCRguidance
EN16751
EN16760
Evaluatedrelevance
Acidification 1 1 Medium
Airquality 2 2 1 Important
Climatechange 1 1 1 1 Important
Ecosystemquality(biodiversity)
2 1 Important
Ecotox 1 1 Medium
Eutrophication 2 3 Important
Humanhealth 2 2 Medium
Ionisingradiation 2 1 Medium
Landuse 2 3 1 Important
Mineralandfossilresources
1 2 1 Important
Noise 1 Low
32 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
Other 1 Low
Ozonelayer 1 1 Medium
Renewableresources 1 1 1 Important
Wastes 1 Medium
Wateravailability 3 3 1 1 Important
Total 21 20 9 4
33 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
7 Interpretationandfinalconclusions
7.1 Synthesis of all indicators clusters
Table11showsinparalleltheresultsoftheliteraturereviewandrecommendationsofthekeyliterature,sortedbytheevaluatedrelevance,asevaluatedinsection6.7.6.
Table 11: Illustration of the relative frequency of the indicator clusters found in the reviewed articles and in the key literature, in order of relevance for bio-based products. The absolute values can be higher than the total number of references, as several indicators of the same cluster can be cumulated.
Fortheindicatorsjudgedashighlyrelevant,thefollowingobservationscanbemade:l There is a strong convergence between the reviewed articles and the key literature for
climate change, eutrophication, air quality and mineral and fossil resources. Theseimportantindicatorsaresystematicallyusedinthescientificstudies.
l Wateravailabilityand landuseare very important topics in thekey literature,with thehighestnumbersof indicatorssuggested,while it isonlyusedbyasmallfraction(25%orlower)ofthereviewedarticles.
Cluster Occurrencesinthereviewedarticles
Occurrencesinthekeyliterature
Evaluatedrelevance
Wateravailability 21 8 HighLanduse 18 6 HighEcosystemquality(biodiv.) 10 #N/A HighIonisingradiation 7 3 MediumWastes 1 1 MediumClimatechange 76 4 HighEutrophication 75 5 HighAirquality 72 5 HighMineralandfossilresources 71 4 HighAcidification 49 2 MediumEcotox 47 2 MediumHumanhealth 45 4 MediumOzonelayer 34 2 MediumLandtransformation 4 #N/A LowNoise 0 1 LowTotalreferences 83 4
34 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
l Ecosystemquality(biodiversity)isanimportanttopic,butasanendpointitisalsoincludedinother indicators,hencedoesnotappear in its full importance inthis table.Onlya fewreviewedarticlesusedendpoints.ThedirecteffectsonbiodiversityoflanduseandlandusechangearenotcapturedbytheindirectindicatorssuchastheecotoxicityandheavilyrelyontheLCIAmethodologyappliedtolanduse.
Fortheindicatorsjudgedofmediumrelevance,thefollowingobservationscanbemade:l There is a strong convergence between the reviewed articles and the key literature for
acidification,ecotox,humanhealthandozonelayer.Thesemoderatelyimportant(forbio-basedproducts)indicatorsareoftenusedinthescientificstudies.
l Ionisingradiationisarelativelyimportanttopicinthekeyliterature,butitisonlyusedbyaverysmallfraction(lessthan10%)ofthereviewedarticles.
l Wastesarenotstronglyrecommendedbythekeyliterature,duetothelackofmethodologyaddressingtheirimpactoutsidethosethatarecapturedbyotherindicators(suchastoxicity).Itisalmostneverusedinthereviewedarticles.
Finally,fortheindicatorsjudgedoflowrelevance,thefollowingobservationscanbemade:l Landtransformationasaninventoryflowisnotrecommendedbythekeyliterature,which
focusesontheimpactsrelatedtolandtransformation(orlandusechange).Theseimpactsarecapturedbytheotherindicatorsrecommended.However,thisindicatorisusedbyafewofthereviewedarticles.
l Noise ismentionedasadifficultenvironmentaltopictoaddressinthekeyliterature.Itisnotparticularlyrelevantforbio-basedproductsandneverusedinthereviewedliterature.
7.2 Interpretation
Mostoftheindicatorsusedinthereviewedarticlesareinlinewiththeindicatorsrecommendedbythekeyliterature.However,someimportantdiscrepanciescanbeidentifiedanddescribedbyTable12:,notablythefactthatsomeindicatorsarenotusedintheliteratureastheyshould.
Table 12: Summary assessment of the indicators clusters, comparing their use in the literature with their use as recommended by the key literature.
Evaluatedrelevance
Convergencebetweenpracticeandrecommendation
Notasusedasrecommended
Notappropriatelyaddressed
High Climatechange Wateravailability
Eutrophication Landuse
Airquality Ecosystemquality(biodiv.)
Mineralandfossilresources
Medium Acidification Ionisingradiation Wastes
Ecotox
Humanhealth
35 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
Ozonelayer
Low Landtransformation(inventory)
Noise
Itisalsointerestingtonoticethatwastesarenotreallyaddressedoutsidetheirtoxicityeffectortheimpactsoftheirtreatment.Theproblemoflitteringandtheubiquitouspresenceofplasticparticlesinsoilorinwaterbodiesisnotaddressed.Thefactthatapartofbio-basedproductsmightbebiodegradableand,insomecases,rapidlybiodegradableinmarineenvironment,cannotbedirectlycapturedwiththerecommendedindicators.Anassessmentoftheriskthatthepresenceofplasticintheenvironmentrepresentsissomethingthatcouldbeofinteresttothepublicopinion,ifnotitsfinalimpactsontheecosystemqualityoronhumanhealth.
7.3 Conclusion
Theenvironmentalindicatorsfoundintheliteraturecoveringbio-basedproductscanbegroupedintothematicclusterscoveringsimilartypesofeffects.Theseclustersareinlargepartinlinewiththoserecommendedbythekeyliteraturesources,suchasthePEFCRguidance39ortheEN16751norm40.
However,theindicatorsbelongingtothefollowingclustersareconsideredhighlyrelevantbythekeyliteratureandarenotusedinthereviewedarticlesasfrequentlyastheyshould:
l Wateravailabilityl Landusel Ecosystemquality(biodiversity)
Ionisingradiationisalsoacluster“under-used”comparedtotherecommendedindicators.Thiscouldbeexplainedbythefactthatthisindicatorisoftendominatedbynuclearelectricity,maskinganyotherpotentialimpacts.
Finally,theimpactsofwastesarenotreallyaddressedbythereviewedarticlesneitherbythekeyliteraturesources,mostlybecauseofthelackofmethodologyfortheassessmentoftheriskthatthepresenceofplasticintheenvironmentrepresents.
39 European Commission, Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules Guidance - Version 6.2. 40 CEN,“EN16751:2016Bio-BasedProducts-SustainabilityCriteria”.
36 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
8 Referencelistl Bauen,Ausilio,ClaireChudziak,KathrineVad,andPhilipWatson,ACausalDescriptive
ApproachtoModellingtheGHGEmissionsAssociatedwiththeIndirectLandUseImpactsofBiofuels,London,UK,2010.
l Brandão,Miguel,andLlorençMilàiCanals,“GlobalCharacterisationFactorstoAssessLandUseImpactsonBioticProduction”,TheInternationalJournalofLifeCycleAssessment,February2,2012.http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s11367-012-0381-3.
l Bulle,Cécile,ManueleMargni,SormehKashef-haghighi,Anne-MarieBoulay,VincentdeBruille,ViêtCao,PeterFantke,etal.,“IMPACTWorld+:AGloballyRegionalizedLifeCycleImpactAssessmentMethod”,Submitted,n.d.
l Carus,Michael,andFlorenceAeschelmann,Bio-BasedBuildingBlocksandPolymers–GlobalCapacitiesandTrendsOrder2016-2021,Hürth,Germany,2017.www.bio-based.eu/reports%5Cnwww.european-bioplastics.org/market.
l CEN,EN16751:2016Bio-BasedProducts-SustainabilityCriteria,2016.l ———,EN16760:2015Bio-BasedProducts-LifeCycleAssessment,2015.l Ciroth,A.,D.Hunkeler,G.Huppes,K.Lichtenvort,G.Rebitzer,I.Rüdenauer,andB.Steen,
EnvironmentalLifeCycleCosting,EditedbyD.Hunkeler,K.Lichtenvort,andG.Rebitzer,CRCPressTaylor&FrancisGroup,Webster,NY,USA,2008.https://books.google.ch/books?id=_SXNBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&ots=RrGoRUWbqM&dq=EnvironmentalLifeCycleCosting.SETAC-CRC&lr&hl=fr&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
l Ciroth,Andreas,“CostDataQualityConsiderationsforEco-EfficiencyMeasures”,EcologicalEconomics,Vol.68,No.6,2009,pp.1583–1590.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.08.005.
l EuropeanCommission,ProductEnvironmentalFootprintCategoryRulesGuidance-Version6.2,EuropeanCommission-JointResearchCentre,Ispra,Italy,2017.
l Fantke,Peter(Ed.),M.Bijster,C.Guignard,M.Hauschild,M.Huijbregts,O.Jolliet,A.Kounina,etal.,USEtox(R)2.0Documentation(Version1),EditedbyPeterFantke,Lyngby,Denmark,2017.usetox.org/documentation.
l Finkbeiner,Matthias,IndirectLandUseChange(iLUC)withinLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)–ScientificRobustnessandConsistencywithInternationalStandards,Berlin,Germany,2013.http://www.see.tu-berlin.de/menue/ueber_uns/team/.
l Fontes,João,HandbookforProductSocialImpactAssessment3.0,Amersfoort,TheNetherlands,2016.
l Fritsche,UweR.,RalphEHSims,andAndreaMonti,“DirectandIndirectLand-UseCompetitionIssuesforEnergyCropsandTheirSustainableProduction-anOverview”,Biofuels,Bioproducts&Biorefining,2010,pp.692–704.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bbb.258/full.
l ISO,“ISO14040:2006(E)EnvironmentalManagement—LifeCycleAssessment—PrinciplesandFramework”,InternationalOrganizationforStandardization,Geneva,Switzerland,2006.
l ———,“ISO14044:2006(E)EnvironmentalManagement—LifeCycleAssessment—RequirementsandGuidelines”,InternationalOrganizationforStandardization,Geneva,Switzerland,2006.
37 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
l JRC-IES,ILCDHandbook-AnalysisofExistingEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentMethodologiesforUseinLifeCycleAssessment,Ispra,Italy,2010.
l ———,ILCDHandbook-GeneralGuideforLifeCycleAssessment-DetailedGuidance,EuropeanCommission-JointResearchCentre,Ispra,Italy,2010.
l ———,ILCDHandbook-RecommendationsforLifeCycleImpactAssessmentintheEuropeanContext,Firstedit.,PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion,Ispra,Italy,2011.
l Koellner,Thomas,andRolandGeyer,“GlobalLandUseImpactAssessmentonBiodiversityandEcosystemServicesinLCA”,TheInternationalJournalofLifeCycleAssessment,Vol.18,No.6,April16,2013,pp.1185–1187.http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11367-013-0580-6.
l Lapola,DavidM,RuedigerSchaldach,JosephAlcamo,AlberteBondeau,JenniferKoch,ChristinaKoelking,andJoergaPriess,“IndirectLand-UseChangesCanOvercomeCarbonSavingsfromBiofuelsinBrazil.”,ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,Vol.107,No.8,February23,2010,pp.3388–93.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2840431&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
l Manfredi,Simone,KarenAllacker,KiranaChomkhamsri,NathanPelletier,andDanielleMaiadeSouza,ProductEnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)Guide,EuropeanCommission-JointResearchCentre,Ispra,Italy,2012.
l Muñoz,Ivan,JannickH.Schmidt,MiguelBrandão,andBoP.Weidema,“Rebuttalto‘IndirectLandUseChange(iLUC)withinLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)-ScientificRobustnessandConsistencywithInternationalStandards’”,GCBBioenergy,Vol.7,No.4,2015,pp.565–566.
l Reap,John,FelipeRoman,ScottDuncan,andBertBras,“ASurveyofUnresolvedProblemsinLifeCycleAssessment-Part1:GoalandScopeandInventoryAnalysis”,TheInternationalJournalofLifeCycleAssessment,Vol.13,No.4,May20,2008,pp.290–300.%3CGo.
l Schmidt,JannickH.,BoP.Weidema,andMiguelBrandão,“AFrameworkforModellingIndirectLandUseChangesinLifeCycleAssessment”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.99,2015,pp.230–238.http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652615002309.
l Sherif,YosefS,andWilliamJKolarik,“LifeCycleCosting:ConceptandPractice”,OMEGATheInt.JIofMgmtSci,Vol.9,No.3,1981,pp.287–296.
l Spracklen,D.V.,S.R.Arnold,andC.M.Taylor,“ObservationsofIncreasedTropicalRainfallPrecededbyAirPassageoverForests”,Nature,September5,2012.http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature11390.
l Tsiropoulos,I.,A.PCFaaij,L.Lundquist,U.Schenker,J.F.Briois,andM.K.Patel,“LifeCycleImpactAssessmentofBio-BasedPlasticsfromSugarcaneEthanol”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.90,2015,pp.114–127.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.071.
l UNEP,GuidelinesforSocialLifeCycleAssessmentofProducts,UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,2009.
38 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
9 ANNEXES
9.1 List of reviewed articles
Table 13: Full list of reviewed articles, by level of realisation
Level Reviewedarticle Definedfamily
Platform
Adom,FelixK.,andJenniferB.Dunn,“LifeCycleAnalysisofCorn-Stover-DerivedPolymer-GradeI-LacticAcidandEthylLactate:GreenhouseGasEmissionsandFossilEnergyConsumption”,Biofuels,BioproductsandBiorefining,Vol.11,2017,pp.258–268
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Platform
Cok,Benjamin,IoannisTsiropoulos,AlexanderL.Roes,andMartinK.Patel,“SuccinicAcidProductionDerivedfromCarbohydrates:AnEnergyandGreenhouseGasAssessmentofaPlatformChemicaltowardaBio-BasedEconomy”,Biofuels,BioproductsandBiorefining,Vol.8,No.1,2014,pp.16–29
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Platform
Dros,A.B.,O.Larue,A.Reimond,F.DeCampo,andM.Pera-Titus,“Hexamethylenediamine(HMDA)fromFossil-vs.Bio-BasedRoutes:AnEconomicandLifeCycleAssessmentComparativeStudy”,GreenChemistry,Vol.17,No.10,October2,2015,pp.4760–4772
Platformsobtainedbyotherroutes
PlatformEkman,Anna,andPalBörjesson,“EnvironmentalAssessmentofPropionicAcidProducedinanAgriculturalBiomass-BasedBiorefinerySystem”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.19,No.11,2011,pp.1257–1265
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Platform
Forte,Annachiara,AmaliaZucaro,RiccardoBasosi,andAngeloFierro,“LCAof1,4-ButanediolProducedviaDirectFermentationofSugarsfromWheatStrawFeedstockwithinaTerritorialBiorefinery”,Materials,Vol.9,No.7,2016,pp.1–22.
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Platform
GezaeDaful,Asfaw,andJohannF.G??rgens,“Techno-EconomicAnalysisandEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentofLignocellulosicLacticAcidProduction”,ChemicalEngineeringScience,Vol.162,2017,pp.53–65.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2016.12.054
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
PlatformGroot,WimJ.,andTobiasBoren,“LifeCycleAssessmentoftheManufactureofLactideandPLABiopolymersfromSugarcaneinThailand”,InternationalJournalofLifeCycleAssessment,Vol.15,No.9,2010,pp.970–984.
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
PlatformKhoo,HsienHui,ReginaldBHTan,andKevinWLChng,“EnvironmentalImpactsofConventionalPlasticandBio-BasedCarrierBags”,InternationalJournalofLifeCycleAssessment,Vol.15,No.3,2010,pp.284–293.
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Platform
Koller,Martin,DanielSandholzer,AnnaSalerno,GerhartBraunegg,andMichaelNarodoslawsky,“BiopolymerfromIndustrialResidues:LifeCycleAssessmentofPoly(hydroxyalkanoates)fromWhey”,Resources,ConservationandRecycling,Vol.73,2013,pp.64–71.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.01.017
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Platform
Lokesh,K.,C.West,J.Kuylenstierna,J.Fan,V.Budarin,P.Priecel,J.A.Lopez-Sanchez,andJ.Clark,“EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentofWheatStrawBasedAlkylPolyglucosidesProducedUsingNovelChemicalApproaches”,GreenChemistry,Vol.19,No.18,September19,2017,pp.4380–4395
Platformsobtainedbyotherroutes
Platform Madival,Santosh,RafaelAuras,SherPaulSingh,andRamaniNarayan,“AssessmentoftheEnvironmentalProfileofPLA,PETandPSClamshell
Platformsobtainedby
39 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
ContainersUsingLCAMethodology”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.17,No.13,2009,pp.1183–1194.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.03.015.
fermentationroute
Platform
Morales,Merten,PierreYDapsens,IsabellaGiovinazzo,JuliaWitte,CeciliaMondelli,StavrosPapadokonstantakis,KonradHungerbuhler,andJavierPerez-Ramirez,“EnvironmentalandEconomicAssessmentofLacticAcidProductionfromGlycerolUsingCascadeBio-andChemocatalysis”,Energy&EnvironmentalScience,Vol.8,No.2,2015,pp.558–567.http://http//pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2015/EE/c4ee03352c
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Platform
Morgan-Sagastume,Fernando,SaraHeimersson,GiuseppeLaera,AlanWerker,andMagdalenaSvanström,“Techno-EnvironmentalAssessmentofIntegratingPolyhydroxyalkanoate(PHA)ProductionwithServicesofMunicipalWastewaterTreatment”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.137,2016,pp.1368–1381
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
PlatformMoussa,HassanI.,AliElkamel,andStevenB.Young,“AssessingEnergyPerformanceofBio-BasedSuccinicAcidProductionUsingLCA”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.139,2016,pp.761–769
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Platform
Mu,Dongyan,ThomasSeager,P.SureshRao,andFuZhao,“ComparativeLifeCycleAssessmentofLignocellulosicEthanolProduction:BiochemicalversusThermochemicalConversion”,EnvironmentalManagement,Vol.46,No.4,2010,pp.565–578.
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Platform
Parajuli,Ranjan,MarieTrydemanKnudsen,MortenBirkved,SylvestreNjakouDjomo,AndreaCorona,andTommyDalgaard,“EnvironmentalImpactsofProducingBioethanolandBiobasedLacticAcidfromStandaloneandIntegratedBiorefineriesUsingaConsequentialandanAttributionalLifeCycleAssessmentApproach”,ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment,Vol.598,2017,pp.497–512.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.087.$
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
PlatformPonder,Celia,andMichaelOvercash,“Cradle-to-GateLifeCycleInventoryofVancomycinHydrochloride”,ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment,Vol.408,No.6,2010,pp.1331–1337
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Platform
Sheldon,RogerA.,“UtilisationofBiomassforSustainableFuelsandChemicals:Molecules,MethodsandMetrics”,CatalysisToday,Vol.167,No.1,UtilisationofBiomassforFuelsandChemicals:TheRoadtoSustainability,June10,2011,pp.3–13.
Platformsobtainedbyotherroutes
Platform
Singh,Anoop,DeepakPant,NicholasE.Korres,Abdul-SattarNizami,ShivPrasad,andJerryD.Murphy,“KeyIssuesinLifeCycleAssessmentofEthanolProductionfromLignocellulosicBiomass:ChallengesandPerspectives”,BioresourceTechnology,Vol.101,No.13,2010,pp.5003–5012.http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960852409015673
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Platform
Sun,Xiao-Zheng,TomoakiMinowa,KatsunobuYamaguchi,andYutakaGenchi,“EvaluationofEnergyConsumptionandGreenhouseGasEmissionsfromPoly(phenyllacticAcid)ProductionUsingSweetSorghum”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.87,2015,pp.208–215.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652614009718
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Platform
TufvessonPar,AnnaEkman,RoyaRRSardari,KristinaEngdahl,andLindaTufvesson,“EconomicandEnvironmentalAssessmentofPropionicAcidProductionbyFermentationUsingDifferentRenewableRawMaterials”,BioresourceTechnology,Vol.149,2013,pp.556–564
Platformsobtainedbyfermentationroute
Product Adom,Felix,JenniferB.Dunn,JeongwooHan,andNormSather,“Life-CycleFossilEnergyConsumptionandGreenhouseGasEmissionsofBioderived
Fineandbulkchemicals
40 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
ChemicalsandTheirConventionalCounterparts”,EnvironmentalScience&Technology,Vol.48,No.24,December16,2014,pp.14624–14631
Product
Akiyama,Minoru,TakeharuTsuge,andYoshiharuDoi,“Environmentallifecyclecomparisonofpolyhydroxyalkanoatesproducedfromrenewablecarbonresourcesbybacterialfermentation”,PolymerDegradationandStability,Vol.80,No.1,2003,pp.183–194.
Plasticpolymers(non-fibre)
Product
Batouli,SeyedMostafa,YiminZhu,MangeshNar,andNandikaAnneD'Souza,"EnvironmentalPerformanceOfKenaf-FiberReinforcedPolyurethane:ALifeCycleAssessmentApproach",JournalOfCleanerProduction,Vol.66,2014,pp.164-173.
Others
Product
Belboom,Sandra,andAngéliqueLéonard,“Doesbiobasedpolymerachievebetterenvironmentalimpactsthanfossilpolymer?ComparisonoffossilHDPEandbiobasedHDPEproducedfromsugarbeetandwheat”,BiomassandBioenergy,Vol.85,2016,pp.159–167.
Plasticpolymers(non-fibre)
ProductChen,Luyi,RylieE.o.Pelton,andTimothyM.Smith,“Comparativelifecycleassessmentoffossilandbio-basedpolyethyleneterephthalate(PET)bottles”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.137,2016,pp.667–676.
Plasticpolymers(non-fibre)
ProductFeijoo,S.,S.González-García,J.M.Lema,andM.T.Moreira,"LifeCycleAssessmentOfΒ-GalactosidaseEnzymeProduction",JournalOfCleanerProduction,Vol.165,2017,pp.204-212.
Proteins
Product
Fernández-Dacosta,Cora,JohnA.Posada,RobbertKleerebezem,MariaC.Cuellar,andAndreaRamirez,“Microbialcommunity-basedpolyhydroxyalkanoates(PHAs)productionfromwastewater:Techno-Economicanalysisandex-anteenvironmentalassessment,”BioresourceTechnologyVol.185,2015,pp.368–377.
Plasticpolymers(non-fibre)
Product
Fiorentino,G.,M.Ripa,S.Mellino,S.Fahd,andS.Ulgiati,“LifeCycleAssessmentofBrassicaCarinataBiomassConversiontoBioenergyandPlatformChemicals”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.66,No.SupplementC,March1,2014,pp.174–187.
Fineandbulkchemicals
Product
Gilpin,GeoffreyS.,andAndersS.G.Andrae,"ComparativeAttributionalLifeCycleAssessmentOfEuropeanCellulaseEnzymeProductionForUseInSecond-GenerationLignocellulosicBioethanolProduction",TheInternationalJournalOfLifeCycleAssessment,Vol.22,No.7,2016,pp.1034-1053
Proteins
Product
González-García,Sara,GumersindoFeijoo,CarolHeathcote,AndreasKandelbauer,andM.TeresaMoreira,"EnvironmentalAssessmentOfGreenHardboardProductionCoupledWithALaccaseActivatedSystem",JournalOfCleanerProduction,Vol.19,No.5,2011,p
Others
ProductH.Khoo,H.,W.L.Ee,andValerioIsoni,“Bio-ChemicalsfromLignocelluloseFeedstock:Sustainability,LCAandtheGreenConundrum”,GreenChemistry,Vol.18,No.7,2016,pp.1912–1922
Fineandbulkchemicals
Product
Harding,K,JDennis,HVonblottnitz,andSHarrison,“Environmentalanalysisofplasticproductionprocesses:Comparingpetroleum-Basedpolypropyleneandpolyethylenewithbiologically-basedpoly-β-Hydroxybutyricacidusinglifecycleanalysis,”JournalofBiotechnologyVol.130,No.1,2007,pp.57–66.
Plasticpolymers(non-fibre)
Product
Jeswani,HarishK.,TemitopeFalano,andAdisaAzapagic,“LifeCycleEnvironmentalSustainabilityofLignocellulosicEthanolProducedinIntegratedThermo-ChemicalBiorefineries”,Biofuels,BioproductsandBiorefining,Vol.9,No.6,November1,2015,pp.661–67
Fineandbulkchemicals
Product
Kim,Seungdo,ConcepciónJiménez-González,andBruceE.Dale,"EnzymesForPharmaceuticalApplications—ACradle-To-GateLifeCycleAssessment",TheInternationalJournalOfLifeCycleAssessment,Vol.14,No.5,2009,pp.392-400.
Proteins
41 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
ProductKit,Yoong,LeongPau,andLokeShow,“EconomicandEnvironmentalAnalysisofPHAsProductionProcess”,CleanTechnologiesandEnvironmentalPolicy,Vol.19,No.7,2017,pp.1941–1953.
Plasticpolymers(non-fibre)
ProductLaRosa,A.D.,G.Cozzo,A.Latteri,A.Recca,A.Björklund,E.Parrinello,andG.Cicala,"LifeCycleAssessmentOfANovelHybridGlass-Hemp/ThermosetComposite",JournalOfCleanerProduction,Vol.44,2013,pp.69-76.
Others
ProductLeceta,I.,A.Etxabide,S.Cabezudo,K.DeLaCaba,andP.Guerrero,“Bio-basedfilmspreparedwithby-productsandwastes:environmentalassessment”,JournalofCleanerProductionVol.64,2014,pp.218–227.
Plasticpolymers(non-fibre)
Product
Madival,Santosh,RafaelAuras,SherPaulSingh,andRamaniNarayan,“AssessmentoftheenvironmentalprofileofPLA,PETandPSclamshellcontainersusingLCAmethodology”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.17,No.13,2009,pp.1183–1194.
Plasticpolymers(non-fibre)
Product MarinussenandKool.“Environmentalimpactsofsyntheticaminoacidproduction”,reportfromBlonkMilieuAdviesBV,2010Netherlands Proteins
Product
MinistryofenvironmentandfoodofDenmark.DanishEnvironmentalProtectionAgency“NovoNordisk’sEnvironmentalProfitandLossaccount”.2014http://mst.dk/service/publikationer/publikationsarkiv/2014/apr/assessment-of-potentials-and-limitations-in-valuation-of-externalities
Proteins
Product
Nielsen,PerH.,KarenM.Oxenbøll,andHenrikWenzel,"Cradle-To-GateEnvironmentalAssessmentOfEnzymeProductsProducedIndustriallyInDenmarkByNovozymesA/S",TheInternationalJournalOfLifeCycleAssessment,Vol.12,No.6,2006,pp.432-438.
Proteins
ProductOxenboll,K.M.,K.Pontoppida,andF.Fru-Nji,"UseOfAProteaseInPoultryFeedOffersPromisingEnvironmentalBenefits",InternationalJournalOfPoultryScience,Vol.10,No.11,2011,pp.842-848.
Proteins
Product
Papong,Seksan,PomthongMalakul,RuethaiTrungkavashirakun,PechdaWenunun,TassaneewanChom-In,ManitNithitanakul,andEdSarobol,“ComparativeassessmentoftheenvironmentalprofileofPLAandPETdrinkingwaterbottlesfromalifecycleperspective”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.65,2014,pp.539–550.
Plasticpolymers(non-fibre)
Product
Pargana,Nuno,ManuelDuartePinheiro,JoséDinisSilvestre,andJorgedeBrito,"ComparativeEnvironmentalLifeCycleAssessmentOfThermalInsulationMaterialsOfBuildings",EnergyAndBuildings,Vol.82,2014,pp.466-481.
Others
Product
Pérez-López,P.,S.González-García,C.Jeffryes,S.N.Agathos,E.McHugh,D.Walsh,P.Murray,S.Moane,G.Feijoo,andM.T.Moreira,"LifeCycleAssessmentOfTheProductionOfTheRedAntioxidantCarotenoidAstaxanthinByMicroalgae:FromLabToPilotScale",JournalOfCleanerProduction,Vol.64,2014,pp.332-344.
Proteins
Product
Pérez-López,Paula,SaraGonzález-García,R.GabrielaUlloa,JorgeSineiro,GumersindoFeijoo,andMªTeresaMoreira,"LifeCycleAssessmentOfTheProductionOfBioactiveCompoundsFromTetraselmisSuecicaAtPilotScale",JournalOfCleanerProduction,Vol.64,2014,pp.323-331.
Proteins
Product
Pursula,Tiina,andMinnaPäällysaho,Report:LCAOfEnzymeProductionAndCalculationOfKeyPerformanceIndicatorsForMetgen,GaiaConsultingOy,2016.http://www.metgen.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Final-report-LCA-and-KPIs-for-enzyme-production-18.11.2016.pdf.
Proteins
Product Qiang,Tao,DemeiYu,AnjiangZhang,HonghongGao,ZhaoLi,ZengchaoLiu,WeixingChen,andZhenHan,"LifeCycleAssessmentOnPolylactide-Based Others
42 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
WoodPlasticCompositesToughenedWithPolyhydroxyalkanoates",JournalOfCleanerProduction,Vol.66,2014,pp.139-145
Product
Razza,Francesco,FrancescoDegliInnocenti,AntonioDobon,CesarAliaga,CarmenSanchez,andMercedesHortal,“Environmentalprofileofabio-basedandbiodegradablefoamedpackagingprototypeincomparisonwiththecurrentbenchmark”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.102,2015,pp.493–500.
Plasticpolymers(non-fibre)
Product
Sierra-Pérez,Jorge,JesúsBoschmonart-Rives,AnaC.Dias,andXavierGabarrell,"EnvironmentalImplicationsOfTheUseOfAgglomeratedCorkAsThermalInsulationInBuildings",JournalOfCleanerProduction,Vol.126,2016,pp.97-107.
Others
Product
Slater,C.Stewart,MarianoJ.Savelski,DavidHitchcock,andEduardoJ.Cavanagh,“EnvironmentalAnalysisoftheLifeCycleEmissionsof2-MethylTetrahydrofuranSolventManufacturedfromRenewableResources”,JournalofEnvironmentalScienceandHealth,PartA,Vol.51,No.6,May11,2016,pp.487–494.
Fineandbulkchemicals
ProductTsiropoulos,I.,A.p.c.Faaij,L.Lundquist,U.Schenker,J.f.Briois,andM.k.Patel,“Lifecycleimpactassessmentofbio-basedplasticsfromsugarcaneethanol”,JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.90,2015,pp.114–127.
Plasticpolymers(non-fibre)
ProductVink,ErwinTH,SteveDavies,andJeffreyJKolstad,“TheEco-ProfileforCurrentIngeoPolylactideProduction”,IndustrialBiotechnology,Vol.6,No.4,2010,pp.212–224
Plasticpolymers(non-fibre)
ProductWilson,JamesB.,EricT.Sakimoto,"Gate-to-gatelife-cycleinventoryofsoftwoodplywoodproduction"WoodandFiberScience,SocietyofWoodScienceandTechnology,37CorrimSpecialIssue,2005,pp.58–73
Others
Product
Zhang,Yanan,GuipingHu,andRobertC.Brown,“LifeCycleAssessmentofCommodityChemicalProductionfromForestResidueviaFastPyrolysis”,TheInternationalJournalofLifeCycleAssessment,Vol.19,No.7,July1,2014,pp.1371–1381
Fineandbulkchemicals
Rawmaterial
Agyekum,EricOfori,K.p.j.(Karen)Fortuin,andEugenieVanDerHarst,“EnvironmentalandsociallifecycleassessmentofbamboobicycleframesmadeinGhana,”JournalofCleanerProductionVol.143,2017,pp.1069–1080
Fibres
Rawmaterial
Arrigoni,Alessandro,RenatoPelosato,PacoMelià,GianlucaRuggieri,SergioSabbadini,andGiovanniDotelli,“Lifecycleassessmentofnaturalbuildingmaterials:theroleofcarbonation,mixturecomponentsandtransportintheenvironmentalimpactsofhempcreteblocks,”JournalofCleanerProductionVol.149,2017,pp.1051–1061
Fibres
Rawmaterial
BenediktBuchspies,MartinKaltschmitt,“Lifecycleassessmentofbioethanolfromwheatandsugarbeetdiscussingenvironmentalimpactsofmultipleconceptsofco-productprocessinginthecontextoftheEuropeanRenewableEnergyDirective”,Biofuels,Vol7,No2,2016,pp.141-153,DOI:10.1080/17597269.2015.1122472
Sugarsandstarch(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
CarmenGalan-Marin,CarlosRivera-GomezandAntonioGarcia-Martinez,(2016)“UseofNatural-FiberBio-CompositesinConstructionversusTraditionalSolutions:OperationalandEmbodiedEnergyAssessment,”Materials.9.465.10
Fibres
Rawmaterial Chanetal.,2015(palmoil,bio-oilwithundefineduse,LCA) Oils(non-
polymerized)
Rawmaterial
Cherubini,FrancescoandUlgiati,Sergio,“Cropresiduesasrawmaterialsforbiorefinerysystems-ALCAcasestudy",AppliedEnergy,Vol.87,2017,pp.47-57.
Oils(non-polymerized)
43 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
Rawmaterial
CosatedeAndrade,MarinaF.,Souza,PatriciaM.F.,Cavalett,Otavio,andMorales,AnaR."LifeCycleAssessmentofPoly(LacticAcid)(PLA):ComparisonBetweenChemicalRecycling,MechanicalRecyclingandComposting",JournalofPolymersandtheEnvironment,Vol.24,No.4,2016,pp.372-384
Sugarsandstarch(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
DiegoMagalhãesdoNascimento,AmandaFerreiraDias,CelsoPiresdeAraújoJunior,MorsyleidedeFreitasRosa,JoãoPauloSaraivaMorais,MariaCléaBritodeFigueirêdo;‘Acomprehensiveapproachforobtainingcellulosenanocrystalfromcoconutfiber.PartII:Environmentalassessmentoftechnologicalpathways’;IndustrialCropsandProductsVolume93,25December2016,pp.58-65
Fibres
Rawmaterial
Gilani,Banafsheh,Stuart,PaulR.,Lifecycleassessmentofanintegratedforestbiorefinery:hotwaterextractionprocesscasestudy,Biofuels,BioproductsandBiorefining,Vol.9,No.6,2015,pp.677-695.doi:10.1002/bbb.1570
Sugarsandstarch(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
González-García,Sara.,Hospido,Almudena.,Agnemo,Roland.,Svensson,Patrik.,Selling,Eva.,Moreira,MaTeresa.,andFeijoo,Gumersindo,«EnvironmentalLifeCycleAssessmentofaSwedishDissolvingPulpMillIntegratedBiorefinery»,JournalofIndustrialEcology,Vol.15,No.4,pp.568-583.
Sugarsandstarch(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
Günther,Jasmin,NielsThevs,Hans-JörgGusovius,InaSigmund,TorstenBrückner,VolkerBeckmann,andNurbayAbdusalik,“CarbonandphosphorusfootprintofthecottonproductioninXinjiang,China,incomparisontoanalternativefibre(Apocynum)fromCentralAsia,”JournalofCleanerProductionVol.148,2017,pp.490–497
Fibres
Rawmaterial
JorgeCristobal,CristinaT.Matos,Jean-PhilippeAurambout,SimoneManfredi,andBoyanKavalov,“Environmentalsustainabilityassessmentofbioeconomyvaluechains”.BiomassandBioenergy,Vol.89,2016,pp159-171.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.02.002
Sugarsandstarch(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
Krzyżaniak,Michal,Stolarski,MariuszJerzy.,Szczukowski,Stefan,andTworkowski,Józef,“LifeCycleAssessmentofNewWillowCultivarsGrownasFeedstockforIntegratedBiorefineries”,BioenergyResearch,Vol.9,No.1,pp.224-238.doi:10.1007/s12155-015-9681-3
Sugarsandstarch(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
Mandegari,MohsenAli,Farzad,Somayeh.,vonRensburg,Eugene,andGörgens,Johann.F,«Multi-criteriaanalysisofabiorefineryforco-productionoflacticacidandethanolfromsugarcanelignocellulose,Biofuels,BioproductsandBiorefining,doi:10.1002/bbb.1801(inpress)
Sugarsandstarch(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
MartijnL.M.Broeren,StijnN.C.Dellaert,BenjaminCok,MartinK.Patel,ErnstWorrell,LiShen;“LifecycleassessmentofsisalfibreeExploringhowlocalpracticescaninfluenceenvironmentalperformance”JournalofCleanerProduction149(2017)818-827
Fibres
Rawmaterial
Martinez,S.,Bessou,C.,Hure,L.,Guilbot,J.andHelias,A.,“TheimpactofpalmoilfeedstockwithintheLCAofabio-sourcedcosmeticcream",JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.145,2017,pp.348-360.
Oils(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
Murphy,RichardJ,andAndrewNorton,“LifeCycleAssessmentsofNaturalFibreInsulationMaterials”PublishedbyNationalNon-FoodCropsCentre,February2008.http://nova-institut.de/news-images/20080306-05/lca_fibre.pdf
Fibres
Rawmaterial
Poopak,Sotoodehnia,andAmiriRoodan,“EnvironmentalBenefitofUsingBagasseinPaperProduction-ACaseStudyofLCAinIran,”GlobalWarming-ImpactsandFuturePerspectives,2012
Fibres
44 D2.1: Report summarizing the findings of the literature review on environmental indicators related to bio-based products
Rawmaterial
Saraiva,AnnaBernstad,ElenB.a.v.Pacheco,GabrielM.Gomes,LeilaL.y.Visconte,C.a.Bernardo,CarlaL.Simões,andAntonioG.Soares,“Comparativelifecycleassessmentofmangopackagingmadefromapolyethylene/Naturalfiber-Compositeandfromcardboardmaterial,”JournalofCleanerProductionVol.139,2016,pp.1168–1180
Fibres
Rawmaterial
Secchi,Michela,Castellani,Valentina,Collina,Elena,Mirabella,Nadia,andSala,Serenella,“Assessingeco-innovationsingreenchemistry:LifeCycleAssessment(LCA)ofacosmeticproductwithabio-basedingredient",JournalofCleanerProduction,Vol.129,2016,pp.269-281.
Oils(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
Souza,Alexandre.,Watanabe,MarcosDjunBarbosa,Cavalett,Otavio,Ugaya,CassiaMariaLie,andBonomi,Antonio,«Sociallifecycleassessmentoffirstandsecond-generationethanolproductiontechnologiesinBrazil»,TheInternationalJournalofLifeCycleAssessment,(inpress),doi:10.1007/s11367-016-1112-y
Sugarsandstarch(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
SpyrosFoteinis,VictorKouloumpis,andTheocharisTsoutsos,“LifecycleanalysisforbioethanolproductionfromsugarbeetcropsinGreece”.EnergyPolicy,39,2011,4834–4841.
Sugarsandstarch(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
Suwanmanee,Unchalee,Varabuntoonvit,Viganda,Chaiwutthinan,Phasawat,Tajan,Monchai,MungcharoenThumrongrut,andThanawadeeLeejarkpai,"Lifecycleassessmentofsingleusethermoformboxesmadefrompolystyrene(PS),polylacticacid,(PLA),andPLA/starch:cradletoconsumergate",TheInternationalJournalofLifeCycleAssessment,Vol.18,No.2,2013,pp.401-417
Sugarsandstarch(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
VercalsterenAn,BoonenKatrien,“LifeCycleAssessmentstudyofstarchproductsfortheEuropeanstarchindustryassociation(StarchEurope):sectorstudy”,Reportno.2015/SMAT/R/0083,FlemishInstituteforTechnologicalResearchNV“VITO”,pp.30
Sugarsandstarch(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
YelinDeng,YajunTian,AssessingtheEnvironmentalImpactofFlaxFibreReinforcedPolymerCompositefromaConsequentialLifeCycleAssessmentPerspective;Sustainability,2015,Vol.7,pp.11462-11483
Fibres
Rawmaterial
Zhang,Yanan,Hu,GuipingandBrown,RobertC.,“Lifecycleassessmentofacommoditychemicalproductionfromforestresidueviafastpyrolysis",InternationalJournalofLifeCycleAssessment,Vol.19,2014,pp.1371-1381.
Oils(non-polymerized)
Rawmaterial
Zucaro,Amalia,Forte,Annachiara,Fagnano,Massimo,Bastianoni,Simone.,Basosi,Riccardo,Fierro,Angelo,«ComparativeattributionallifecycleassessmentofannualandperenniallignocellulosicfeedstocksproductionunderMediterraneanclimateforbiorefineryframework»,IntegratedEnvironmentalAssessmentandManagement,vol.11,no.3,2015,pp.397-403.doi:10.1002/ieam.1604
Sugarsandstarch(non-polymerized)
9.2 Short bibliographic reports
Everyreviewedarticlehasbeensummarizedinashortbibliographicreport.Thesereportsareavailableintheannexedfile“D2.1Reviewedarticlesshortreportsannex2.pdf”.
9.3 Synthesis of reviewed articles
Thetablecollectingallthekeyinformationfromthereviewedarticlesisavailableintheannexedfile“D2.1Synthesisofreviewedarticlesannex3.xlsx”.