stanleyville vermiculite project (canalex option) … · final report on work opap pile * op90-209...

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3iciesweee4 ea.seia BURGESS 010

FINAL REPORT ON WORK

OPAP PILE * OP90-209

STANLEYVILLE VERMICULITE PROJECT

(CANALEX OPTION)

N 1/2 LOT 17, CONCESSION VIIINORTH BURGESS TWP., LANARK COUNTY

ONTARIO

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ll JANUARY 27, 1991

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PETER TREDGER, P.Eng. 573 CASTLEFIELD AVENUE

TORONTO, ONTARIO CANADA MSN 1L9

STANLEYVILLE OPEN PIT

VIEW NORTH FROM THE SOUTHWEST END OF THE OPEN PIT, OCTOBER 1990. TRENCH 6 CAN BE SEEN AT LEFT AND STOCKPILE IS VISIBLE ON THE HORIZON AT RIGHT. NOTE CAR IN CENTRE FOR SCALE.

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Q TABLE OP 31C16SWTOM 63 - 5812 BURGESS

1. INTRODUCTION2. PROPERTY, LOCATION AND ACCESS3. WORK DONE4. GRIDDING AND VLF EM SURVEY5. SAMPLING6. COMMERCIAL EVALUATION OF STANLEYVILLE VERMICULITE7. STOCKPILE TONNAGE AND GRADE ESTIMATE8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

TABLES

TABLE 1 SAMPLES SELECTED FOR COMMERCIAL EVALUATIONTABLE 2 VERMICULITE CONTENT

ILLUSTRATIONS

i010C

PAGE

12235599

67

FOLLOWING PAGE

FIGURE 1 LOCATION MAPFIGURE 2 CLAIM MAP

FIGURE 3 COMPILATION MAP MAPFIGURE 4 EM16R SURVEY PLAN MAP

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 REPORT - "EVALUATION OF VERMICULITE FROMSTANLEYVILLE, CANADA FOR USE IN COMMERCIALAPPLICATIONS", BY JAMES R. HINDMAN, JANUARY

APPENDIX 2 MEMORANDUM - "STOCKPILE TONNAGE ESTIMATE",P. TREDGER, NOVEMBER 1990

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POCKET

POCKET

1991

BY

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FINAL REPORT ON WORK

OPAP FILE * OP90-209

STANLEYVILLE VERMICULITE PROJECT

1. INTRODUCTION

This report contains the supporting documentation for the final submission for OPAP File # OP90-209 (OPAP grant # OPG90-014) regarding work done on the Stanleyville vermiculite project.

This report should be read in conjunction with a companion report by Laurence Curtis relating to OPAP File # OP90-211 which describes additional work completed on the same project under a separate OPAP grant.

The overall objective of the work was to evaluate the economic potential of the property, recognizing that there are presently opportunities for new production, both in the traditional vermiculite concentrate market as well as in emerging markets in the specialized environmental, filler and dispersions areas. Past work on the property did not fully delineate the extent of the vermiculite mineralization, assess the stockpile resource, or adequately evaluate the deposit as a source for commercial vermiculite concentrates.

Aggregate work completed on the Stanleyville project under both OPAP grants includes:

* 1,995 metres(m) of linecutting, chaining and picketing;

* 1,235 m of VLF EM surveying;* 547 m of trenching and pitting;* mapping and sampling of trenches, outcrops and the

stockpile;* a mineralogical study;* estimation of stockpile tonnage and grade;* a commercial evaluation (le, vermiculite content of

samples, expected product quality, and possible commercial applications); and

* a study on the commercial separation of the talc from vermiculite and gangue.


In this report, results are presented for the VLF survey, the stockpile tonnage and grade estimate, and the commercial evaluation of the vermiculite. The reader is referred to Curtis 1 OPAP report for detailed descriptions of the trenching program, mapping and geology, and results of the mineralogical study and talc separation study.

2. PROPERTY. LOCATION AND ACCESS

The Stanleyville Vermiculite (Canalex Option) property comprises the north half of Lot 17, Concession VIII, North Burgess Township, Lanark County, Ontario. The property is situated in the Southern Ontario Mining District, approximately 12 kilometres(km) south-southwest of Perth and 53 km north-northwest of Kingston, as shown in Figure 1.

The property consists of 97 acres of patented surface and mineral rights (see claim map, Figure 2). It is held under option from the owner, Canalex Resources Ltd. of Kirkland Lake, by a prospecting syndicate known as the Industrial Minerals Syndicate. The members of the syndicate are Laurence Curtis, Arpad Farkas and the writer.

Access to the property is excellent. The property can be reached by two-wheel drive vehicle, by taking Highway 10 southeast from Perth a distance of 14 km to the Stanleyville turnoff, proceeding south past the Stanleyville store a distance of 0.5 km, and then heading west along a good bush road for 0.5 km. Road distance from Toronto is 370 km, and from Ottawa 90 km.

3. WORK DONE

Work completed under OPAP File # OP90-209 comprises the following:

* 1,995 m of linecutting, chaining and picketing;* 1,235 m o f VLF EM survey;* the commercial evaluation; and* sampling of the trenches and stockpile;* estimation of stockpile tonnage and grade.

Results of this work are presented in sections 4 through 7 of this reoort.

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LOCATION MAPFigure 1.

27 26 - 25 - 24 - 25 -t 22 - 2 1 - 20 - 19 - IS

4OO"S~ucc

Canalex Option

NORTH a SOUTH BURGESS

" COUNTY OF LANARK- LEEDSSOUTHERN ONTARIO

MINING DIVISION

LEGENDPATENTED LAND

CROWN LAND SALE

LEASES

LOCiTEO LANO

LICENSE OF OCCUPATIONROADS

IMPROVED ROACS

KING'S HIGHWAY

RAILWAYS

POWER LINES

MARSH OR MUSXES

MINING RIGHTS ONLY

SURFACE RIGHTS ONLY

MINES

CS.

OLoc-

L-0

NOTES

THIS MAP NOT TO BE USED FOR SURVEY PURPOSE

AU claim] oft occepttd job j td lo Section 53 e* Mining Ac! .

i OATEOFlSS'Ji i

-

"V,

PLAN NO- M. 6!

Claim Map

Scale: 80 Chains

Canalex Option

Figure 2.


The Incentives Office was notified of changes in the scope of work for OPAP File # OP90-209 in late September, 1990. These changes, described below, stemmed from a re-evaluation of the project based on results obtained as of September.

The original OP90-209 application contemplated prospecting of reported vermiculite showings on Crown-owned mineral lands on the shoreline of Pike Lake, situated short distances east and northeast of the Canalex property. The location of the Pike Lake properties is shown in Figure 2. Reconnaissance traverses in these areas revealed that cottages have been built along the entire shoreline of Pike Lake in the areas of interest, a situation not shown on available maps. Consequently, it was decided not to carry out the Pike Lake prospecting program.

The original OP90-209 application also proposed drilling to test for extensions of the Canalex open pit vermiculite zone. Backhoe trenching, which was found to be very cost-effective in exploration for the soft, weathered, sub-cropping vermiculite rich zones, located mineralization east and north of the open pit (Zones A and B as shown in Figure 4 and detailed in the Curtis report). In each of these areas, the vermiculite zones disappeared under swamp cover, precluding additional trenching. The swampy ground conditions also precluded any drilling until winter, ie, beyond the time frame of the OPAP funding.

As a result, the X)P90-209 funds initially budgeted for prospecting and drilling were directed towards a more comprehensive commercial evaluation of the Stanleyville vermiculite than was originally proposed in Curtis 1 grant application. Commercial studies, carried out at a relatively early stage, are standard practice in the exploration of industrial mineral deposits, because of rigorous product quality specifications. Commercial studies which have been reported in the past for the Canalex property were incomplete and were not carried out by individuals with commercial experience.

4. GRIPPING AND VLF EM SURVEY

To provide control for mapping, trenching, the VLF EM survey, and the stockpile tonnage estimate, a total of 550 m of baseline and 1,445 m of cross lines were cut, chained and picketed at 25 metre intervals as illustrated in Figure 3. This work was done by the writer, L. Curtis and A. Farkas on June 11-12 and July 18-19, 1990. As shown, the baseline is oriented at 058 magnetic. Unless otherwise indicated, ail directions in this report are given with reference to grid north {328 mag.)


The VLF EM survey utilised a Geonics EM16R resistivity- meter unit with a standard 10 m interprobe spacing. The VLF transmitter used was NAA (Cutler, Maine) and the instrument was oriented grid southeast (ie, true south) in taking the readings. The survey was carried out on July 20 and 21, 1990 by A. Farkas and the writer. A total of 1,235 m on eight lines were surveyed at 12.5m intervals and 108 readings of apparent resistivity were made. In addition, at 36 of the stations (on four lines), readings of tilt angle were made.

The initial objective of the VLF survey was to determine whether or not the method could be used as an exploration tool in locating vermiculite-clay enriched zones, and in this sense it was a trial survey. The basis for this trial survey was the observation that vermiculite is associated with clay minerals and hence zones of vermiculite enrichment may be less resistant than the calc-silicates. The east and west strike extensions of the Canalex open pit were the areas targeted. It is important to note that the EM16R unit measures near surface resistivity, within approximately 20 m of surface, and most of the information obtained reflects conditions in the top 10 m.

Results are shown in Figure 3. Resistivity measurements were all low, ranging between 10 and 280 ohm-metres. Tilt angle readings were generally erratic. Two areas of relatively high resistivity (plus 100 ohm-metres) were located, the first an arcuate east- west trending barid between lines 0+25E and 2+OOE just south of the stockpile, and the second an east-west band extending west from the stockpile between lines 0+25W and 0+50E. Both of these relatively resistive areas were found to correspond with outcrop and trench occurrences of unweathered and unaltered calc- silicates and gneiss.

Lower resistivity measurements (less than 100 ohm-metres) were found to correspond with the stockpile, swamp covered areas, and the pit extensions. The stockpile and swampy areas produced the lowest values. Unfortunately, the survey was not able to distinguish, within the saprolitic calc-silicates in the prime area of interest east of the pit, between vermiculite enriched zones and the low to average grade zones.

In summary, although the EM16R survey was able to map the areas of near surface, higher resistivity, it was not successful in detailing zones of vermiculite enrichment within the lower resistivity areas.


S. SAMPLING

As detailed in Curtis' companion report, 547 m of backhoe trenching and pitting were completed. Seven trenches and six test pits were excavated as shown in Figure 3. The trenches and pits were filled-in immediately after mapping and sampling. All of.the higher grade vermiculite zones encountered were channel sampled (typical channels were taken across 5 m and weighed 10 kg). Selected samples were prepared for commercial evaluation (and additional samples were selected for other studies, see Curtis 1 report). This work was carried out by the writer and L. Curtis with the assistance of A. Farkas and P. Dadson, consultants, on June 11, July 21, October 16-17, November 22 and December 13, 1990.

Table l lists and describes the 11 representative, carefully selected samples that were submitted for the commercial evaluation. Budget constraints dictated that no more samples could be evaluated. Sample preparation in Toronto involved compositing the individual channel samples and then splitting the composite sample. Sample locations are shown in Figure 3. For particulars regarding the rock types and units, and for details of the trench sampling program, refer to the Curtis report.

6. COMMERCIAL EVALUATION OF STANLEYVILLE VERMICULITE

The Stanleyville samples were evaluated as a source material for commercial vermiculite concentrates by James R. HIndman, an independent consulting mineralogist in Salt Lake City, Utah. Dr. HIndman Is a vermiculite Industry specialist with a broad range of commercial experience in vermiculite exploration, mining, beneficiation and product development, including eight years at the Libby, Montana operation of W.R. Grace S Company, the leading vermiculite producer In North America.

Dr. Hindman's report is presented in Appendix 1. The first portion of his report (pages l to 7) contains a very useful background discussion of vermiculite terminology, uses, mining, mineralogy, commercial evaluation criteria, and asbestos contamination.

The principal results of the commercial evaluation of the Stanleyville samples are summarized below. Reference should be made to Hindman's report (pages 7 to 19) for analytic procedures employed and more detailed results.

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Sample #

TR1-A

TR1-B

TR2-A

TR2-B

TR2-C

TR4-A

TR4-B

TR4-C

TR-6A

ST-1

ST-2A

SAMPLES

Location

Trench 1L O+OO/OS-88. 5S

Trench 1

Trench 2L 0+25E/85-94S,52.5-65S

Trench 230-49S,65-85S

Trench 2

Trench 4L 1+75W/15-32N

Trench 4

Trench 40+03N

Trench 6L 275W/38-55N

Stockpile

Stockpile

TABLE 1

SELECTED FOR COMMERCIAL EVALUATION

Description

Split of composite 53.5m horizontalchannel sample of Units 1 St 2 , excludesone 5m low grade section. Weight 2.5 kg.

Split of composited vertical channelsamples from 5 sites in the above TR1-Ainterval, average sample height 2m.Weight 1.5 kg.

Split of composite 21.5m horiz. channelof high grade Unit 1 . Excludes anInternal 20m lower grade section.Weight 1 kg.

Split 35m horiz. channel sample, lowergrade than TR2-B. Includes the 20msection noted above. Weight 1.5 kg.

High grade Unit 1 grab sample, 8 7 S.

Split of composite 17m horiz. channelsample, high grade Unit 1. Weight1.5 kg.

Selected high grade grab samples, Unit1, from above interval. Weight 1.5 kg.

Unknown cs.gr. calc-silicate mineral.Unit 4. Grab sample.

Split of composite 17m horiz. channel ,Unit 1. Weight 9 kg.

Split of composited vertical channelsamples from the four 3.7m deep testpits. Unit 1. Weight 2 kg.

Split of four composited 10 kg randomsamples from the test pits. Unit 1.Weight 9 kg.

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(a) Vermiculite Content

The vermiculite content of nine samples was determined using thermal exfoliation and water flotation. Results are tabulated below.

TABLE 2

VERMICULITE

Sample

TR4-BST2-AST-1TR4-ATR2-ATR2-BTR6-ATR1-ATR1-B

CONTENT (wt. *)

Vermiculite

35.729.725.123.322.117.315.014.713.0

(Note: These vermiculite (Vm) content assays are generally consistent with the visual estimates made in the field for the same samples, the largest deviation being for TR6-A which was visually estimated at 20* (see trench maps in the Curtis report).

TR4-B, with the highest Vm content of the samples assayed, was a selected high grade grab sample. The two stockpile samples contained an average of 27.4* Vm. Samples TR4-A and TR2-A are representative of the Vm content (average 22.7* Vm) that might be achieved from selective mining of the known higher grade {Unit 1) areas, under strict grade control procedures. Samples TR2-B, TR1-A and TR1-B (averaging 15.0* Vm) are more representative of the Vm content of the overall saprolitic calc-silicate package (Units l and 2). However, it is important to keep in mind that because of the small number of samples evaluated, the preceeding percentages are Indications only, and no reliable grade estimates are possible at this stage.)


Size Distribution

The distribution of vermiculite in the samples indicated that little, if any, concentrates could be produced in sizes larger than Grade 3 (minimum grain size of 35 mesh Tyler or 0.425 mm) and in general Grades 3 and 4 were indicated. Larger size grades (l and 2) command much higher prices than the fine sized concentrates possible from Stanleyville.

(c) Product Quality

Two samples of concentrate were prepared by air classification of the 9 kg samples (ST2-A and TR6-A) , and the thermal exfoliation potential of these concentrates was determined using a laboratory scale proxy of a commercial exfoliation plant. Although significant exfoliation was observed, the calculated bag yields were disappointingly low (20 to 22 bags per ton). The bag yield for equivalent sized, commercial quality material from Montana would be at least two or three times as great. Even if the laboratory tests were optimized so as to produce better sized concentrates, because most of the vermiculite grains are relatively thin, the potential bag yield of the samples would likely not to exceed 40 bags per ton. Thus the Stanleyville samples indicate a low quality, non- competitive product for traditional commercial purposes.

(d) Asbestos Contamination

The presence of asbestiform tremolite in some commercial vermiculite concentrates is a growing cause for concern. X-ray diffraction of sample TR4-C identified crystalline tremolite which is .not considered harmful. {Note: No evidence of asbestiform minerals was found at Stanleyville in the current work program. A discussion of this topic can be found in Mackinnon et al, OGS Mineral Deposits Circular 31, 1990, p. 25.;

(e) Potential Commercial Applications

Two specialized commercial possibilities exist for Stanleyville vermiculite owing to its very light colour when exfoliated by either heat or chemicals. The first is as a premium priced filler, in competition with ground muscovite or phlogopite, and the second is as a chemically modified dispersion product for certain high tech applications. (Note: As referred to in Curtis' OPAP proposal, environmental applications of treated vermiculite as a toxic waste absorber are also possible.)


Stockpile test pit. Note the crude layering and the "smearing" of talc and clay minerals by the backhoe.

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7. STOCKPILE TONNAGE AND GRADE ESTIMATE

As noted above, the average vermiculite content of the two stockpile samples was 27.4* (weight percent, air dried basis).

A preliminary stockpile tonnage estimate was made by calculating the volume of the stockpile and then converting the volume into tonnage by applying density and moisture factors. Details are given in Appendix 2. Accuracy of the estimate is judged to be + /- 2096.

The stockpile volume was estimated to be 92,000 m . The average of three field density tests carried out on the stockpiled material is 2.2 tonnes/m . Moisture content of the stockpile was measured to be approximately 8.596 by weight. As a preliminary best estimate, the stockpile thus contains approximately 185,000 tonnes (air dried basis).

8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

(1) The shoreline of Pike Lake is heavily cottaged in thevicinity of the reported vermiculite showings. Prospecting in these areas was not carried out and is not recommended.

(2) Although the EM16R survey was able to map the areas of near surface, higher resistivity, it was not successful in detailing zones of vermiculite enrichment within the lower resistivity areas.

(3) The commercial evaluation of nine small but representative samples indicates that the Stanleyville deposit is not suitable as a source for commercially competitive vermiculite concentrates for use in traditional applications. This is due to (a) low concentrations of coarse vermiculite grains, and (b) the relative thinness of the vermiculite grains which results in low exfoliated volumes. Consequently, no further evaluation of the Stanleyville deposit as a source for commercial vermiculite concentrates is warranted.

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(4) The very light colour of exfoliated Stanleyville vermiculite grains may offer commercial possibilities in specialised filler and dispersion applications. In addition, the vermiculite may have applications in the field of environmental waste absorption. Follow-up investigation in these areas is recommended.

(5) No evidence of asbestiform tremolite has been found atStanleyville. Crystalline tremolite is present but is not considered a health problem.

(6) The surface stockpile on the Stanleyville property contains an estimated 185,000 tonnes of material having a vermiculite content of approximately 27.45^ by weight (air dried basis).

Respectfully submitted,

Peter Tredger, P.Eng.

10

APPENDIX

l l EVALUATION OF VERMICULITE FROM

STANLEYVILLE, CANADA, FOR USE INCOMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

______James R. Hindman, Ph.D* Consulting Mineralogist——————

Abstract advantages of vermiculite from Stanleyville, Samples of vermiculite ore from Stanleyville, several sections are included in this report dealing

Ontario Province, Canada, were evaluated for with vermiculite nomenclature, mining, and as- suitability as source material for commercial ver- bestos contamination, miculite concentrates. Those portions of the ore Some Definitions samples which might provide saleable vermiculite A common shortcoming in a surprisingly large concentrates, particles greater than 0.5 millimeters number of papers is the lack of definition for the in diameter, were generally low grade. Particles "vermiculite" being discussed. It is not uncom- appear to be thin and do not provide high ex- mon that even after reading the entire paper, one foliated volumes. The light color assumed by cannot determine if the work involves thermally thermally and chemically exfoliated vermiculite exfoliated vermiculite or the raw concentrate particles might cause Stanleyville vermiculite to produced at the minesite. Clearly, a simple and be highly sought after for some specialized ap- concise definition of vermiculite is needed. The plications. From the samples provided for ex- description given by Webb in 1824 gives the es- amination, however, it appears that is insufficient sential aspect of commercial vermiculite: "If sub- coarse vermiculite particles to make the deposit a jected to the flame of a blowpipe, or that of a viable source of commercial vermiculite con- common lamp, it expands and snoots out into a centrates. variety of fanciful forms, resembling most

Introduction generally small worms having the vermicular mo- Vermiculite is a versatile industrial mineral and lion exact". Observing that with one exception, all

is employed in various applications as purified commercial vermiculite has formed by the altera- concentrate, thermally exfoliated particles, and tionofiron-bearingphlogopite:asimpledefinition chemically modified products. Like many non- of vermiculite might be the alteration product metallic mineral commodities, it is relatively inex- of trioctahedral micas, macroscopic particles of pensive and the cost of transportation to the user which display marked exfoliation when heated is often half of it's cost. The high profit potential rapidly to temperatures above 374 degrees Cel- of some vermiculite uses, however, continue to sius (the critical temperature of water), create a market for commercial vermiculite with This definition is not intended to adequately premium prices being paid for concentrates with serve in studies dealing with clays and soils. The large particle sizes. The presence of asbestos is identification and interpretation of vermiculite in currently a significant factor in the marketability these occurrences requires x-ray diffraction of vermiculite and any deposit with asbestos con- analysis. In order to further contrast the interests tamination is at a severe disadvantage in all aspects of soil scientists and clay mineralogists the term of the industry. No asbestiform minerals were commercial vermiculite is used to indicate the observed in the Stanleyville samples, but this area vermiculite of commerce which consists of macro- would need to be fully addressed prior to produc- scopic particles generally larger than one mil lion of vermiculite concentrates from this ore. limeter in size.

Unlike copper or quartz sand, the usefulness of The term exfoliation i s used when the layersvermiculite depends on a number of factors which within the vermiculite structure are separated fromare based on it's crystal structure, geologic origin, each other in a direction roughly perpendicular toand chemical composition. In order to provide the silicate sheets. This term is used in preferenceadequate understanding of the advantages and dis- to the nondirectional behavior described by ex-

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Evaluation of Stanleyville Vermiculite Page 2 James R. Hindman for Curtis and Associates

ion (such as with perlite). The physical thick- of the vermiculite particles can be altered by

both thermal exfoliation and chemical exfoliation.The first vermiculite described was found near

Worcester, Massachusetts, but it was later pointed out by Brush (1866) that vermiculite had been known for some time in Japan as a children's novelty. Because the techniques for mineral - analysis were primitive compared to those routine ly available today, the early literature generated at least 20 "new" minerals which were nothing more than variations in the color and chemistry dis played by vermiculite.

Although the confusion caused by these early studies has been resolved, the abuses resulting from the mining and marketing of vermiculite still exist. The common usage of the term vermiculite for the thermally exfoliated product is so entrenched with contractors and the general public that it would be easier to redefine the naturally occurring material. The VTN will use the term vermiculite with modifiers to indicate any modification of the original material and use the terms thermally exfoliated vermiculite (TEV) and chemically exfoliated vermiculite (CEV) to differentiate the treated products from the mined material.

A term which l try to avoid is hydrobiotite. This term, although widely used, is not applicable to commercial vermiculite. Hydrobiotite suggests that water molecules are incorporated into the biotite structure during the initial growth of the crystal. Although this might be possible, the water molecules in vermiculite have been introduced as a result of the weathering and alteration of biotite. It is very likely that the original papers dealing with hydrobiotite were actually dealing with mix tures of potassium, calcium, and magnesium vermiculites and not interstratified biotite and vermiculite.

Other terms used when dealing with commer cial vermiculite are defined in the following dis cussions of the structure and crystal chemistry of vermiculite.

Vermiculite MiningThe production of commercial vermiculite

began in 1915 with the unsuccessful marketing of "Tung Ash", the name given to vermiculite mined near Hecla, Colorado. Actually, vermiculite was inadvertently mined in the 1800's as a major ac cessory mineral in the Jenks Mine, North Carolina,

corundum deposit (Cooke, 1874). The ver miculite mine started by the Zonolite Company at Libby, Montana in 1921 was the first successful venture in the vermiculite industry. The Libby deposit supported the oldest producing ver miculite mine and was developed and enlarged for almost 70 years. Vermiculite has also been mined for short periods of time in other states including Colorado, Wyoming, and North Carolina.

Until recently, commercial vermiculite produc tion in North America was dominated by W.R. Grace 8c Company with production from the mine and mill at Libby, Montana. This recent closure of this operation has had a dramatic effect on the vermiculite industry. Current production in the United States is now restricted to mines in South Carolina, Virginia and Montana. Production of vermiculite outside the United States is predominantly from Phalabowra, Republic of South Africa. Other countries currently producing vermiculite include Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Japan, and the USSR.

As one can see from Figure l, there are a number of sources for commercial vermiculite. Two fac tors which remain important in the economics of the industry are the availability of coarse sized vermiculite concentrates and the cost of shipping. Since the remaining mines in the United States produce very little of the larger sizes, it now economically feasible to import vermiculite from overseas. Any potential new source of vermiculite in North America has a much greater chance of success than just six months ago.

The Structure of VermiculiteThe crystal structure and chemistry of ver

miculite is well known, especially to those work ing with commercial vermiculite. Because the vermiculite from Stanleyville seems different in some ways to other commercial vermiculites, a brief review of the structure and crystal chemistry of vermiculite seems appropriate to clarify the nomenclature used in this report. For a more complete discussion of the vermiculite structure the recent work by de la Calle and Suquet (1988) is recommended.

An excellent way to understand the structure and ion exchange behavior of vermiculite is to follow the transformation of the initial mica into vermiculite. But before following the transforma tion of phlogopite or biotite into vermiculite, a

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Evaluation of Stanleyville Vcmiculitc, Page 3 James R. Hindman for Curtis and Associates

Undeveloped deposits

Producing Mines Figure l. Vermiculite mines and potential new operations.

brief review of the crystal structure of phlogopite mica and 14-Angstrom vermiculite is in order.

Commercial vermiculite (i.e. the material which is mined and beneficiated) is formed by the near surface weathering of rocks containing large crys tals of micas known as iron-bearing phlogopite and biotite. The difference between iron-bearing phlogopite and biotite is simply the amount of ferrous iron substituting for magnesium in the phlogopite structure. Increasing iron content dif ferentiates the pale brown and transparent phlogopite (FeO -f FeiOs = 4.7*fc), which is the precursor of Phalabowra vermiculite, from the black and opaque biotite (FeO + Fe2O3 = 9.8^0 which eventually becomes vermiculite at the Libby deposit.

The prominent feature of both phlogopite and biotite structures are sheets of silica and alumina tetrahedra (i.e. a pyramid of with three oxygen atoms forming the base, one oxygen atom forming the apex, and a silicon or aluminum atom hidden in the center of the group) linked together in an hexagonal array. These sheets are called tetrahedral layers. If one were to view them towards their flat base, one would see only oxygen

atoms linked in a thick-walled honeycomb outline with six sided holes that are not quite large enough to contain a sodium ion. The other side of these sheets are made up of the fourth, or apical, oxygen of the tetrahedra.

The cavities on the flat side of the tetrahedral layer are too small to accommodate any ion within them much larger than lithium. When the mica is forming in nature, however, there is abundant potassium ions which will fit about one third of themselves into the cavity. Another third of the ions fit into a corresponding cavity in another tetrahedral sheet, thus acting as a bridge to bind to tetrahedral sheets together. The region bounded by the flat sides of two tetrahedral sheets and normally occupied by potassium ions in micas is called the interlayer region. In vermiculite ter minology this region, or layer, is also referred to as the exchangeable ion layer. Since only two thirds of the potassium ion can be fitted into the two tetrahedral sheets, the sheets will be held away from each other by a distance equivalent to about the middle third of a potassium ion. In the ver miculite structure, these potassium ions may be replaced by magnesium, calcium, or sodium ions

either side of these cations will increase to accom- vermiculite is understood, one can follow themodate these large hydrate groups. natural alteration of phlogopite into vermiculite.

Unlike the base of the tetrahedral layer where Consider a hypothetical iron-bearing phlogopitethe honeycomb cavities are barely large enough to with the formula:allow another oxygen atom to fit in, the other [K2J(Mg5Fc*i(Si6AbO2o)(OH)4 (apical) side of the layer contains only one third *- which has an iron content of FeO = 8.1 *2fc. Asthe number of tetrahedral oxygens and there is the ferrous iron is oxidized, the charge balancemqre than enough room to accommodate addition- within the structure is most easily maintained byal ions such as hydroxyl or fluorine, small cations loss of potassium from the interlayer with thesuch as magnesium and iron (both ferrous and potential replacement of these ions by waterferrie), and still allow for a close fit with the apical molecules. The resulting mineral is potassiumside of another tetrahedral layer. The small ea- vermiculite and has a formula of:tions fit into this region in such a way that they are JK.HzOKMgsFe* )(Si6AbO2o)(OH)4surrounded by 4 apical oxygens and 2 hydroxyl Potassium vermiculite cannot be easily dif-ions. The regular arrangement of 6 oxygen atoms ferentiated from phlogopite or biotite by x-rayabout the small cations gives rise to this region diffraction techniques. It is, however, a commonbeing called the octahedral layer. The octahedral form of vermiculite at Libby where it identical incations in phlogopite are iron and magnesium, appearance to the unaltered biotite. Unless a ther-while in muscovite, aluminum is the octahedral mal exfoliation test is employed, it is impossiblecation. in most cases to differentiate large crystals of

The fact that a large number of ions can fit into potassium vermiculite from biotite. In the case ofthe available spaces in the apical side of the Libby material, personal experience hastetrahedral layer has resulted in some confusion, demonstrated how easy it is to study the alterationThe octahedral layer is composed of hydroxyl, of biotite into vermiculite while actually studyingmagnesium and iron ions which act to bind two the transformation of potassium vermiculite intotetrahedral layers together. Because the mag- another variety of vermiculite,nesium and iron ions are coordinated with both Although it is not obvious by examining thehydroxyls and the apical oxygens, and the formulae for biotite and potassium vermiculite,hydroxyls lie in the plane occupied by the apical increased separation in the interlayer area is neces-oxygens, the octahedral layer contains parts of two sary to allow for the exchange of potassium ionsadjoining tetrahedral layers. and water molecules. Continued ion exchange

The resulting sandwich of tetrahedral and oc- between the oxidizing biotite and ground water tahedral layers is the basic building block of the may produce the well known 14 Angstrom mag- micas, chlorites, and vermiculites. This sandwich nesium vermiculite. Normally, however, both cal- is composed of two tetrahedral layers bound cium and magnesium ions are abundant in natural together by one octahedral layer and is often ref- waters so that a mixed vermiculite will form with erenced in the literature by a term such as a 2:1 the resulting formula of: phyllosilicate. (The term phyllosilicate means IMg.6H2O,Ca.6-8H2O]o.s(Mg5Fc )(Si6Al2O2o)(OH)4 sheet or layer silicate, and is used to describe Another common vermiculite cell contains a minerals such as mica, vermiculite, talc, kaolinite, sm Sle l aver of water molecules and is 12 bentonite, etc.). What is important to remember in Angstroms thick. Sodium vermiculite generally both the genesis and product development of ver- assumes the 12 Angstrom arrangement, but there miculite is that the tetrahedral layer is the basic is evidence that this arrangement is often is taken buildingblockofthestructure,theoctahedrallayer bV common calcium/magnesium vermiculite, the connecting unit of the structure, and the inter- Many researchers identify the 12 Angstrom phase layer the filler unit of the structure. The filler unit in calcium/magnesium vermiculite as hydrobiotite is the easiest to change, while the building block and exPlam u as the averaSe of alternating 10 can only be altered at the expense of the crystal Angstrom biotite and 14 Angstrom vermiculite structure layers. This explanation may be of use m some

areas of clay mineralogy, but does not seem ap-


Evaluation of Stanleyville Vcmiculitc. PagcS James R. Hindman for Curtis and Associates

propl W"

date when working with commercial ver- lites.

Cation Exchange Capacity

Many of the new uses for vermiculite are based on the ability to exchange ions and molecules, both inorganic and organic, for the magnesium and calcium ions normally found in vermiculite. The- net charge of the altered 2:1 sheet determines the amount of exchangeable ions kept in the inter layer. Although the net charge is easily calculated, it is difficult to measure directly. The amount of exchangeable magnesium and calcium in a com mercial vermiculite is easily measured, however, and by expressing this value as milliequivilents per 100 grams of material, the necessity of determin ing the exact composition of the vermiculite and the homogeneity of the sample is eliminated.

The cation exchange capacity, or C.E.C. of ver miculite is determined by the extent of oxidation of the octahedral iron. For the unaltered biotite previously examined the theoretical C.E.C. is 2 equivalents per mole. This value can also be ex pressed as 231 milliequivalents/100 grams.

As the ferrous iron is oxidized the net negative charge of the 2: l layer is diminished so that fewer interlayer cations are required to balance the charge within the structure. The potential C.E.C. falls rapidly with increasing iron content. Biotite with an octahedral cation ration of Mg:Fe = 2: l has a potential C.E.C. of O upon full oxidation of the iron because the layer has no net charge to attract cations. (It is interesting to speculate if a very high iron vermiculite might become anion exchangeable if all of the octaheral iron were forced to full oxidation).

Thermal Exfoliated Vermiculite

The actual value of a vermiculite deposit is most easily calculated on potential volume of the ex foliated concentrate. Although may specialized uses for chemically modified vermiculite may in dicate very high product values in the future, the majority of vermiculite mined in the world today continues to be used after thermal exfoliation.

Partially in order to enhance thermal exfoliation concentrated vermiculite is screened into different ranges for particle sizes. The sizes normally used in the United States are Number l (3x8 mesh Tyler), Number 2 (6x14 mesh Tyler), Number 3 (10x35 mesh Tyler), Number 4 (28x65 mesh Tyler), and Number 5 (65x150 mesh Tyler). The

price commanded for the larger sizes are SI 50-200 per ton compared to S80-100 per ton for the finer sizes.

Thermally exfoliated vermiculite is normally packaged in four (4) cubic foot bags. The value of a vermiculite concentrate is easily calculated by the number of these bags obtained from one ton of concentrate and is normally spoken of as "bag yield" and expressed as "bags per ton" or "B/T".

The bag yield of a vermiculite concentrate depends on a number of variables: the grade (or purity) of the concentrate, the sizing of the ver miculite particles, and a number of chemical and structural properties that can be summed up as the "quality" of the vermiculite. In general, bag yields are optimized by high grade and close sizing (screening) of the concentrates; and superior bag yields are produced by better quality vermiculites. It is interesting to note that although the annual production of vermiculite concentrates in the United States has declined in recent years, the actual value of the concentrates and their ex foliated products have continued to increase.

Asbestos Contamination In VermiculiteThere are many criteria for judging the quality

of commercial vermiculite, but the one quality which continues to increase in importance is the presence or absence of asbestos. In fact, the presence of a small amount of asbestos in the vermiculite ore may, as far as some are concerned, outweigh the superior qualities of the vermiculite concentrate. By and large, this concern is the reason for the premature closing of the Libby mine.

As vermiculite continues to be used in new applications more potential buyers of vermiculite concentrates are forced to evaluate the potential of asbestos contamination in addition to the qualities for which they find vermiculite useful. The fol lowing discussion is directed to those individuals who may not be familiar with the geological and mineralogical relationships between commercial vermiculite and asbestos.

The Formation of Vermiculite and Asbestos Minerals

Vermiculite is not a primary mineral in the sense that it does not crystallize directly from igneous melts or come out of solution in hydrothermal conditions. It is an alteration product of phlogopite and biotite, and it is therefore found in geologic occurrences which were first conducive



the growth of large crystals of biotite or pite. One of the primary requirements for

commercial vermiculite is a relatively large par ticle size so it is not surprising that most ver miculite ore bodies have originated as the two most common sources of large biotite crystals: ultrabasic intrusions (biotitites) and metamophic rocks (biotite schists).

It is interesting that the same geochemical process that transforms large crystals of biotite into large crystals of vermiculite will also produce microscopic fibers of asbestos. However, the mineral composition of the source rock for the ore body will also determine if appreciable asbestos will be formed. In order to appreciate the potential for asbestos formation, it is important to keep in mind the process which transforms biotite into vermiculite.

There is sufficient evidence to indicate that ver miculite forms in two steps: oxidation and ion exchange. To illustrate this let us consider a hypothetical biotite of the composition

K2(Mg5Fc*2)(Si3Alp2o)(OH)4During weathering the iron in the biotite is

oxidized from the ferrous to the ferrie state by the reaction:

K2(MgsFc*2)(Si3AlO2o)(OH)4 * H* K2(Mg5Fct3)(Si3A!02o)(OH)4

After sufficient iron has been oxidized to weaken the bonds between the silicate layers and allow for increased separation, leaching of the now excess potassium and ion exchange with divalent ions will produce hydrated vermiculite by a mechanism similar to this one:

K2(Mg5Fc*3)(Si3AlO2o)(OH)4 + cCa^ 4- mMg** + 6H2O = [(Ca,Mg)o.5,6H2O](Mg5Fct3)(Si3AlO2o)(OH)4 +2 K+

There are two major groups of asbestos minerals. The most well known asbestos mineral is fibrous chrysotile which is one of the serpentine minerals. The second group of minerals is the amphiboles. Most of the chrysotile asbestos is formed at the expense of the olivine which is the. major mineral in the igneous rock dunite and peridotite. (Large clear crystals of olivine are often cut into gemstones which are known by the name peridot). At temperatures below 3750 Cel sius, olivine is not stable is the presence of water and will react to form serpentine as is shown by the following reaction of forsterite (magnesium olivene) altering to serpentine:

3Mg2SiO4 4- 2HV +H2O = 2Mg3Si20s(OH)4 4- Mg"*

It is important to remember that serpentine oc curs as three polymorphs with chrysotile not necessarily being more abundant than lizardite or antigorite in any assemblage. Even when present, chrysotile may not have formed in conditions suitable to produce the long fibers which we most familiar with. In fact, fibrous chrysotile is present in only very small amounts in most serpentine rocks.

A number of minerals in the amphibole group can occur in fibrous varieties. Riebeckite and tremolite are two varieties which have been mined as asbestos minerals. Tremolite is of particular interest because is can form at low temperatures from accessory minerals in some vermiculite deposits. Diopside, a major component of the ore body at Libby will alter to tremolite by the reac tion:

4CaMgSi2O6 t Mg** + 2H4 =

Tremolite, unlike chrysotile which is not stable at elevated temperatures and pressures, can be formed under the same conditions which form large crystals of biotite. Crystalline tremolite is dense, glassy, and exhibits the sharp angular cleavage common to amphibole crystals. This variety does not easily break down in respirable sized particles and its presence in a vermiculite ore body should not be a source of concern.

Detecting Fibers in Ores and ConcentratesThere are three basic techniques which can be

used to determine if there is asbestos contamina tion associated with vermiculite. They are (1) the macroscopic examination of the ore body and geologic samples, (2) extraction and/or concentra tion of fibers from small samples, and (3) the collection and evaluation of airborne fibers.

A trained geologist or mineralogist can quickly evaluate the potential asbestos contamination in a vermiculite mine simply by examining the rocks being mined. The mine is there because the rock contained large crystals of biotite and, invariably, most of the other minerals present produced large crystals. If one cannot observe large crystals of diopside altering to tremolite there probably isn't enough respirable tremolite to measure. If one cannot find veins of fibrous chrysotile or pieces of massive serpentine, then it is unlikely that micro scopic fibers of chrysotile will be present to any great extent. The same rationale extends to the examination of gangue minerals in concentrate samples.

d^^ct them by sampling the air at points where A small number of samples from the Stan-fibers most easily become airborne. Obvious sam- leyville deposit were supplied for evaluation bypling stations for airborne samples would include Curtis and Associates, Toronto, Canada. Theybagging areas associated with exfoliating fur- included two rock samples (TR 2-C and TR 4-C);naces, loading facilities at mines and mills, and at five small representative ore samples (TR l -A, TRthe actual mining operation. The techniques for l -B, TR 2-A, TR 2-B, TR 4-A, TR 4-B, and ST-1);collecting these samples is relatively simple and ~ and two larger samples for beneficiation tests (TRthe paniculate samples collected will often repre- 6-A and ST 2-A). Tests were performed with thesent the processing of many tons of vermiculite. available material to determine the vermiculite

A qualitative evaluation of vermiculite con- content of the Stanleyville ore. Material not con centrates and exfoliated materials for asbestiform sumed during the vermiculite assays was used to minerals is commonly done by microscopic ex- produce concentrates for ion exchange and x-ray animation. This type of microscopic analysis, al- diffraction studies, though not yielding numerical data, can be . ^ sensitive to the presence of fibers in vermiculite Verm'cullte Content Assaysproducts. Moatamed et al (l986) observed fibers The amount of vermiculite contained in oreand fiber structures in vermiculite from Libby, samples was determined using thermal exfoliationLouisa, and Phalabowra. No chrysotile fibers and water flotation. In this technique the orewere found in their study, but fibers of tremolite, sample is screened into separate size fractionsactinolite, and anthophyllite (as well as ver- using Tyler sieves. Each screen fraction ismiculite scroll s) were observed. The presence of separately heated to roughly 1850 degrees Fahren-some fibers in a few samples does not necessarily heit. After cooling the fraction is again weighedconflict with observation that most vermiculite and the exfoliated vermiculite is removed byconcentrates do not contain significant asbestos decantation with water. The remaining gangue iscontamination. dried and weighed and the amount of vermiculite

The method which seems least appropriate to is calculated by simple difference,establishing the presence of asbestos contamina- In a mining and milling operation a slightlytion in a vermiculite ore is the extraction and more sophisticated calculation method is used toidentification of fibers from small geologic account for adsorbed water in the sample. All ofsamples. This analysis if offered by a number of the Stanleyville samples were dried for at least 24laboratories and normally involves a thorough hours at 80 degrees Celsius before analysis torinsing of the sample and the examination of par- avoid this effect. It is interesting, however, to notetides suspended in the rinse water using electron that all of the analyses indicate substantially moreand polarized light microscopes. The very real water present than compared to other commercialdrawback of this method is the potential sampling vermiculites. Whereas typical moisture loss onerror which is sometimes reflected in impressive exfoliation for a commercial vermiculite is in thediscussions of statistical calculations in analytical range of S-15%, it was not unusual to calculatereports. moisture losses for 20-40*?fc in some of the Stan-

Can a 40 gram sample, no matter how carefully leyville samples. (Keep in mind that the error incollected, truly represent a 2,000,000 ton ore calculating moisture loss is significant at lowbody? Is it possible to collect samples from the sample weights and grades),one area of a heavily contaminated mine that is Analysis of the Stanleyville samples indicateasbestos free? Theoretical! y, the answers to these that the grade of the ore increases with decreasingquestions is "yes", but a truly representative particle size. This is typical of all vermiculite oressample is very difficult to obtain. A cautious and is caused by the physical degradation of theindividual would be wise not to use a single sample mica during vermiculitization. As was explainedto evaluate a new vermiculite source. If possible, during the discussion on asbestos, most mineralsone should combine the results of the laboratory are emplaced as large grains in the geologic bodiesanalysis with those of airborne fiber sampling and which eventually vermiculite deposits, but most ofan on-site inspection of the deposit. the minerals are resistant to weathering and remain

as large grains.


Evaluation of Stanleyville Vermiculite PagcS James R. Hindman for Curtis and Associates

f the samples analysed, TR 4-B had the highest ulite content. The individual analyses are

given in the following tables, but are listed here in order of decreasing vermiculite grade:

SampleTR4-BST2-AST lTR4-ATR2-ATR2-BTR6-ATR1-ATR1-B

Vermiculite Moisture

29.6625.0523.2722.1317.3215.0214.7013.01

17.3321.0821.0022.1430.0132.9729.9136.45

Bag Yield Determination

Two samples of concentrate were prepared by air classification of samples TR 6-A and ST 2A. Bag yields of 22 and 20 B/T were obtained for the two concentrates. It is interesting to note that although the vermiculite grade of TR 6-A was only half that of ST 2-A, it was significantly easier to recover the vermiculite from the lower grade sample.

Ideally one would determine the bag yield for a concentrate by processing tons of material through a commercial exfoliation plant and counting the bags produced. Using a specially constructed fur nace quite accurate determinations can be made on small samples. The standard test sample is 250 grams, and the bag yield is calculated by multiply ing the volume of the exfoliated material (general ly 1-2000 cc's) by an experimentally determined conversion factor (generally 6-8) and dividing by the weight of the material tested.

The laboratory determined bag yields for the Stanleyville samples were disappointingly low. For the particle size distribution in the samples, roughly a coarse Number 4, the bag yields should have been in the range of 40-60 B/T. There are two factors which may have contributed to the low values. One is that because of the limited amount of material available it was necessary to include a wide range of particle sizes to make sufficient sample for testing. The resulting range of sizes could cause a nesting effect so that cc's of volume produced by fine sized particles was lost between larger particles and the effective yield was from a much smaller amount of vermiculite than weighed by the analyst.

The second factor which might contribute to the low yield is the relative thinness of the vermiculite

flakes. However, even if a more standard con centrate could be made that would give a yield of 50 bags per ton as a Number 4 product, it would be unlikely that larger product sizes could be produced from the same ore.

X-ray Diffraction

Some of the samples were examined by x-ray diffraction techniques. Normally this analysis provides little information relating to the quality of a commercial vermiculite. However, some of the data obtained for the Stanleyville samples is of interest and portions of scan tracings and data printouts are included with the other analytical data. Three observations are of interest:

1. The coarse, crystalline material in sample TR 4-C w^s identified as tremolite. Analytical results are not included in this report, but comparison of the 143 measured diffraction values to standard tremolite patterns was conclusive.

2. Sample TR 2-C consisted of pieces of what appears to be an altered mica schist. Analysis indicates that although some 14 Angstrom ver miculite is present, much of is unaltered 10 Angstrom biotite/phlogopite. The size of the mica particles in the sample do not exceed 2-3 mil limeters and if this material is representative of the parent rock for the deposit it is another indication that no coarse vermiculite products could be recovered from the vermiculite ore.

3. Several concentrates were examined with similar results. One sample composed of ver miculite from several samples was exfoliated with hydrogen peroxide before being ground. The XRD data is interesting for what it does and does not show. Reflections are observed in the regions of 9.1-9.4, 8.3-8.5 and 7.2-7.4 Angstroms. Al though these reflections are probably caused by the Stanleyville vermiculite, they could be inter preted as indicating the presence of chrysotile, tremolite, or talc since these minerals have strong reflections in the corresponding three ranges.

What is missing from the x-ray diffraction pat terns are strong reflections in the 12 Angstrom region. Although this reflection is normally iden tified as "hydrobiotite", it is common to high quality commercial vermiculites.

SUMMARYSamples of vermiculite ore from Stanleyville

were examined for the purpose of evaluating this deposit as a source of commercial vermiculite. Vermiculite content in these samples ranged from


Evaluation of Stanleyville Vemiculite. Page 9 James R. Hindman for Curtis and Associates

359o by weight. A sample of gangue material ) was identified as crystalline tremolite

using x-ray diffraction. Although asbestiform tremolite is a cause for concern in some ver miculite concentrates, the crystalline variety is not considered harmful.

The distribution of vermiculite in the samples studied indicate that little, if any, concentrates- could be produced in sizes larger than Grade 3 (minimum grain size of 35 mesh Tyler or 0.425 mm). Laboratory preparation of vermiculite con centrates from the samples supplied were general ly between size ranges typlified by Grades 3 and 4. Larger size grades, such as l and 2, command significantly higher prices than the fine sized con centrates possible from Stanleyville.

Two samples were examined for their thermal exfoliation potential. Although significant ex foliation was observed, the calculated bag yields were disappointing (20-22 bags/ton). The bag yield for equivalent sized material from Montana would be at least two to three times as great. There is a good possibility that larger sized samples which could be better sized would give better results, since some of the poor performance of the two concentrate samples may be due to packing of widely sized grains. Since most of the vermiculite grains (or flakes) appear to be relatively thin, it is probable that the potential bag yield would not exceed 40 bags/ton. It could not compete against other commercial vermiculite on bag yield alone.

Stanleyville vermiculite does have one very desirable property: it possesses a very light color when exfoliated by either heat or chemicals. This lightness in color suggests two areas of real value. First, ground thermally exfoliated and untreated vermiculite is marketed as high priced fillers for plastics, paints, etc., but compete at a disadvantage against ground muscovite and phlogopite because of color.

The second, and the most recent use for ver miculite, is in the area of vermiculite dispersions. These products are chemically modified and wet ground vermiculite concentrates and perform bet ter than white clays and organoclays in some high tech applications. The color of a Stanleyville ver miculite dispersion is significantly lighter that those of other commercial vermiculites making this vermiculite especially interesting.

ReferencesBrush, George J. (1866) Jefferisite, a new mineral

species. Am. J. Sci., Second Series, 41,248.Cooke, Josiah P. (1874) The Vermiculites; their crystal

lographic and chemical relation to the micas; together with a discussion of the cause of the variation of the optical angle in these minerals. Phil. Mag., 41(4), 241 -72.

De la Calle, C.; and Suquet, H. (1988) Vermiculite, la. Hydrous Phyllosilicates, Rev. in Mineralogy, 12,455-96.

Moatamcd, Farhad; Lockey, James E.; and Parry, William T. (1986) Fiber contamination of vermiculites: A potential occupational and environmental health hazard. Environ mental Research, 41,207-18.

Webb, Thomas H. (l 824) New localities of tourma-lines and talc. Am. J. Sci., First Series, 2,55.

James R. HindmanP.O. Box 58983

Salt Lake City, Utah 84158-0983 January 20,1991

1111111111111111111

Evaluation of Stanleyville Vermiculite Page 1 0 James R. Hindman for Curtis and Associates

Jfc 100.0

75.0

o"*

1 50.0"cOO

25.0

0.0

ft }#3 * *

'#4 ' "~~ --^Size Districtribution Ranges forthe f our common grades ofcommercial vermiculite.

l\ \ Vermiculite Grade'r /^-.^ at Tyler intervals^/j\ y "•••••" '--x :

, A x..Bxv' f Moisture Loss byy v VB\, Exfoliation (H2O)

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0Mesh (mm)

100.0

75.0

o^.

C.0 50.0"3.Q4-"

.S2?R nC*\J.\J

r ^.. _ .. t:i -- "~"'" - J

*———-/^*

" — " X

7 Cumulative Distribution/' of Vermiculite at Tyler

r Intervalsjj.

jf

j. Vermiculiter1 Distribution by

C A /v :x; Par tide Size

0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

Mesh (mm)Test ReStlltS commercial vcrmiculilc concentrates to the test data one can sec that (1) the

c , t . ,. rein , , L. i vermiculite is concentrated in the Grade 4 and Grade 3 size ranges, and (2) Samples of verm.culue ore from Stanleyville were analysed by several dau ^ ^ dccreasi ^wchmques. Much of the test data ,s presented in the followuig f.gurcs and ^ ^ . f ^^ fof thos(j tampfcsBcxamined. Uc

D ' ,, f,. . ,., j- . u i j i.- r data is presented in tabular form by listing thed-spacings and intensities of the Results of the vermiculite assays arc presented m tabular and graphic form. ,-. ' . - . ~, f.,, B . . . , , ,, T- . . , .. . . , , L- uu ju j i- j 30 lowest angle reflections. The diffractogram tracing is shown for the region Two typical graphs arc shown above. Those samples which had been dcshmcd 3 1 1 de re 2 thcta (cooocr radiation) and pre-screcncd for oversized paniclccs have been calculated with both bulk * M *. "PP0and assasy sample weight distributions. Dy comparing the size ranges for

1111111111111111111

Evaluation of Stanleyville Vermiculite

TR1 -A

^**"'"V*'VJ(Liy'*^

4.0

Pea*' Back g'ctsi loirs)

I9t). 534.10 493.

i 99 fi 360

8798734

1O 1116

6OO 19'J193 2 1 0

661406 449

113423 1 G9O6

25333?

18-j137396

1 568 357

12 5O

324 . 296.296.''•Q i,-C.VD . 272. 1 56 .86.B IT •-' .

98. 1 06 .137.139. 142. 146.149.154. 154. 1 59 .161.164. 161 . 156.156.1 BO . 185. 188. 169.

__ 3 17 199.

L,6.6

D soac(Ang)

23.511517.1 95614.3016 1 1 . 856710.0292

O 'i~7 1 1* . O f J. Jl

8 . 3866 7 . 29665 . 0259 4.77B74.6947 4 . 58533 . 9O483 . 6547 3 . 5865 3. 351 B3 . 274 13. 1483 3.1232 2 . 99302.91942.869B 2 . 7054 2.64962.61932.51 50 2.4353 2.3474 2.29942.1767

JN*-v*r

8.0

I X I ffi a xm1 . 730 . O9

17.62 3.35

77 . 576.47 0 . 09 9.845 . 29 1 . 701 . 70 1.850 . 58

12.40 3.96

100.002.737.99

10.86 2.232.954 . 04 1.63 1.213.49

13.83 3.15 0.10 0.447,70

\

Page

~

^li^H i f\ ^"r*-Y*V*4ji

1 1 James R. Hindman for Curtis and Associates

100.0

75.0

g

1 6M0O

25.0

0.0 0.(

—

-f

,'

kL) 1.0

18.0

Al

XXx xxyA Xxx xx xxx. x xxx x xxx xyAxx x x xV

TypeA2 Ot

Xxx xxxx xx xx xxx xxxx xxxx x xxx x xy.V

100.0

75.0

C .O 50.0

.OtoD 25.0

0.0 0.

~/f

fJj

rf:rf: ,

\f^-^

D 1.0

Sample: TR 1-ATyler Size Mesh (mm)O'Size 10.00

3.00 6.70 4.00 4.756.00 3.358.00 2.36 10.00 1.7014.00 1.1820.00 0.85 28.00 0.6035.00 0.4348.00 0.30 65.00 0.21 100.00 0.15Pan 0.05Totals

2.0 3.0 4.0Mesh (mm)

^r-- --EF"

S

--* y ~" "'2.0 3.0 4.0

Mesh (mm)

Bulk Sample

7.925.98 6.89 5.22 6.026.99 8.068.20 9.46 7.49 8.637.79 8.988.72 10.05 9.26 10.678.96 10.336.81 7.85 5.16 5.95 3.10 3.578.40 3.53

100.00 100.00

"*——— .ill . ...tr —— ' —

5.0

-e--

— —•/... --•••-5.0

Grade

6.64 6.468.818.23

10.6113.0112.98 15.8818.4018.66 21.15 24.3650.6514.70

"**-*v

Ci

6.0 7.0

. —— , —— r..

..............i,.

6.0 7.0

Water

55.00 64.7161.2958.82 52.5043.1422.81 20.2718.0718.75 21.82 18.4217.9529.91



cSc

100.0

75.0

50.0

25.0

0.0

*- c So O

100.0

75.0

50.0

25.0

..-—e-~

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 7.0Mesh (mm)

0.00.0 1 .0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Mesh (mm)6.0 7.0

.o

75.0

50.0

25.0

____ o--~

f1ii

f: 1il i

0.0 0.0 1.0

Sample: TR 1-BTyler

••••-ja~a-

y...— *-

,..-.e-~

2.0 3.0 4.0Mesh (mm)

BulkMesh Size (mm)Weight?oO'Size 10.00

3.00 6.704.00 4.756.00 3.358.00 2.3610.00 1.7014.00 1.1820.00 0.8528.00 0.6035.00 0.4348.00 0.3065.00 0.21

100.00 0.15Pan 0.05

13.366.015.987.297.416.386.587.568.798.746.065.074.316.45

Total 100.00

5.0 6.0 7.0

Assay Grade H2O WeightWt.%

7.237.208.778.927.677.919.10

10.5810.527.296.105.193.53

100.00

VmC?c

4.517.003.047.315.029.748.79

15.4110.1417.0719.4238.2962.1813.01

) Loss

81.8264.7188.8981.8269.2353.8537.0440.0033.3335.7120.0014.9318.9236.45

76.0

gc .0 50.0

.O

S^ 25.0

^^^————

— ?l

nj

Jii

vijf

o.o —0.0 1.0

Sample: TR2-ATyler

S0

2.0 3.0 4.0Mesh (mm)

Bulk

5.0

................y

6.0 7.0

Assay Grade H2O WeightMesh Si7.e(mm) Weight9fc Wt.% Vm(%) LossO'Size 10.00

3.00 6.704.00 4.756.00 3.358.00 2.3610.00 1.7014.00 1.1820.00 0.8528.00 0.6035.00 0.4348.00 0.3065.00 0.21100.00 0.15

Pan 0.05Totals

8.554.654.476.378.167.418.099.41

10.319.416.415.194.557.02

100.00

5.315.107.279.318.459.23

10.7411.7610.747.315.925.193.67

100.00

6.1510.4010.1111.8412.0818.1422.4326.0425.1030.7333.1044.0956.6722.13

62.5053.8544.4425.9328.0019.5116.9514.6716.6720.0018.7519.6429.4122.14

1111111111111111111


^,,

V*JV.Avs,

4 A•O

Peak(cts)

10.7465.240.

3969 .590.

10.U1 "l 1 1

1 J. *

259 . 40O .164.199. 74. 64.

i 183.1142.4 1 60 . 1 089 .

1 90 .1399.

92. 110. 296.645.335 . 3O3 . 199.62.

237. 166.61.

1 A4.

•*X~*^

Backgt cts t

681.35O .306. 262.246.216.146. 72. 81.88.98. 98.

137. 151.159.182. 21O. 240.250 .237. 185. 185.177.177. 177. 177.174.169. 169.166.166.

1

/l

6 a •10

D spac(Angi

23.684914.1 58511.7348 9.98399.32188.3846

5.0217 4.76414 . 68064.5917 4 . 5520 3.9O48 3.64993.57593.3512 3.1216 2.92152.86332 . 7074 2 . 6504 2.61902.51542.4941 2.4322 2.38842.26392 . 1 737 2.14792 . O7962.0468

1

l

-J

e. e

I/Imaxm0.14

100.003.22

53.177.910. 14

1 T cr, cr;i hj . *J ••l

3.47 5.362.192.66 0.99 0.86

15.8515.3055 . 73 14.59 2.55

18.741.23 1.48 3.968.644.49 4.O6 2.660.843. 18 2.230.822.19

U\

Al

XXX XXXx x xxx xx xxx x xxx xxxx xxxx xxx

Page

.-

V^,^v*rW

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TypeA2 O t

XXx xxxx xxxx x x xxx x xxx x xxx x xxx xxx

1 3 lames R. Hindman for Curtis and Associate:

100.0

75.0

g,^s

1 OO

25.0

0.0 0.1

; iii v-*-NS '- "

1"TN

) 1.0

100.0

75.0

gC .9 50.0

J1/5Q 25.0

rl7f

ft

' ""ô.o ' ————

0.0 1.0

Sample: TR2-B

x

x..'*

^-"*~-"-6—-2.0 3.0 4.0

Mesh (mm)

i"e"

-- .y.-—- y--- • ••-•••-x---,......2.0 3.0 4.0

Mesh (mm)

S/'

- —— Q——

5.0

5.0

/s

ss

— — - — c6.0 7.0

••——--.••—v6.0 7.0

Tyler Bulk Assay Grade H2O Weight Mesh Si/e (mm) Wcightô Wt.% Vm(ô) Loss O'Size 10.00 0.00

3.00 6.704.00 4.75 6.00 3.358.00 2.36

10.00 1.70 14.00 1.1820.00 0.8528.00 0.60 35.00 0.4348.00 0.3065.00 0.21

100.00 0.15Pan 0.05

Totals

4.04 4.045.72 5.72 7.16 7.168.13 8.137.82 7.82 9.24 9.24

10.63 10.6311.29 11.29 10.89 10.898.46 8.466.78 6.784.40 4.405.43 5.43

100.00 100.00

4.687.44 8.588.726.34 7.93

11.1114.02 20.6127.3730.6638.1756.5217.32

100.0055.56 57.6963.3342.86 38.7142.0038.81 29.4723.4717.0515.4917.6930.01

lllllllllllllllllll


2-C

Page 14 James R. Hindman for Curtis and Associates

c

l

100.0

75.0

60,0

25.0

0.00.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

Mesh (mm)

4.0 6.0 8.8 10.e

TR 2-CPeak

f c-ts )

eo i .199.

5565 .724.161 .

3003 .454 .1 02 .159.144.40.144.

3434.7465.114.

1505.204 .253.9O.199.110.441 .85.

1082.J^T*1 W 1 *

437.534 .58.46.Cri * '*

Backg (ctsi

182.169.149.144.130.11O.69.64.86.98.106.94.139.256.253.246.231.2O4 .2O2 .185.159.159.159.159.159.159.159.159.159.139.

.

D spac ( Ar.g )

14.O2371 1 . 53589.92799 . 25858.32757.24455 . 00834 . 755B4 . 66O54 . 58004.19003.87243.63853.34753.26323.11332.92812 . 86082 . 79972 . 70O22.64562.61402.58692.51332.49212.43482 . 42802.34822.29602.2666 * -^r^ *

I/Imaxm

10.732.66

74 . 559.692.16

40 . 236.081.372.131.930.531.93

46.00100.OO

1.5320.172.743.391.212.661.485.911.13

1 4 . 505.805 . 857.150.770 . 620.69cr n t

T Al

XXXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxV

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xxxxV

o

(Ob

100.0

75.0

50.0

25.0

0.0

^

i

-•••x...........*...

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0Mesh (mm)

5.0 6.0 7.0

Sample: TR4-ATyler Bulk Assay Grade H2O Weight Mesh Size (mm)Wcight(3fc Wt.% Vm(9b) LossO'Size 10.00 6.98

3.004.006.008.0010.0014.0020.0028.0035.0048.0065.00100.00

6.704.753.352.361.701.180.850.600.430.300.210.15

5.986.698.029.068.188.758.808.667.975.954.602.89

6.69 10.32 30.777.49 12.06 35.298.9810.159.169.809.859.698.926.675.153.24

11.2410.7316.5221.9527.4932.6028.2730.6834.5440.98

31.5841.4622.8118.5219.6114.2922.1120.7814.9312.00

Pan 0.05 7.47 4.20 56.33 19.10 100.00 100.00 23.27 21.00

1 11 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1111111


^^^

4.0

Peal: (ctsl

6209. 342.

236O . 1 90 .

10. 3O36 .

188. 2O2 . 237 . 161 .

3238. 1253. 3080 .

172. 576 . 202 .

1 376 . 137.1 3O . 159.282. 177.600.615.433.

119.50 . 55.

25O .

**wY

Back g lets i

384. 346. 276. 259. 225. 161 . 74. 77. 90.

121. 123. 123. 128. 128. 132. 137.137. 142.144. 146.146. 146.149.149.151. 154.156.156. 159. 164.

16.0

D spac (Ang)

14.1755 1 2 . 63 1 3 9.9839 9.3415 8.3826 7.2876 5.0195 4.7710 4.5970 3.8963 3.6484 3 . 5780 3.3496 3.2712 3.1248 2.94692.8638 2 . 73252 . 7062 2 . 65022.6195 2 . 55O92.51452.49462.4337 2.39012.34552.3011 2.2694 2.1736•~* t A O 1

-^^J

8.0

1 7 ! ffi a x (X)

100.005.51

41.23 3 . 07 0.16

48.89 3.02 4.71 3.82 2.60

52.14 20.18 49.61 2.76 9.28 3.25

22.17 2.202.09 2.564 . 55 2.859.679 . 906.97 4. 171.910.81 0.88 4. 02t. K t

k

Page 1 5 James R. Hindman for Curtis and Associate:

100.0

^*wV\M

10.0

Tvoe Al A2 Ot

X X X X X X X X X X X Xx x xxx xx xx xxxx xxx x xY

X Xx x x x x x x x x x x x x xx xx xx xxxx xxx xxY

75.0

g- g 50.0

0o25.0

^* 0.0

0.0 1.0

100.0

75.0

Ec.2 50.0

.Q

.*2 D 25.0

0.00.

Sample: T Tyler Mesh Si O'Size

3.00 4.00

\3

f t f fs.t

f X ~/

2.0 3.0 4.(Mesh (mm;

...,— -~- .-f^:~

5.0

-.—-t!--—

f

K /'

fJ '"'

/--

6.0 7.0

"*-*

..................\ ;0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 S.O 6.0 7.0

Mesh (mm)R4-B

Bulk Assay Grade H2O Weight /.c (mm)Weight9fc Wt.% Vm(7c) Loss

10.00 0.00 6.70 7.23 7.23 4.28 100.00 4.75 6.58 6.58 8.97 52.38

6.00 3.358.00 2.36 10.00 1.7014.00 1.1820.00 0.8528.00 0.6035.00 0.4348.00 0.3065.00 0.21 100.00 0.15

Pan 0.05Totals

8.529.25 9.90

11.1911.9211.028.915.934.22 2.472.87

100.00

8.529.25 9.90

11.1911.9211.028.915.934.22 2.472.87

100.00

15.1823.40 36.6543.7245.2845.6647.3250.7158.67 51.1449.0235.68

28.2618.18 13.9512.6412.5015.0814.0013.0811.36 11.1128.0016.08



o O

75.0

**'

rf'

; 50.0

i t

25.0

0.00.

li

!^^v' f*-- 3 A "^

D t.O

Sample: TR6-A Tyler Mesh Size (mm) O'Size 10.00346810142028354865100PanTotals

6.704.753.352.361.701.180.850.600.430.300.210.150.05

,,-y'

W

s

S,-'''*'

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0Mesh (mm)

Crude Weight

82.8020.6023.4021.3016.3014.1013.1013.6011.907.906.306.107.00

244.40

Exfoliated Weight

79.5019.5022.4020.4015.6013.1012.3012.7011.307.506.105.706.20

232.30

.fs

6.0

Rock Weight

79.2019.0021.5019.3014.6011.2010.3010.008.905.604.402.101.60

207.70

y

75.0

E

. - 1 50.0

0O

25.0

•3-—— 0.0

7.0

H2O Weight Loss

91.6768.7552.6345.0041.1834.4828.5725.0020.0017.3910.5310.0014.8132.97

O.I

/'4ii

J 1.0

Grade Vm (?o)

4.357.778.129.39

10.4320.5721.3726.4725.2129.1130.1665.5777.1415.02

•x-"-*-—"2.0 3.0

Mesh

Assay Wt.%

33.888.439.578.726.675.775.365.564.873.232.582.502.86

100.00

..-.-e-*"•e-—"

4.0 5.0(mm)

6.0 7.0

Distribution Cum (9fc) By Size

100.0090.1985.8380.6575.2070.5762.6755.0445.2337.0630.7925.6114.71

9.814.365.185.454.637.907.639.818.176.275.18

10.9014.71

100.00

1111111111111111111

Evaluation of Stanleyville Vemiculitc

0-7

""X*

4.8

Peak( cts i

62O9 .342.

2560 . 1 90 .

10.3036 .

S 88.292 . 237.161.

3238. 1253. 3O8O .

1 72 .576.202 .

1 376 . 1 37 .1 36 .159.282 . 177.600 .615. 433. 259 .119.

5O . 55.

25O .

B a c k gi c-tB)

384.346.276.259.225.161 .74. 77. 90.

121.123. 123. 128. 128.132.137.137. 142.144. 146.146. 146.149.149. 151. 154.156.156. 159. 164.i f .1

1f XyW

6.8

D sp a c( Ang )

14.1 75512.63139 . 9839 9.34158.3826"7 OO~7/*f m -1O f Q

5.0195 4.771O 4 . 59703.89633.6484 3 . 5780 3.3496 3.27123.12482.94692.8638 2 . 73252 . 7O62 2 . 65022.6195 2 . 55092.51452.4946 2 . 4337 2 . 39O 12 . 34552.3011 2.2694 2.1736T 1 .1 O 1

Jtrit*™^

8.8

l\

Page

*-

Vx***Ay*

le.e

I/IfTiax Type(X)

1 OO . OO5.51

41.23 3 . 070. 16

ACt QQ*rO m Of

3 . 02 4.713.822 . 60

52 . 1 4 20.18 49.61 2.769.283.25

22.17 2.202.09 2.564.55 2.859.679 . 90 6.97 4.171.910.81 0 . 88 4. 02i. ^. i

Al

XXXxx xx x xxx x x xxxxxx xx xxx x xxx x xY

A2 O t

XXx xx xx x xxx x x xxxx xxxxxxx x xxx xxY

17

gH 2'coo

10

13.Q

sQ

James R. Hindman for Curtis and

100.0

76.0

50.0

25.0

0.0 O.I

lj ^ ^x-----*S— --.

v&T#V* *--e-~..-e-..—

) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0Mesh (mm)

100,0

75.0

50.0

25.0

0.0 0.

_ ~ '^

f

f

JLy '"•*-.x.......,.{ ......................0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Mesh (mm)Sample: ST-1Tyler Bulk Assay Mesh Size (mm)Wcightfo Wt.% O'Size 10.00 0.00

3.00 6.70 11.39 11.394.00 4.75 7.59 7.596.00 3.35 8.12 8.128.00 2.36 8.80 8.80 10.00 1.70 7.66 7.6614.00 1.18 8.04 8.0420.00 0.85 8.55 8.5528.00 0.60 9.08 9.08 35.00 0.43 8.82 8.8248.00 0.30 6.26 6.2665.00 0.21 5.62 5.62 100.00 0.15 5.34 5.34

Pan 0.05 4.73 4.73Totals 100.00 100.00

, f*""*" ?fr --.* 1.

— a- — -

5.0

--•a--'"'

••••••*"'5.0

Associates

"'"-•C

6.0 7.0

. tf,.

y l

6.0 7.0

Grade H2O Vm (9fc) Loss

17.5013.9713.3213.73 16.9023.2230.2733.64 32.4531.1928.68 29.3761.4325.05

25.5336.0037.2536.84 27.8732.9515.5713.19 17.7815.2215.79 17.5714.6021.08

1111111111111111111


^^ 100.0

75.0

E5 SO-0coO

25.0

0.0

———

ltijV-V

0.0 1.0

*-'S'""

\V— o--

2.0

ss '

sf '

''

••—e- — - -— 3—.

3.0 4.0 5.0

jfsSs.s

r

"*~*"*~-

6.0

Page 18

1 00.0x

75.0

Ec

*- 0 50.0^X)•c .2 D 25.0

a0 o.Mesh (mm)

SampleTylerMeshO'Size

3.4.6.8.10142028354865100

PanTotals

ST-2A Crude

Si/e (mm) Weight10.006.704.753.352.361.701.180.850.600.430.300.210.150.05

82.2015.6016.3015.2013.2014.3015.1017.1016.8011.9010.6010.9015.70

254.90

ExfoliatedWeight

78.9014.9015.9014.3012.6013.6014.2016.4016.1011.5010.2010.6012.60

241.80

RockWeight

66.2012.8015.2013.2011.3010.8010.0010.0010.106.806.303.603.00

179.30

James R. Hindman for Curtis and

———- G —~ —f^

i4iL**x' V~*--}.:....-*...-......

5 1.0 2.0 3.0Mesh

HzO Grade AssayLoss Vm (9fc) Wt.%

20.62 19.46 32.2525.00 17.95 6.1236.36 6.75 6.3945.00 13.16 5.9631.58 14.39 5.1820.00 24.48 5.6117.65 33.77 5.929.86 41.52 6.71

10.45 39.88 6.597.84 42.86 4.679.30 40.57 4.164.11 66.97 4.28

24.41 80.89 6.16

^S•G "~

s'

^..........-•X'''

4.0 S.O(mm)

Associates

j^"3S

s '

,x :f'' \

6.0 7.0

DistributionCum C&)

100.0078.8475.1373.6871.0368.5263.8957.1447.7538.8932.1426.4616.80

17.33 29.66 100.00

By Size

21.163.701.462.652.514.636.759.398.866.755.699.66

16.80100.00

Evaluation of Stantlcy ville Vermiculite Page 19 James R. Hindman for Curtis and Associates

Stanleyville Vermiculite Exfoliated with //202

4.8 6.9 8.8 18.8

Peak fctsj

62.l 689 .236.

2.683 .762.123.166.

3624 .2O7 .174.1 90 .262.213.102.169.

3944.615.

4382.339.

1 204 .154.243.548.49.

156.272.692.681 .467.SO .

Backg (cts)

4O8.289.262.24O .219.219.196.161.79.81.85.85.8fa.94.102.1 1O.112.121 .123.1 30 .135.139.142.146.149.146.164.166.172.174.

D spsc ( Ana )

24.489414.41241 1 . 92461 O . 1 1 BO9.44869 . O9688.45467.35105 . O5O84 . 79604.71704.62144 . 53484.27123.90983 . 665 13.59153 . 36493.29013.13533.O1032.92812.87232.81042.71642 . 62532.52122.5O472.43942.3887

I X I ffi a x (X)

1.4238 . 546.5261.231 7 . 382.813.80

82.694.733.984.355.994.862.333.8689.9914. 03

100.007.7327.483.515 . 5512.491.123.576.2115.7815.5410.651.15

TAl t

XXXXXXXXXXXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxV

voeA2 at

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxV

Composite of concentrates from samples received. The vermiculite was exfoliated with hydrogen peroxide before grinding into a dispersion.


James R. Hindman, Ph.D. Consulting Mineralogist

P.O. Box 58983, Salt Lake City, UT 84158-0983 Telephone (801) 359-7526

Available for contract research and short term consulting to provide a unique blend of experience and specialized knowledge for the corporate projects in vermiculite exploration, mining, beneficiation and products development.

Research Interests: Actively engaged in research directed at using modified commercial vermiculite in product applications. Areas of interest include (1) vermiculite synthesis, (2) extending the thermal range of vermiculite stability, (3) osmotic swelling of vermiculite for product beneficiation and particle delamination, (4) vermiculite dispersion, gel, and film technology, and (5) the preparation of organovermiculite compounds for use in toxin removal, plastic fillers, drilling mud and lost circulation materials. Current research also includes the preparation of a text on the beneficiation, modification, and applications of commercial vermiculite.

Related Experience: Employed as Senior Metallurgist by W.R. Grace and Company at their Libby ver miculite operation from 1978 to 1985. During this period work was performed in vermiculite beneficiation which resulted in substantial increases in product quality. Research projects included processes such as electrostatic separation, froth notation, heavy media separation, high intensity magnetics, photometric sorting, selective comminution and screening, water and air classification, and several concentration techni ques using laminar flow. Work was also performed in product development for several specialized applications using commercial vermiculite.

Research has also been performed in mineralogy and geology during employment with the following organizations: United States Bureau of Mines Metallurgy Research Center, Utah Geological and Mineralogi cal Survey, Kennccott Research Center, Space General Corporation, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History. Recent consulting clients have included ICI Americas Inc., Hercules Incorporated, W.R. Grace and Company, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, Nam Fong Trading Company, and JBR Consultants Group. Currently publisher of the Vermiculite Technology Newsletter and technical consultant to F&S Alloys and Minerals Corporation (the major importer of vermiculite from Brazil).

Education and Professional Affiliations: Degrees have been earned at the University of Southern California (S.S., Geological Sciences) and the University of Utah (Ph.D., Geology). Current membership in the Clay Minerals Society, the Mineralogical Society of America, the Society of Mining Engineers, and The Vermiculite Association.

Recent Publications: Hindman, James R. (1986) Ion exchange at 40 degrees C in vermiculite from Libby, Montana. International Mineralogical Association, 14th General Meeting, 1986, Stanford.

—— (1987) Method of increasing the volume yield of exfoliated vermiculite. United States Statutory Invention Registration H254, April 7,1987. Appl. No. 632,575 19, July 1984.

—— (1989) Perusing the databases for useful information relating to commercial vermiculite technology. Presented at The Vermiculite Association Annual Meeting, October l, 1989, Chicago.

—-- (1990) The Vermiculite Technology Newsletter. Presented at The Vermiculite Association Annual Meeting, October l, 1990, Windsor.

APPENDIX 2

1f

111111111111111111

MEMORANDUM

To: Canalex Option - Stanleyville Vermiculite

From: P. Tredger

Subject: Stockpile Tonnage Estimate

Date: November 17, 1990

File

A preliminary tonnage estimate has been made for thestockpile of vermiculite bearing material located on theoption property, N 1/2 Lot 17, ConcessionTownship, Ontario.

Tonnage was estimated by first calculating

8, North

the volume

surfaceCanalexBurgess

of thestockpile, and then converting volume into tonnage by applying adensity factor.

Results are preliminary, given the unsophisticated surveyemployed to arrive at both the volume and the densityAccuracy of the estimate is judged to be -f/- 20 per centadequate for present purposes .

Summary of Results

methodsfactor.

which is

Stockpile volume is estimated to be 92,000 m .

The average of three field density tests carried out stockpiled material is 2.2 tonnes/m 3 .

As a current best estimate, the stockpileapproximately 202,000 tonnes.

Moisture content of the stockpile was measured8.5 per cent by weight. Dry tonnage of theapproximately 185,000 tonnes.

1

therefore

on the

contains

to be approximatelystockpile is thus

l*

l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

olume Calculation

The stockpile was mapped in plan utilizing the chain and compass grid. Slope measurements were made in a preliminary fashion with a Brunton clinometer and profiles were generated. This data was used to construct an isopach map of the stockpile.

As shown in Figure l, the stockpile is oval in plan, having maximumdimensions of 80 metres in a northerly direction and 125 metres in an easterly direction. (All directions herein are stated with respect to the grid).

The stockpile is flat-topped, with steep (30 degree) slopes except for the western haulage side which has a 10 to 15 degree gradient. Cross sections for grid lines 1+00 E and 1+50 E are shown in Figure 2, and for baseline 0+00 N in Figure 3.

The base of the stockpile slopes gently (about 2 degrees on average) to the east. Maximum height of the stockpile is approximately 17.5 metres at its eastern end.

To facilitate the volume calculation, contours (or isopachs) were drawn using the easterly dipping base of the stockpile as the datum. The resulting isopach map is presented in Figure 4.

Areas were calculated on this map by means of a planimeter, and volumes at mid-isopach, as follows:

Isopach(m) Area(m 2 ) Thickness(m) Volume(m )

0-5 8,314 5 41,5705-10 5,971 5 29,855

10 - 15 3,549 5 17,74515 - 17 1,585 2 3,170

Total 92,340

Thus the volume of the stockpile is approximately 92,000 m

ll l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

ensity Tests

Three in-place measurements of the density of the stockpiled material were made. All three of the field measurements were taken on top of the stockpile and thus the density obtained may slightly underestimate the overall average value. On the other hand, the stockpile was wetter and denser than usual when sampled, due to heavy rains.

Methodology employed in measuring the density (or specific gravity) was as follows:

(a) A rectangular, smooth-edged hole was dug and the excavated material was weighed (WM).

(b) A thin bladder (a large garbage bag) was snugly fitted into the hole and filled with water. The weight of water (WW) replacing the volume of the excavated material was recorded.

(c) Specific gravity of the excavated material was calculated by dividing WM by WW.

Average specific gravity so obtained was 2.2 {ie, density of 2.2 tonnes/m ' as shown below.

Test # Location WMClbs.) WW(lbs.) WM/WW

1 BL/110E 101.5 44.5 2.32 L150E/0+25N 113.0 49.0 2.33 L100E/0+25N 99.5 47.0 2.1

Total/Average 314.0 140.5 2.2

In comparison, according to Jim Hindeman, consultant, at vermiculite mines in the US the density of mill feed averages 120 Ibs/cu.ft. (1.9 tonnes/m ). The more extensively weathered US ores are no doubt less dense than the Stanleyville material, owing to the presence in the latter of a significant ( + /-20 96) proportion of unweathered rock.

The density of the in-situ (ie, pre-mined) Stanleyville material is likely not much higher than that calculated for the stockpile. The amount of remnant swell from mining of the Stanleyville material is unknown but is likely fairly low considering that the stockpiled material has had 30 years to settle and reconsolidate.

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^tonnaae Estimate^~

Based on the above, the preliminary stockpile tonnage estimate is2O2.00O tonnes (92,000 m^ x 2.2 tonnes /m 3 '.

Moisture Content

Density test sample #3 was air-dried in cool, non-humid conditionsfor a period of two months. Dry weight of the sample

Moisture content of the sample is calculated to be (1or 8.5 per cent by weight.

On a dry basis, the stockpile therefore contains185,000 tonnes.

Conclusions

The preliminary tonnage estimate developed above ispresent purposes. If increased accuracy is warranted

was 91. O Ibs.

-(91.0/99.5) )

approximately

adequate forin the future,

a more refined mapping and topographic survey should be carriedout. In addition, more field measurements of the in--place densityof the stockpiled material should be made, particularly in thevertical dimension.

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hemarnic, siliceous- possible pa leo weathering surface?

44 samples for mineralogy taken on L 0+25 H between 25 S and 70 S

WATER -FILLED OPEN PIT

ZONE B

LEGEND

GEOLOGY -

MAFIC INTRUSIVE ROCKS

Phlogopite/pyroxenite veins

7b j Talc/serpentlnite veins

GRENVILLE METASEOIMENTARY ROCKS

Quartz-feldspar ± biotite gneiss

Quartzite, interbedded with brown crystalline carbonate

Gale-silicates

No vermiculiteHard, unaltered, tremolite-riehTrace to 5X vermiculite Slightly altered, trenolitic5* - 201 vermiculiteAltered, soft, blocky, talcoseGreater than 20X vermiculite Highly altered, soft, talc-rich

Cliff or abrupt change in slope (slope in degrees)

Water line (June 11/90) (water depth in metres)

Old diamond drill collar(inclination)

Old trench, test pit

Trench, test pit (1990)

Swamp

Road

Bedrock outcrop

Foliation, gneissosity

Geological contact (oefined, appro*., assumed)

Attitude of dyke (flat, vertical

Landfill (in trenches)

Till (in trenches)

Channel sample location

Other sample location

Metres

50 100

100 200 300

Feet

INDUSTRIAL MINERALS SYNDICATE - CANALEX OPTION

STANLEYVILLE VERMICULITE PROPERTYNORTH BURGESS TWP., LANARK COUNTY, ONTARIO

N 1/2 LOT 17, CONCESSION VIII

COMPILATION MAP

Seal*: 1:1,OOO Dal*: Oct/90 Plan

31C16SWCW04 63.5S12 BURGESS S10

stanleyville vermiculite project (canalex option) … · final report on work opap pile * op90-209...

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