standards of expansion joint manufacturers association (9h)
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Juntas de expansãoTRANSCRIPT
STANDARDS OFTHE EXPANSION JOINT
MANUFACTURERSASSOCIATION, INC.
NINTH EDITION
EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC.25 NORTH BROADWAY, TARRYTOWN, NY 10591
RICHARD C. BYRNE, SECRETARYTEL: 914-332-0040FAX: 914-332-1541
E-MAIL: [email protected]
STA DARDS OF THE EXPA SION JOINT MA UFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
FOREWORD
Since 195 . when the Expansion Joint Manufacturer"s Association (EJMATM) first published these Slandards.continuing technological improvements in the application and design of Expansion Joints h,:lVC been reportedthrough the coopcratin' efforts of its association members by expanding the scope and content of this publication.Founded three years earlier in 1955. the Expansion Joint Manufacturer"s Association began with a group ofcompanies experienced in the application. design. and fabrication of Expansion Joims. The first EJfvtA™Standard edition was. of necessity. somewhat brief and covered only applications involving ax.ial movement BUl
as research and extensive testing results were catalogued. morc detailed design data has been included in theEJMAHI Standard. The EJMA™ Standards are intended for 3pplieation to metallic bellows expansion jointshaving only the convolution shapes shown in the Standards and having convolution 'velds only in the meridionaldirection with the exception of the bellows attachment welds.
The EJMATM Teehnic::!l Committec is dedicated 10 continuously improving the utility and technical content of theStandards. Suggestions and comments from industry users arc welcomed and should he fOl"\varded to theSecretary of this Association in writing.
It is imponant to notc that the EJMATM Standard is a trade association document containing recommcndations forapplication of expansion joint products and in-depth Icchnical infomlation for use in designing expansion jointproducts. It is not a manufacturing standard or a quality assurance document. The type of llon-destructiveexamination and the extent ofqualiry assurance testing to be applied to given product should be addressed byother documents such as the ASME B31.3 Piping Code. the ASME Pressure Vessel Code or another userprovided specification. The Standard docs not limit or dictate the manufacturing process to be used forconstruction of expansion joints. nor docs it establish specific engineering requirements deemed nccessary for thcsafe application. design and manufacture of Expansion Joints. Ifthcre is a strong preference for a cenain type ofmanufacturing process. the user should provide this infonnation. Industry users arc cautioned that theseStandards should not be considered as a design handbook. and must not replace sound engineering judgment.education and experience.
As of this writing. the EJMA™ Standard thoroughly covcrs the design of expansion joint bellows clements.Howcver. the Standard docs not cover the design of hardware associated with restraint of pressure thrust.Prcssurc thrust rcstraint h<lrdwarc is as imponant as the bellows clemcnt in the design and fabrication of ancxpnnsionjoil1t asscmbly. Users nrc strongly advised to obtain documcllted design results for bellows elementsand pressure thrust restraint hardware for any critical application.
NO WARRANTY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED
The engineering Standards herein ::!re recommended by the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association. Inc. toassist uscrs. engineers. architects and others who specify. dcsign and install Expansion Joints in piping system>: toobtain the most efficient service from Expansion Joint installations. These Standards are based upon soundenginecring principles. research and field experience in the manufacture. design. installation and use of ExpansionJoints. These Standards may be subject to revision as further invcstigation or expericnce may show is necessary ordesirable. Utilization of these Standards remains entirely optional. Nothing herein shall constitute a warranty ofany kind. expressed or implied. Accordingly. all warranties of" hatc' cr nature. expressed or implied. arc herewithspecifically disclaimed and disavowed.
Copyright 1958, 1962, 1969, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1985, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2005. 2008
EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any fon11 without writtenpenllls~ion of the Expansion Joint Manufacturcrs Association. Inc.
The specification shects constituting Appendix A 3rc 1101 covered by any copyright restrictions and maybe freely reproduced and utilized by purchasers of this Standards manual.
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STA DARDS OFTHE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
~IEMBERSHIP LIST
EXPANSION JOL'\'T L-I.NUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. H'C.
American BOA. Inc. - Cumming. GA
Badger Industries. Inc. - Zelienople. PA
Expansion Joint Systems. inc. - Santee. CA
FJexider S.r.I.- Torino. Italy
Hyspan Precision Products. loc.- Chula Vista. CA
Idrosapiens. 5.r.l- Leini (Torino), Italy
Microflex - Omond Beach. FL
Senior Flexonics. Inc.. Pathway Division - New Braunfels. TX
SFZ - Lyon. France
U.S. Bellows. Inc. - Houston. TX
WahlcoMetroflex. Il1c.- Lewis[QI1. ME
\'"It"Leomann. GmbH - Pforzheirn. Genmmy
CURRENT TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS
EXPANSION JOI T MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. I 'c.
Patrick Vainio· American BOA. Inc.
Jack Hanna - Badger Industries. Inc.
Mike Cabrera - Expansion Joint Systems. Inc.
Mana Nivoli - Flexlder S.r.l.- Torino. Ital)
COli Sleimar - Hyspan Precision Products. Inc.
AOilio Pietrafesa - Idrosapiens. S.r.1
Jeff DePJero - Microflex
Bob Broyles - Senior Flexonics. Inc.. Pathway Dlyision
Max Micheni - SFZ
Roy Felkner· u.S. Bellows. Inc.
Rick Marcoue- WahleoMetroflex. Inc.
Peter Berger - \\"itzenmann. GmbH
E.xpafbion Joml Manufaclurer:-> AS:>OClatlon. Inc III
STA DARDS OFTHE EXPA, SION JOI T MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
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STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
COi\'TE:\'TS
Section
Foreword
Page
ii
i\lembel'"ship of EJ"'IA. iii
Current Technical Comnlitte{' i\lenlbers iii
SECTiON 1 - SCOPE. DEFINITIOl'S. AND NOMENCLATURE
1.1 Scope .....................•..........................•.............................................................................................................•..... )·1
1.2 IJefinitiolls............................................................................................................................................................. I-I1.3 Nonlt'nclaturt' 1-6
SECTION 2 - SELECTIO:-; AND APPLICATIONS
2.1 Selection of Expllnsion Joints 2-1
2.2 St'Il'1:tion for Axial J\'lo\·t'ment 2-2
2.3 Selection ror Lateral Deflection. Angular Rotation. & Combined l\Ion~ments 2-52...1 Applications Using Singlt' Expansion Joints 2-6
2.5 Applications Using Uni"ersal Expansion Joints 2-8
2.6 Applications Using Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints 2-12
2.7 Applications Using Hingt'd E:.\:pansion Joints 2-15
2.8 Calculation or Angular Rotation in a 3 "'inge Piping S~'stem 2-202.9 Applications L"sing Gimbal Expansion Joints 2-22
2.10 Anchor. Guidt', and SUPI)Orl Requircnu"nls 2-23
SECTION 3 - SAFETY RECOM~IENDATIONSFOR PIPING SYSTEMS CONTAININGBELLOWS EXPANSION JOINTS
3.1 Design Specification 3-1
3.2 Expansion Joint Design 3-3
3.3 Expansion Joint l\-lanuracturing Qualit)· 3-3
304 Installation 3-33.5 Post Installation Inspection Prior to S~stcm Pressure Test 3-4
3.6 Inspection During and Immediatcl~ Afler S~ stem Pressure Tests 3--43.7 Periodic In-Sen ice Inspection 3-5
SECTION 4 - CIRCULAR EXPAliSIO:-l JOINT DESIGN
-1.1 l\'IO\enlent Equalions........................................................................................................................................... -1-1-1.2 Combining l\'lo\'emt'nts -1-2
-1.3 I\lo\"enlent Range -1-3-1...1 Unhersal Circular E:\pansion Joint I\lo\'ements -1-5
-1.5 Cold Springing or Circular Expansion Joints -1-5-1.5.1 Force Reduction -1-5
-1.5.2 Slabilit) -1-5
-1.5.3 Component Clearanct's -1-6-1.6 Forces and l\lonlents -1-6
-1.6.1 Force and l\lonlcnt Calculation -1-6
-1.7 l\laximulII A\:ial Compression Based On Instabilil~ -1-10-1.8 Expansion Joint Flange Loading Considerations -1-10
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SECTION 4 - CIRCULAR EXPANSIO:-l JOI:-IT DESIGN (continucd)
4.9 "ibr3rion ...............................................••........_.................................................................................................... 4-11
-1.9.1 Single Bellow!! 4-1 I
-1.9.2 Dual Bl"lIows (Universal t:xpamiion Joint) _......................................•........_......... -1-13
-1.10 Inlernal Slee\'es - Circular E:\"pansion Joinl5 ....•.......•...................................................................................... 4-14
~.IO.I Crileria for Determining The ~et'd for Internal SIf('\es ..........................................................•............ 4-14
~.10.2 Design Rl"Commendations for Internal Slee\'('s ................•......••...•...••.........•.....•.....•.•.....•..••................. 4·16
-&.11 External Co\·t'rs - Circular Expansion JoinTs.................................................................................................... 4-17
~.12 Uello\\s Design -&-18
~.12.1 Paramelers and Criteria Affl"Cling 8ellows Design 4-19
4.12.1.1 Unreinforced 8('llo\\s ...................•................•.......•.........•..............•................................................. -&-19
4.12.1.2 Reinforced Bellows 4-19
4.12.1.3 Inlernal Pressure Capacity 4·20
~.12.1.4 Deflection Stress 4-204.12.1.5 Fatigue Life E."peclanc~' 4-21
4.12.1.6 Bello\\sStabilit~ 4-23
4.12.1.7 Bello\\s Spring Ratl' 4·264.12.1.8 Correlation Tesling -&-27
4.12.1.9 Bellows Heal Treatnlenl ..................................................•...................•........................................... 4-27
~.13 Design Equations 4-28
-1.13.1 Design Equations for nreinforcl'd Bellows _......................... 4-28
-&.13.2 Design Equations for Reinforced 8ello,,'S ......•...................................................................................... 4-30
-&.13.3 Design'EquaTions for Toroidal Bello"'s 4-32
-&.13.-& Bellows Torsion - Unreinforced/Reinforced 8('1I0\\s -4-33
4.1-& Bcnchrnark Calculalions _......................................................... -4-3-1
-&.15 Effl"C1 of E.\lernall)rellsure 4--&2
SECTION 5 - RECTANCULAR EXrANSION JOINT DESICN
5.15.25.3
5.-&
5.5
6.1
6.2
6.36.4
6.56.66.7
6.8
6.96.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.1-&
6.15
~Iovt"lnent Equations .
COlllbining 1\10\'Cn1('I1Ts .
i\IO\'l'llIent Range .Force and l\lolllel11 Calculalions .
Dt'sign Equations
SECTION 6-QUALITY ASSURANCE AND BELLOWS FOR~IING~IETHODS
Gt'nt'ral .
AUlhoril~ and R~ponsibilit~ .Qualil·~ Assurance Organization .
Drawings. Design Calculalions. and Specification Control .......•.._.•................._ .
l\lateri3ls :lnd l\13ter-ia.!s Control ..l\lanufacluring Process Control ..
In-Process Inspection and Exantination Progrant .
1'1t'lisuring a.nd Test Equipmt'nt Control ..l\lalt'rial Non-conforntaltce Conlrol ..
Corrective ACTion (Supplies and St'n'it't's) ..
\\'elding .H('at Treatrtlt'nt .
I'llckaging. Presen·ation. Shipping and Slorage , .
Custoltler QualiT~' Assurance Audits ..Records Rt'tenlion .
5-1
54
5-45-55-6
6-16-16-16-16-26-26-26-36-36-36-36-36-36-46-4
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STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSIO 'JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
SECTIOJ" 6 - QUALITY ASSURA~CEAND BELLOWS FORMING I\'IETHODS (continued)
6.16 !\'Ielhods of Fornling "Ietal Bellons 64
6.16.1 El:tstonlcric Fornling 64
6.16.2 Expansion ([~pandillg l\lulldr{'l) Forming 6·5
6.16.3 Hydraulic Fornling 6-5
6.16.4 Pneunlalic Tube rorTlling 6-6
6.16.5 Rolled Con\'oluted Shel.'t 6-6
6.16.6 Roll Forming 6-7
6.16.7 Rolled Ring 6-7
6.16.8 Press-Brake Forlliing ,................................................................................................ 6-8
6.16.9 Combined Forming 6-8
6. t 7 rabrication Tolerances 6-9
SECTION 7 - EXA1\,IINATION AND TESTINC
7.1 ~on-destructh'e Exanlinalion 7-1
7.1.1 Radiographic Exalllillation 7-1
7.1.2 liquid PenetJ"anl Examination 7-1
7.1.3 Fluorescent PenetJ"ant Examination 7-2
7.1..1 l\'lllgnetic PaJ"ticie Examination 7-2
7.1.5 Ultrasonic EXllnlination 7-2
7.1.6 Halogen leak Examination 7-2
7.1.7 i\lass SpcctJ"ollu·ter ExanlinilliOIl 7-3
7.1.8 A.ir Jet leak EX31ninaiion 7-3
7.2 Non-destructh'e Testing 7-)
7.2.1 PJ"essure Testing 7-)
7.3 Deslructivl.' Testing 7-'-
7.).1 Fatigue life Testing 7-'-
7.3.2 SCluirm Testing 7-4
7.3.3 l\leJ"idional Vielil-RuptuJ"e Testing 7-5
SECTION 8 - SHIPPINC AND INSTALLATION
8.1 Shipping Tags 8-1
8.2 Shipping DC'\ices 8-1
8.3 Installation 8-2
8..1 Gaskets 8-2
8.5 Reconlnlended Inslallation Instructions 8-3
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SECfION 9 - FEATURES. ACCESSORIES. A!'(D ~IATERIALS
9.1 ~Iulli-rlr Be!.lows ........................................................................................................................•................••..... 9·)
9.1.1 Multi-PI~' Conslruclioll "jth the Same Total Thickness as .a Single PI~' COlIslruclion 9-19.1.1.1 Pressur('Capaci~ _........................................................... 9-1
9.1.1.2 Fal.igut' Lift.' 9-1
9.1.1.3 Spring forces 9-19.1.IA Bellows Stability 9-1
9.1.2 l\1ulli.Ply Construction nith the Same Thickness for Each PI~' as a Single Ply ConSlruclion 9·1
9.1.2.1 Pressure Capacit~' 9-19.1.2.2 Fatigue Life .•.........•.....•.•....................•..•.......•....•.............................................................................. 9-1
9.1.2.3 Spring forces ................................................................................................................•................... 9·1
9.1.2.4 Bt'llows Stability ......................................................................................................•........................ 9·1
9.1.3 Mulli-Ply Conslruction nilh Greater Thickness for Ench PI~ Than for Single PI~' Construction 9-29.1.3.1 Pressure Capld.ci~' 9-2
9.1.3.2 fatigul' Life ............................................................................................................•..•................•...... 9·2
9.1.3.3 Spring forct's 9-19.1.JA Bellows Stability 9-2
9.IA l\lulliple l\lateria.1 Usage .............................................................................•.•...•••...•.........•.....•.....••........ 9·2
9.1.5 Redundant PI~' Construction with the Samt' Thickness for Each PI~ as a Single Ply Construction 9-39.1.5.1 Pressure Capacit)· ................................................................................•............................................ 9-3
9.1.5.2 fatigue Life ................................................................•................•......••...•.....................•.....•...........•. 9·3
9.1.5.J Spring forct'S ...........................................................................................................•........................ 9·3
9.1.5A Bellows Stabilit~' ......•...••.....•....•...................•.................................................................................... 9-39.1.5.5 l\lonil'ored Ply Be-lions ....................••...•..•......••.•.......••.......•.•••......................................................... 9-3
9.2 Til' Rods, Hinges and Similar Accessories 9~
9.1.1 forces and Loads ...........................•......................................................................................................... 9~
9.2.2 l\1l'thods of Attachment ..............................................................•............................••.....................•...•••.. 94
9.1.3 I)esign Consideration 9-49.1.3.1 Tic Rods. Hinges. and Gimbals ...................•..•................................................................................ 9-4
9.1.3.2 AttachnH~nlS tn Piping 9-5
9.2.3.3 Component Design Stress Limits 9-59.2 ..1.4 References 9-12
9.3 flanges .........................................................................................................................•...........•..•.••...................... 9·13
9.4 Corrosion 9-14
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STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC
APPENDICES
Appendix A Standard Expansion Joint Specification Sheets
Appendix 8 Key to Symbols Used
Appendix C Circular and Rectangular l\lon·ment. Force and Moment [(Illations
Appendix 0 COII\'eTsion Factors and RderencesAppendix [ Preparation of Technical Inquiries
Appcndh r BeIlOl'S Fatigue Tt'st Requiremellts
Appendix G BelJo\\s High Temperature C~c1e Life-
Appendh: U Angular Rotation About Ont' End
Appendix I Tabulatl.'d V:lllles for Cp • C/. e,l' BI , B:. and BJ
Appendix J ExamplesRound Expansion Joints. Forces. and l\lo\'enu.>nls....................................................................................... J·II Single Expansion Joint subjected 10 axial mo\ ement J-l
I Single EXp:ulsion Joint subjected 10 axial and I:ueral mOHllIent J-4
3 Single Expansion Joint with tie rods subjected 10 axial and laleral movement...................................... J-7
4 Tied Universal Expansion Joinl subjected to lateral mO\'ell1enl in two plant's....................................... J-IO
5 Universal pressure balanced Expansion Joint located between two pieces ofequipment with movements at end points........................................................................ J-I-I
6 Single Expansion Joinl. allached to \"essel nozzle. subjected 10 :lxial and lateral movement J·19
7 Calculation of Angular ROlation in a 3 hinge piping system.................................................................... J-23
8 Three (3) hinge Expansion Joint s~stenl J·25
9 Bellows [qui\ all'nt Movement I)er COIn olution J-28
10 Rectangular Expansion Joint ~10\enlellts ;......... J-31
II Calculation for a Straight Run of Pipe Containing lUI A:\ial Expamion Joint J-35
TABLES
Table I
Table II
Table IIITable IVTable \'
Recommended Idl'ntilicalion Dala Required for Bello\\s subjected to Destructive Tests .
Conlponent Design Stress L.ilnits , .
Shape Factors , .
Thermal E:\p:tnsion of Pipe in Inches per 100 feet .
Moduli of Elasticil) or Commonl) Used Bello\\s Materials .
7-69-6
9-80-12
0-101
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STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
SECTlOI\" I - SCOPE. DEFINITIONS. AI\"D I\"O~IENCLATURE
1.1 SCOPE
The EJMAT\I Standards arc only intended for application to metallic bellows expansion joints.
1.2 DEFINITlOI\" OF TERMS
The Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association. Inc. has adopted the following definitions ofExpansion Joint components and related equipment
AI\"GULAR ROTATlOI\"
The displacement of the longitudinal axis of the Expansion Joint from its initial straight lineposition inlo a circular arc. Angular rotation is occasionally referred to as "rotalional movement."This is 1101 torsional rotation which is described funher in this section.
AXIAL CO~IPRESSION
The dimensional shonening of an Expansion Joint along its longitudinal axis. Axial compressionhas been referred to as axial mo\'emenl. tra\erse or compression.
AX.lAL EXTE 'SIOI\"
The dimensional lengthening of an Expansion Joint along its longitudinal axis. Axial extension hasbeen referred (0 as axial movement. traverse. elongation or extension.
BELLOWS
The flexible element of an Expansion Joint consisl1ng of one or more convolutions and the endtangents \\-ith L" D,,::;; 3. with no more than five plies.
CONTROL RODS
Devices. usually in the fonn of rods or bars. anached to the Expansion Joint assembly whoseprimary function is to distribute the movement between the two bellows of a universal ExpansionJoint Control rods arc not designed to restrain bellows pressure thrust
CONVOLUTION
The smallest flexible unit ofa bellows. The total movement capacity ofa bellows is proportionalto the number of convolutions.
COVER
A deyice used to provide limited protection of the exterior surface of the bellows of an expansionjomt from foreign objects or mechanical damage. A cover is somelimes referred 10 as a shroud.
DIRECTlOI\AL ANCHOR
A directional or sliding anchor is one which IS designed 10 absorb loadmg in ODe direction whilepemlming mOlion in another. It may be either a main or intennedl3te anchor. depending upon theapplication m\'oh'ed. When designed for the purpose. a directional anchor may also function as apipe alignment gUlde.ln the design ofa directIOnal anchor. an effort should be made to minimizethe friction between its moving or slidm£ parts. smce this will reduce the loading on the piping andequipment and insure proper functioning of me anchor.
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STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
SECTION 2- SELECTION AND APPLICATlONS
2.1 SELECTION OF EXPANSION JOINTS
The first step in the selection of Expansion Joints is to choose tentative locations for the pipeanchors. Any piping system. regardless of its complexity. can be divided into a number ofindividual expanding pipe sections having relatively simple configurations (ie: straight fUllS. "L"shaped bends. "2" shaped bends and other means). by means of anchors. The number of pipeanchors selected. as well as their locations. will depend upon the piping configuration. theamount of expansion which can be accommodated by a single Expansion Joint. the availabilityofsrructural members suitable for use as anchors. the location of various pipe finings. thelocation of connected equipment. the location of branch connections and other considerations.
The major pieces of connected equipmem such as turbines. pumps. compressors. heatexchangers. reactors. and similar devices can be considered as anchors in most applications. It isusually necessary to supplement these equipment anchor points by locating additional anchors atvalves. at changes in the direction of the pipe. at blind ends of pipe and at major branchconnections. It is generally advisable to start out with the assumption that the use of single anddouble Expansion Joints in straight axial movement will provide the simplest and mosteconomical layout. unless there are obvious advanrages to be gained frolll another approach.
After the anchor points have been tentatively located. the resulting pipe configurations should bereviewed to deternline whether they conform 10 the standard pipe sections shown in Sections 2.2and 2.10. At this point. consideralion should be given to the relative merits of systems utilizingsingle and double Expansion Joints for axial movement only. as opposed to those.utilizinguniversal. pressure balanced. hinged and gimbal Expansion Joints. A final decision on anchorlocations and the types of Expansion Joints to be used can only be made after a comparison ofvarious alternative solutions. Cost. the ability 10 comply with cyclic life and force requirements.space restrictions. and similar items should be considered.
The next step is 10 calculate the actual change in length of each leg of each individual pipeseclion due to temperature changes. The minimum and installation temperatures are assumed tobe 70° F unless otherwise specified. An allowance. added by the system designer, should tbenbe included in the actual calculated movements to account for the following possibilities:
(a) The minimum and/or installation temperatures used in the design calculations mayhave been based on the erroneous assumption that the metal temperature of the pipeis the same as the ambient temperature.
(b) During erection of the piping. it may be necessary to relocate some of the anchorpoints because of construction problems encountered at the job site.
(c) During operation the system may be subject to a different temperature range than thedesigner anticipated. panicularly during stan-up.
Refer to Appendix J Example II for a sample calculation.
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STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
SECTION 3 - SAFETY RECOM~IENDATlONS FOR PI PING SYSTEMS CONTAININGBELLOWS EXPANSION JOlNTS
Bellows Expansion Joints are employed in piping systems to absorb differential thennal expansion whilecontaining the system pressure. They are being sliccessfully utilized in refineries. chemical plants. fossiland nuclear power systems. heating and cooling systems. and cryogenic plants. Typical serviceconditions have pressures ranging from full vacuul1110 1000 psig and temperatures from -420 OF to1800 OF. Such Expansion Joints fall info the category of a highly engineered product. The systemoperating characteristics. the Expansion Joint design and manufacturing quality. and the installatioll. testand operating procedures must all be considered for all Expansion Joint installations.
Unlike most commonly used piping components. a bellows is constmcted of relatively thin gagematerial in order to provide the flexibility needed to absorb mechanical and thennal movementsexpected in service. This requires design. manufacturing quality. handling. installation and inspectionprocedures which recognize the unique nature of the product
In general. the most reliable and safe bellows Expansion Joint installations have always involved a highde!,rree of understanding between the user and manufacturer. With this basic concept in mind. thissection was prepared in order to betler inform the user of tbose factors which many years of experiencehave shown to be essential for the successful installation and perfonnance of piping systems containingbellows Expansion Joints. Additional detailed infomlation can be found in other sections of theseStandards.
3.1 DESIGN SPECIFICATION
A. A design specification shall be prepared for each Expansion Joint application.
B. In preparing the Expansion Joint design specification it is imperative that the system designercomplelely review the piping system layout. flowing medium. pressure, temperature, andmovements. The standard Expansion Joint Specification Sheets published in Appendix A can beused as a guide. Particular attention shall be given to the following items:
a. The piping system shall be reviewed to detemline the location and type of ExpansionJoint most suitable for the application. The EJMA Standards provide numerous examplesto assist tbe user in this effort. The availability of supporting structures for anchoring andguiding of the line, and the direction and magnitude of themlal movements to beabsorbed will have a definite bearing on the type and location of the Expansion Joint.TORSIONAL ROTATION OF THE BELLOWS SHOULD BE AVOIDED. Wheretorsional rotation cannot be avoided. refer to Section -t 13.4.
b.The bellows material shall be specified and must be compatible with the flowingmedium. the external environment and the operating temperarure. Particularconsideration shall be given [0 possible corrosion including stress corrosion. The 300series stainless steels may be subject to chloride ion stress corrosion. High nickel alloysare subject to caustic induced stress corrosion. The presence of sulfur may also bedetrimental to such nickel alloys.
The material chosen shall also be compatible with any water treatment or pipelinecleaning chemicals. In some cases. leachates from insulating materials can be a source ofcorrosion.
c. Internal sleeves shall be specified in all applications invohing flow \'elocities whichcould induce resonant vibration in the bellows or cause erosion of the convolutionsresulting in substantially reduced bellows life. See Section 4.9.
d. The system design pressure and test pressure shall be specified realistically withoutadding arbitrary safety factors. Excess bellows material thickness required for overstated
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STANDARDS DF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
SECTION 4 - CIRCULAR EXPANSION JOINT DESIGN
4.1 MO\'E~IENT EQUATIONSExpansion Joints may be subjected to axial movement. angular rotatioll. lateral deflection. or anycombination of these. Figure ..L2 shows a single bellows Expansion Joint subjected to axialmovement only. Note that the total applied movement is absorbed by a unifonn displacement ofal1 the convolutions. This also applies to dual bellows assemblies such as universal. swing anduniversal pressure balanced Expansion Joints.
xe., = N (For a 'single bellows Expansion Joint)
xe = - (For a dual bellows Expansion Joint)
, 2N
(4-1 )
(4-2)
In equation (4-2) above. the value of-r should include the thennal expansion of the center pipenipple connecting the two bellows. This may be a significant factor in applications involvinglong cemcr pipe nipples. or a large differential between rhe minimum and maximum designtemperatures. When the center pipe nipple is anchored. as it is in a double Expansion Joint (seeSection 1.2). each eod of the assembly should be treated as a single Expansion Joint. In such acase. equation (4-1) will apply and the value ofx should include the (hennal expansion ofthatp'onion of the center pipe nipple which is located between the anchor base and the bellows inquestion.
Figure 4.3 illustrates that an Expansion .Ioint bellows absorbs pure angular rotation byextending uniformly on one side and compressing unifornlly on the other. The movement ofany convolution may be cxpressed as:
eDe =--", 2N
e = ODm
u 4N
(For a single bellows Expansion Joint)
(For a dual bellows Expansion Joint)
(4-3)
(4-4)
As illustrated in figures 4.4 and 4.5. lateral deflection of an Expansion Joint is, in reality. aspecial case of angular rotation. The two bellows in a universal type Expansion Joint. or eachend oflhe bellows ofa single type Expansion Joint. rotate in opposite directions to produce thetotal lateral deflectiony. Unlike the case of pore angular rotation. lateral deflection results inunequal movement distribution over the bellows. the amount of displacement increasing withthe distance from the center of the Expansion Joint. This applies to both single and universaltype Expansion Joints. Since we are concerned only with the maximum displacement perconvolUlion which may be imposed upon any convolution in the Expansion JOIllt. the followingequations are arranged to arrive at the maximum displacement figure. For universal ExpansionJoints. a factor K" is introduced which is a function of the ratio of the total distance between
the OUlemlost ends of the elements to the convoluted length of the Expansion Joint. The valueof K" for any given ratio of L" 2L~ may be found in figure 4.1 and the displacement per
convolution resulting from applied lateral deflectiony. is as follows:
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STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
SECTION 5 - RECTANGULAR EXPANSION JOINT DESIGN
The following sections describe the various movements. forces. and moments which occur at theinterface ofrectangular bellows and the associated dueling system. The movements arc identical in allrespects to those imposed on circular expansion joinrs and are defined in Section 1.2 of these standards.Further. the method of analysis ofdetemlining forces and moments resulting from these movements isalso identical 10 circular bellows. Therefore. the same nomenclature can be used. with the exception thaI[he lemlS L1 and L, (mean length oflong or short sides) is substituted for D 1/1 (mean diameter).
The summary of equations which follows is the rectangular counterpart of the circular bellows. Theexplanation for the use of these equations is found in Section 4.6.1.
5.1 MOVEIVLENT EQUATIONS
Rectangular Expansion Joints may be subjected to axial movement angular movement. lateraldetleclion or any combination of these.
3. Axial movement for single bellows Expansion Joint
b.
xe~, N
Axial movement for universal bellows Expansion Joints.x
e =--, 2N
(5-1)
(5-2)
c. Equivalent axial movement per convolution for single or universal bellows with angularrotation.
rL,-_
L,,,c... 8,(5-3 )
SINGLE BELLOWSFIGURE 5.1
8,LIe =--til 4N
rL --,
(5-4)
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UNIVERSAL BELLOWSFIGURE 5.2
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STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
SECTION 6 - QUALITY ASSURANCE AND BELLOWS FORMING METHODS
This section describes the minimum quality control program requirements for a manufacrurer of metallicbellows type expansion joints inclusive of the product design and compliance [0 customer specifications.These requirements pertain to the inspections and tests necessary to substantiate product conformance todrawings. specifications and contract requirements. The program shall assure systematic and adequatequality control throughout all areas of contract perfOml<lnce: for example. product development. materialselection. fabrication. processing. assembly. inspection. testing. delivery preparation and shipment.storage and maintenance. for which comprehensive written procedures shall be used and main rained andmade available for customer review if requested. These quality conrrol program requirements shallapply when a customer specification identifies an expansion joint to be "designed and manufactured toThe Standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association". These section requirements shall bein addition to and shall not conflict with any other contractual agreements.
6.1 GENERAL
An effective and economical quality control program shall be developed. considering themanufacrurer's facilities and products. The necessary scope and detail of the program shalldepend upon the complexity of the work being perfonned and on the size and capabilities of themanufacturer. All supplies and services under the contract, whether manufactured or performedwithin the manufacturer's plant or at any other source. shall be controlled at all points necessaryto assure confomlance to the conrractual requirements. The program shall provide for theprevention and prompt detection ofnon-confonnities and for timely and positive correctiveaction. The following is a guide to the features which shall be included in the written descriptionof the manufacturer's quality control program and shall be pertinent to both shop and field work.
6.2 AUTHORITY A(';D RESPONSIBILITY
Effective management for quality shall be clearly prescribed by the manufacturer. Personnel incharge of the design, manufacturing. testing. and quality functions shall have sufficient and welldefined responsibilities. the authority. and organizational freedom to idel1lify and evaluatequality problems and to initiate. recommend, or provide solutions. Management shall regularlyreview the status and adequacy of the quality control program. The quality prob'Tam shall becertified and monitored by an intemationally recognized standards authority.
6.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE ORGANIZATION
An organization chart showing the relationship between management. engineering, purchasing.manufacturing. inspection. and quality control is required to reflect the actual organization. Thepurpose oflhis chart is to identify and associale the various organizational groups within theparticular function for which they are responsible.
6A ORAWINGS, DESIGN CALCULATIONS, NO SPECI FICATION CONTROL
The quality control progmm shall establish comprehensive written procedures which will assurethal the latest applicable drawings. design calculations. specifications. and manufacturingprocesses required by the contract. as well as authorized changes. are in use for manufacture.examination. inspection. and testing. The manufacturer shall assure that requirements for tbeeffectivity point of changes are met. and that obsolete drawings and change requirements arerecalled and replaced from all points of issue and use. The manufacturer shall maintain a recordorall customer approved drawings. specifications. and all drawing revisions pertinent to theconlract provisions.
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STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
SECTION 7 - EXA~'IINATlON AND TESTING
To assure a purchaser that the product has been properly designed and manufactured requires somemethod of examination and/or testing of the product. It is not the intention of these standards to givedetailed procedures for performing any examination or test but rather to give a general description ofsome examinations and tests used to evaluate bellows Expansion Joints.
Any oflhe following examinations/tests may be perfonncd on Expansion Joints when specified. It isprimarily the responsibility of the purchaser to specify which methods will be required and theacceptance criteria. Unless othcnvise specified. inspection methods. acceptance criteria and inspectorqualification should be in accordance with the latest edition of the ASME/ANSI Piping Codes and theASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes.
7.1 NO '-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATlON
7.1.1 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
Radiographic examination is based on the principle that extremely high frequency lightwaves. usually x-ray or from a radioactive source such as Cobalt 60. will penetrate solidmaterials and. when projected 01110 a photosensitive film. will reveal voids. areas ofdiscol1linuity. and lack of homogeneity. This examination is widely used in evaluatingthe soundness of welds and in general. is limited to evaluating butt welds of pans ofsubstantially the same thickness and material. In the case of bellows, this is Ilonmillylimited to the evaluation oflongitudinal seam welds before forming.
Unless required by the purchaser. radiographic examination of the longitudinal seam of abellows need not be specified. Examination of the longitudinal seam can beaccomplished by some Olher means. such as liquid penetrant examination. If aradiographic examination is required 011 the longitudinal seam of a bellows then it shouldbe pcrformed before the bellows is convoluted. After the forming operation. it is usuallynot possible for the source or the film to bc placed to yield a meaningful radiograph.
Radiographic examination of the bellows anachment weld should nOI be specified.Interpretation of such radiographs is impractical due to the weldment geometry,differcnccs in thickness and penetrability. In view of the above. and recognition of theattachment weld as a seal weld, Don-destnlctive examination of this weld should beaccomplished by some other means such as liquid penetrant examination.
7.1.2 LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION
Liquid penctrant examination consists of cleaning a surface. coating it with a dye. wipingthe dye off and coating the surface with a developer which after sufficient time will drawthe dye from the cracks, pin holes. and make them apparent 10 the observer. Liquidpenetrant examlOation is limited in scope to detecting surface indications such as finehairline cracks. pin holes and weld roU-over. With the thin material used in bellows. theprobability of any defect remaining subsurface is unlikely. This examination is frequentlyused in e\·aluating bellows welds. The bellows base material may also be inspected bythis method bUI shall be performed prior to convolution forming. The developer used inthis procedure acts as a blotter: therefore. when rechecking a questionable indication it isabsolutely essential to reclean that area and reapply dye and developer. Unless otherwisespecified. examination procedures shall conform to the requirements of ASTM-E 165.
l E.xpansion Join! Mllnufacturers Association. Inc. 7-1
STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
SEcno '8 - SHIPPING AND INSTALL.~nON
Responsible manufacturers of Expansion Joints take nery reasonable precaution. dlfOUgh stringentpurchasing specifications. receiving inspection. reliable design standards. manufacturing methods.quality conrrol procedures. and packaging specifications. to assure the user of the reliability he requires.The installer and the user have a responsibility with the manufacturer to handle. store. install. and applythese Expansion Joints in a way which w111 not impair the quality buill into them. (See Seclion 3)
Some conditions of outside storage may be detrimental and. where possible. should be 3\'oided. Wherethis cannot be accomplished. the Expansion Joint manufacrurer should be so advised either through thespecJficaiions or purchase contract. Preferabl). storage should be in a clean and dry area. Variations In
weather conditions should not pro\'C dctrimcmal to bellows·type Expansion Joints. Care must beexercised to prevent mechanical damage such as that caused by stacking. bumping. or dropping.
Certain industrial and natural atmospheres can be detrimental to some bellows materials. If ExpansionJoints are to be stored or installed in such atmospheric environments. the system designer should selectmalerials compatible WIth these environments.
8.1 SHIPPING TAGS
Expansion Joints are shipped with tags which furnish the installer with instructions covering theinstallation of the particular Expansion Joint. These shipping tags should be left on meExpansion Joint until installation. If the project coordinator wishes duplicate instructions so hemay properly plan his installarion. these will be furnished on request.
8.2 SHIPI'I ·G DEVICES
All manufacturers should provide some means for maintaming the proper face-to-face dimensionof an Expansion Joint during shipment and installation. Sometimes these consist of overall barsor angles welded to the flanges or nipples at the e\.tremities of the Expansion Joint. At othertimes. they consist of washers bolted between equalizing rings. or they may take the foml ofwooden blocks between equalizing rings. Although such devices are adequate protection for rheExpansion Joint during shipment. storage. and installation. they will not be sufficiently strong toprotect the Expansion Joint or piping system if the line is hydrostatically tested prior to theinstallation of anchors and guides.
Changes in ambient temperature ofa newly installed pipe line can. in long runs of pipe. result inconsiderable themlal expansion or contraction. Hydrostatic testing. particularly in wannweather. will cause an appreciable drop in pipe line temperatures. II is obvious from theforegoing that an Expansion Joint may be subject to considerable flexing before the system isplaced in operation. Shipping devices must be removed before an Expansion Joint can functionproperly and must be removed before hydrostatic testing of the pipeline.
ShIPPll1£ devices whIch must be remm-ed from Expansion Jomts manufactured by members ofthe Expansion Joint Manufacturers' Association. Inc., are usually painted yellow. or otherwisedistmctively marked as an addirional aid to the installers.
\\ \\ \\ .eJma.org E..panslon JOlnl \1anufaclurers A~<'(K:iallon. In..: X-I
STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
8.3 INSTALLATION
It is important that Expansion Joims be installed at the proper lengths as recommended by themanufacturer. They should never be extended or compressed to make up deficiencies in pipelength. or offset to 3ccommodatc piping which is nOI properly aligned unless such installation'stolerances have been specified by the system designer and anticipated by the Expansion Jointmanufacturer. Do not neglect pre-compression or pre-extension of the Expansion Joint where itis required or as designaled by the manufacturer. Generally. such instructions arc included onthe shipping tags and additional infonnation is available in Section 2.
All Expansion Joints provided with internal sleeves should be provided with flow arrows or othersuitable means of assisting the installer in properly orienting the Expansion Joint to flowdirection. Correct installation of Expansion Joints with illtemal sleeves is Illost important andshould be checked by the installer. (See Section 4.10)
In order 10 insure the proper functioning of any Expansion Joint. it is highly important lhat allpipelines in which the Expansion Joints are located be suitably 3l11,:horeu. guided. and supported.(See Sections 2.2 through 2.10)
Remember. a bellows is designed to absorb motion by flexing. The bellows is sufficiently thickto withstand the design pressure, but also sufficiently thin to withstand its cyclic movementOptimum design will always require a bellows of thinner materials than virtually every othercomponent of the piping system in which it is installed. The installer must recognize this andtake all necessary measures to protect the bellows during installation. Avoid denting, weldspatter. a~c strikes. or the possibility of allowing foreign matter to interfere with the properflexing of the bellows. With reasonable care during storage. handling. and installation. the userwill be assured of the reliability designed and built into the Expansion Joint.
8.4 GASKETS
When removable flanged sleeves are inserted in the Expansion Joint. an extra gasket is requiredbetween Ihe face of the Expansion Joint and the back face of the flanged sleeve. i.e.. two gasketsper Expansion Joint ordinarily, three gaskets if onc flanged sleeve is used per Expansion Jointand four gaskets if a pair oftdescoping flanged sleeves are used. Caution should be used withgraphite impregnated gaskets in contact with stainless steel facings or sleeves al hightemperature.
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STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.
8.5 RECOMME 'OED INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
Metal Bellows Expansion Joints have been designed to absorb a specified amount of movementby flexing oflhe thin-gauge convolutions. Ifproper care is not wken during inslallalion. it mayreduce the cycle life and the pressure capacity ofIhe expansion joints which could result in anearly failure of the bellows element or damage the piping system.
The following recommendations are included to avoid the most common errors that occur duringinstallation. \Vhcn in doubt about an installation procedure. contact the manufacturer forclarification before anempting [0 install the Expansion Joint.
DO'S
Inspect for damage during shipment. LL'.. denls. broken
hardware. water marks on carton. etc.
Store in clean dry arell where II \\ ill not be exposed 10
hellvy tmffic or damaging environment.
Use only designated lifting lugs.
Make the piping syslems fit the expansionjoinL Byslretching. compressing. or olTselling the joint to fit thepiping. it may be o\cr.;tresscd when the syslem is inservke.
It is good pmctice to leave one Ilange loose Ilntiltheexpansion joint has been filled into position. Makenecessary adjustment of loose flange before v. e1ding.
Install joim \\ ilh :IITOV. pointing in the direction of flov..
Inslall single Van Stone tiners pointing in the direclion offlov... Be sure 10 install a gasket between the liner and VanSlone flange as well as betweenlhe mating flange and Imer.
With telescoping Van Stone \inCl;;. II1stall the smallest 1.0.liner pointing mlhe direction offlo\\
Remo\e all shipping de\ ices after the installatIon iscomplete and before any pressure lest of the futly mstalledsystem
Remove any foreIgn malerialthal may ha\e become ludgedbeh\een the cOll\olutlOns.
Refer to EJMA Standards for proper guide sp:lcing andanchor rCl.:ommcndations.
DON'TDo not drop or strike carton.
Do not remo\e shipping bars until installation iscomplete.
Do nol remO\·e any moisture-absorbing dessicant bagsor proteclive coatings until ready for installation.
Do not use hanger lugs liS lifting lugs without approvalof manufacturer
Do not use chains or :Iny lifting devicc directly on thebellO\.\ s or bellows cover.
Do not allow weld splatter to hit unprotected bellows.Protect \\ tlh weI chloride-free insulation.
Do not use cleaning agents that contain chlorides
Do nol use steel wool or wire brushes on beltOV\s.
Do nol force-rOlate one end of an expiLnsion joinl foralignment ofbolt holes. Ordinary bel10ws :Ire nolcapable of absorbing lorque.
Do not hydrostatic pressure test or evacuate the systembefore installalion of all guides and anchors.
Pipe hangers are not adequate guides.
Do not exceed a pressure test of I 1 2 times the r.lledworking pressure of the exp.lnsion joint.Do not use shipping bars to retain thrust iftesled prior toinstnllation.
The manufacturer's warranty may be void if improper installation procedures have been used.
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STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTUR.ERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
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STA, DARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOClATION. INC.
SECTION 9 - FEATURES, ACCESSORIES AND MATERIALS
9.1 M ULTI-PLY BELLOWS
A multi-ply bellows can be used in many applications. II is important to understand thefunctional characteristics of each type of construction. These Standards apply to bellows with nomore than five plies.
9.1.1 MULTI-PLY CONSTRUCTION WITII THE SAME TOTAL THICKNESS AS ASINGLE PLY CONSTRUCTION
9.1.1.1 PRESSURE CAPACITY
The circumferential membrane (S~) and meridional membrane (5,) pressure
stresses are unaffected since the rotal bellows thickness is the same as a single plyconslnlction. The meridional stress due to pressure (S~) will be higher for the
multi-ply construction due (0 the thinner material per ply.
9.1.1.2 FATIGUE LLFE
An increase in fatigue life over that ofa single ply construction will usually resultsince the meridional deflection stresses (55) and (Sf,) aTC reduced due to the
thinner material per ply.
9.1.1.3 SPRING FORCESA decrease in the spring force will result since the spring rate will be lower due tothe thinner material per ply.
9.1.1.4 BELLOWS STABILITY
Column stability is reduced due to the thinner material per ply. In-plane stabilityis also reduced.
9.1.2 MULTI-PLY CONSTRUCTION WITH THE SAME THICKNESS FOR EACliPLY AS A SINGLE PLY CONSTRUCTION
9.1.2.1 PRESSURE CAPACITY
The pressure capacity of the bellows is higher than a single ply construction. Thecircumferential membrane (S~) and meridional membrane (SJ) pressure stresses
are lower since the total bellows thickness is greater. The meridional bendingstress due to pressure (S~) will be lower for the multi-ply construction.
9.1.2.2 FATIGUE LIFE
The effect on fatigue life over that ofa single ply construction will be minimal.
9.1.2.3 SPRING FORCES
An increase in the spring force will result since the spring rate wiJI be bigher dueto the greater total material thickness.
9.1.2.4 BELLOWS STABILITY
In-plane and colunm stability are increased due to the greater total materialthickness.
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