standard operating procedure(cv-li)

7/27/2019 Standard Operating Procedure(Cv-li)

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STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP)

FOR TIAN SIANG OIL MILL PAHANG

LABORATORY

NAME :NURUL HAZWANI BT MOHAMAD 2010276264

:FAMEZA BT REHAN 2010811842

PROGRAMME: EH220

LI DURATION: 2 MONTHS

SUPERVISOR: MR. RIZALMAN BIN ABD RAHIM

COMPANY ADDRESS : TIAN SIANG OIL MILL (PAHANG) SDN. BHD.

KG. TERSANG, BATU MALIM,27610 RAUB, PAHANG.


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1.3Materials and Apparatus1.3.1 MOISTURE CONTENT

a) 100 mL beaker

b) 250 mL beaker

c) Hot plate / heater

d) Electronic weighing scale

e) Tap water

f) Crude palm oil (CPO)

g) Goggles

h) Gloves

i) Mask

j) Safety helmet

1.3.2 FFA CONTENT

a) 100 mL beaker

b) 150 mL conical flask

c) 10 mL pipette

d) 15 mL burette

e) Electronic weighing scale

f) Hot plate / heater

g) Retort stand

h) Phenolphthalein

i) Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)

j) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

k) Crude palm oil (CPO)

l) Goggles

m)Gloves

n) Mask

o) Safety helmet


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1.3.3 DOBI

a) 100 mL beaker

b) 250 mL beaker

c) 25 mL volumetric flask

d) Dropper

e) Electronic weighing scale

f) Precision cells

g) Spectrophotometer machine

h) Tissue / clean cloth

i) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

j) Crude palm oil (CPO)

k) Goggles

l) Gloves

m)Mask

n) Safety helmet


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1.4Procedure1.4.1 MOISTURE CONTENT (< 0.25%)a) Take 100 mL of crude palm oil sample from the production line or storage tank or

dispatch section.

b) Measure the weight of an empty beaker (100 mL beaker) by using the electronic

weighing scale.

c) Add 20 mL of crude palm oil sample into the weighed empty beaker.

d) Measure the weight of the beaker after sample is added in order to get the weight of the

sample.

() () ()

Where;

() ()

() ()

() ()

e) Heat the loaded beaker on the hot plate for 1-2 minute/s.

f) Add approximately 200 mL of tap water into the 250 mL beaker (this is for the cooling ofthe heated beaker).

g) After heated, cool the heated beaker in the tap water.

h) Measure the weight of the cooled beaker by using the electronic weighing scale.

() ()

()

Where;

() ()

() ()

() ()


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1.4.2 FFA CONTENT (


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1.4.3 DOBI (>2.30%)Step 1: Preparation of solution A.

a) Take the remaining sample of CPO from part (1.4.2).

b) Measure the weight of an empty volumetric flask.

c) Add approximately 0.1g of sample into the volumetric flask.

d) Add 2,2,4-trimethylpentane into the volumetric flask until it reach the calibration point.

e) Shake the volumetric flask until the solution is perfectly mixed.

Step 2: Preparation of the spectrophotometer machine.

a) Switch on the spectrophotometer machine.

b) Press Main Menu button. Select Data Menu at the option list.

c) Then, prepare the precision cells by rinsing the cell with 2,2,4-trymethylpentane.

d) After rinsed, fill three-quarter of the precision cells with 2,2,4-trymethylpentane.

e) Wipe away any finger print or dust on the surface of the precision cells.

f) Insert the precision cells in the spectrophotometer with the clear part perpendicular to the

laser direction.

g) Then, press Auto Zero button and wait until the reading on the panel is equal to 0.0000.

Step 3: DOBI testing.

a) By using the same precision cells from step 2, rinse the precision cells using solution A.

b) Fill three-quarter of the precision cells with solution A.

c) Wipe away any finger print or dust on the surface of the precision cells.

d) Insert the precision cells in the spectrophotometer with the clear part perpendicular to the

laser direction.

e) Then, press Start button and wait until the panel show its reading.

f) Record the reading.


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1.5Results1.5.1 MOISTURE CONTENT (


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2. Kernel Test2.1Objectives

a) To determine the moisture content in the kernel.

b) To determine the impurities content in the kernel.

c) To ensure that the moisture and impurities content in the kernel do not exceed the

given limit.

2.2Limitation TablePARAMETER LIMIT (%)

Moisture


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2.3Materials and Apparatus2.3.1 MOISTURE CONTENTa) Basin

b) Moisture meter

c) Cup electrode

d) Tissue

e) Kernel

f) Goggles

g) Gloves

h) Mask

i) Safety helmet

2.3.2 IMPURITIES ( DIRT AND SHELLS)a) Basin

b) Weighing scale

c) A clean cloth / tray ( 45 75 ) cm

d) Goggles

e) Gloves

f) Mask

g) Safety helmet


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2.4Procedure2.4.1 MOISTURE (


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3. Dry Decanter Cake Test3.1Objectives

a) To determine the moisture content in the dry decanter cake.

b) To ensure that the moisture content in the dry decanter cake do not exceed the given

limit.


Moisture < 12 - 20

Table 3.1


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3.3Materials and Apparatusa) Scooper

b) Weighing scale

c) Moisture meter

d) Cup electrode

e) Decanter cake

f) Goggles

g) Gloves

h) Mask

i) Safety helmet


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3.4Procedurea) Take dry decanter cake sample from bunker or dispatch section.

b) Let it cool to room temperature for about an hour.

c) Then, fill the lower part of cup electrode with the cooled dry decanter cake until it is

full.

d) Connect the upper part of cup electrode and close it tightly by twisting the hand

wheel.

e) Connect the cup electrode to the moisture meter by using the connecting wire.

f) Press the red check button and ensure that the meter needle reach the red zone on the

meter.

g) Press white measuring button and take the reading.

3.5ResultsNO. Time

(00:00:00)

t, hour % moisture

1.

2.

3.

Table 3.2


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4. Oil Losses Test4.1Objectives

a) To determine the percent of oil loss by extracting oil from fibers (press), oil room,

dry decanter cake and sludge.

b) To ensure that the losses of oil do not exceed the given limit.


Moisture 3035

Oil losses wet basis (OLWB) -

Oil losses dry basis (OLDB) Sludge and cake (


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4.3Materials and Apparatusa) 250 mL beaker

b) Crucible pot

c) Filter paper

d) Borosilicate glass

e) Thimble filter

f) Southlete extractor

g) Align condenser

h) Extraction apparatus

i) Oven

j) Electronic weighing scale

k) Tap water

l) Hexane

m)Goggles

n) Gloves

o) Mask

p) Safety helmet


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4.4Proceduresa) Take sample of pressed fiber from press section.

b) Take sample of decanter cake from decanter dryer.

c) Take sample of sludge from sludge tank.

d) Weight three empty crucible pots by using the electronic weighing scale.

e) Fill one pot with approximately 5g of fibers, one pot with approximately 30g of

decanter cake and the other one with approximately 30g of sludge.

f) Weight each of the pot again by using the electronic weighing scale.

g) Heat all of the pots in the oven.

- Fibers = 4 minutes

- Decanter cake = 5 minutes

- Sludge = 4 hours

h) After heated, weight each of the pot again by using the electronic weighing scale.

i) From this step, the moisture can be calculated already:

()

()

()

()

()

()


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Step 2: Preparation of hexane.

a) Weight three empty borosilicate glasses by using the electronic weighing scale one by

one.

b) Fill each of the borosilicate glass with 250 mL of hexane.

Step 3: Extraction process.

a) Insert each heated sample into the thimble filter.

b) Insert the thimble filter into the southlete extractor and connect it to the align

condenser at the extraction apparatus.

c) Connect the bottom of the southlete extractor to the borosilicate glass that containing

the hexane.

d) Place borosilicate properly on the heater while connecting it to the southlete extractor.

e) Connect the align condenser with tap water pipe by using the tubes.

f) Open the tap and let the tap water flow through the tube as well as the align

condenser.

g) Heat the borosilicate glass with the level of hotness at 4.

h) Heat the borosilicate glass until all the oil from the sample being extracted out and the

hexane dried.

i) After the oil being extracted, weight the borosilicate glass again by using the

electronic weighing scale.

j) Calculate the parameters.

()


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()

()

()

()

()

()

()


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4.5ResultsSamples Time t,

hours

A,g B,g C,g D,g E,g F,g G,g H,g

1. Fibers

2. Decanter

cake

3. Sludge

Table 4.2 (a)

Samples Time t,hours %

moisture

%

OLWB

%

OLDB

%

NOS

1. Fibers

2. Decanter

cake

3. Sludge

Table 4.2 (b)


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5. Kernel Losses Test5.1Objectives

a) To determine the losses of kernel from fiber cyclone, stage (1&2) and clay bath.

b) To make sure that the losses do not exceed the given limit.

5.2Limitation TableSECTION LIMIT (%)

Fiber cyclone


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5.3Materials and Apparatusa) Plastic bag

b) A clean cloth / tray ( 45 75) cm

c) Manual weighing scale

d) Goggles

e) Gloves

f) Mask

g) Safety helmet


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5.4Procedure5.4.1 Fiber cyclone (fiber)

a) Take sample of fibers from fiber cyclone by using the plastic bag.

b) Weight 1kg / 1000g of the sample by using the manual weighing scale.

c) Spread the sample on the clean cloth / tray.

d) Sort out any nut and kernel from the fibers.

e) Weight the nut and kernel by using the manual weighing scale.

()

5.4.2 Stage (1&2)a) Take sample from stage (1&2) using plastic bag.



d) Sort out any kernel from the sample.

e) Weight the kernel by using the manual weighing scale.

()

5.4.3 Clay Batha) Take sample from clay bath outlet by using the plastic bag.



d) Sort out any kernel, broken kernel and nut from the wet shell.

e) Weight each of them by using the manual weighing scale.


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5.5ResultsNO. TIME, 00:00:00 SECTION, %

Fiber cyclone Stage Clay bath

1.

2.

3.

Table 4.2


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6. Cracking Efficiency Test (RM 1 & 2)6.1Objectives

a) To determine the cracking efficiency of the ripper mill.

6.2Materials and Apparatusa) Plastic bag

b) A clean cloth / tray ( 45 75) cm

c) Manual weighing scale


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6.3Proceduresa) Take sample from ripper mill (1&2) by using the plastic bag.

b) Weight 1kg / 1000g of sample by using the manual weighing scale.


d) Sort out any nut, whole kernel, broken kernel and shell.

e) Weight each of them by using the manual weighing scale.

f) Calculate the percent of nut, whole kernel, broken kernel and shell.

6.4ResultsNO. TIME,00:00:00 RESULTS,%

Nut Whole

kernel

Broken

kernel

Shell Cracking

efficiency

1.

2.

3.

Table 5.1


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7. Pressing Efficiency Test7.1Objectives

a) To determine the pressing efficiency of the pressing machine.

b) To ensure that the fruits are press to the level of fully dried.

7.2Limitation TablePARAMETERS LIMITS, %

Nut >35.00

Broken nut


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7.4Procedurea) Take sample from pressing machine that is / are working on that day.

b) Weight 1/2kg / 500g of sample by using the manual weighing scale.

c) Sort out any nut, broken nut, whole kernel, broken kernel and shell from the fiber.

d) Weight each of them.

e) Calculate the percentage.

7.5ResultsNO. TIME, 00:00:00 PARAMETERS, %

Nut Broken

nut

Whole

kernel

Broken

kernel

Shell Fiber

1.

2.

3.

Table 6.2


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8.3Materials and Apparatusa) 100 mL beaker

b) 150 mL conical flask

c) 50 mL burette

d) Retort Stand

e) Dropper

f) TDS Tester

g) Color Comparator

h) pH Indicator Strips

i) Iron rod

j) Test tube

k) Boiler water (sample)

l) Hydrochloric Acid 6N (HCl)

m)Starch Indicator

n) Potassium Iodide N/63 (KI2)

o) Phosphate Reagent

p) Distilled Water

q) Phenolphthalein Indicator

r) Barium Chloride (BaCl2)

s) EDTA 50

t) Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)

u) Tablet of Hardness Yes or No

v) Acid Reagent

w) Solochrome Black Indicator

x) Ammonium Buffer Solution

y) Silica 3 Reagent

z) Molybdate Reagent

aa)Citric Acid Reagent

bb)Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4)

cc)Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)


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8.4Procedures8.4.1 Sulphite

a) Take the Boiler Water sample from the Boiler. Ensure that the sample water still

hot.

b) Pour 50 mL of Boiler Water sample into a 150 mL conical flask.

c) 1 mL of Hydrochloric Acid 6N (HCl) and 2 mL of Starch Indicator.

d) Shake the conical flask until the solution is mixed completely.

e) Pour the 50 mL burette with Potassium Iodide N/63 (KI2) until it full.

f) Titrate the solution with Potassium Iodide N/63 (KI2) by using the burette until

the color turns blue.

g) Record the reading of the burette after titration.

h) Calculate the titration reading:

Titration reading = (50 mL - reading of the burette after titration)

i) Calculate the concentration of Sulphite presence in the Boiler Water:

Concentration of Sulphite presence (in ppm) = Titration reading 20

j) Record the results.

8.4.2 Phosphatea) Take the Boiler Water sample from the Boiler. Ensure that the sample water still

hot.

b) Pour 0.5 mL of Boiler Water sample into a test tube.

c) Add 5 mL of Distilled Water into the test tube.

d) Put 1 packet of Phosphate Reagent and shake it until the reagent completely

dissolved in water.

e) Use Color Comparator (Phosphate-Phosver III) to get the reading.

f) Record the result.

8.4.3 Caustic Alkalinitya) Take the Boiler Water sample from the Boiler. Ensure that the sample water still

hot.

b) Pour 50 mL of Boiler Water sample into a 150 mL conical flask.

c) Add 4 droplets of Phenolphthalein Indicator and 1 mL of Barium Chloride

(BaCl2).


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e) Pour the 50 mL burette with Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) until it full.

f) Titrate the solution with Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) by using the burette until the

color turns grey.




i) Calculate the concentration of Caustic Alkalinity presence in the Boiler Water:

Concentration of Caustic Alkalinity presence (in ppm) = Titration reading 100


8.4.4 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)a) Take the Boiler Water sample from the Boiler. Ensure that the sample water still

hot.

b) Pour 100 mL of Boiler Water sample into a 100 mL beaker.

c) Use TDS Tester to test the TDS of the water.

d) Record the reading shown on the TDS Tester.

8.4.5 Total Hardness ( Method 1)a) Take the Boiler Water sample from the Boiler. Ensure that the sample water still

hot.


c) Take 1 tablet of Tablet Hardness Yes or No and put it into the water sample.

d) Stir the water by using an iron rod until the tablet completely dissolved in the

water.

e) If the color of the water turns green, it means that the Total Hardness = 0, no need

to proceed the test.

f) If the color of the water turns red, titrate the solution with EDTA 50 by using a

burette until the color turns blue. Pour the 50 mL burette first with EDTA 50 until

it full n pour the sample into a 150 mL conical flask.





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i) Calculate the Total Hardness of the Boiler Water:

Total Hardness of the Boiler Water = Titration reading 10


Method 2

a) Take the Boiler Water sample from the Boiler. Ensure that the sample water still

hot.

b) Pour 50 mL of Boiler Water sample into a 150 mL Conical Flask.

c) Add 5 droplets of Solochrome Black Indicator and 5 droplets of Ammonium

Buffer Solution.










i) Calculate the Total Hardness of the Boiler Water:

Total Hardness of the Boiler Water = Titration reading 10


8.4.6 pHa) Take the Boiler Water sample from the Boiler. Ensure that the sample water still

hot.


c) Take 1 strip of pH Indicator Strip and soak it into the water sample.

d) Wait for a while and compare the color change shown on the pH Indicator Strip to

get the pH reading.

e) Record the result.


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8.4.7 Silicaa) Take the Boiler Water sample from the Boiler. Ensure that the sample water still

hot.

b) Pour 0.5 mL of Boiler Water sample into a test tube.

c) Add 5 mL of Distilled Water into the test tube.

d) Put 1 packet of Acid Reagent and shake the tube until the reagent completely

dissolved in water.

e) Put 1 packet of Molybdate Reagent and shake the tube until the reagent

completely dissolved in water.

f) Put 1 packet of Citric Acid Reagent and shake the tube until the reagent


g) Put 1 packet of Silica 3 Reagent and shake the tube until the reagent completely

dissolved in water.

h) Use Color Comparator (Silica) to get the reading.

Concentration of Silica presence (in ppm) = reading 10

i) Record the result.

8.4.8 Chloridea) Take the Boiler Water sample from the Boiler. Ensure that the sample water still

hot.

b) Pour 50 mL of Boiler Water sample into a 150 mL Conical Flask.

c) Add 4 droplets of Phenolphthalein Indicator and shake the conical flask until the

solution is mixed completely

d) Pour the 50 mL burette with Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) until it full.

e) Titrate the solution with Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) by using the burette until the

color turns colorless.

f) Add 2 mL of Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) into the colorless solution.

g) Shake the conical flask until the solution is mixed completely.

h) Pour the 50 mL burette with Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) until it full.

i) Titrate the solution with Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) by using the burette until the

color turns Orange.

j) Record the reading of the burette after titration.


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k) Calculate the titration reading:


l) Calculate the concentration of Chloride presence in the Boiler Water:

Concentration of Chloride presence (in ppm) = Titration reading 20

m)Record the results.

8.5Results

Test LimitResult Time

(00:00:00) (00:00:00)

Sulphite 2060

Phosphate 2070

Caustic Alkalinity 300700

Total Dissolved Solid < 1200

Total Hardness < 1

pH 10.511.5

Silica < 90

Chloride < 300

Table 7.2


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9. Silica Remover Water Test9.1Objectives

a) To find the concentration of Silica presence in the Silica Remover Water.

b) To find the Total Hardess of the Silica Remover Water.

9.2Limitation TableParameters Limits

Silica < 5 ppm

Total Hardness < 1 ppm

Table 8.1

9.3Materials and Apparatusa) Test tube

b) Color Comparator

c) 100 mL beaker

d) Iron rod

e) 150 mL Conical Flask

f) 50 mL burette

g) Dropper

h) Silica Remover Water sample

i) Molybdate Reagent

j) Acid Reagent

k) Citric Acid Reagent

l) Silica 3 Reagent

m) EDTA 50

n) Tablet Hardness Yes or Noo) Solochrome Black Indicator

p) Ammonium Buffer Solution


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9.4Procedures9.4.1 Silica

a) Take the Silica Remover Water sample from the Silica Remover.

b) Pour 5 mL of Silica Remover Water sample into a test tube.

c) Put 1 packet of Acid Reagent and shake the tube until the reagent completely

dissolved in water.

d) Put 1 packet of Molybdate Reagent and shake the tube until the reagent


e) Put 1 packet of Citric Acid Reagent and shake the tube until the reagent


f) Put 1 packet of Silica 3 Reagent and shake the tube until the reagent completely

dissolved in water.

g) Use Color Comparator (Silica) to get the reading.

h) Record the result.

9.4.2 Total Hardness ( Method 1)a) Take the Silica Remover Water sample from the Silica Remover.

b) Pour 50 mL of Silica Remover Water sample into a 100 mL beaker.



water.









i) Calculate the Total Hardness of the Silica Remover Water:

Total Hardness of the Silica Remover Water = Titration reading 10



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Method 2

a) Take the Silica Remover Water sample from the Silica Remover.

b) Pour 50 mL of Silica Remover Water sample into a 150 mL Conical Flask.


Buffer Solution.










i) Calculate the Total Hardness of the Silica Remover Water:

Total Hardness of the Silica Remover Water = Titration reading 10


9.5Results


(00:00:00) (00:00:00)

Silica < 5

Total Hardness < 1

Table 8.2


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10.Softener Water Test10.1 Objectives

a) To know the pH of the Softener Water

b) To find the Total Hardess of the Softener Water

10.2 Limitation TableParameters Limits

pH 6.87.0

Total Hardness < 1 ppm

Table 9.1

10.3 Materials and Apparatusa) 100 mL beaker

b) pH Indicator Strip -

c) Iron rod

d) 50 mL burette

e) 150 mL conical flask

f) Dropper

g) Softener Water sample

h) Tablet Hardness Yes or Noi) EDTA 50

j) Solochrome Black Indicator

k) Ammonium Buffer Solution


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10.4 Procedure10.4.1 pH

a) Take the Softener Water sample from the Softener.

b) Pour 50 mL of Softener Water sample into a 100 mL beaker.

c) Take 1 strip of pH Indicator Strip and soak it into the water sample.

d) Wait for a while and compare the color change shown on the pH Indicator Strip to

get the pH reading.

e) Record the result.

10.4.2 Total Hardness (Method 1)a) Take the Softener Water sample from the Softener.

b) Pour 50 mL of Softener Water sample into a 100 mL beaker.



water.









i) Calculate the Total Hardness of the Softener Water:

Total Hardness of the Softener Water = Titration reading 10


Method 2

a) Take the Softener Water sample from the Softener.

b) Pour 50 mL of Silica Remover Water sample into a 150 mL Conical Flask.


Buffer Solution.


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i) Calculate the Total Hardness of the Softener Water:

Total Hardness of the Softener Water = Titration reading 10


10.5 Results


(00:00:00) (00:00:00)

pH 6.87.0

Total Hardness < 1

Table 9.2


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11.BOD Test11.1 Objectives

a) To find the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) content in the Raw Palm Oil

Mill Effluent

11.2 TheoryWhy choose BOD at 30 C for 3 days instead BOD at 20 C for 5 days:

1. To stimulate tropical climate condition

2. To shorten the incubation period so that more samples can be analyzed

3. The effect of nitrification is minimal

4. Extensive lab experiment have shown that BOD at 30 C for 3 days is slightly higher than

BOD at 20 C for 5 days

Calculation of BOD:

BOD (mg/L) = [ABCE ] D

where A: Initial Dissolved Oxygen Content (DO-1) of the diluted sample

B: Final Dissolved Oxygen Content (DO-3) of the diluted sample

C: Blank value = [Initial DO of Dilution Water blank samplefinal DO of

Dilution Water blank sample]

D: Dilution factor (50 or 100)

E: Average Seed control


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11.3 Materials and Apparatusa) 10 L water container

b) 50 mL measuring cylinder

c) 250 mL beaker

d) Aquarium Air Pump

e) Electronic Clock Timer

f) Dropper

g) pH Indicator Strips

h) 500 mL measuring cylinder

i) DO Meter

j) BOD Bottles (Wheaton type)

k) Hot Plate

l) Stirrer HTS 1003

m)Alluminium Wrapper

n) BOD Incubator

o) Distilled water

p) Ferric Chloride Solution (FeCl3.6H2O),

q) Magnesium Sulphate Solution (MgSO4.7H2O)

r) Calcium Chloride Solution (CaCl2),

s) Phosphate Buffer Stock Solution

t) Polyseed BOD Innoculum PK/50

u) Effluent Water sample from Pond 11 (Settling) and Pond 12 (Maturity)

v) Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)

w) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)


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11.4 ProceduresSection APreparation of Aeration Water

a) Pour 5 L of distilled water into a 10 L water container.

b) Add 5 mL each of Ferric Chloride Solution (FeCl3.6H2O), Magnesium Sulphate

Solution (MgSO4.7H2O), Calcium Chloride Solution (CaCl2), and Phosphate

Buffer Stock Solution into the water container by using a 50 mL measuring

cylinder.

c) Pour 150 mL of distilled water into a 250 mL beaker.

d) Put 1 capsule of Polyseed BOD Innoculum PK/50 into the beaker.

e) Connect an Aquarium Air Pump to the water container and the beaker to allow

aeration process occurs. Switch on the Aquarium Air Pump and set the Electronic

Clock Timer to 2 hours.

f) Let the process run for 2 hours.

Section BPreparation of Effluent Water Sample

a) Take the Effluent Water sample from Pond 11 (Settling) and Pond 12 (Maturity).

b) Pour 250 mL of each water samples into the 250 mL beaker.

c) Check the pH of each water samples by using a pH Indicator Strips. It should be

in a range of (6.58.2).

d) If the pH exceeds 8.2, then add Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) by using a dropper into

the water sample to reduce the pH.If the pH lowers than 6.5, add Sodium

Hydroxide (NaOH) by using a dropper to increase the pH.

Section CDilution of Water Sample

a) Pour 10 mL of water sample (Pond 12) into a 500 mL measuring cylinder.

b) Add distilled water which taken from the water container (prepared in Section A)

into the measuring cylinder until it full.

c) Close the measuring cylinder and shake slowly until it mixed completely.

d) Repeat step 1 until step 3 for water sample (Pond 11).


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Section D

a) Take out 8 BOD Bottles (Wheaton type), label each of it and pour the Seed

Solution which taken from the beaker (prepared in Section A) into the bottles

according to the measurement below:

Label Volume of Seed Solution used

Blank 0 mL

5 mL 5 mL

10 mL 10 mL

15 mL 15 mL

FD 50 2 mL

FD 100 2 mL

11 50 2 mL

11 100 2 mL

Table 10.1

b) Add distilled water which taken from the water container (prepared in Section A)

into the Blank, 5 mL, 10 mL, and 15 mL bottles until it full.

c) Add Pond 12 water sample (prepared in Section C) into the FD 50 bottle until itfull.

d) Record the volume of Pond 12 sample water (prepared in Section C) left in the

measuring cylinder and times by 2:

G = sample water left 2

e) Pour distilled water from the water container (prepared in Section A) into that

measuring cylinder until it reach G.

f) Add Pond 12 water sample (prepared in step 5) into the FD 100 bottle until it

full.

g) Repeat step 3 for the 11 50 bottle and step 4 until step 6 for 11 100 bottle by

using Pond 11 water sample (prepared in Section C).

h) Stir all the water samples in BOD bottles by using the Hot PlateStirrer HTS

1003 for about 1 minute for each bottle.


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i) Use DO Meter to measure the Dissolved Oxygen Content for day 1 (DO-1) in

each of the water sample. (unit in mg/L)

j) Close the BOD bottles with its Pennyhead stoppers/cap and wrap the head with

Alluminium Wrapper.

k) Set the BOD Incubator at 30 C and put all the water samples in the BOD

Incubator for 3 days.

l) Record the Dissolved Oxygen Content for day 3 (DO-3) in each of the water

sample after 3 days by using the DO Meter.

m)Calculate the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) content in Pond 12 and Pond

11s water sample and record the results.


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11.5 ResultsLabel of the Sample DO-1 (mg/ L) DO-3 (mg/L)

Blank

5 mL

10 mL

15 mL

FD 50

FD 100

11 50

11 100

Table 10.2


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12.Dilution12.1 Objectives

a) To find the percentage of oil, water, and sand in the sample taken from Apollo

Tank, Under Flow, and Distributor

12.2 Limitation Table

SampleLimit (in %)

Oil Water Sand

Crude Oil 4045 3040 < 30

Under Flow 810 < 80 12

Distributor 5055 2030 2025

Table 11.1

12.3 Materials and Apparatusa) 100 mL beaker

b) Thermometer

c) Iron rod

d) 10 mL centrifuge tubee) Centrifuge 80-2

f) Samples from Apollo Tank (crude oil), Under Flow, and Distributor

12.4 Proceduresa) Take the samples from Apollo Tank (crude oil), Under Flow, and Distributor.

b) Pour each of the samples into the 100 mL beaker.

c) Measure the temperature for every sample by using a thermometer.

d) Stir the samples by using an iron rod until it mixed completely.

e) Pour each of the samples into the 10 mL centrifuge tube until it full.

f) Put all the centrifuge tubes into the Centrifuge 80-2.

g) Set up the Centrifuge 80-2:


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Speed = 10 100 rpm

Time = 20 minutes

h) Switch on the Centrifuge 80-2.

i) Record the results of oil, water, and sand layer after 20 minutes for each of the

samples.

12.5 Results

Sample

Result

Temperature

(C)Oil(in %) Water(in %) Sand(in %)

Crude Oil

Under Flow

Distributor

Table 11.2

standard operating procedure(cv-li)

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