Standard 7.0 Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of World War II on the US and the nation’s subsequent role in the world.

Opening:

What do you know about US involvement during World War II?

Work Period:

•Beginning of WWII Notes

•Pearl Harbor Clip

•US Mobilizes for War Notes

Closing:

Quiz

Go over Unit 7 Test

DICTATORS THREATEN WORLD PEACE

• For many European countries the end of World War I was the beginning of revolutions at home, economic depression and the rise of powerful dictators driven by nationalism and territorial expansion • Italy’s Mussolini

• Germany’s Hitler

• Japan’s Tojo Two powerful 20th Century

dictators were Stalin & Hitler

Hitler rose to power in part by criticizing the Versailles Treaty as unfair and humiliating to the proud German nation

FDR: WE ARE NEUTRAL AND FRIENDLY

• FDR’s polices in the early to mid 1930s reflected a desire to remain out of the growing conflict in Europe

• He recognized the USSR diplomatically in 1933 (exchanged ambassadors)

• He lowered tariffs

• He withdrew armed forces from Latin America

FDR and his secretary of State Cordell Hull study European political affairs very

carefully

CONGRESS STAYS NEUTRAL

• Congress, too, pushed neutrality

• Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts

• The first two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war

• The third act outlawed arms sales or loans to nations fighting civil wars

• This reestablished America’s isolationism and restricted FDR’s ability to respond to aggression from undemocratic countries.

USA

Europe

JAPAN ATTACKS CHINA • In 1931, Japan attacked the Chinese province of Manchuria

• Swiftly Japan captured the province which is roughly twice the size of Texas

• Japan was hoping to create a sphere of economic domination.

• All FDR could really do was impose trade restrictions such as embargos on gas and iron.

Japanese soldiers in Manchuria

U.S. NEUTRALITY IS TESTED

• After Japan renewed attacks against China in 1937, FDR sent arms and supplies to China

• He got around the Neutrality Acts because Japan had not actually declared war on China

• FDR promised in a speech in Chicago to “take a stand against aggression”

FDR speech in Chicago, 10/05/1937

War in Europe • When Hitler broke the Munich Pact by invading

Czechoslovakia, the European policy of appeasement ended.

• Germany invaded Poland in 1939 which led to all out war in Europe.

• French and British forces fell back against the Nazi blitzkrieg (lightning war) and the British came under devastating air attack.

AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR

1. In September of 1939 (invasion of Poland), Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass a “cash & carry” provision that allowed nations to buy U.S. arms and transport them in their own ships

2. Destroyers-for-bases deal with Britain meant that the US supplied 50 old WW I destroyers for a 99 year lease to British military bases.

3. Lend-Lease meant the U.S. would lend or lease arms to nations whose defense was vital to America.

America sold weapons to Allied nations for cash

THE AXIS THREAT RISES, BRITAIN GETS OUR SUPPORT

• Axis powers were making great progress across Europe – France fell to Germany in 1940

• The Axis powers were formidable – Germany, Italy and Japan

• Hoping to avoid a two-ocean war, FDR scrambled to support Britain

• He provided 500,000 rifles and 80,000 machine guns and numerous ships

U.S. BUILDS DEFENSE • Meanwhile, Roosevelt got Congress to increase spending for

national defenses and reinstitute the draft • FDR ran for and won an unprecedented third term in 1940 • The majority of voters were unwilling to switch presidents

during such a volatile time in history

FDR pushed for huge defense spending

THE GREAT ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY

• To support Britain, FDR established a “Lend-Lease Plan” which meant the U.S. would lend or lease arms to nations whose defense was vital to America.

• America was becoming the “Great Arsenal of Democracy” supplying weapons to fighting democracies

U.S. SUPPORTS STALIN

• In June of 1941, Hitler broke the agreement he made with Stalin in 1939

• FDR began sending lend-lease supplies to the USSR • German U-boats traveled in “wolf packs” at night torpedoing

weapon shipments headed for the Britain and the USSR • FDR OK’ed U.S. warships to attack German U-boats in self-

defense • US was involved in an undeclared naval war with Germany.

THE ATLANTIC CHARTER • Late in 1941, FDR and

Churchill met secretly and agreed on a series of goals for the war

• Among their goals were collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation and freedom of the seas

• This “Declaration of the United Nations” was signed by 26 nations

FDR, left, and Churchill met aboard the battleship U.S.S. Augusta in Newfoundland

waters

JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES

• While tensions with Germany mounted, Japan launched an attack on an American naval base

• Japan had been expanding in Asia since the late 1930s

• Early on the morning of December 7, 1941, Japan bombed the largest American naval base – Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

ATTACK KILLS 2,403 AND WOUNDS 1,178; U.S. DECLARES WAR

• The surprise raid on Pearl Harbor by 180 Japanese planes sank or damaged 21 ships and 300 planes

• The losses constituted more than the U.S. Navy had suffered in all of WWI

• The next day, FDR addressed Congress, “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, (is) a date which will live in infamy”

• The United States declared war on Japan and three days later Germany and Italy

Activity 1

• Watch Pearl Harbor video clip

THE HOME FRONT

• Private industries had already begun converting to war production even before Pearl Harbor to supply the Allies through Lend Lease.

• The national government managed the economy by controlling the allocation of scarce resources to businesses and controlling wages and prices.

THE HOME FRONT

• In order to finance the war, war bond drives marshaled all of the techniques of modern advertising to persuade citizens to lend money to the government through: • War Bonds

• Victory gardens

• Conserving resources

Persuasion was not enough—rationing of scarce resources was made mandatory through the allocation of ration coupon booklets.

EVERYONE HAD TO SACRIFICE!

WWII Poster encouraging conservation

LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION

• By 1944, nearly 18 million workers were laboring in war industries (3x the # in 1941)

• Because young male workers were needed on the battlefield, women and minorities worked in war time industries.

• “Rosie the Riveter” became an icon of the period.

• Women were allowed to serve in some support positions in the military.

ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT Despite discrimination at home,

minority populations contributed to the war effort

• 1,000,000 African Americans served in the military

• 300,000 Mexican-Americans

• 33,000 Japanese Americans

• 25,000 Native Americans

• 13,000 Chinese Americans

These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers scored the highest marks ever on the Officers exam in

1944

Equality for Minorities?

• African Americans did not receive equal access to war-time jobs.

• A. Philip Randolph, leader of an African American labor union, threatened to march on Washington to fight for equal access.

• In response, FDR established a commission to ensure that war jobs be open to African American workers.

• Mexican workers were also allowed to take the place of American farm workers who were at war.

RACIAL AND ETHNIC TENSIONS

• WW II threatened individual liberties.

• African American soldiers served in segregated units and faced discrimination.

• Northern African Americans experienced Jim Crow in the north.

• Mexican Americans were attacked in Los Angeles because their clothing was “un-American”

INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS

• When the war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans lived in the U.S. – mostly on the West Coast

• After Pearl Harbor, many people were suspicious of possible spy activity by Japanese Americans

• In 1942, without any evidence of wrong-doing, FDR ordered Japanese Americans into 10 relocation centers

• The Supreme Court upheld the establishment of these camps by the US Government.

Japanese Americans felt the sting of discrimination during WWII

Location of the 10 Internment camps

Jerome camp in Arkansas

U.S. PAYS REPARATIONS TO JAPANESE • In the late 1980s,

President Reagan signed into law a bill that provided $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to a relocation camp

• The checks were sent out in 1990 along with a note from President Bush saying, “We can never fully right the wrongs of the past . . . we now recognize that serious wrongs were done to Japanese Americans during WWII.”

Today the U.S. is home to more than 1,000,000 Japanese-Americans

Activity Two-Mini Debate

• Do you think FDR made the right decision to relocate Japanese Americans to internment camps? Why or why not?

Closing

• Quiz