Standard 1

Conflicts between regional and national interest in the development of democracy in the United States.

Day 1Wednesday

1.1 14 slides

• Varying regional characteristics – Religious– Social– Political– Economic

British Colonies• 3 Colonial Regions

– New England• Massachusetts

– Mid-Atlantic• Pennsylvania

– Southern• Virginia and South Carolina

• Varying motivations for settlement impacted each region

• First successful English settlement was Jamestown, VA in 1607– Settled for economic benefit– In search of gold

Colonial Religion• Not every colony was founded for

religious purposes– Most people came to improve

economic and social standing

• “Religious Freedom” did not have the same meaning as today– Pilgrims and Puritans came for

freedom for themselves, not for all religions

• Colonial religious intolerance was a prime factor in establishing the principle of separation of church and state after the American Revolution

Colonial ReligionNew England• Very little religious tolerance• Puritans wanted to create a “city

on the hill”, a community that England could look to as a model of godliness

• The community couldn’t be defiled by people with other beliefs

• Exiled dissenters– Roger Williams- Believed the

government couldn’t force religion– Anne Hutchinson- Believed

individuals could interpret the Bible

Colonial ReligionMid-Atlantic• More religious diversity and

tolerance• Pennsylvania was founded

by Quakers (William Penn)• Everyone had a inner light

which fostered tolerance• Act of Toleration- Lord

Baltimore of Maryland promoted the Act in order to protect the rights of Catholics in the colony

Colonial ReligionSouthern• Religion did not play a

large role until the Great Awakening (1730s)– Revival meetings where

1,000s would attend– Placed an emphasis on

higher education

• The Church of England was the established church of the South

Colonial SocietyNew England & Mid-Atlantic• Society was centered

around religious beliefs• Increased immigration

from various countries caused class distinctions

• The church fostered the development of towns and educational institutions

Colonial SocietySouthern• A hierarchical social structure was

created due to the South's reliance on indentured servants and later on slaves– Indentured Servant- agrees to serve 4-7

years to pay off a debt (usually the cost of transportation to the colonies)

– Slave- originally came from Africa to Barbados then to the colonies

• The plantation system impeded the development of towns and schools due to their large land holdings

• All southern colonies became reliant on slaves

Day 2Thursday

Colonial Politics• Colonial political development was

impacted by the colonists experiences in England– Magna Carta (Medieval bill of rights) and

Parliament (representatives)

• Distance from England fostered the development of colonial governments

• Civil War in England (1600s) and salutary (beneficial) neglect helped undermine the authority of the king– Increased the importance of colonial

assemblies, which were able to control the royal governor appointed by the king

• British subjects in the colonies were loyal to the Crown– Believed that only their colonial assemblies had

the power to tax them

Colonial PoliticsNew England• Town Meetings– Representatives were sent

from each town

• Due to the emphasis on mercantilism and banking, political power was more diverse– Merchants and bankers

had the most power

Colonial PoliticsSouthern• Virginia’s House of

Burgesses– Only landowners could vote

• Dependence on slavery and the plantation economy meant those with the most land had the most power

• Coastal planters had more political power than ordinary farmers

Colonial Economics• Economic development

depended on geographic location, natural resources, and human capital (population & money) available

Colonial EconomicsNew England• Rocky soil, cold winters, and short

growing seasons– Subsistence farming

• Large forests– Shipbuilding

• Vast river systems and harbors/seas– Fishing– Merchants

• They were not dependent on slavery

Mid-Atlantic• Fertile soil, moderate climate, and

large families– Exported crops

• They were not dependent on slavery

Colonial EconomicsSouthern• Vast land, rivers, fertile

soil, and slave labor– Cash crops (grown on large

scale for sale)• Tobacco• Rice• Indigo

– Shipped to New England to be sent back to Europe

• Cotton was not produced on a large scale until the late 1700s

Colonial Economics• The three colonial

regions developed an interdependent network of trade– Coastal trade

• New England- Boston• Mid-Atlantic- New York• Southern- Charlestown

– British Caribbean– Africa– Europe

Day 3Friday

1.2 9 slides

• Representative Government and Political Rights in the Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights

• Conflict between the Colonial Legislatures and British Parliament over taxation

Colonial Government Influences• The Magna Carta recognized the rights of

Englishmen– Consulted on the levying of taxes – Rights were protected by a jury of peers

• The rule of law is a principle that states every member of society must obey the law, even the king– Rules are clear, well-understood, and fairly

enforced

• The English Bill of Rights reinforced previous beliefs and introduced new freedoms– Consultation of levying of taxes– The power of the king is limited by the

Parliament– Religious freedom

Early Representative Governments• Virginia House of Burgesses

– Maintained order in the colony and attracted new colonists– Because only property owners could vote, it created a

social elitist society– The appointment of a royal governor in the 1620s further

limited democracy in Virginia

• Mayflower Compact– Exemplified the principle that a government derives its

authority from the people– Puritan ideology supported democracy in Massachusetts

Bay and spread with the Puritan faith– Puritan church was governed by male members and ruled

through town meetings– Each town sent representatives to the General Court in

Boston• Originally, only Puritan members attended but it was later

expanded to include non-Puritan property owners

Politics in England• English Civil War– The English government left the

colonies alone to develop their own governments

• Glorious Revolution– Due to 100 years of struggle between

the King and Parliament– King James was overthrown by

William and Mary• Agreed to abide by the English Bill of

Rights• Recognized the supremacy of Parliament

and its right to levy taxes

Politics in England• John Locke

– Natural Rights• Life, liberty, and property

– Social Contract Theory• The government governs with the

consent of the governed (power comes from the citizens)

• Salutary Neglect– Colonists governed themselves– Little or no interference from England– Colonial assemblies had the power to

tax the citizens– Ignored tariffs and smuggled goods

into and from port– The ending of this policy is what

fueled colonial revolt against the Crown

The French and Indian War• 1754-1763, The English fought

the French and many of the Native American tribes over control of North America

• English won control of land east of the Mississippi River

• The Proclamation of 1763 banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

• Caused the Crown to go into extreme debt

Day 4Monday

Actions and Reactions• Sugar Act- 1764

– Established admiralty courts which violated the right to a trial by jury

– Colonists reacted by protesting and increased smuggling

• Stamp Act- 1765– Direct tax on official documents– Colonists reacted by

• Protest– “taxation without representation”

• Creation of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty– Organized and supported protests

• The Stamp Act Congress– Declaration of Rights and Grievances

• Boycott

Actions and Reactions• Stationing of British Troops- 1763

– Leftover from the French and Indian War– Troops stationed in Boston were taunted by

an angry mob, and retaliated by firing shots into the crowed, killing five colonists (Boston Massacre, 1770)

• Townshend Acts- 1767– Taxed certain imports and stationed troops at

major colonial ports– Colonists continued to boycott

• Tea Act- 1773– The Crown gave the East India Company a

monopoly on the tea trade which caused prices to decrease in the hopes of lessening boycotts

– Colonists reacted by dumping 18,000 lbs. of tea into the Boston Harbor (Boston Tea Party)

Actions and Reactions• Coercive “Intolerable” Acts- 1774

– Due to the Boston Tea Party, King George III and Parliament wanted to punish the colonists• Shut down the Boston Harbor• Quartering Act- allowed British solders to stay in

vacant private homes and buildings• Martial Law- Boston was forced to obey rules

imposed by military forces

– Colonists reacted by forming the First Continental Congress • 54 delegates drafted a declaration of colonial rights• Stated colonists could fight back if the British used

force

• Lexington and Concord- 1775– “shot heard ‘round the world”– First shots of the Revolutionary War between

British soldiers and Colonial Minutemen

Colonists’ Goals• The colonists were not protesting against the taxes

because they thought the taxes were too high nor were they attempting to form a new kind of government

• The colonists were trying to hold onto the government that they had developed during the time of salutary neglect

• The colonists did not want to have representation in Parliament because they would have been outvoted

• The colonists wanted British recognition that only their colonial legislatures had the right to impose taxes on the colonial citizens

Day 5Tuesday

1.3 4 slides

• Impact of the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution

The Declaration of Independence• The Declaration was written to

further the cause of the colonists’ fight with Britain, which was already in its 2nd year– Addressed to those within the

colonies who remained loyal to the king or were uncommitted to the cause of independence

• Based on the ideas of John Locke– Principles of equality– Natural rights

• Life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness

The Declaration of Independence• Outlined the idea of limited government

– The purpose of a government is to secure rights– It is the right of the people to alter or abolish

the government if those rights aren’t protected

• Blamed King George III, not Parliament, for violating the rights of the colonists– Lists actions that “He” did to the colonists– Try and break the bonds between the King and

the loyalists

• Unify the new nation against a common enemy – The charges listed are the events that led to the

outbreak of war

The Declaration of Independence• By declaring independence,

America was able to enter into an alliance with France– The French king did not support the

ideals of democracy– Started supporting America after its

victory at Saratoga– Wanted to defeat its historical

enemy

• The alliance provided French naval support and supplies– Made the American victory at

Yorktown possible

Post War Impact• States began to put the principles

of the Declaration into practice– Passed laws that gradually

emancipated slaves (North)– Freedom of religion– Property-owning male suffrage

• “all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights… [to] life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”– Rally cry for those denied their rights

Day 6Wednesday

1.4 13 slides

• Dissatisfactions with the Confederation government

• Improvements in the Constitution of 1787• Compromises of the Philadelphia Convention

and the ratification of the Constitution

The First form of Government

• The Articles of Confederation was designed to protect the rights Americans had fought for during the Revolution

The Confederation Government• Created by the Continental

Congress, the Articles of Confederation established a weak central government– Created as a direct result of the

experiences that led to the Revolution• Americans were fighting to preserve

the rights of their colonial assemblies • They believed sovereignty rested in

their state governments

– The Confederation government was unable to meet the needs of the nation

Confederation Government Successes• Large and small states disputed

over land claims in the west– The Confederation absorbed all land

claims and created the national domain• The Land Ordinances established a

method for distribution of this land• The Northwest Ordinances set a

precedent for the creation of new states and declared slavery illegal in the old Northwest Territory– First effort of the government to

prohibit slavery

Confederation Government Successes• The Confederation

government under the Second Continental Congress proved effective during the Revolution– States had a common cause

• The Confederation was satisfactory at the state level– States wrote new constitutions

and passed laws that met their needs

Confederation Government Successes• The Confederation effectively negotiated

the Treaty of Paris 1783 (peace treaty after the Revolution)

• When the fighting and common cause ended, Americans found that the Confederation government was too weak to meet the needs of the growing nation– 54 delegates met at the Philadelphia

Convention to fix the Articles of Confederation

– They ended up starting from scratch and created the Constitution of 1787

– Founders/Framers/Founding Fathers

Confederation Government Problems1. No Standing Army• Trade between Britain and America halted

after the Revolution which meant many Americans were unable to pay their mortgages and state taxes– Led to Shays Rebellion in Massachusetts (1787)-

Farmers marched to close the local courts and prevent foreclosure proceedings on farms

– This frightened many of the elite and prompted their support for a stronger national government that could preserve peace

Constitution:• The national government was given the

power to levy taxes so they could afford an army and protect US interests

Confederation Government Problems2. No Federal Taxation• The Confederation did not

have the power to tax the states– Unable to support a standing

army

• The government could request money from states but they were not obligated to pay anything

Constitution:• The national government was

given the power to levy taxes

Day 7Thursday

Confederation Government Problems3. No Single National Currency• The Confederation could not resolve

conflicts between states over interstate trade, currency, or boundaries nor was there a judicial branch to resolve conflicts

Constitution:• The new national government was

given the exclusive power to control interstate trade and the currency

• A judicial branch of government was established with the right to resolve disputes between states

Confederation Government Problems4. No Executive Leadership• States attempted to negotiate with foreign

powers independently• The Confederation government had a lack of

power and was unable to solve the nation’s problems– The states had more power and refused to

acknowledge the federal government

Constitution:• The federal government was given the

exclusive right to make treaties with foreign powers– Gave the US diplomatic power

• Set up a federal system which shared power between the states and the national government

Confederation Government Problems5. Required unanimous vote to amend• Complete inability to

correct the Confederation government’s failures

Constitution:• Made it easier to fix any

unforeseen problems by including a provision for amendment by ¾ of the states

Confederation Government Problems6. Each state had equal vote in Congress• The Confederation Congress consisted of one house and each state

delegation had one vote, no matter how big or small the population– Georgia (23,375) v. MA (235,308)

Conflicts in Philadelphia:• Virginia Plan- large states wanted representation based on population• New Jersey Plan- small states wanted to have equal representation• Slaves- southern states wanted to count slaves in the population, northern

states did notConstitution:• The Connecticut “Great” Compromise- A bicameral legislature was created

that included the House of Representatives (population) and the Senate (equal)

• 3/5ths Compromise- slaves were to count as 3/5 of a person for the purposes of representation and taxation

Limiting Popular Power• Due to the belief in “We, the people” and

“no taxation without representation”, the Constitution gave the House of Representatives the power to create taxes because they were directly elected by voters

• The Framers were fearful of too much popular influence on the government– They created a system for indirect election of

Senators – Supreme Court justices had to be nominated

by the president and confirmed by the Senate– The electoral college was created as a buffer

between the people and the election of the president

Ratification of the Constitution• Federalists- supported the

Constitution and wanted a strong national government– James Madison, Alexander Hamilton,

and John Jay wrote The Federalist Papers, which were a series of essays that provided an understanding of the intentions of the Framers of the Constitution

• Anti-Federalists- opponents of the Constitution and wanted stronger state governments– Called for a bill of rights to protect

the common person from the elitist who would control the government

Day 8Friday

1.5 7 slides

• The Constitution, Bill of Rights, and Limited Government– Democracy– Republicanism– Federalism– Separation of Powers– Checks and Balances– Individual Rights

Limited Government• Limited government is

based on the idea that the government must be controlled so that it cannot infringe upon the rights of the people– The Constitution effectively

limited the power of the national government

Democracy• The fundamental principle of democracy

is that the government derives its power from the consent of the governed– Under the Articles of Confederation,

sovereignty belonged to the states– Under the Constitution, the authority to

govern comes from the people• “We the People…do ordain and establish this

Constitution”

• The US was not a true democracy from the start due to its failure to recognize the right to vote of several classes of people– The small percentage of voters controlled

the government

Republicanism• Republicanism is a form of

government where voters are represented by elected legislators

• The legislators make decisions in the interests of the voters

• Initially, only the House members were from a direct election (now Senators are too)

Federalism• Federalism is designed to limit the

powers of the government by only delegating it some powers– Exclusive Powers

• Raising an army, Post offices, Foreign diplomacy, Printing and coining money

• Other powers are reserved for the states– Reserved Powers

• Traffic laws, Public schools, Conducting elections, Marriage laws

• Some powers are shared by the states and the national government– Concurrent Powers

• Creating courts, Taxes, Borrowing money

Separation of Powers• The Constitution divided

the federal government into three branches– Executive

• President

– Legislative• Bicameral Congress

– The House of Representatives

– The Senate

– Judicial• Supreme Court and Federal

courts

Checks and Balances• Checks and balances ensure the

power of each branch is limited due to competing powers in other branches– Congress passes laws but the president

can veto them– Congress can override a veto with a

supermajority vote– The president has the power to make

treaties but the Senate must ratify them– The president and judges can be

impeached but it must pass both houses of Congress

Individual Rights• The addition of a Bill of Rights

to the Constitution limited the national government from infringing on the rights of the people– Freedom of speech, religion,

assembly, and press– Protections against unfair trials

and unreasonable search and seizure

– Right to bear arms

Labor Day- Monday

Day 9Tuesday

1.6 10 slides

• Development of the two-party system• Controversies over domestic and foreign

policies• Regional interests of the Democratic-

Republicans and the Federalists

The Two-Party System• The two-party system developed as

a result of political differences between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson during George Washington’s first term– Both men agreed about the ratification

of the Constitution and both supported Washington

– They differed regarding Hamilton’s (then Secretary of Treasury) economic plan

• Hamilton became a Federalist• Jefferson became a Democratic-

Republican

Hamilton v. Jefferson• Hamilton proposed that the

government pay off the debt left from the Revolution by issuing new bonds (individual investments in the government)

• Jefferson (then Secretary of State) opposed this because he believed it would give wealthy investors more power in the federal government

• Congressed approved the plan

Hamilton v. Jefferson• Hamilton proposed that the national

government assume the debts of the states– Northern states supported this because

they had outstanding debts– Southern states (except SC) opposed this

because they had already paid off their debts

• Northern and Southern Congressmen compromised by agreeing to assume the debt, but also moving the US capital to a southern state– The District of Columbia was carved out of

Maryland and Virginia

Hamilton v. Jefferson• Hamilton proposed that Congress establish a

national bank– The bank would hold the nation’s revenue and

supply loans for economic growth

• Jefferson objected based on the exclusive powers given to the federal government in the Constitution– The Constitution did not specifically list that

Congress had the power to establish a bank

• Hamilton argued that the bank was “necessary and proper” to establish a national currency and regulate trade– This ‘elastic clause’ was included in the

Constitution to allow it change with the needs of the nation

• Congress and Washington approved the establishment of the First Bank of the US

Hamilton v. Jefferson• Hamilton proposed Congress establish a

protective tariff– The protective tariff would set a high tax on

imported goods to encourage Americans to buy goods made in the US

– This would protect America’s emerging industries

• Jefferson believed that democracy was dependent on farmers and did not want to promote industry– Southern planters feared European nations

would buy less crops from the US because Americans were buying few foreign made goods

• Congress did not pass the protective tariff

Hamilton v. Jefferson• Hamilton proposed an excise tax on whiskey

– Excise tax- tax on the production of a product; sellers would make up the money by increasing the cost of the product

– He wanted to control the drinking habits of Americans and raise revenue for the federal government

• Jefferson opposed the excise tax because western farmers turned their grain into whiskey to transport it more easily across the Appalachian Mountains

• The “Whiskey Tax” led to the Whiskey Rebellion of western Pennsylvania farmers– This was the first challenge to the authority of the new

national government– The Rebellion quickly ended when troops led by

President Washington marched into the state

• The Rebellion showed the seriousness of the split between the two political groups

Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans• The two-party system developed as a result of

varying political positions on economic issues• Federalists

– Supporters of Hamilton– Strong central government– Loose interpretation of the Constitution– Wealthy merchants and emerging industrialists (North)– Few southern elites

• Democratic-Republicans– Supporters of Jefferson– Limited central government– Strict interpretation of the Constitution– ‘the common man’, rural northerners, southerners,

backcountry folk

Day 10Wednesday

Conflict over France• Jefferson supported the

French Revolution because France’s Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was similar to the Declaration of Independence

• Hamilton supported the British because of long tradition and trade relations– The British were facing attack

from French forces during the French Revolution

Conflict over France• The disagreement over France was

heightened– The Citizen Genet incident- Genet was

a French ambassador urging Americans to support France. He was required to stop by the US government because it showed favoritism over Britain

– Jay’s Treaty- Removed British troops from frontier forts on US soil but allowed British traders to trade fur on the US side of the US-Canadian border

– XYZ Affair- French officials demanded a bribe from US diplomats

Limiting Freedoms• Issues over foreign diplomacy led to

the creation of the Alien and Sedition Acts– The Alien and Sedition Acts were

designed to silence the outspoken and slanderous opposition of the federal government

• Jefferson and Madison wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions opposing the Acts– The Resolutions declared that state

legislatures could nullify an act of Congress

• The controversy contributed to Jefferson’s election in 1800

1.7 4 slides

• Expansion of the power of the national government

• Influential Supreme Court decisions under Chief Justice John Marshall

The Supreme Court• American’s ideas about

democracy have been shaped by the Supreme Court

• Chief Justice John Marshall strengthened the principles of the Constitution and the power of the national government through the decisions made under his leadership

The Supreme Court• The Judiciary Act of 1789

established the court system because the Constitution did not set guidelines

• The first chief justices presided over a very weak court

• President John Adams appointed Federalist John Marshall because of their similar political beliefs

• Marshall is credited for strengthening the power and role of the court system in the US

The Marshall Court• Marbury v. Madison (1803) began the precedent of judicial

review as a vital part of the checks and balances system– Federalist President Adams lost to Democratic-Republican Jefferson– Adams appointed Federalists to open judicial spots before he left

office (‘midnight’ judges)– Democratic-Republican Secretary of State James Madison refused to

approve William Marbury’s commission– Marbury appealed to the Supreme Court– Chief Justice Marshall reviewed the appeal and ruled that the Supreme

Court did not have the power to force Madison to approve the commission

• This was the first case that the Court claimed the right to determine the constitutionality of a law or action

The Marshall Court• The Marshall Court continued to

strengthen the role of the federal government– Gibbons v. Ogden

• The Court ruled that only the federal government could control interstate commerce

– Dartmouth v. Woodward• The Court upheld the sanctity of contracts against

state government

– McCullough v. Maryland• The Court ruled that the sate of Maryland could

not inhibit the operations of the Bank of the US by imposing a tax

– Worcester v. Georgia• The Court denied the right of the state of Georgia

to limit the rights of the individual in a case related to Indian reservations