Stage 1 Physical Education

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGYSkeletal System

Part 1

MAIN BODY SYSTEMS“ The human body is a complex structure made up of a network of different

anatomical systems.”

• Cardiovascular system: the blood circulation with heart, arteries and veins • Digestive system: processing food with mouth, esophagus, stomach and

intestines. • Endocrine system: communicating within the body using hormones • Urinary system: eliminating wastes from the body • Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents (includes the

Lymphatic system) • Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails • Muscular system: moving the body with muscles • Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and

nerves • Reproductive system: the sex organs • Respiratory system: the lungs and the trachea

All are important for the proper functioning of the body.

SKELETAL SYSTEM The Human Skeleton consists of about 206 individual bones, linked to

each other at joints. The skeleton can be broken into 2 separate parts.

1. AXIAL SKELETON:

80 bones found in skull, spine, ribs and sternum and forms the basic structure by which the rest of the skeleton is supported.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON:

126 bones supporting & attaching the limbs to the main skeleton. These include Arms, Legs, Shoulders.

SKELETAL FUNCTION:

SUPPORT Gives the body shape, actively supporting the tissues & organs.

PROTECTION Surround & protect the vital organs - usually with a flat bone. I.e. - Rib Cage - Heart and Lungs, Skull – Brain

MOVEMENT Provide attachment for the tendons of the skeletal muscles & the ligaments of the joints. This provides the basis for movement, with the bones acting as levers & pulleys.

BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION

Red bone marrow found inside the bones is a critical manufacturer of red blood cells which transport Oxygen around the body.

MINERAL STORAGE

Calcium and phosphate are stored in abundance within the bone tissue.

BONE

• Bones are not dry, dead material.

• One third of them is living tissue with a constant turnover of cells carrying out maintenance and repair according to the bones needs.

• Bones are serviced by blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels - transporting body fluids.

BONE

• It is a highly specialised form of Connective Tissue, very rigid - made up of Calcium Phosphates and Calcium Carbonates called a Ground Substance.

• 97% of total calcium content is stored in the skeleton.

BONES OF THE BODY

TYPES OF BONEBones are classified according to their shape

LONG BONE• Strong but light allowing large strong movements• Withstand heavy stresses and body weight• Main levers of the body – allows mobility

• Examples: Femur Phalanges Humerus

SHORT BONE

• Usually equal in length and width

• Absorb impact where strength is required

• Mobility is less necessary

• Examples: Carpals

FLAT BONES

• Broad, smooth surfaces• Little movement, main function is

to protect internal organs• Muscles attached at their base

• Examples: Skull , Scapular, Pelvis

IRREGULAR BONES

Named according to their complex and varied shapes

Used for protection, support and leverage in movement

Examples: Vertebral column, Facial Bones