stage 1 - energy efficient &climate responsive design assistance …. bharat mody...
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BBaarrooddaa,, GGuujjaarraatt IINNDDIIAA ARCH-MEDES (I) CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.
Green Park Delhi
Prepared By
(Low Carbon Consultant)
Global Evolutionary Energy Design,
First Floor, D-15 AF Enclave
Jamia Nagar New Delhi – 110025, INDIA
M +91 9873588571,
O +91 011 24537371
E – Mail: [email protected],
Web site: www.geedindia.org
Disclaimer: The entire report is based on certain assumptions which are listed in the different sections of the report; standard
procedures have been employed for calculation of different information entities. These methodologies can be referred from internationally approved documents. Large data handling and complex mathematical calculation leave space for probable errors of which the consultant takes no warranty, though efforts have been made to minimize errors and anomalies.
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Table of Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................................. 4
1 Questions Addressed in the Report ............................................................................. 5
2 Summery of Recommendations.................................................................................... 6
3 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 8
4 Weather Data and Design Conditions........................................................................... 9
5 Concept Stage Modeling & Assessments .................................................................. 10
6 Day Lighting Analysis .................................................................................................. 11
6.1 Results ................................................................................................................................................11
6.2 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................12
7 Optimum Orientation.................................................................................................... 13
7.1 Results ................................................................................................................................................14
7.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................................................14
8 Prevailing Winds........................................................................................................... 15
8.1 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................17
9 Shadow Ranges............................................................................................................ 18
9.1 Results & Recommendation ...............................................................................................................18
9.2 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................19
10 Psychrometric Analysis, Passive Techniques Identification................................. 19
10.1 Passive Techniques ............................................................................................................................19
10.2 Design Strategies and Recommendations..........................................................................................20
11 Solar Insolation Level................................................................................................ 23
11.1 Results ................................................................................................................................................23
11.1.1 Autumn............................................................................................................................................23
11.1.2 Spring..............................................................................................................................................24
11.1.3 Summer ..........................................................................................................................................25
11.1.4 Winter..............................................................................................................................................26
12 Weather Profile Assessment .................................................................................... 27
12.1 Results ................................................................................................................................................27
13 Hourly Sun Shading Simulations ............................................................................. 28
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13.1 Results ................................................................................................................................................28
14 Thermal Comfort Analysis ........................................................................................ 29
14.1 Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT).....................................................................................................29
14.2 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) ...............................................................................................................30
14.3 Results & Recommendations..............................................................................................................30
15 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 31
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Preface
This report is prepared by Global Evolutionary Energy Design “GEED India” to assist in the best case
energy design of Hospital facility. The report also describes the basic concepts and the need of such
implementation to certain extent.
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1 Questions Addressed in the Report
Following question would be addressed in the current report.
1. What is the amount of day light, i.e. day light factor , Lux level with in the occupancy space due to presence of windows natural light?
2. What is the level of solar insolation attacking on each façade and roofs, where to select which kind of material?
3. What is the amount of solar insolation available in the open Atrium areas?
4. What is the wind profile for the location? Can this be harvested in any form for ventilation of open spaces?
5. What type of climate exists at site and what are the possibilities of doing energy efficiency measure during operation stage?
6. What is the rating of spatial comfort on the landscaped and internal areas which include thematic of Mean radiant Temperature, Percentage discomfort and predicted mean vote?
7. What are the various passive solar techniques that need to be considered early in design for the hospital building?
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2 Summery of Recommendations
• Renewable energy Harvesting: The roof of the hospital will receive 1745KWh/m2/yr.
The area of the roof of both east ad west building is 1717m2 and 1394m2 respectively. If
even 50% of the roof area is used for hot water generation then 1841 MWh of electrically
generated equivalent hot water can be produced.
• Orientation: The proposed structure is minimizing east and west exposures and is more
energy efficient because of the huge solar heat gains associated with east- and west-
facing elevations during cooling months. Although the building is optimally oriented as
per the plot and other FSI constraint, still it is important to understand the necessity of
shading for the walls which is facing this direction. This is recommended to reduce the
heat storage in the wall which eventually increases the mean radiant temperature in the
adjacent zones.
• Day lighting: some further work is needed in improving the situation of day lighting in
the areas. The simulation model shows that the natural light is penetrating only to a
depth of 10 to 15 meters. Some thing like light shelf and reflective ceiling can be
incorporated to increase the depth of natural light penetration.
• The most desirable natural light comes from the north; it has the least solar heat gain
associated with it and is composed of diffused light, which does not cause glare. So it is
recommended to harvest it to the full extent by placing large height glass in atrium and
northern facades.
• The maximum recorded wind is 50Km/hour in autumn, other wise the wind remains in
this within 30 Km/hr range through out the year. Further study of wind frequency chart
can reveal some other fact that might be useful in landscape planning air flow in the
open areas
• The maximum radiation recorded in autumn is of the range of 356kWh/ma. The value is
less compared to other months due to the presence of haze and lower sun inclination in
this period. Also another noticeable thing is that the southern façade is the highest
recipient of the sun radiation due to the lower sun azimuth angle. This is a time when
passive heating might be a good option to maintain comfort temperature in the hospital.
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• Psychrometric analysis shows that the winter would be comfortable for 297 hour,
autumn would be comfortable for 202 hour, summer would be comfortable for zero
hour (so you need most of the air conditioning in this time and passive strategies for this
time) and spring would be comfortable for 126 hours.
• The shadow range for the four season shows that the atrium space is quite shaded in
winters and exposed in summer. A proper design would not recommend such a criteria.
So some sort of pergolas with a specified angle is recommended.
• Approximate values of PMV on a section plane just above the atrium level shows need
of evening shading on the atrium of the west building. A pergola or a building extended
shade would work well if incorporated early in the design.
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3 Introduction
This report presents the results of feasibility study various energy efficiency and passive
architecture measure for main hospital complex. It is a 97,000 m2 hospital consisting of 8 floors.
Situated in Baroda Gujarat.
We have described four stages in which we generally work in our integrated design process;
stage 1 is about the energy assessment of the proposed massing scheme conceptualized by the
architects. This stage includes a pre-feasibility study of various architectural aspects of design
like solar energy falling on various parts of envelop and accordingly the type and quality of the
envelop component can be decided. Similarly it also descried the way the sun is interacting with
the proposed massing scheme and the surrounding landscape. The wind direction and pattern
and various passive architectural measures and comfort strategies can be employed for making
the conventional energy usage to a minimum extent. This report helps the owner and architects
work towards effective and quick decision making.
Figure 3a: the North West view of the proposed massing scheme model
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4 Weather Data and Design Conditions
Location : Baroda
Latitude (oN) : 23°
Longitude (oE) : 72°
Altitude (m) : 55
WMO Station : 426470
Chart 1. Sun Path Diagram for Baroda
The sun path diagram shows that the sun is almost at 90 degree on June first and about 47 degree in the extreme winters.
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Table 1 ISHRAE Design Temperatures for Baroda, Gujarat
Design Temperatures I
Dry Bulb Mean Coincident Wet Bulb
0.4% 42.1 23.4
1% 41 23.3
2% 39.8 23.4
5 Concept Stage Modeling & Assessments
The concept stage of the project is very critical because as the project life cycle advances the
options to make a positive change also becomes less. For example preliminary study for the
Assessment of orientation and aspect ratio of the block can lead to an understanding of the best
orientation of the building but if not incorporated at the design stage this option can be lost and
nothing can be done to rectify this in future.
Generally in a preliminary concept stage of the proposed block assessment of the possibility of
incorporating passive architecture techniques and renewable energy systems is determined. The
study covers the assessment of the amount of solar insolation available in the open landscaped
area and façade, which will then be useful in determination of façade orientation and other
envelop material. It also covers rating of spatial comfort in the form of mean radiant
temperature and also help to determine the predicted mean vote . The calculation of Shadow
ranges and Sun Shading for the proposed blocks is done for giving an understanding to the
architects about the shading elements in the design process.
The site weather profile study plays a vital role in understanding the climate responsiveness of
the building so a weather profile study gives an idea as to how to make the building as climate
responsive as possible. An example is of a high thermal inertia building that could lead to
higher startup loads but will be a good option in a place where the difference of minimum and
maximum temperature of a day exceeds 20 o C. the incorporation of this concept early in design
can be done by selecting high heat capacity materials and using various kinds of reflective and
absorptive paints etc.
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6 Day Lighting Analysis
Natural lighting refers to the ingress of light from the sky into internal spaces of the building
and is a key factor in the design of energy efficient buildings. If the natural light is properly
used, it can result in substantial energy savings by reducing the need for artificial lighting. The
primary aim of natural lighting is to provide sufficient light under all circumstances for the
tasks performed within a space. If such a lighting level cannot be achieved by natural light
alone, then localised artificial task lighting can be used to supplement. The aim of this analysis
is to reduce the usage of artificial lighting as much as possible.
The Lighting simulation is nothing but calculation of daylight factors and day light levels either
within the occupant space or out side occupant space. The basis of simulation is the designed
sky lux levels which in our case taken to be 11500 Lux. Considering a 10% to 15% reflectivity of
the walls and 0.9 as dirtiness factor for the windows. Where “one” refers to absolute clean
window.
6 . 1 R e s u l t s
The results are depicted in figure 6a and 6b in the form of a contour plot. The day light plots
were calculated for two typical floor i.e. the ground floor and the floor above the atrium.
Figure 6a: Day light penetration at the floor plate above the atrium floor
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Figure 6b: Day light penetration in the floor plate
6 . 2 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
1. The depth of the floor plate can be further reduced to increase the ingress of natural light if
architecturally possible.
2. If the opening is of 2.5 m as a thumb rule the natural light penetration will be good till the depth
of 15 m. So by replacement of atrium by making it a semi courtyard one can get the desired
natural lighting effects.
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7 Optimum Orientation
This diagram displays the best Orientation of a wall, which maximizes the sun gain in hot and
cold periods. The orientation calculation involves rotating a 1m² vertical surfaces through a full
360° and recording the average daily incident radiation over each of these periods as well as for
the entire year. The graph shows averaged daily values for each orientation in kWh/m². Red
and blue arrows are then drawn through the maximum values for each.
Basically, the analysis aim is to maximize incident solar radiation during the under-heated
period whilst minimizing it at times of over-heating. The ratio between the blue and red lines is
shown in the colored ring around the circumference of the graph. The brighter yellow values
represent the best orientations.
Simply orienting the building to get the most favorable ratio in winter ignores what is
happening in summer. A concurrent aim is to ensure the minimum incident solar radiation
during the overheated period. This will occur if the angle of maximum summer radiation
occurs at 90° to the orientation of the surface.
In many climates, where the two thin red and blue arrows are not at 90° to each other, there
must be some compromise between the two aims. The degree of compromise is based on the
relative amounts of heat and cold stress. This is calculated as the number of degree hours spent
above the comfort zone in the over-heated period compared to the degree hours spent below it
in the under-heated period.
Thus, the two thicker yellow and red arrows show the adjusted maximums which should be at
exactly 90° to each other. The thick yellow arrow represents the best orientation for the selected
climate – with the representative surface being automatically set to this angle at the completion
of the calculation.
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7 . 1 R e s u l t s
The result of the analysis depicts that the average daily radiation on a wall facing south
(precisely 177 o measured from north line in clockwise manner) receive maximum radiation.
Whose value reaches to 1.68kWh/m2/yr.
7 . 2 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n
Although the building is optimally oriented as per the plot and other FSI constraint, still it is
important to understand the necessity of shading for the walls which is facing this direction.
This is recommended to reduce the heat storage in the wall which eventually increases the
mean radiant temperature in the adjacent zones.
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8 Prevailing Winds
The prevailing wind, its direction, frequency of occurrence, temperature and humidity are quit
repetitive if observed in an annual cycle. Keeping this fact in mind the passive structure can be
design or the landscape area can be evolved with certain feature which are actively or passively
using these natural elements to impart better and low energy intensive comfort to the space.
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8 . 1 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
The maximum recorded wind is 50Km/hour in autumn, other wise the wind remains in this
within 30 Km/hr range through out the year. Further study of wind frequency chart can reveal
some other fact that might be useful in landscape planning.
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9 Shadow Ranges
This analysis shows the sun shadow ranges in the four seasons that is winter summer spring
and autumn
9 . 1 R e s u l t s & R e c o m m e n d a t i o n
a)-Spring
b)-Summer
c) - winter b)- autumn
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9 . 2 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
The shadow ranges for the four season shows that the atrium space is quite shaded in winters
and exposed in summers. This is not the criteria on which a proper design works. So some sort
of pergolas with a specified angle is recommended.
10 Psychrometric Analysis, Passive Techniques Identification
The Psychrometric analysis is an important tool in determination of energy efficient design. By
overlaying the hourly data on the Psychrometric chart and by virtue of the knowledge that
specific area in the chart belongs to a specific passive strategy the architects and HVAC
consultant can understand the significance of incorporating site and need specific design at the
early stage of the project planning.
This entire process leads to significant saving in heating ventilation and air conditioning. It also
enhances the building occupants comfort.
1 0 . 1 P a s s i v e T e c h n i q u e s
• Use of Thermal Mass
This technique involves the use of high thermal mass materials within the building
fabric, both in the external envelope and internally. This has a capacitative effect which
tends to even out internal both diurnal and seasonal internal temperature fluctuations.
• Night-Purge Ventilation
This technique requires high levels of exposed thermal mass within the building.
Overnight in summer, when external air temperatures are relatively cool, the building is
opened up and high-volume air flow is encouraged. This cools the internal mass down
to night-time temperatures. The building is then closed up completely during the day.
This has the effect of reducing both internal air and mean radiant temperatures, this
significantly increasing comfort levels within the spaces. For it to work properly,
however, the thermal mass must be exposed, not covered over with carpet or ceiling
tiles.
• Direct Evaporative cooling
Air is basically drawn through a fabric or gauze that is saturated with moisture. As the
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hot air evaporates some of the moisture, energy is lost in the form of latent heat of
vaporisation. A direct evaporative system ducts cooled air directly into the space. In
most instances this is fine, however in areas sensitive to high humidities it can be a
problem.
• Indirect Evaporative cooling
In this system evaporative cooling occurs external to the space. The cooled air then
interacts with the supply air via a heat exchanger. This way there is no addition of
moisture vapour to the air entering the space even if the cooled air approaches
saturation. This means increased efficiency even if there are losses in the heat exchange
as more vapourisation can be allowed.
1 0 . 2 D e s i g n S t r a t e g i e s a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
For winter internal heat gain will be a best and most effective tool to enhance the comfort. For
around 774 hour in winters i.e. from December to February the internal heat gain from sun is
recommended to be utilized. Other strategies are listed in the figure 10.2a. The criteria in
summers are to have conventional air conditioning for most of the time because there is no
other way left to maintain comfort temperature. Although in spring and autumn there are some
places we can use direct and indirect evaporative cooling
Information which will give an idea about the necessity of these measures is that the winter
would be comfortable for 297 hour, autumn would be comfortable for 202 hour, summer would
be comfortable for zero hour (so you need most of the air conditioning in this time) and spring
would be comfortable for 126 hours. Other detailed design strategies are depicted in the
following section of the report.
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Figure 10.2a: Psychrometric analysis for December to February (Winter)
Figure 10.2b: Psychrometric analysis for March to May (Spring)
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Figure 10.2c: Psychrometric analysis for June to August (summer)
Figure 10.2d: Psychrometric analysis for September to November (autumn)
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11 Solar Insolation Level
This is an important aspect of design. Solar insolation analysis would give an idea of the availability of
different fraction of solar radiations. This intern let us understand the ability of the system to harness the
sun’s energy in the form of solar water heaters, solar dryers and solar photovoltaic systems and also it
works out good in the selection of façade glass thermal properties.
1 1 . 1 R e s u l t s
Solar insolation have been calculated for four distinct seasons i.e. winter, spring, summer and autumn all
the insolation levels have been demonstrated on each components of the façade in section 11.1.1 to
11.1.4.
1 1 . 1 . 1 A u t u m n
Figure 11.1a: Solar insulation level in autumn
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Figure 11.1a. Shows the insolation level on the façade component in all the four direction. It is observed
that the total availability of energy in autumn is of the range of 294 kWh/m2. The insolation plots also
shows that the roof and the south façade of the envelop are the highest recipient of the sun heat. Measures
needs to be formulated to reduce sun heat in the southern side of the building. And proper shading
element can be incorporated to overcome this passive measure.
1 1 . 1 . 2 S p r i n g
Figure 11.1b shows the availability of solar insolation on façade components in spring. Generally in the
hotter climate that too is not a welcome entity. The highest level is received again on the roof of the
building, which is around 447 KWh/m2 .
Figure 11.1a: Solar insulation level in Spring
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1 1 . 1 . 3 S u m m e r
Figure 11.1c shows the availability of sun’s energy in summer, which is considered to be a period starting
from June till august. This period impinges maximum amount of sun energy on the roof of envelop,
which is around 448KWh/m2. This figure also shows the potential for harnessing it in one way or the
other. For hospital it would be good options to use this energy to generate low temperature hot water for
in-house use.
Figure 11.1a: Solar insulation level in summer
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1 1 . 1 . 4 W i n t e r
Figure 11.1d shows the level of solar insolation available in all the envelop components. The maximum
radiation recorded in autumn is of the range of 356kWh/ma. The value is less compared to other months
due to the presence of the haze and lower sun inclination in this period. Also another noticeable thing is
that the southern façade is the highest recipient of the sun radiation due to the lower sun azimuth angle.
This is a time when passive heating might be a good option to maintain comfort temperature in the
hospital.
Figure 11.1d: Solar insulation level in winter
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12 Weather Profile Assessment
- Typical/Extreme Period Determination
Extreme Hot Week Period selected: May 6:May 12, Maximum Temp= 44.20°C, Deviation=| 8.687|°C
Typical Week Period selected: Jun 3:Jun 9, Average Temp= 32.79°C, Deviation=| 0.052|°C
Extreme Cold Week Period selected: Dec 24:Dec 30, Minimum Temp= 11.20°C, Deviation=| 7.902|°C
Typical Week Period selected: Nov 19:Nov 25, Average Temp= 24.81°C, Deviation=| 0.371|°C
Typical Week Period selected: Aug 26:Sep 1, Average Temp= 29.14°C, Deviation=| 0.002|°C
Typical Week Period selected: Feb 26:Mar 4, Average Temp= 23.77°C, Deviation=| 0.681|°C
1 2 . 1 R e s u l t s
Figure 12.1a and b are depicting the monthly variation in dry bulb temperature, corresponding humidity
level and monthly average temperature ranges respectively.
Figure 12.1a: Dry bulb temperature and corresponding humidity on a monthly average basis
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Figure 12.1b: Dry bulb temperature ranges on monthly maximum and minim recorded basis.
13 Hourly Sun Shading Simulations
Hourly Sun shading analysis is a precise way to understand the approach of sun’s rays into any
part of the building. It also clarifies possible shading impacts of other building or self shading of
the building. Once these shading simulations are understood it gives ideas to the architects to
utilize few of the self shading schemes of the building for creating a better climate
1 3 . 1 R e s u l t s
The results are presented as animation file which can be viewed in any animation viewer
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14 Thermal Comfort Analysis
Spatial Comfort analysis help develop an understanding of percentage satisfaction and dissatisfaction at
any given time. In the current analysis the radiant temperature is plotted which represent the monthly
average data for the site.
1 4 . 1 M e a n R a d i a n t T e m p e r a t u r e ( M R T )
Mean Radiant Temperature is the uniform temperature of the surface of an imaginary enclosure where the
radiant exchange of heat between this enclosure and a man would be equal to the radiant exchanges in the
actual environment.
a) - Morning
b) - Evening
c) - Noon
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1 4 . 2 P r e d i c t e d M e a n V o t e ( P M V )
The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) refers to a thermal scale that runs from Cold (-3) to Hot (+3), originally
developed by Fanger and later adopted as an ISO standard. The original data was collected by subjecting
a large number of people to different conditions within a climate chamber and having them select a
position on the scale the best described their comfort sensation.
Figure 14.2a: Predicted mean vote for the facilities landscape
1 4 . 3 R e s u l t s & R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
The predicted mean vote rating for the spatial domain has been calculated. Figure 14.2a is depicting the
approximate values of PMV on a section plane just above the atrium level. The thematic plot shows a
c)- Noon
a) - Morning
b)- Evening
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need of evening shading on the atrium of the west building. A pergola or a building extended shade would
work well if incorporated early in the design.
15 Conclusion
This pre feasibility analysis on the massing scheme provides a detailed account for the optimization and
opportunities that can be considered at the stage two of the design process. The study covered various
aspects of sun insolation, shading, and optimum orientation of the walls. The report also highlights the
harshness of sun on various component of building envelop. This indicates the right strategy that needs to
be incorporated for dealing with the various facade options in the most energy efficient way.
The stage two involves energy efficiency and engineering report that will give an exact idea of the capital
and the return on investment on various proposed energy efficiency measures.