stage 1 archaeological assessment wainfleet water and ......afgu-57 harbourview 5 aboriginal lithic...

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment

Wainfleet Water and Sewer Project, Regional Municipality of Niagara, Ontario

Submitted to

Regional Municipality of Niagara 2201 St. David’s Road, P.O. Box 1042

Thorold, ON L2V 4T7

Archaeological Licence P057 (Robert Pihl) MCL CIF P057-532-2009

ASI File 09EA-011

September 2009

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment

Wainfleet Water and Sewer Project, Regional Municipality of Niagara, Ontario

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Archaeological Services Inc. (ASI) was contracted by Niagara Region to conduct a Stage 1 archaeological assessment as part the Wainfleet Water and Sewer Project, in the Township of Wainfleet, Regional Municipality of Niagara. The project will build upon the ecological investigations completed as part of the Region/Township’s Environmental Study Report (2005). The Stage 1 assessment determined that 27 archaeological sites have been registered within the study area boundaries. A review of the general physiography and local nineteenth century land use suggested that the study area exhibits potential for the identification of Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian archaeological sites. The Ministry of Culture’s draft Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists cites ten criteria that indicate where archaeological resources are most likely to be found (2009: 5-6). Archaeological potential is confirmed when one or more features of archaeological potential are present. A map-based review of the study area indicated that it meets five of the MCL’s criteria used for determining archaeological potential:

• Previously identified archaeological sites (i.e. AfGt-13, AfGt-71, AfGu-53); • Water sources: primary water source, secondary water source, or a past water source (i.e. Lake

Erie, Big Fork Creek); • Scarce raw materials (i.e. Onondaga chert outcrops); • Early Euro-Canadian settlement (i.e. numerous homesteads, lime kilns, cemeteries, churches,

schoolhouses, etc); and • Early historical transportation routes (i.e. 1st Concession Road, Station Road, Golf Course Road).

A property inspection of the study area confirmed the findings of the background research and evaluation of archaeological potential that the study area contains lands have remained relatively undisturbed. In light of these results, the following recommendations are made:

1. A Stage 2 archaeological assessment should be conducted on lands along the proposed alignment that are determined to have archaeological potential and will be potentially impacted by the project. This work will be done in accordance with the Ministry of Culture’s Draft Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MCL 2009), in order to identify any archaeological remains that may be present; and

2. Prior to any land-disturbing activities adjacent to Morgan’s Point Cemetery or Oakwood Cemetery,

a Stage 3 archaeological assessment should be conducted. This work will be done in accordance with the Ministry of Culture’s Draft Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MCL 2009), in order to confirm the presence or absence of unmarked graves within the ROW. This work will involve the removal of the topsoil with a Gradall followed by the shovel shining of the exposed surfaces and subsequent inspection for grave shafts.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES INC. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT DIVISION

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Senior Project Manager: Robert Pihl, MA, CAHP [MCL licence P057] Partner and Senior Archaeologist, Manager, Environmental Assessment Division

Project Director (licensee): Robert Pihl

Project Manager: Caitlin Lacy, Hon. BA [MCL licence R303] Staff Archaeologist

Project Administrator: Sarah Jagelewski, Hon. BA Research Archaeologist

Field Director: Peter Carruthers, MA CAHP [MCL licence P163] Senior Associate

Report Writer and Graphics: Caitlin Lacy Graphics: Jonas Fernandez, MSc GIS Technician

Report Reviewer: Robert Pihl

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................... 2 PROJECT PERSONNEL.................................................................................................................................................. i 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................1 2.0 BACKGROUND RESEARCH..............................................................................................................................1

2.1 Previous Archaeological Research.............................................................................................................1 2.2 Geography............................................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Land-Use History ..................................................................................................................................... 5

2.3.1 Township Survey and Settlement .................................................................................................... 5 2.3.2 Historic Map Review........................................................................................................................ 6

3.0 MAP BASED REVIEW: ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL EVALUATION.................................................................. 8 4.0 PROPERTY INSPECTION................................................................................................................................. 9 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND COMPLIANCE ADVICE ..........................................................................................13 6.0 REFERENCES CITED......................................................................................................................................14 7.0 OVERSIZED GRAPHICS.................................................................................................................................16 8.0 PHOTOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................... 28

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: List of registered sites within the study area boundaries. .......................................................................... 3 Table 2: Summary of historic features within the study area. .................................................................................. 6

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of the study area [NTS Sheet 30 L/14 (Welland)]. ............................................................................ 2 Figure 2: The study area overlaid on the map of Wainfleet Township in 1876 Illustrated Historical Atlas of

Counties of Lincoln and Welland. ................................................................................................................. 7 Figure 3: Areas of Archaeological Potential. ............................................................................................................... 9 Figure 4: Wastewater Servicing Solution. .................................................................................................................. 11 Figure 5: Water Servicing Solution. ...........................................................................................................................12 Figure 6-1 to 6-12: Wainfleet Water and Sewer Project - Results of the Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment ................16

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: View west-northwest along undisturbed Lakeshore Road ROW. ................................................................... 28 Plate 2: View east along Lakeshore Road................................................................................................................. 28 Plate 3: View west-northwest along undisturbed Lakeshore Road ROW. ................................................................... 28 Plate 4: View west-northwest along Lakeshore Road................................................................................................ 28 Plate 5: View southeast along Augustine Road......................................................................................................... 28 Plate 6: View southwest along Augustine Road........................................................................................................ 28 Plate 7: View east along undisturbed Lakeshore Road ROW. .................................................................................... 29 Plate 8: View east along Lakeshore Road into village of Burnaby. ............................................................................ 29 Plate 9: View northeast along Harbour View Road.................................................................................................... 29 Plate 10: View east along Lakeshore Road. .............................................................................................................. 29 Plate 11: View southeast across Lakeshore Road. .................................................................................................... 29 Plate 12: View west along Lakeshore Road............................................................................................................... 29 Plate 13: View north from Lakeshore Road along Cement Plant Road........................................................................ 30 Plate 14: View northeast into Morgan’s Point cemetery. ........................................................................................... 30 Plate 15: View west-northwest into Oakwood cemetery. ........................................................................................... 30

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Wainfleet Water and Sewer Project, Regional Municipality of Niagara, Ontario Page 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION Archaeological Services Inc. (ASI) was contracted by Niagara Region to conduct a Stage 1 archaeological assessment as part the Wainfleet Water and Sewer Project, in the Township of Wainfleet, Regional Municipality of Niagara (Figure 1). The project will build upon the ecological investigations completed as part of the Region/Township’s Environmental Study Report (2005). Authorization to carry out the activities necessary for the completion of the Stage 1 assessment was granted to ASI by Niagara Region on April 21, 2009. The objectives of this report are:

• To provide information about the geography, history, previous archaeological fieldwork and current land condition of the study area;

• To evaluate in detail the archaeological potential of the study area which can be used, if

necessary, to support recommendations for Stage 2 survey for all or parts of the property; and • To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 2 survey, if necessary.

2.0 BACKGROUND RESEARCH The Stage 1 archaeological assessment of the general study area was conducted in accordance with the Ontario Heritage Act (2005) and the Ontario Ministry of Culture’s (MCL) Draft Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2009). A Stage 1 archaeological assessment involves a background study to provide detailed documentary research providing a record of the archaeological and land use history and present conditions of the study area. Specifically, the background study provides information about previous archaeological fieldwork around the study area, its geography and history, and current land conditions. 2.1 Previous Archaeological Research In order that an inventory of archaeological resources could be compiled for the study area, three sources of information were consulted: the site record forms for registered sites housed at the MCL; published and unpublished documentary sources; and the files of ASI. In Ontario, information concerning archaeological sites is stored in the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database (OASD) maintained by the MCL. This database contains archaeological sites registered within the Borden system. Under the Borden system, Canada has been divided into grid blocks based on latitude and longitude. A Borden block is approximately 13 kilometres east to west, and approximately 18.5 kilometres north to south. Each Borden block is referenced by a four-letter designator, and sites within a block are numbered sequentially as they are found. The study area under review is located in Borden blocks AfGs, AfGt, and AfGu. According to the OASD (email communication, Robert von Bitter, MCL Data Coordinator, June 2, 2009), 27 archaeological sites have been registered within the boundaries of the study area (Table 1).


Figure 1: Location of the study area [NTS Sheet 30 L/14 (Welland)].


Table 1: List of registered sites within the study area boundaries. Borden # Site Name Cultural Affiliation Site Type Researcher Comments

AfGt-7 Reebs Bay Unknown Unknown Unknown Additional details about site are unknown

AfGt-13 Rathfon Point 5 Aboriginal Lithic Scatter C. Ellis 1979 Further work may be required

AfGt-14 Rathfon Point 6 Aboriginal – Woodland

Lithic Scatter C. Ellis 1979 Further work may be required




AfGt-18 Rathfon Point 2 Aboriginal – Late Woodland

Lithic Scatter C. Ellis 1979 Further work may be required

AfGt-25 Ellsworth 1 Aboriginal – Paleo-Indian (?)

Campsite C. Ellis 1979 Further work may be required

AfGt-69 Rathfon Inn Euro-Canadian Aboriginal – Woodland

Homestead Isolated Find

D.R. Poulton 2003 Further work required

AfGt-71 Biederman Aboriginal – Archaic

Campsite J. W. Pengelly 1986 Additional details about site are unknown

AfGt-103 Aboriginal – Archaic

Campsite G. Dibb 2004 No further work required





AfGu-2 Bonisteel Aboriginal – Woodland

Campsite, burial P. Lennox 1976 Additional details about site are unknown

AfGu-38 Ellsworth 4 Aboriginal Isolated Find C. Ellis 1979 Further work may be required

AfGu-39 Ellsworth 2 Aboriginal Lithic Scatter C. Ellis 1979 Further work may be required

AfGu-40 Ellsworth 3 Aboriginal Lithic Scatter C. Ellis 1979 Further work may be required

AfGu-43 Burnaby Road Aboriginal Isolated Find C. Ellis 1979 Further work may be required

AfGu-50 Hann Aboriginal Quarry R. Michael 1985 Additional details about site are unknown

AfGu-51 Hazelgrove 1 Aboriginal Undetermined S. Janusas 1988 No further work required AfGu-52 Hazelgrove 2 Aboriginal Lithic Scatter S. Janusas 1988 No further work required AfGu-53 Harbourview 1 Aboriginal Lithic Scatter D. Knight 1990 Further work required AfGu-54 Harbourview 2 Aboriginal Lithic Scatter D. Knight 1990 Further work required AfGu-55 Harbourview 3 Aboriginal Lithic Scatter D. Knight 1990 Further work required AfGu-56 Harbourview 4 Aboriginal Lithic Scatter D. Knight 1990 Further work required AfGu-57 Harbourview 5 Aboriginal Lithic Scatter D. Knight 1990 Further work required AfGu-58 Harbourview 6 Aboriginal Lithic Scatter D. Knight 1990 Further work required

During the spring, summer, and fall of 1977, Christopher Ellis undertook an archaeological survey and testing in the Niagara Peninsula (Ellis 1979). The project was divided into three phases of investigation. The first phase of the survey was conducted in the immediate vicinity of the Wainfleet


Marsh and around the Welland River and its tributaries north of the marsh. It resulted in the documentation of 67 archaeological sites, including Rathfon Point 1 – 6, Ellsworth 1 – 4, and Burnaby Road (mentioned above in Table 1). The results of the survey were not unexpected as excellent, easily accessible sources of Onondaga chert can be found along the Lake Erie shore, and Aboriginal populations would have been attracted to this region to exploit this lithic resource (Ellis 1979). The Rathfon Inn site (AfGt-69) is the only Euro-Canadian site within the study area and vicinity. 2.2 Geography The study area is situated within the Haldimand Clay Plain physiographic region of southern Ontario, an area of level to undulating terrain between the Niagara Escarpment and Lake Erie. The clay sediments that cover the region were deposited in glacial Lake Warren around 12,500 B.P. (Chapman and Putnam 1984:21). As a result of the heavy lacustrine clay soils and low gradient, drainage is poor over most of the area (Chapman and Putnam 156-158). Several poorly defined morainic ridges run roughly east and west and provide minor topographic features directing stream drainages towards the east. One faint ridge extends west from Fort Erie and may be part of the Fort Erie Moraine (Chapman and Putnam 1984: 51-52), and another is followed by Ridge Road. In the Lake Erie basin, a progression of lake levels has resulted in a series of beach and off-shore deposits. The non-glacial waters of early Lake Erie were initiated around 12,400 BP (Calkin and Feenstra 1985: 163), but lake levels have ranged around the modern values due to the offsetting influences of an isostatic rebound rate of approximately 6 cm per century (Calkin and Feenstra 1985), erosion of the Niagara River outlet, and varying inflow from the Huron basin (Pengelly et al. 1997). The various beach deposits at Fonthill, Lundy’s Lane, Ridgeway and Ridgemount stand at 230 m, 208 m, 201 m and 193 m ASL, respectively (Chapman and Putnam 1984: 66). A period of higher water did occur from 5500 to 3800 BP when the Nipissing Rise would have raised levels to approximately 180 m ASL. It is notable that the elevation of water levels, even one or two metres above the modern level of 173.3 m, may have affected the availability of the chert outcrops along the shore. In terms of Aboriginal subsistence and economy, the most important feature of the local bedrock is the relative accessibility of its chert-bearing deposits. The Niagara Escarpment is the edge of a large bedrock bowl that is centred in Michigan. West of the dolomites of the Niagara Escarpment are softer limestone, shale and sandstone. Still further west, harder limestone strata form the Onondaga Escarpment along the shore of Lake Erie (Freeman 1979). There the cherty limestone of the Bois Blanc Formation occurs in thin beds and nodules (Parkins 1977) that would have been available for extraction by Aboriginal peoples at a number of exposures along the Onondaga Escarpment, including a substantial exposure along Ridge Road near Ridgemount (Telford and Turant 1975). Quarrying of the chert would have been required at these localities, although spalling and fracturing due to frost action would have assisted in stone extraction. In addition to Bois Blanc chert, the Onondaga Formation, which lies above the Bois Blanc Formation, provided one of the most widely used cherts for tool manufacture throughout regional prehistory. Commonly known as Onondaga chert, due to its presence in the Onondaga Formation, this material does not outcrop on the Onondaga Escarpment, except where exposed by modern stone quarrying. The


chert-bearing Clarence Member does outcrop northwest of Ridgeway at Cherry Hill (Telford and Tarrant 1975) and, more significantly, extensive outcrops occur on most of the north shore of Lake Erie from Fort Erie to Nanticoke (Parkins 1977:86). In these locations, Onondaga chert would have been available in abundance to Aboriginal peoples. Quarrying was unnecessary, as large chert cobbles litter the local beaches, the result of wave action which fractures and reduces the tabular chert. Potable water is the single most important resource necessary for any extended human occupation or settlement. Since water sources have remained relatively stable in south central Ontario after the Pleistocene era, proximity to water can be regarded as a useful index for the evaluation of archaeological site potential. Indeed, distance from water has been one of the most commonly used variables for predictive modeling of site location. The MCL’s Draft Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2009:5) stipulates that primary water sources (lakes, rivers, streams, creeks, etc.), secondary water sources (intermittent streams and creeks, springs, marshes, swamps, etc.), ancient water sources (glacial lake shorelines indicated by the presence of raised sand or gravel beach ridges, relic river or stream channels indicated by clear dip or swale in the topography, shorelines of drained lakes or marshes, cobble beaches, etc.), as well as accessible or inaccessible shorelines (high bluffs, swamp or marsh fields by the edge of a lake, sandbars stretching into marsh, etc.) are characteristics that indicate archaeological potential. Twelve Mile Creek runs along the western edge of the study area. Other geographic characteristics that can indicate archaeological potential include: elevated topography (eskers, drumlins, large knolls, plateaux), pockets of well-drained sandy soil, especially near areas of heavy soil or rockey ground, distinctive land formations that might have been special or spiritual places, such as waterfalls, rock outcrops, caverns, mounds, and promontories and their bases. There may be physical indicators of their use, such as burials, structures, offerings, rock paintings or carvings. Resource areas, including; food or medicinal plants (migratory routes, spawning areas, prairie) and scarce raw materials (quartz, copper, ochre, or outcrops of chert) are also considered characteristics that indicate archaeological potential (MCL 2009:5-6). If present, these characteristics will be described in Section 3.0. Therefore, depending on the degree of previous land disturbance, it may be concluded that there is potential for the recovery of Aboriginal remains within the study area. 2.3 Land-Use History 2.3.1 Township Survey and Settlement The land within Wainfleet Township was acquired by the British from the Mississaugas in 1784. The first township survey was undertaken in 1791, and the first legal settlers occupied their land holdings the same year. The township is said to have been named after Wainfleet All Saints in Lincolnshire, England. Wainfleet was initially settled by disbanded soldiers, mainly Butler’s Rangers, following the end of the American Revolutionary War. In 1805, Boulton noted that Wainfleet was “particularly well suited for water” and “is a most delightful situation.” The settlement of a large part of the township was hindered due to the presence of a “large tamarack and cranberry swamp.” The minutes for the first township meeting date from 1806. The line of the Welland Canal feeder was cut across the centre of the


township. By the 1840s, the population was comprised mainly of Canadian, Irish, English and Dutch settlers (Boulton 1805:89; Smith 1846:202; Mitchener 1967; Wainfleet Township Centennial Committee 1967; Armstrong 1985:148; Burtniak 1992; Rayburn 1997:359). The village of Burnaby was located at the intersection of Burnaby Road and Long Beach Road, around part Lots 13-15, Concession 1, Wainfleet Township. The land here was first granted to David Morgan, Jacob Ott and Abraham Minor, and this area was originally referred to as “Point Industry” into the 1840s, but more commonly it was called “Morgan’s Point.” The village of Burnaby consisted of about ten houses, a church and cemetery, some stores and a post office around 1900. The post office was named in 1885 after Colonel Fred Burnaby, who was killed in the Egyptian War (Burtniak 1992:59-63). Several railway lines run through Wainfleet Township. The first of these lines, the Buffalo and Goderich line, opened in 1854 between Buffalo and Brantford, and runs from one end of the study area to the other. The railway was founded as the Buffalo, Brantford and Goderich Railway by the Brantford and Buffalo Joint Stock Railway Company. However, the company experienced labour problems and financial difficulties, and in 1856, the line was purchased and incorporated as the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. By 1870, the railway became part of the Grand Trunk network. The original Wainfleet Station was located on the east side of Burnaby Road. The second station was located on Station Road, west of Highway 3 (Burtniak 1992: 348-350). 2.3.2 Historic Map Review The 1876 Illustrated Historical Atlas of Counties of Lincoln and Welland was reviewed to determine the potential for the presence of historical archaeological remains within the study area during the nineteenth century (Figure 2). The study area is located on Lots 1 to 33, Concession I, in the former Township of Wainfleet, County of Welland. The atlas depicts several historic features within the study area (Table 2). It should be noted, however, that not all features of interest were mapped systematically in the Ontario series of historical atlases, given that they were financed by subscription, and subscribers were given preference with regard to the level of detail provided on the maps. Moreover, not every feature of interest would have been within the scope of the atlas.

Table 2: Summary of historic features within the study area. Concession Lot Historic Feature

I 2 Lime Kiln I 5 Oakwood Cemetery I 6 Schoolhouse, Lime Kiln I 7 Cemetery I 14 Church, Morgan’s Point Cemetery I 16 Blacksmith Shop, Schoolhouse I 20 Grabell Cemetery I 25 Schoolhouse

Historic cemeteries require particular attention during an archaeological assessment if impact is anticipated in the vicinity. Four cemeteries are illustrated on the historic atlas map, within the study area. These include the Oakwood Cemetery, located on Lot 5, Concession I, Morgan’s Point Cemetery,


Figure 2: The study area overlaid on the map of Wainfleet Township in 1876 Illustrated Historical Atlas of Counties of Lincoln and Welland.


located on Lot 14, Concession I, and Grabell Cemetery, located on Lot 20, Concession I. A fourth cemetery is depicted on Lot 7, Concession I, but its name is unknown. The historic atlas illustrates Oakwood Cemetery on Lot 5, Concession I. However, a written description of the cemetery indicates that the cemetery was located in Lot 6, Concession I (Burtniak 1992: 403). For the Euro-Canadian period, the majority of early nineteenth century farmsteads (i.e., those which are arguably the most potentially significant resources and whose locations are rarely recorded on nineteenth century maps) are likely to be captured by the basic proximity to the water model outlined in Section 2.2, since these occupations were subject to similar environmental constraints. An added factor, however, is the development of the network of concession roads and railroads through the course of the nineteenth century. These transportation routes frequently influenced the siting of farmsteads and businesses. Accordingly, undisturbed lands within 100 metres of an early settlement road are also considered to have potential for the presence of Euro-Canadian archaeological sites. The MCL’s draft Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2009: 6) stipulates that that areas of early Euro-Canadian settlement (pioneer homesteads, isolated cabins, farmstead complexes), early wharf or dock complexes, pioneer churches and early cemeteries, are considered to have archaeological potential. There may be commemorative markers of their history, such as local, provincial, or federal monuments or heritage parks. Early historical transportation routes (trails, passes, roads, railways, portage routes), properties listed on a municipal register or designated under the Ontario Heritage Act or a federal, provincial, or municipal historic landmark or site, and properties that local histories or informants have identified with possible archaeological sites, historical events, activities, or occupations are also considered to have archaeological potential. Therefore, depending on the degree of previous land disturbance, it may be concluded that there is potential for the recovery of Euro-Canadian cultural material within the study area. 3.0 MAP BASED REVIEW: ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL EVALUATION The MCL’s draft Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists cites ten criteria that indicate where archaeological resources are most likely to be found (2009: 5-6). Archaeological potential is confirmed when one or more feature of archaeological potential is present. The study area meets five of the criteria used for determining archaeological potential:

• Previously identified archaeological sites (i.e. AfGt-13, AfGt-71, AfGu-53); • Water sources: primary water source, secondary water source, or a past water source (i.e.

Lake Erie, Big Fork Creek); • Scarce raw materials (i.e. Onondaga chert outcrops); • Early Euro-Canadian settlement (i.e. numerous homesteads, lime kilns, cemeteries, churches,

schoolhouses, etc); and • Early historical transportation routes (i.e. 1st Concession Road, Station Road, Golf Course

Road). These criteria characterize the study area as having archaeological potential. However, a field review will confirm to what extant this potential still exists.


GIS mapping for the study area was produced in order to construct a model of archaeological potential based on the MCL’s criteria used for determining archaeological potential. Portions of the study area with any of these attributes are indicated on Figure 3 (areas highlighted in pink). The evaluation of archaeological potential, therefore, supports the findings of the background research that the study area contains archaeological site potential. 4.0 PROPERTY INSPECTION A property inspection of the study area was conducted by Peter Carruthers (P163), ASI, on July 7, 2009, in order to gain first-hand knowledge of its geography, topography, and current conditions, and to evaluate and map its archaeological potential. It is a visual inspection only and does not include excavation or collection of archaeological resources. Weather conditions during the property inspection were sunny, clear, and 22°C. Visibility was considered acceptable. In general, the proposed water and wastewater servicing solutions follow the same alignment along Lakeshore Road between Etling Road and Cement Plant Road. The property inspection focused on the proposed servicing solutions illustrated on Figures 4 and 5, and all field observations have been compiled onto maps of the study area (Figures 6-1 to 6-12). Associated photography can be found in Section 7.0. Typically, rights-of-way (ROW) can be divided into two areas: the disturbed ROW, and ROW lands beyond the disturbed ROW. The typically disturbed ROW extends outwards from either side of the centerline of the traveled lanes, and it includes the traveled lanes and shoulders and extends to the toe of the fill slope, the top of the cut slope, or the outside edge of the drainage ditch, whichever is furthest from the centerline. Subsurface disturbance within these lands may be considered extreme and pervasive, thereby negating any archaeological potential for such lands. ROW construction disturbance may be found to extend beyond the typical disturbed ROW area, and this generally includes additional grading, cutting and filling, additional drainage ditching, watercourse alteration or channelization, servicing, removals, intensive landscaping, and heavy construction traffic. Areas beyond the typically disturbed ROW generally require archaeological assessment in order to determine archaeological potential relative to the type or scale of disturbances that may have occurred in these zones. In general, the land along the road ROWs within the study area traverses a level to gently undulating terrain. Construction and landscaping activities have caused minor disturbances, but for the most part these lands have remained relatively undisturbed (Plates 1-13). Two unopened road allowances are also present at Morgan’s Point and along Augustine-Reeb Road. These ROWs fall into the category of relatively undisturbed land with archaeological potential. If the proposed project is to impact lands with archaeological site potential, a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is required (Plates 1 to 13; Figures 6-1 to 6-12: areas marked in green). Clusters of archaeological sites exist where property assessment has already been carried out. The density, if extrapolated, suggests a significant early occupation within the study area (i.e. Figure 6-9: area marked in red).

Figure 4: Wastewater Servicing Solution.

DATE: September 2009ASI PROJECT NO.: 09EA-011 DRAWN BY: CL

FILE: 09EA-011 Fig 4

BASE:

SCALE

0 1250mWastewater Servicing SolutionEarth Tech

528 Bathurst St.Toronto, OntarioCanada, M5S 2P9

T 416-966-1069F 416-966-9723

[email protected]/www.iAS±.to

LEGENDTrunk Sanitary Sewer

Sanitary Forcemain

Collector Sanitary Sewer

P Pump Station

Service Area

Figure 5: Waste Servicing Solution.

DATE: September 2009ASI PROJECT NO.: 09EA-011 DRAWN BY: CL

FILE: 09EA-011 Fig 4

BASE:

SCALE

0 1250mWastewater Servicing SolutionEarth Tech


T 416-966-1069F 416-966-9723

[email protected]/www.iAS±.to

LEGEND150mm Watermain

200mm Watermain

300mm Wtermain

400mm Watermain

Service Area


The early roads in the Wainfleet area were built before modern construction techniques were employed, causing minimal disruption to the surface below. It is possible that significant archaeological deposits remain intact immediately below the pavement and concrete/gravel bed of these early roads. As demonstrated by previous archaeological assessments in the Port Colborne (i.e. ASI 2006) and Fort Erie (i.e. ASI 2005) areas, archaeological resources can be found to extend underneath paved roadways. Particular attention should be paid at water crossings, previously registered archaeological sites, proximity to historic buildings, cemeteries, and land within historic settlements. A specific work plan for archaeological monitoring will be developed to address the concern of archaeological resources below paved surfaces, if archaeological sites are discovered immediately adjacent to a road ROW during the Stage 2 assessment. The general locations of the proposed pumping stations are illustrated on Figure 4, however, at this time the exact locations are unknown. It is anticipated that the pumping stations will be situated on lands that have remained relatively undisturbed and contain archaeological site potential. Once the exact locations are known, detailed project mapping should be reviewed and a Stage 2 assessment should be conducted at these locations. As mentioned Section 2.3.2, four cemeteries are illustrated on the historic atlas map, within the study area. Two of these cemeteries, Morgan’s Point Cemetery (Plate 14) and Oakwood Cemetery (Plate 15), are located adjacent to the proposed servicing alignment. If land disturbances are proposed along the existing road ROW, immediately adjacent to one of these cemeteries, a Stage 3 archaeological investigation will be necessary in order to determine the presence and extent of burial features adjacent to and within the proposed disturbance area (Figures 6-7, 6-10, 6-11:areas marked in pink). A detailed work plan for the cemetery investigations can be found in Appendix A. 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND COMPLIANCE ADVICE The Stage 1 archaeological assessment was conducted as part the Wainfleet Water and Sewer Project, in the Township of Wainfleet, Regional Municipality of Niagara. The assessment determined that 27 archaeological sites have been registered within the study area boundaries. A review of the general physiography and local nineteenth century land use suggested that the study area has potential for the identification of Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian archaeological sites. The map-based review of the study area indicated that it meets five of the MCL’s criteria used for determining archaeological potential:

• Previously identified archaeological sites (i.e. AfGt-13, AfGt-71, AfGu-53); • Water sources: primary water source, secondary water source, or a past water source (i.e.

Lake Erie, Big Fork Creek); • Scarce raw materials (i.e. Onondaga chert outcrops); • Early Euro-Canadian settlement (i.e. numerous homesteads, lime kilns, cemeteries, churches,

schoolhouses, etc); and • Early historical transportation routes (i.e. 1st Concession Road, Station Road, Golf Course

Road).


A property inspection of the study area confirmed the findings of the background research and evaluation of archaeological potential that the study area contains lands have remained relatively undisturbed. In light of these results, the following recommendations are made:

1. A Stage 2 archaeological assessment should be conducted on lands along the proposed alignment that are determined to have archaeological potential and will be potentially impacted by the project (Figure 6-1 to 6-12: areas marked in green). This work will be done in accordance with the Ministry of Culture’s Draft Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MCL 2009), in order to identify any archaeological remains that may be present; and

2. Prior to any land-disturbing activities adjacent to Morgan’s Point Cemetery or Oakwood

Cemetery, a Stage 3 archaeological assessment should be conducted. This work will be done in accordance with the Ministry of Culture’s Draft Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MCL 2009), in order to confirm the presence or absence of unmarked graves within the ROW. This work will involve the removal of the topsoil with a Gradall followed by the shovel shining of the exposed surfaces and subsequent inspection for grave shafts.

ASI advises compliance with the following legislation: • This report is submitted to the Minister of Culture as a condition of licensing in accordance

with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, RSO 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that the licensed consultant archaeologist has met the terms and conditions of their archaeological licence, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, preservation and protection of the cultural heritage of Ontario;

• Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new

archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with sec. 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act;

• The Cemeteries Act requires that any person discovering human remains must immediately

notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries, Ministry of Small Business and Consumer Services; and

The documentation related to this archaeological assessment will be curated by Archaeological Services Inc. until such a time that arrangements for their ultimate transfer to Her Majesty the Queen in right of Ontario, or other public institution, can be made to the satisfaction. 6.0 REFERENCES CITED Archaeological Services Inc.

2005 Stage 4 Archaeological Mitigation of Utility Upgrading along North Side of Forsythe Street, between Waterloo Street and Niagara Boulevard, Peace Bridge Site (AfGr-9),


Town of Fort Erie, Regional Municipality of Niagara, Ontario. Report on file with the Ministry of Culture.

2006 Stage 3 and 4 Archaeological Excavation and Monitoring of the Tennessee Avenue

Services Replacement and Upgrades, Rosemount Avenue to Sugarloaf Street, City of Port Colborne, Regional Municipality of Niagara. Report on file with the Ministry of Culture.

Armstrong, Frederick H. 1985 Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology. Toronto: Dundurn Press. Boulton, D’Arcy.

1805 Sketch of His Majesty’s Province of Upper Canada. London: C. Rickaby (reprinted in Toronto by the Baxter Publishing Company, 1961).

Burtniak, John.

1992 Chronicles of Wainfleet Township: 200 Years of History. Fonthill: printed by Niagara Yearbook Services Ltd. for the Wainfleet Historical Society.

Calkin, P. and B. Feenstra 1985 Evolution of the Erie Basin Great Lakes. In Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes,

edited by P. Karrow and P. Calkin, pp.149-170. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30.

Chapman, L. J. and F. Putnam

1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto.

EarthTech

2005 Wainfleet Water and Wastewater Servicing Plan Class Environmental Assessment: Environmental Study Report.

Ellis, Christopher 1977 Archaeological Survey and Testing in the Niagara Peninsula Region of Ontario. Freeman, E. (ed.) 1979 Geological Highway Map, Southern Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Map 2441. Ministry of Culture. 2005 Ontario Heritage Act.

2009 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (final draft, June 2009). Cultural Programs Branch, Ontario Ministry of Culture, Toronto.

http://www.culture.gov.on.ca/english/heritage/archaeology/S%20&%20G%202009%20-%20FINAL.pdf

Mitchener, David M. 1967 Wainfleet. Printed for the Wainfleet Municipal Council.


Page, H.R.

1876 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the Counties of Lincoln and Welland, Ontario. H.R. Page & Co.: Toronto.

Parkins, W.

1977 Onondaga Chert: Geological and Palynological Studies as Applied to Archaeology. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Geography, Brock University, St. Catherines, Ontario.

Pengelly, J., K. Tinkler, W. Parkins, and F. McCarthy

1997 12,600 Years of Lake Level Changes, Changing Sills, Ephemeral Lakes and Niagara Gorge Erosion in the Niagara Peninsula and Eastern Lake Erie Basin. Journal of Paleolimnology 17: 377-402.

Rayburn, Alan. 1997 Place Names of Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Smith, W.H. 1846 Smith’s Canadian Gazetteer. Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell. Wainfleet Township Centennial Committee. 1967 Wainfleet Township 1867-1967. Wellandport: printed for the Committee. 7.0 OVERSIZED GRAPHICS Figure 6-1 to 6-12: Wainfleet Water and Sewer Project - Results of the Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment

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8.0 PHOTOGRAPHY

Plate 1: View west-northwest along undisturbed Lakeshore Road ROW.

Plate 2: View east along Lakeshore Road.

Plate 3: View west-northwest along undisturbed Lakeshore Road ROW.

Plate 4: View west-northwest along Lakeshore Road.

Plate 5: View southeast along Augustine Road. Plate 6: View southwest along Augustine Road.


Plate 7: View east along undisturbed Lakeshore Road ROW.

Plate 8: View east along Lakeshore Road into village of Burnaby.

Plate 9: View northeast along Harbour View Road. Plate 10: View east along Lakeshore Road.

Plate 11: View southeast across Lakeshore Road. Plate 12: View west along Lakeshore Road.


Plate 13: View north from Lakeshore Road along Cement Plant Road.

Plate 14: View northeast into Morgan’s Point cemetery.

Plate 15: View west-northwest into Oakwood cemetery.


APPENDIX A

Cemetery Investigation Work Plan


Based on the Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment results, two cemeteries, Morgan’s Point Cemetery and Oakwood Cemetery, are located adjacent to the proposed servicing alignment. These cemeteries may require additional investigation. The following work plan is based on a typical cemetery investigation, and it may have to be modified to reflect the specific requirements of each cemetery; detailed mapping will be required prior to any cemetery investigation, and a separate investigation would be required for each cemetery. The cemetery investigations focus on conducting all necessary fieldwork within or adjacent to the cemeteries and will identify all burial and/or archaeological features that will be potentially impacted by the proposed servicing project. Task 1: Conduct Background Research Prior to conducting any fieldwork, background research relating to the cemetery will be conducted as required. Previous Stage 1 and/or 2 archaeological assessment reports prepared by ASI will be consulted. The local or regional cemetery official and/or heritage planner will be contacted to obtain specific and historical information, including mapping, pertaining to the cemetery. Note, this may have already been completed during the previous Stage 1 or Stage 2 archaeological assessments. A field review of the cemetery study area may be required if this has not been previously conducted during the Stage 1 or 2 archaeological assessments. Field activities would include photo-documenting the study area, documenting the location of insitu grave markers (head and footstones) within the proposed workspace, and meeting with cemetery officials or other personnel as required. Task 2: Conduct Archaeological Field Survey This work task addresses all activities required to investigate the specific area of proposed impact. Prior to the initiation of any field survey, whether within existing lands owned by the client or in areas of proposed property acquisition, either temporary or permanent takings, or any other encroachments, ASI must be provided with all necessary property access permissions (see 5.0, item #2). The most cost-effective method of conclusively determining whether or not burials exist adjacent to the existing cemetery or in the vicinity of any grave markers is by the controlled removal of topsoil by Gradall® (see 5.0, item #5) under the supervision of a licensed archaeologist. If, following shovel-shining of the exposed subsoil, no burial shafts are observed, ASI will simply recommend to the appropriate government agencies that the area be cleared of any further archaeological concern. If grave shafts are encountered, ASI will map the location of all grave features, and photo-document them as required. The client and cemetery officials will be notified of the results and on-site consultation can be arranged as required to discuss mitigation or protection options for the burials. The excavation area will then be back-filled by Gradall® and returned to original grade (i.e. the soil will be levelled and compacted).


PLEASE NOTE that ASI estimates that three days will be required to complete the cemetery investigation. If less time is needed, the client will only be billed for time used. Also note that ASI is not responsible for re-seeding or landscaping the excavation area following the fieldwork. It should be noted that non-intrusive geo-physical techniques such as Ground Penetrating Radar are currently available to detect sub-surface anomalies, but their accuracy with regard to delimiting grave shafts is not yet definitive, and any positive readings will require “ground-truthing for field verification. PLEASE NOTE that this proposal does not include the cost of any mitigative work and/or documentation associated with the removal and re-location of burials. Should that be required, a costing and work plan can be provided as a separate proposal. Task 3: Data Analysis Any materials recovered during the course of the field assessment will be analyzed at the Toronto office and laboratories of ASI. Analytical data are entered directly into computer database files that are used to generate both artifact catalogues and attribute analyses. On-line data processing systems have been designed for prehistoric ceramic and lithic artifacts, faunal remains, settlement patterns, Euro-Canadian ceramics, glass, nails, and non-ceramic artifacts of all types. These programs ensure that the processing of data is conducted properly and in a cost-effective manner. Task 4: Report Preparation The cemetery investigation report will describe the results of all fieldwork and will contain all necessary cartographic and photographic documentation. The report will identify recommended actions to mitigate any adverse effects of the proposed undertaking on any burial features present within the study area. The report will fulfill the project requirements, while at the same time addressing all of the archaeological and licensing concerns outlined in the Ontario Heritage Act and the Environmental Assessment Act. Please note that any recommendation made in the archaeological assessment report is subject to Ministry of Culture approval.

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