Definition: A government policy designed to lessen the effects of the business cycle.Goal: Is to keep the economy as close as possible to its potential output. Natural unemployment exists -inflation is restrained

Two Categories:Expansionary policies-

Contractionary policies-

Expansionary Policies

Our government policies designed to reduce unemployment and stimulate output-

When total output is below its potential, policy-maker want to eliminate the recessionary gap -

Contractionary Policies

Our government designed to stabilize prices and reduce output-

The economy is booming, policy makers want to cut the inflationary gap - (to stabilize prices and bring the economy back down to its potential output)

-

Fiscal Policy

"Fiscal" - budgetary-

Definition: Government stabilization policy that uses taxes and government purchases as its tools: budgetary policy

-

Governments have an extensive impact on the economy through taxation and government purchases. The government's annual budget sets out what the government will tax and spend.

-

The budget becomes an instrument of stabilization policy-

Fiscal Year: the 1-month period to which a budget applies -

Discretionary Fiscal Policy

Is when the government takes deliberate actions through legislation to alter spending or taxation policies in order to influence the level of spending and employment

-

Discretionary fiscal policy occurs when the federal government takes on an active role in the economy by increasing or decreasing government spending or tax policy.

-

Non-discretionary fiscal policy is active accounts or stabilizers that are set up to operate even when the government does not takes on an active role in the economy.

-

Uses of Fiscal Policy

FISCAL POLICY OPPOSITE OF BUSINESS CYCLE if POLICY IS CONTRACTIONARY then BUSINESS CYCLE IS AT EXPANSIONARY

EXPANSIONARY FISCAL POLICY

This would entail a tax cut, an increase in government spending, or both1)To stimulate economic growth and lower employment (PST - 8%, GST - 5% was 7%)2)

Government policy that involves increasing government purchases, decreasing taxes, or both to stimulate spending and output.

i.

The economy is in an economic contraction. Most likely it is in recession. AT this time the government will enact policies to reduce the recessionary gap and spur economic growth

i.Expansionary discretionary Fiscal Policy○

Expansionary Fiscal Policy:1.

Stabilization Policy December-05-088:44 AM

Unit 3 - Fiscal Policy Page 1

government will enact policies to reduce the recessionary gap and spur economic growth

The government increase spending which should increase aggregate expenditurei.As G + AD + Q + Employment + Y + P + (+ = increases)ii.

Increased Government Spending○

Decrease taxesi.The government will reduce personal or corporate taxes which should increase aggregate expenditure

ii.

As T - C + AD + Q + Employment + Y + P +iii.These two policies could also be run together at the same time iv.

○

Government policy that involved decreasing government purchases, increasing taxes, or both to restrain spending and output

a.

The economy is in an economic expansion. Most likely it is in a boom. At this time the government will enact policies to reduce the inflationary gap and spur stable but slower economy growth

b.

The government decreases spending which should decrease aggregate expenditurei.As G - AD - Q - EMPLOYMENT - Y - P -ii.Increase Taxesiii.The government will increase personal or corporate taxes which should decrease aggregate expenditure

iv.

At this point the teacher will try to involve students the below analysisv.As T + C - AD - Q - EMPLOYMENT - Y - P -vi.These two policies could also be ran together at the same timevii.

Decreased Government Spendingc.

Certain elements in the economy tend to stabilize our growth. These items were up to set up to automatically work when the economy grows too fast or contracts too fast. The government established them.

i.

During a boom, these stabilizers will try to decrease Y, P, Q, and employmentii.During a recession, these stabilizers will try to increase Y, P, Q, and employmentiii.In a period of contraction, net tax revenues .(taxes minus transfers and subsidies) decrease.iv.During a period of expansion, NET TAX REVENEUE increasesv.

Automatic Stabilizers:d.

Contractionary Policy:2.

Examples of Stabilizers:

The Canadian income tax system is a progressive system, meaning as incomes increase people pay a higher total tax and also a higher tax rate. So in a boom as incomes go up the government automatically collects more taxes from its people.

a.

As incomes decrease people pay a lower total tax rate and also a lower tax rate. So in a recession as incomes go down the government automatically collects fewer taxes from its people, giving them more to spend.

b.

Income Tax:a)

During a recession as people lose their jobs and become unable to find work. The can collect welfare, so that they still have money to live with.

a.

During a boom when people start to find work they are automatically cut off of welfare. They have less money to spend.

b.

Social Security Payments (welfare):b)

This is a program implemented by the federal government of Canada that is used to give farmers aid. When farm output starts to receive a lower price. The government will use some artificial means (grants) of increase the price farmers receive. These way farmers receive enough money to continue their operations. They do not go out of business. When there are booms and farm product prices go up, the price programs do not work.

a.Price Support Programs:c)

Unit 3 - Fiscal Policy Page 2