stability 1 ti precision labs op amps
DESCRIPTION
Op Amp Stability Issue Desired Measured Here is an example of what can happen if a circuit’s stability is not verified before going to production. An op amp circuit that is unstable will have an unpredictable or unexpected output with poor transient performance. This typically results in large overshoots and ringing when changes occur on the input or load, but may also result in sustained oscillations. Often stability problems are caused by connecting a capacitor to the output or to the inverting input of the amplifier. This op amp supply-splitter circuit was designed to deliver a constant 2.5 V dc output for the reference voltage in a system. However, the unstable design resulted in a sustained output oscillation, which has turned the DC reference voltage into a sine wave! Even though this circuit is meant to operate with a dc input and output, transient disturbances on the input, power-supplies, or on the output may cause the amplifier to begin to oscillate. Therefore, we recommend checking every op amp circuit for stability regardless of the closed loop signal frequency of operation.TRANSCRIPT
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Stability – 1TI Precision Labs – Op Amps
Developed by Collin Wells, Art Kay, and Ian Williams
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Op Amp Stability Issue
Vcc
Vcc
Vcc 5
+
-
+
U1 OPA333
CLoad 1u
R1
100k
R2
100k
VREF
T
Time (s)0.00 500.00u 1.00m
Volta
ge (V
)
0.00
2.50
5.00 T
Time (s)0.00 500.00u 1.00m
VREF
(V)
0.00
2.50
5.00Desired Measured
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Simplified Cause of Op Amp Stability Issues
Issues happen because of too much delay from output to feedback!
Delay Delay
V-
V+
R4 499k R5 499k
C4
25p
+
Vin
Vfb
+
-
+U2 OPA333
R6 100
C3
47n
Vopa
T
Time (s)0 125u 250u
Vopa
-2.5
0.0
2.5
Vfb
-750m
0
750m
Vin
-10m
0
ab30
p
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Delay Delay
V-
V+
R4 499k R5 499kC
4 25
p
+
Vin
Vfb
+
-
+U2 OPA333
R6 100
C3
47n
Vopa
4
Delay Happens in Many Circuits
V-
V+
R1 499k RF 499k
+
Vin
Vfb
VopaRo 100
C_Load 47n
Vout
Cst
ray
15p
Cin
15p
-
+
OPA333
30p
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Circuits with Possible Stability IssuesOutput Capacitive Loads
Input Capacitance and Large Value Resistors
Transimpedance Amplifiers
Reference Buffers Cable/Shield Drive MOSFET Gate Drive
Large Value Resistors for Low-Power Circuits
-
+
IOP2
R3 499kR4 499k
+
VG2
Cin 25p Vout
-
+
OPA
Cin 1u
C1 1u
C2 1u
VIN 5Vin
Temp
GND
Vout
Trim
U1 REF5025
C3 10u
ADC_VREF
C4 100n
-
+
OPA
RL 250
Rf 20kRg 1k
+
Vin
-
+
OPA
C_Cable 10nVout
VREF 2.5
VREF
Shielded Cable
-
+
OPA
VRef 2.5
R1 20k
R2 20k
Vin 10
VRegQ1
RL 200
Transient SuppressionV+
-
+
OPA
Rf 49kRg 4.99M
Cd 200p Vout
+Vin
D1
D2TVS
Vo
Rf 1M
Rd 4.99G Cd 10p-
+
OPA
Id
Photodiode Model
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Identify Stability Issues in the Lab
6
• Suggested Tools:– Oscilloscope– Signal Generator
• Other Useful Tools:– Gain / Phase Analyzer– Network / Spectrum Analyzer
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• Oscilloscope – Time Domain Analysis: – Oscillations– Overshoot and Ringing– Unstable DC Voltages– High Distortion
Identify Stability Issues in the Lab
7
Output Response to Square Wave Input
Output Response to Step Input
Sustained Output Oscillation with DC Input
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Identify Stability Issues in the Lab
8
• Gain / Phase Analyzer - Frequency Domain: - Peaking, Unexpected Gains, Rapid Phase Shifts
Simulated MeasuredT
Gai
n (d
B)
-60.00
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
20.00
Frequency (Hz)1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
Pha
se [d
eg]
-180.00
-90.00
0.00
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T
Time (s)0.00 2.50m 5.00m
Out
put
2.49
2.50
2.51
Vin Vload Vopa
Solving Op Amp Stability Issues
9
T
Time (s)0.00 500.00u 1.00m
Vol
tage
(V)
1.81
2.34
2.88
Vcc
Vcc 5
+
-
+
U1 OPA333
CLoad 1u
VREF
+
Vin
Vcc
Vcc 5CLoad 1u
R3 499
R4 49k
C1 22n
Vopa
+
Vin
Vload
R1
100k+
-
+U1 OPA333
Vcc
Vcc 5CLoad 1u
R3 499
Vopa
+
Vin
R1
100k
+
-
+U1 OPA333 Vload
T
Time (s)0.00 2.50m 5.00m
Out
put
2.50
2.51
2.53
Vin Vload Vopa
Riso 499
Riso 499
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Bode Plots – Pole
+90
-90
+45
-45
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M0
(d
egre
es)
-45o@fP
-45o/Decade
-90o
0o
0
20
40
60
80
100
10M1M100k10k1k100101Frequency (Hz)
G (d
B)
-20 dB/Decade
fP
0.707*GV/V = -3dB
Actual Function
Straight-Line Approximation
Pole Location = fP (Cutoff Freq)
Magnitude (f < fP) = Gdc (e.g. 100dB) Magnitude (f = fP) = -3dB Magnitude (f > fP) = -20dB/Decade
Phase (f = fP) = -45° Phase (0.1fP < f < 10fP) = -45°/Decade Phase (f > 10fP) = -90° Phase (f < 0.1fP) = 0°
Gv/v = VoutVin = Gdc𝑖ቀffPቁ+ 1 As a complex number
Gv/v = VoutVin = GdcඨቀffPቁ2 + 1
Magnitude
Θ= − tan−1൬ffP൰ Phase
GdB = 20Log൫Gv vΤ ൯ Magnitude in dB
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Bode Plots – Zero
+90
-90
+45
-4510 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
0
(d
egre
es)
+45o @ fz
+45o/Decade
+90o
0o
0
20
40
60
80
10M1M100k10k1k100101
Frequency (Hz)
G (d
B)
+20 dB/Decade
+3dB
Actual Function
Straight-Line Approximation
10f
@7.5 Z
Zero Location = fZ
Magnitude (f < fZ) = 0dB Magnitude (f = fZ) = +3dB Magnitude (f > fZ) = +20dB/Decade
Phase (f = fZ) = +45° Phase (0.1fZ < f < 10fZ) = +45°/Decade Phase (f > 10fZ) = +90° Phase (f < 0.1fZ) = 0°
Gv/v = VoutVin = Gdc 𝑖൬ffZ൰+ 1൨ As a complex number
Gv/v = VoutVin = Gdcඨ൬ffZ൰2 + 1 Magnitude
Θ= tan−1൬ffZ൰ Phase
GdB = 20Log൫Gv vΤ ൯ Magnitude in dB
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Op Amp Open Loop Model
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AolZo
Rin
Vo
Vout
Vdiff+
-
IN+
IN-
x1
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Op Amp Closed Loop ModelAol = Open loop Gain
β = Feedback Factor = VfbVout = R1R1 + Rf Acl = Closed Loop Gain = Aol1+ Aolβ Aolβ = Loop Gain
Acl = limAol β→∞ ൬Aol1+ Aolβ൰= 1β = 1+ RfR1
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When is an Amplifier Unstable?
AOLβ = -1 when the phase at VFB has shifted 180 ⁰relative to Vin
• A circuit is unstable when AOLβ = -1• AOLβ = -1 sets the denominator of ACL = 0• AOLβ = -1 when AOLβ(dB) = 0dB and
phase shift(AOLβ) = 180°• Phase shift is relative to the DC phase
Phase Margin (PM)How close the system is to a 180° phase shift in AOLβ• PM = Phase(AOLβ) when Gain(AOLβ) = 0dB• Ex: 10° phase margin = 170° phase shift in AOLβ
𝐀𝐂𝐋=𝐀𝐎𝐋
𝟏+𝐀𝐎𝐋𝛃
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Loop Gain Magnitude – AOLβ1β=V OUT
V FB=RF
R1+1=10V /V
1β
(dB )=20 log (10 )=20 dB
AOL
1/β
AOLβLoop gain in dB:20 log ( AOL β )=20 log ( AOL )−20 log ( 1β )AOL β (dB )=AOL(dB)− 1β (dB)
Note:
fC
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Loop Gain Phase – Phase(AOLβ)
1β=𝑍 𝑓
𝑍1+1
C1 introduces a zero in 1β
At DC the capacitor is open, so gain = 10V/V. At high frequency the capacitor causes Z1 to decrease, so gain increases by +20dB/decade
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Phase Margin
Rule of thumb:Phase margin > 45° is required for optimal stability!Phase margin < 45° is considered “marginally stable.”This does not ensure a robust design over process variation.
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Rate of Closure – Unstable Example
Rate of Closure=|Slope ( AOL)−Slope( 1β )|Rate of Closure=|−20dB−(+20 dB)|=40dB
Unstable because rate of closure > 20dB!
1β=V OUT
V FB=10( ff C +1)
1/β(dB) = 20dB at DC, then increases by +20dB/decade afterthe zero frequency
Rule of thumb:Rate of closure = 20dB is required for optimal stability!
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Rate of Closure – Stable Example
Rate of Closure=|Slope ( AOL)−Slope( 1β )|Rate of Closure=|−20dB−0dB|=20dB
Stable because rate of closure = 20dB!
1β=V OUT
V FB=RF
R1+1=10V /V
1β
(dB )=20 log (10 )=20 dB
Rule of thumb:Rate of closure = 20dB is required for optimal stability!
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Rate of Closure (ROC) and Phase Margin
ROC(dB/decade)
Phase Margin
(°)20 45 < PM < 90
20 < ROC < 40 45
40 0 < PM < 45
T
Frequency (Hz)1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
Gai
n (d
B)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1/β
AOL
T
Frequency (Hz)1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
Gai
n (d
B)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1/β
AOL
T
Frequency (Hz)1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
Gai
n (d
B)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1/β
AOL
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Indirect Phase Margin Measurements
Time Domain Percent Overshoot AC Gain/Phase AC Peaking
Phase Margin can be measured indirectly on closed-loop circuits!
T
Gai
n (d
B)
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
Frequency (Hz)100.00k 1.00M 10.00M
Pha
se [d
eg]
-270.00
-180.00
-90.00
0.00
PM = 60°PM = 30°T
Time (s)2.00u 3.50u 5.00u
Vol
tage
(V)
0.00
3.75m
7.50m
11.25m
15.00m
PM = 60°PM = 30°
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Indirect Phase Margin MeasurementsT
Time (s)2.00u 3.50u 5.00u
Vol
tage
(V)
0.00
2.50m
5.00m
7.50m
10.00m
12.50m
15.00m
14.3mV
%Overshoot=( 14.3mV −10mV10mV )∗100%=𝟒𝟑%
43% overshoot 29° phase margin
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Indirect Phase Margin Measurements
T
Frequency (Hz)100.00k 1.00M 10.00M
Gai
n (d
B)
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
6dB
6dB AC peaking 29° phase margin
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Multiple-Choice Quiz• What are some possible signs of an unstable op amp circuit?
a) oscillationsb) large overshoot and ringingc) unpredictable or unexpected responsed) all of the above
• Many common circuits inadvertently cause delay in the feedback network, resulting in stability issues.
a) trueb) false
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Multiple-Choice Quiz• Which of these is not a cause of amplifier instability?
a) capacitance on the amplifier’s output to GNDb) capacitance on the amplifier’s inverting inputc) large value feedback resistorsd) low valued resistors on the amplifier’s output to GND
• Which common application is most likely to have a stability issue?a) photodiode transimpedance amplifierb) low-noise gain stagec) summing amplifierd) integrator
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Multiple-Choice Quiz• Amplifiers with stability problems are __________________?
a) only sensitive to transients on the inputb) sensitive to transients on the input, output, and power supplies
• Amplifiers with DC inputs (eg. reference buffer) will not have stability issues.
a) trueb) false
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Multiple-Choice Quiz• Which of the following is a common method for stability testing?
a) apply a sinusoidal input signal, monitor the amplifier output with an oscilloscope
b) apply a square wave input signal, monitor the amplifier output with an oscilloscope
c) apply a triangle wave input signal, monitor the amplifier output with an oscilloscope
• Which of these is not a sign of stability issues in closed loop gain/phase analyzer measurements?
a) steep magnitude roll-offsb) rapid phase shiftsc) unexpected gainsd) AC gain peaking
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Quiz• Which one of these AOL and 1/β curves is unstable?
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Quiz• Which one of these AOL and 1/β curves is unstable?
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Quiz• Find the phase margin of each system according to the % overshoot.
0102030405060708090
0 20 40 60 80 100
Phas
e M
argi
n (d
eg)
Percentage Overshoot (%)
Phase margin vs Percentage Overshoot
0102030405060708090
0 20 40 60 80 100
Phas
e M
argi
n (d
eg)
Percentage Overshoot (%)
Phase margin vs Percentage Overshoot
%Overshoot=( 16.4mV −10mV20mV )∗100%=𝟑𝟐% %Overshoot=( 19.6mV −10mV
20mV )∗100%=𝟒𝟖%
38° phase margin 25° phase margin
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 5 10 15 20
Phas
e M
argi
n (d
eg)
ac Peaking (dB)
Phase Margin vs ac Peaking
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 5 10 15 20
Phas
e M
argi
n (d
eg)
ac Peaking (dB)
Phase Margin vs ac Peaking
Quiz• Find the phase margin of each system according to the AC peaking.
35° phase margin
4.4dB peaking
12° phase margin
~14dB peaking
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Quiz• Find the phase margin of each system according to the Bode plot.
45° phase margin ~15° phase margin
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Stability – 2TI Precision Labs – Op Amps
Developed by Collin Wells, Art Kay, and Ian Williams
33
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Simulating Open-Loop CircuitsNo DC biasing produces erroneous results!
Wrong open loop response
Output saturated
V-
V+
V- V+
Vo
R2 1kR1 1k
Vfb
V1 -15 V2 15
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
+
Vin
R3
10k
24.99nV
14.44V
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Simulating Open-Loop CircuitsDC: closed loop needed for SPICE operationAC: open loop needed for stability analysisDC
AC
DC+ACV-
V+
Vo
R2 1kR1 1k
+
Vin
Vfb
C1
L1
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
R6
10k
100uV
200uV
V-
V+
Vo
R2 1kR1 1k
+
Vin
Vfb
C1
L1
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
R7
10k
V-
V+
Vo
R2 1kR1 1k
+
VG1
Vfb
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
L1 1T
C1 1T
R5
10k
RL
RL
RL
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Standard Open-Loop SPICE ConfigurationWe need an open-loop circuit (no feedback) to generate open-loop gain (AOL), 1/β, and loop gain (AOLβ) curves
AOL_LOADED = Vo / Vfb1/β = 1 / Vfb
AOLβ = Vo
V-
V+
Vo
R2 1kR1 1k
+
VG1
Vfb
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
L1 1T
C1 1T
R5
10k
AOL
AOLβ
1/β
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Check DC Operating Point
V-
V+
Vo
R2 1kR1 1k
+
VG1
Vfb
-
+ +3
2
67
4
OP AMP
L1 1T
C1 1T
R5
10k
C3 1n
100uV
200uV
Click Analysis DC Analysis Calculate Nodal Voltages
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Generating Open-Loop CurvesRun an AC transfer characteristic analysis over the appropriate frequency range:
Click Analysis AC Analysis AC Transfer Characteristic
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Generating Open-Loop CurvesClick the “Post-Processor” button to add the desired curves
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Generating Open-Loop CurvesPerform math on the existing curves to create the new curves:
AOL = Vo / Vfb1/β = 1/VfbAOLβ = Vo
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Generating Open-Loop CurvesUnformatted results with all curves:
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Generating Open-Loop CurvesRemove undesired curves and format axis for easier viewing:
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Generating Open-Loop CurvesUse a cursor to determine the frequency where Aolβ = 0dB, fC, and place legend to show corresponding magnitudes and phases
Phase Margin = Aol*β Phase @ fC
fC
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Why Do Capacitive Loads Cause Instability?
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Simulate the Effects of Output CapacitanceRun open-loop analysis on buffer circuit with capacitive load
V-
V+
V- V++
Vin
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
L1 1T
C1 1T
V1 -15 V2 15
CLoad 10n
Vfb
Vo
1/β
AOL_LOADED
AOLβ
ROC = 40dB/dec
Phase Margin = 4°
fC
Pole
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Capacitive Loads – Stability Theory
+
−V-
V+
Vo
+
Vin
CLoad 10n
Vfb
-
+
-
+
Aol 1M
Ro 100
V-
V+
Vo+
Vin
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
L1 1T
C1 1T
CLoad 10n
Vfb
+
Aol
Ro 100
Vo
CLoad 10n
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(AOL_LOADED)
(AOL_LOADED)
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Capacitive Loads – Stability Theory
Gai
n (d
B)
-40
-20
0
Frequency (Hz)1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
Pha
se [d
eg]
-90
-45
0
Aol Pole
+
Vin
Ro 100
Vo
CLoad 10n
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V o
V ¿(s)= 1
1+s∗Ro∗CLOADTransfer Function:
f POLE=1
2∗π∗Ro∗CLOADPole Equation:
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Capacitive Loads – Stability Theory
X
AOL (from data sheet) AOL Load
Loaded AOL =
Gai
n (d
B)
020406080
100120
Frequency (Hz)1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
Pha
se [d
eg]
0
45
90
135
180
-20-40
48
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Compensation Method 1: RISO
V+
V-
VLoad
+
Vin
-
+ +3
2
67
4
OP AMPCLoad 10n
Riso 108
49
Vo
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Method 1: RISO – ResultsTheory: Adds a zero to cancel the pole in loaded AOL
V-
V+
+
Vin
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
L1 1T
C1 1T
CLoad 10n
Vfb
Riso 108
Vo
50
1/β
AOL_LOADED
AOLβ
ROC = 20dB/dec
Phase Margin = 64°
PoleZero
fC
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Method 1: RISO – Theory
V-
V+
Vo+
Vin
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
L1 1T
C1 1T
CLoad 10n
Vfb
Riso 108
V-
V+
Vo
+
Vin
CLoad 10n
Vfb
-
+
-
+
Aol 1M
Ro 100
Riso 108
+
Aol
Ro 100
Vo
CLoad 10n
Riso 108
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(AOL_LOADED)
(AOL_LOADED)
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Resistor Divider Analogy
+
Vin
R1 100
R2 100
Vo +
Aol
Ro 100
Vo
CLoad 10n
Riso 108
Zero: RISO & CLOAD Pole: RO, RISO, and CLOAD
Z1
Z2Vin
V O
V ¿=
R2R2+R1
V O
V ¿=
Z2Z2+Z1
V O
V ¿=
R ISO+1
s∗CLOAD
(R ISO+1
s∗CLOAD )+RO
V O
V ¿=
1+s∗R ISO∗CLOAD
1+s∗ (R ISO+RO )∗CLOAD
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Method 1: RISO – Theory
+
Vin
Ro 100
Vo
CLoad 10n
Riso 108
Gai
n (d
B)
-10
-5
0
Frequency (Hz)1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
Pha
se [d
eg]
-11.3
0
Aol Pole
-22.5
Aol Zero
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V o
V ¿
(s )=1+s∗R ISO∗CLOAD
1+s∗ (RO+R ISO )∗CLOAD
f ZERO=1
2∗π∗R ISO∗C LOAD
f POLE=1
2∗π∗(RO+R ISO)∗CLOAD
Transfer Function:
Zero Equation:
Pole Equation:
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Method 1: RISO – Theory
X
AOL (from data sheet) AOL Load
Loaded AOL =G
ain
(dB
)
-10
-5
0
Frequency (Hz)1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
Pha
se [d
eg]
-11.3
0
Aol Pole
-22.5
Aol Zero
Gai
n (d
B)
020406080
100120
Frequency (Hz)1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
Pha
se [d
eg]
0
4590
135
180
-20-40
Aol Pole
Aol Zero
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Method 1: RISO – DesignDesign Steps:1.) Find the zero frequency, fZERO, where AOL_Loaded = 20 dB2.) Calculate Riso to set the zero at fZERO
This will yield between 60° and 90° degrees of phase margin
55
Riso=1
2∗π∗ f ZERO∗C LOAD
Riso=1
2∗π∗146.5 kHz∗10 nF
Riso=𝟏𝟎𝟖𝛀
RISO Equation: AOL_LOADED
1/β
fC
fZERO = 146.5kHz
20dB
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1/β
AOL_LOADED
AOLβ
ROC = 20dB/dec
PoleZero
fC
Method 1: RISO – Design Summary
56
V-
V+
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
+
Vin
Riso 108
Cload 10n
Vload
Vo
Phase Margin= 64°
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Unstable vs. Stable Transient Results
No compensation - Unstable
Riso compensation - Stable
T
Time (s)0.00 10.00u 20.00u 30.00u
Vol
tage
(V)
0.00
5.00m
10.00m
15.00m
20.00m
Vin Vo
T
Time (s)0.00 10.00u 20.00u 30.00u
Vol
tage
(V)
0.00
5.00m
10.00m
15.00m
20.00m
Vin Vo
V-
V+
Vo
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
+
Vin C1
10n
Riso 108
SW_Riso
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Method 1: RISO – DisadvantageDisadvantage:Voltage drop across RISO may not be acceptable for certain applications!
V+
V-
Vload
+
Vin
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMPCLoad 10n
Riso 108
Vo
RLoad 250
Time (s)0.0 μ 5.0 μ 10.0 μ
12.5m
0.00
VLoad
VoVin10.0m
7.5m
5.0m
2.5m
RISO Voltage Drop
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Method 2: RISO + Dual Feedback
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V-
V+
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
+
Vin
Riso 108
Cload 10n
Vload
Vo
C1 470p
R1 15k
Rload 250
Cf
Rf
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Method 2: RISO + Dual Feedback – TheoryDC Circuit AC Circuit
V+
V-
+
Vin
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMPCLoad 10n
Riso 108
Vo
RF 15k
R2
250
VLoad
CF
Vin 1V
1V
1.43V
CF: OpenRF: Closes the feedback around RISO VLOAD = VIN
CF: ShortRF >> ZCF, therefore RF is effectively openBehaves like RISO circuit
60
V-
V+
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMP
+
Vin
Riso 108
Cload 10n
Vload
Vo
Rload 250
RF
CF 470p
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Method 2: RISO + Dual Feedback - DesignDesign Steps:1) Set RISO using Method 1: RISO techniques2) Set RF: RF ≥ (RISO * 100) 3) Set CF: lower values of CF = faster settling, higher overshootRule 3 ensures that the two feedback paths will never create a resonance that would cause instability
61
6∗R ISO∗CLOAD
CF≤C F≤
10∗ R ISO∗CLOAD
CF
R ISO=108Ω
RF≥ R ISO∗100
RF≥10.8kΩ
36
1/β
AOL_LOADED
AOLβ
ROC = 20dB/dec
PoleZero
fC
Phase Margin = 66°
5× 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑜 × 𝐶𝐿𝑅𝐹 ≤ 𝐶𝐹 ≤ 10× 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑜 × 𝐶𝐿𝑅𝐹 Find the range of CF
5× 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑜 × 𝐶𝐿𝑅𝐹 ≤ 𝐶𝐹 ≤ 10× 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑜 × 𝐶𝐿𝑅𝐹 Find the range of CF
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Method 2: RISO + Dual Feedback - Results
Time (s)0.0 μ 25.0 μ 50.0 μ
12.5m
0.00
VLoad
Vo
Vin10.0m
7.5m
5.0m
2.5m
RISO Voltage Drop
VLOAD = VIN
62
V+
V-
+
Vin
-
+ +3
2
6
74
OP AMPCLoad 10n
Riso 108
Vo
R1 15k
R2
250
C1 470p
VLoad
• VLOAD matches VIN – No voltage divider error!• This topology has some limitations on settling time and capacitive load range
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T
Time (s)0.00 2.50m 5.00m
Out
put
2.49
2.50
2.51
Vin Vload Vopa
Summary – Solving Op Amp Stability
63
T
Time (s)0.00 500.00u 1.00m
Vol
tage
(V)
1.81
2.34
2.88
Vcc
Vcc 5
+
-
+
U1 OPA333
CLoad 1u
VREF
+
Vin
Vcc
Vcc 5CLoad 1u
R3 499
R4 49k
C1 22n
Vopa
+
Vin
Vload
R1
100k+
-
+U1 OPA333
Vcc
Vcc 5CLoad 1u
R3 499
Vopa
+
Vin
R1
100k
+
-
+U1 OPA333 Vload
T
Time (s)0.00 2.50m 5.00m
Out
put
2.50
2.51
2.53
Vin Vload Vopa
Riso 499
Riso 499
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Thanks for your time!
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