STAAR Flashcards 2012-2013

Everything you need to know about American history, but were

afraid to ask……..

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•Exploration/Colonization•Revolution•Early Republic•Federalist Era•Age of Jefferson•Era of Good Feelings•Age of Jackson•Industrial Revolution & Reform•Manifest Destiny•Sectionalism•Civil War•Reconstruction

Eras of American History to

1877

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Quick Map of the United

States

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•Spain – gold, God, glory

•France – fish, fur, francs, friends (with Native Americans)

•Netherlands – fish, fur, faster route to Asia (Northwest Passage)

•Great Britain – money and stuff (raw materials)

Exploration of

America: Which

countries and why?

Columbus Discovering the New World (Supposedly)

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•Geography

•Political

•Economic

•Religious

•Social

Reasons For Everything in History

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•1st permanent English settlement in North America

•1607

• in Southern colonies

•Leader: John Smith

Jamestown VA

go

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•G-rich, fertile soil, excellent farmland (GA, SC, NC, VA, MD)

•P-Virginia House of Burgesses (representative gov’t)

•E-Agrarian (agricultural): cash crop farming on large plantations

•R-Baptists and Catholics

•S-Rich upper class of white landowners; poor lower class consisting mainly of slaves/indentured servants.

Southern Colonies

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• Founded by Puritans (pilgrims) for religious freedom

•1620

•New England Colonies

•Leader: William Bradford

Plymouth, MA

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•G-hard rocky soil; long cold winters, short summers (MA, CT, RI, NH)•P-Mayflower Compact (self-gov’t), Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1st colonial constitution)•E-Manufacturing:ship building, mining, fishing; subsistence farming•R-Puritans

•S-Tight-knit communities; rules based on religion

New England Colonies

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• Founded by Quakers for religious freedom

•Middle/Mid-Atlantic Colonies

•Leader: William PennPennsylvania

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•G-balance of all seasons, coastal plains with fertile soil (PA, DE, NJ, NY)

•P-

•E-Manufacturing: ship building & Agricultural: staple crops/grains

•R-Quakers

•S-Close communities, individual freedoms, freedom of religion

Middle or Mid-Atlantic

Colonies

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•Mother country (England) gets rich by monopolizing colonies’ trade

•Colonies sell raw materials ONLY to mother country

•Colonies can only buy finished goods from mother country

•opposite of free enterprise

Mercantilism

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•American colonies ship raw materials to England, rum and money to Africa

•Africa ships slaves and gold to the West Indies to work on sugar cane plantations

•The West Indies ship molasses, sugar, and slaves to the American colonies

Trans-Atlantic

Slave Trade(Triangle Trade)

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•an economic system where businesses compete for profit from consumers

through supply and demand, with little government

interference

Free Enterprise

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•a religious movement in which Christians believed they could speak directly to God

•focused on the power of the individual to break away from the group

First Great Awakening

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•focuses on individuals and the picturesque

•art shows portraits

•music is for individuals

•clothing shows status

•games are for single winner

Colonial Culture

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Revolution Geography

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Draw the United States and label the following:1. Ohio River2. Ohio River Valley3. Great Lakes4. 13 Colonies5. Appalachian Mountains6. Mississippi River

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•1754-________________

•French & Native Americans vs. ___________ & colonists

•Fighting over __________of the Ohio River Valley

•AKA “_________Years’ War”

•Ended by the Treaty of ________, 1763

French-Indian War

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•Fought over by French and British for fur trading & farming during the French-Indian War

•Borders:

•N-•E-•S-•W-

Ohio River Valley

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•Plan by Benjamin Franklin to unite the 13 colonies together

•Visually represented by cartoon of a snake cut into pieces with the caption “Join or Die”

•Based on the Plan of Six Nations by the Native Americans

•1st political cartoon in colonies

Albany Plan of Union

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•Issued by British to American colonists

•Stated that the colonists could not move WEST of the Appalachian Mountains

•Attempt to protect the colonists from additional wars

Proclamation

of 1763

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•Phrase created by James Otis

•Protested British taxes on the colonies, such as the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, & Tea Act, without the colonists having representation in England’s parliament

“No Taxation without

Representation”

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•Protest in Boston, MA over taxes

•British soldiers shot into a crowd of colonists, killing 5

•1st killed = Crispus Attucks

Boston Massacre

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•Protest in Boston, MA over the Tea Act/tea taxes

•Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, dressed as Indians and dumped 342 crates of tea off ships into the Boston Harbor

Boston Tea Party

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•British laws passed against the colonies, specifically Boston, in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party

•Meant to punish Boston

•“They’re UNBEARABLE!”

Intolerable Acts

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•Meeting of colonial government representatives in which they decided to

•Boycott British goods

•Train a militia1st

Continental Congress

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•1st battles of the American Revolution

•AKA “The shot heard ‘round the world”

Battles of Lexington & Concord

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•2nd meeting of colonial government representatives

•Created the Continental Army, commanded by George Washington

•Wrote Olive Branch Petition•Ignored by King George III

•Decided to declare independence from Britain

•Quote: “Give me liberty or give me death”---Patrick Henry

2nd Continental Congress

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•Author of Common Sense – urged colonists to fight for independence from Britain

•Author of The American Crisis – about patriotism and continuing to fight for one’s country

Thomas Paine

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•Victory for British BUT they suffered heavy losses and did not gain much land

•Showed colonial troops were able to stand up against one of the strongest armies in the world

(they had a chance!)

Battle of Bunker Hill

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•Document declaring to the world that the American colonies are a ‘free and independent nation’

•Lists grievances against King George III

•Unalienable rights = life, liberty, pursuit of happiness

Declaration of

Independence

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•Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson

•Signed on July 4th, 1776 by 56 colonial representatives in Philadelphia, PA

1776

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•1775 – 1783

•Colonies = untrained for battle, shortages in weapons and food, patriotism, help from other countries, fighting on home turf, commander George Washington

vs.•Britain = more soldiers and money, well trained and supplied, hired soldiers, fighting overseas, poor leadership, hard to supply (should have won)

American Revolutiona

ry War

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•Lexington & Concord – FIRST battles of the war•Bunker Hill – showed that the Colonies COULD FIGHT•Valley Forge – PA winter, Washington lost lots of troops•Saratoga – TURNING POINT OF THE WAR, France joined us•Yorktown – END of war, Lord Cornwallis surrenders to General Washington

Battles of the

Revolution

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•Ends American Revolution

•Britain recognizes U.S. as a country•Britain gives up land in N. America•U.S. agrees to return property to Loyalists

Treaty of Paris, 1783

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•Marquis de Lafayette = French, military and financial assistance•Bernardo de Galvez = Spanish, military assistance•Baron von Steuben = Prussian, military training•Comte de Rochambeau = French, military assistance•Haym Solomon = Jewish, financial assistance•James Armistead = African slave, spied on British

VIPs of the Revolution

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•Magna Carta (1215) – gov’t power is limited, trial by jury•English Bill of Rights (1689) – individual rights•John Locke – people are born with ‘natural rights,’ gov’t is a social contract•Charles De Montesquieu – three branches of gov’t , •Declaration of Independence (1776) – unalienable rights

Ideas for American

Government

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•1st Constitution of the United States

•Strengths: Northwest Ordinance of 1787 as a way to create new states, some federal gov’t

•Weaknesses: no president or supreme court, no way to tax, weak federal gov’t, difficult to pass laws,

Articles of Confederatio

n

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•ONLY strength of the Articles of Confederation

•Established a method for creating new states and territories

•5,000 men = territory•60,000 citizens = state*

Northwest Ordinance

of 1787

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•Led by Daniel Shay as a protest against taxes on corn

•Farmers marched on arsenal in Massachusetts

•Proved that the federal gov’t under the Articles of Confederation DID NOT WORK!

Shay’s Rebellion

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•May – Sept.

•United States Constitution written

•Independence Hall, Philadelphia, PA

•Plan was to revise the Articles of Confederation

1787

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Sample Government Question

The phrase, “We the People,” in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution illustrates the idea that government power comes from its citizens. This idea is called

A. limited governmentB. socialismC. popular sovereigntyD. monarchy

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•Combination of the Virginia Plan (large states) and the New Jersey Plan (small states)

creates•Bicameral legislature-”two houses”

•Upper House=Senate/2 senators per state

•Lower House=House of Representatives/representation based on population of state

Great Compromise

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•Northern states wanted NO slaves counted for population

•Southern states wanted all slaves counted for population

Compromise: slaves would be counted as 3/5ths of a person for representation and taxation

3/5ths Compromise

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“We the people of the United States, in order to form a

more perfect union, establish justice, ensure

domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense,

promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our

posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for

the United States of America.”

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•Sets out six goals for the Constitution to accomplish

•Preamble to the U.S.

Constitution

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•Principle of the U.S. Constitution

•Government power is divided between the national (federal) and state governments

Federalism

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•Principle of the Constitution

•Government is limited by the rule of law/Constitution

•Even the rulers (gov’t) have to follow the rules!

•From Magna Carta (1215)

Limited Governmen

t

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•Principle of the Constitution

•Federal government is divided into THREE branches, each with their own defined powers:

•Legislative-Congress “makes laws”•Executive-President “enforces/enacts laws”•Judicial-Supreme Court “interprets the laws”

Separation of Powers

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•Principle of the Constitution

•Each federal branch of gov’t can control (“check”) the powers of the other two branches

•Ex. Congress can pass a law that can be vetoed by the President; the President appoints Supreme Court justices that must be approved by Congress

Checks and Balances

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•Principle of the Constitution

•Citizens give the government power through voting

•“People say what the government can do”

Popular Sovereignty

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•“The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper”

•Government has the power to make new laws to govern the country as new situations arise with changing times

•Ex.

Elastic Clause

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•Amend = “change”

•27 Amendments (2012)

•Changes the way government works OR the rights allowed to states/individuals

•2/3rds Congress proposes and

•3/4ths state legislatures approve

Amending the

Constitution

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•FOR the Constitution

•Like: Strong federal government

•Led by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison

•Wrote the Federalist Papers (85 essays) in support of ratifying the Constitution

Federalists

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•AGAINST the ratification of the Constitution

•Feared strong federal gov’t

•Wanted a Bill of Rights to protect citizens

•Led by: Thomas Jefferson, George Mason, Patrick Henry

Anti-Federalists

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•Protects citizens’ Individual FREEDOMS

•Speech•Religion•Assembly•Petition•Press (John Peter Zenger)

1st Amendment

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•2nd Amendment – right to bear arms

•3rd Amendment – no quartering soldiers

•4th Amendment – unreasonable searches, search warrant

Grievances from

Declaration of

Independence

(Amendments)

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•4th Amendment – search and seizure/search warrants•5th Amendment – rights cannot be taken away without due process = indictment by grand jury, double jeopardy, self-incrimination•6th Amendment – fair and impartial trial by jury of peers, lawyer•8th Amendment – bail, cruel and usual punishment

Due Process of Law

(Amendments)

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•Actively involving oneself in government by learning about our government, voting, participating in the legal process when called upon, etc.

•“doing what is best for the community”

Civic Virtue

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•BIRTHRIGHT Citizen = born in the United States AND/OR parents who are U.S. citizens

•NATURALIZED Citizen = 18 years old, live in U.S. for 5 years, good moral character, swear an oath to the Constitution, understand U.S. history, read/write/speak English

Citizenship

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•Responsibilities = obey laws, pay taxes, serve on a jury, attend school, personal and family support, testify in court, defend nation

•Rights = vote, stay informed, learn about government activities, volunteer to serve in the military

Rights and Responsibilitie

s of U.S. Citizens

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WAJMaMAJ

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•Names of the first 7 presidents in order!

•Washington•Adams•Jefferson•Madison•Monroe•Adams (John Quincy)•Jackson

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•First president of the United States

•Set precedents of two terms, cabinet of advisors, “Mr. President”

•Dealt with Hamilton’s Economic Plan, Whiskey Rebellion

•Foreign policy of neutrality

George Washington

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•First Secretary of the Treasury

•Included FOUR provisions:•Repay state and federal debt•Create a national bank•Introduce whiskey tax•Set a protective tariff (tax on imports) to protect American industries

•Opposed by Jefferson and Madison

Alexander Hamilton’s Economic

Plan

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•“Steer clear of foreign alliances” (neutrality)•“Avoid the accumulation of debt” (stay out of debt)•Be wary of political parties, as they will divide the nation (no political parties)

•Letter from Washington to citizens on his retirement

Washington’s Farewell Address

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•2nd President of U.S.

•First Vice-President

•Peaceful transition of power, despite contentious election

•Alien & Sedition Acts = challenged rights/citizenship of immigrants

•Served one term

John Adams

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•Alien Acts changed citizenship requirements from 5 years to 14 years and deported citizens of countries at war with U.S.

•Sedition Act punished any who published any criticism of the government

•GOAL: To decrease the size of the Democratic-Republican Party

Alien & Sedition

Acts

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•Led by Alexander Hamilton

•Strong central/federal gov’t

•Loose interpretation of Constitution

•Economy based on industry

Federalist Party

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•Led by Thomas Jefferson

•Limited federal gov’t/states’ rights

•Strict interpretation of Constitution

•Economy based on agriculture (agrarian)

•Laissez-faire capitalism/gov’t not regulate or aid business

Democratic-Republican

Party

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•3rd President of the United States

•Author of Declaration of Independence

•Democratic-Republican Party leader

•Acquired Louisiana Purchase during presidency

Thomas Jefferson

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•Bought from France for $15 million

•Thomas Jefferson, President

•DOUBLED size of the United States

•Gave U.S. New Orleans and land west of Mississippi R. to Rocky Mountains

•Opened west to expansion

Louisiana Purchase

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•Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

•From St. Louis to Pacific Ocean

•Guided by Sacagawea

•Goals: Explore Louisiana Purchase, find water route to Pacific, bring back scientific and geographical information

Lewis & Clark

Expedition

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•Established the principle of JUDICIAL REVIEW

•Chief Justice John Marshall declared that a law can be ruled unconstitutional

•John Marbury sued James Madison for federal court justice position

Marbury v. Madison

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•4th President of the United States

•Presided over the War of 1812

•Wrote Bill of Rights

•Known as Father of the Constitution for his note-taking during the Constitutional Convention

James Madison

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19th Century United States

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Fought between U.S. and Britain over American sovereignty as a country

•CAUSES: Impressments of American sailors by the British

•EFFECTS: U.S. preserved its independence

War of 1812

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•Gibbons v Ogden = federal gov’t can regulate interstate trade/commerce

•McCullough v. Maryland = based on the “elastic clause,” the federal gov’t had power to charter a national bank; Constitution is “supreme law of the land” (supremacy clause)

Significant Court Cases

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•End of party conflict

•Surge of American nationalism and patriotism/pride

•Start of Henry Clay’s American System = roads and canals throughout American to build its infrastructure, including the Erie Canal

Era of Good Feelings

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•Foreign policy by James Monroe

•Europe, stay out of the Western Hemisphere! (North and South America

•U.S. would oppose any attempts by European powers to establish new colonies or restore European rule to the Americas

Monroe Doctrine

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•Compromise created by Henry Clay

•Slavery forbidden in Louisiana Territory north of the 36*30’ line of latitude

•Missouri = Slave•Maine = FREE

(MO is a slave, but ME is free!)

Missouri Compromise

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•Era of the Common Man and expansion of democracy

•Created the ‘spoils system’ (to the victor goes the spoils)

•“Jacksonian Democracy” = politics an activity of ordinary citizens

•7th President of the U.S.

Andrew Jackson

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•Tariff placed on imports, angering the South (Tariff of Abominations)

•S. Carolina argues that a state can nullify (‘cancel’) an unconstitutional law and threatened to secede

•Jackson responds with force

•Henry Clay proposes compromise that lowers the tariff

Nullification Crisis

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•Result of Indian Removal Act, stating that tribes must move WEST of the Mississippi River (Oklahoma Territory)

•Five Civilized Tribes – Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek, Seminole

•¼ of 16,000 died on trail from starvation, exposure and disease

Trail of Tears

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•Belief that America had the God-given right to extend its borders to the Pacific Ocean

•Chosen to spread Christianity and democracy

•Also would provide national security and new economic opportunities

Manifest Destiny

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•Movement from homemade to factory-made industries

•Started in Great Britain

•Began with Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, spinning jenny, and steam engine

•Allowed for rise of factory system and mass production of goods

Industrial Revolution

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•Mass-produced items made in large quantities in factories, using standardized designs

•All parts are exactly the same, so can be used on any piece and replaced

•Made manufacturing easier, faster, and less costly

Interchangeable Parts

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•Originally made by James Watt

•Made factory machines work faster

•Used in railroads to move trains along a track

•Steamboat = Robert Fulton’s The Clermont changed transportation

Steam Engines

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•Part of Henry Clay’s American System

•Manmade waterway connecting the Great Lakes with the Hudson River (New York City)

•360-mile canal

•Farmers could ship goods entirely by water

Erie Canal

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•Begun from the Second Great Awakening

•Belief that each person could “achieve salvation through good works”

•Included abolition, prison conditions, mental illness, education, temperance, and women’s rights

Reform Movement

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•Movement to end slavery

•Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, about slavery conditions, caused outrage

•William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper, The Liberator, and speeches by Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth contributed to the movement

Abolition

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•Movement to end drinking alcohol

•Led by Dorothea Dix (also for prison reform and treatment for mentally ill

•Changed from moderation to total abstinence from alcoholic drinks to save health and family

Temperance

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•Seneca Falls Convention, New York 1848

•Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony and others campaigned for women to be treated fairly and equally

•Declaration of Sentiments: called on men not to withhold women’s rights, property, or right to vote

Women’s Rights

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•President: Abraham Lincoln•General: Ulysses S. Grant•Strategy: Anaconda Plan = naval blockage of southern ports and capture control of the Mississippi River•Economy based on industry•Higher population, more transportation, more factories, better navy

North

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•President: Jefferson Davis•General: Robert E. Lee

•Strategy: defensive fight for homeland, more military experience, motivated to fight for their ‘way in life’, thought they had European support

•Economy based on King Cotton/agriculture

South

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•California enters Union as a free state

•Mexican Cession to use popular sovereignty to determine slavery in state

•Washington, DC not open to slavery

•Fugitive Slave Law = free states had to catch and return slaves to their owners

Compromise of 1850

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•Supreme Court rules that Congress cannot limit slavery

•Dred Scott, a slave, sues his owner for his freedom; Supreme Court states that slaves are property, not people

•Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional

Dred Scott v. Sanford

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Definition: North, South, and West develop their own ways of life

North: industrial, rise of factory system

South: agricultural, plantations, slavery

West: nation’s ‘breadbasket’

Sectionalism

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•Based on an idea from John C. Calhoun

•States had the right to be sovereign and could determine whether they were slave states or free states

•Tied to slavery issues

States’ Rights

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FT. Sumpter –first battle of the Civil WarManassas/Bull Run—proves to both sides that it will be a long warAntietam/Sharpsburg—Bloodiest day of the Civil WarGettysburg—Turning point of the Civil WarVicksburg—splits the Confederacy in halfAppomattoxCourthouse—Lee surrendars to Grant, ending the war

Major Battles of the Civil

War

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Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South, including:

•Military rule in the South

•Rights to all freedmen

•Tried to impeach President Johnson, who allowed states to pass Black Codes to restrict freedmen's’ rights

Radical Reconstructio

n

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Plan sought by Lincoln

Wanted lenient treatment of Southerners

10% of voters swear allegiance to Constitution, state would be readmitted

Moderate Reconstructio

n

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13th Amendment: FREE all slaves in all states

14th Amendment: CITIZENS all received basic civil rights, including due process of law and equal protection under the law

15th Amendment: VOTE allowed to former slaves (but not to women)

Reconstruction

Amendments

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Homestead Act

Morrill Act

Dawes Act

• Law that granted cheap land available to settlers

• Law that Set up agricultural and mining colleges for settlers in the West

• Law that removed Indians to government reservations, led to Indian Wars