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Biometrics

Biometrics, used for identification and accesscontrol, enhances the transparency andaccountability of the organisation. It includesphysiographic and behavioural examination. Apersons fingerprint, face recognition, DNA, palm

print, heart beat scan, retina scan are someexamples of first type. Behavioural check includevoice typing rhythm, gait and voice recognition.

Carbon capture and utilization

Carbon capture is trapping greenhouse gasesfrom their emission sources such as pointemissions from thermal plants .Utilization meansusing them further as raw materials or

converting into other forms for other use. Hence,apart from reducing the green house, it alsorecycles and reuses them. It can reduce globalwarming.


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SmartNav

SmartNav enables the user to control a computerwithout using his hands. The computer respondsas per the head movements of the user. A Infra-red camera installed on the computer, catches the

signals of a reflective dot, placed by the user onhis head or glasses. It replaces conventionalmouse.

MUAV Netra

Netra, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, is capable of

assisting in security, surveillance,

reconnaissance, spying. It is a lightweight,

autonomous and capable to fly to 2.5 km. It canbe used to check border security, infiltration,

naxal affected areas, VIP rallies, crowded places.


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Affirming its name, it keeps an eagles eye on the

surrounding activities.

Biosimilars

Biosimilars are bio medical products and also

known as follow-on biologics. It is made of livingorganisms or derived from living organisms bymeans of recumbent DNA or controlled geneexpression method.

Obaid Siddiqui

Obaid Siddiqui,a Padma Vibhushan awardee, was

the founding director cum National Research

Professor at TIFR-National Center for BiologicalSciences.Actually,he was invited by Homi Bhabha,

to set up the Molecular Biology Unit at the Tata


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Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay in

1962 His work includes research on the genetics

and neurobiology of Drosophila.whose

pioneering work shed light on how taste and

smell are detected and coded in brain,work led

to the discovery of stop codons in the genetic

code and the mechanism of chain terminationduring protein synthesis.

Regenerative Medicines

Regenerative medicine is the process of replacing

or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to

restore or establish normal function. This field

holds the promise of regenerating damaged

tissues and organs in the body by replacing

damaged tissue and/or by stimulating the bodysown repair mechanisms to heal previously

irreparable tissues or organs.


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Quasi Crystals

quasi crystal, also called quasi-periodic crystal, isa matter formed atomically in a manner

somewhere between the amorphous solids of

glasses (special forms of metals and other

minerals, as well as common glass) and the

precise pattern of crystals.Quasi crystals form in

compounds noted for their high strength and

light weight have potential applications in

aerospace and other industries.

Semantic web

Semantic Web is the extension of the World Wide

Web that enables people to share content beyond

the boundaries of applications and websites. Itaims at converting the current web, dominated by

unstructured and semi-structured documents

into a web of data. Precisely,Semantic Web


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stack builds on the W3Cs Resource Description

Framework (RDF).

Copyleft

Copyleft is a general method for making a

program (or other work) free, and requiring allmodified and extended versions of the program

to be free as well.It is a form of licensing and can

be used to maintain copyright conditions for

works such as computer software, documents,and art. The GNU General Public License,

originally written by Richard Stallman, was the

first copyleft license to see extensive use.

Li-FiMode of communication where light is used as a

carrier rather than traditional radio frequency

waves. Good option for wireless coomunication in


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the sensitive electromagnetic areas e.g in aircraft

or nuclear power plants. Cant penetrate the walls

which makes it secure as compared to Wi-Fi

communication but restricts its usage as well.

NEEMO,

an acronym for NASA Extreme EnvironmentMission Operations, is aNASAprogram forstudying human survival in theAquariusunderwaterlaboratory in preparationfor future space exploration.Aquarius,

anunderwater habitatlocated nearKey Largo,Florida.

Genome editing, or genome editing withengineered nucleases(GEEN) is a type

ofgenetic engineeringin whichDNAis inserted,replaced, or removed from agenomeusingartificially engineerednucleases,or "molecularscissors." The nucleases create specificdouble-
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stranded break(DSBs) at desired locations in thegenome, and harness the cells endogenous

mechanisms to repair the induced break bynatural processes.

CTA Site Selection press release isavailablehere. The CTA project is an initiative tobuild the next generation ground-based very highenergy gamma-ray instrument. It will serve as anopen observatory to a wide astrophysicscommunity and will provide a deep insight intothe non-thermal high-energy universe. A shortmovie outlining the envisaged arrays isavailablehere.A recent special edition of thejournal Astroparticle Physics focussed on CTAcan be accessedhere.

The present generation of imaging atmosphericCherenkov telescopes

(H.E.S.S.,MAGICandVERITAS)has in recent yearsopened the realm of ground-based gamma rayastronomy in the energy range above a few tensof GeV. The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA)will explore our Universe in depth in Very High
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-strand_breakshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-strand_breakshttps://portal.cta-observatory.org/public/Pages/default.aspxhttps://portal.cta-observatory.org/public/Pages/default.aspxhttps://portal.cta-observatory.org/public/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.cta-observatory.org/?q=node/12http://www.cta-observatory.org/?q=node/12http://www.cta-observatory.org/?q=node/12http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09276505/43http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09276505/43http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09276505/43http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/hfm/HESS/http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/hfm/HESS/http://magic.mppmu.mpg.de/http://magic.mppmu.mpg.de/http://magic.mppmu.mpg.de/http://veritas.sao.arizona.edu/http://veritas.sao.arizona.edu/http://veritas.sao.arizona.edu/http://magic.mppmu.mpg.de/http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/hfm/HESS/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09276505/43http://www.cta-observatory.org/?q=node/12https://portal.cta-observatory.org/public/Pages/default.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-strand_breaks


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Energy (VHE, E > 10 GeV) gamma-rays andinvestigate cosmic non-thermal processes, inclose cooperation with observatories operatingat other wavelength ranges of theelectromagnetic spectrum,and those using othermessengers such as cosmic rays and neutrinos.

Besides anticipated high-energy astrophysicsresults, CTA will have a large discovery potentialin key areas of astronomy, astrophysics andfundamental physics research. These include thestudy of the origin of cosmic rays and theirimpact on the constituents of the Universe, theinvestigation of the nature and variety of black

hole particle accelerators, and the inquiry intothe ultimate nature of matter and physics beyondthe Standard Model, searching for dark matterand effects of quantum gravity.

Additive manufacturingor 3D printing[1]is a

process of making athree-dimensionalsolidobject of virtually any shape from a digital model.3D printing is achieved using an additive process,where successive layers of material are laid downin different shapes.[2]3D printing is also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing#cite_note-engineer-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing#cite_note-engineer-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-based_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-based_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing#cite_note-Auto3D-1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing#cite_note-Auto3D-1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing#cite_note-Auto3D-1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-based_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing#cite_note-engineer-1


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considered distinct fromtraditionalmachiningtechniques, which mostlyrely on the removal of material by methods suchas cutting or drilling (subtractiveprocesses).

JENVECIt is a indigenous vaccine produced againstJapanese B Encepalitis disease. Vaccine was

produced by ppp model between ICMR andBharat Biotech. It is a vero cell derivedinactivated vaccine.

Tokkamak

International Thermonuclear Experiment Reactoris based on magnetic confinement of plasma forwhich Tokkamak, a device is used. In tokkamakextremely powerful superconducting magnetsare used for generating fusion reaction with use

of plasma.

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III
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The GSLV-IIIor Geosynchronous SatelliteLaunch Vehicle mark IIIa currentlaunch

vehicledevelopment project by the Indian SpaceResearch Organizationthat got underway in theearly-2000s and is now scheduled for itsfirstsuborbitaltest launch of the GSLV boosterstage in 2014.[5]It is intended to launch heavysatellites into geostationary orbit,and will allow

India to become less dependent on foreignrockets for heavy lifting.

The rocket is the technological successor totheGSLV,however is not derived from itspredecessor. The GSLV MK-1 had a Russian-made

cryogenic third stage, this has been replaced withan Indian-built cryogenic stage for the GSLV MK-2. The GSLV MK-3 will have an Indian builtcryogenic stage

UpsaliteUpsaliteis an anhydrous form ofmagnesiumcarbonatefirst reported in July 2013.[1][2]With asurface area of 800 m per gram, Upsalite is
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reported to have the highest surface areameasured for an alkali earth metal carbonate

ever created. It is found to absorb more water atlow relative humidities better than the bestmaterials previously available the hygroscopiczeolites. Further, upsalite will release that waterat lower temperatures than zeolites, requiringless energy.

TRUVADA

TRUVADA is a combination therapy because ithas 2 medicines in 1 pill. According to HIVtreatment guidelines, a complete treatmentregimen includes 3 or moremedicines to helpcontrol HIV. This is why TRUVADA is alwaystaken with other medicines. Since 2004, themedicines in TRUVADA have been part of therecommended treatment regimens for patients

new to HIV therapy (excluding pregnant women).


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OLED : OLEDs(Organic Light Emitting Diode) are

solid-state devices composed of thin films of

organic molecules that create light with the

application of electricity. OLEDs can provide

brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices

and use less power than conventional light-

emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays(LCDs) used today since they do not require

backlight and filters. In the future, companies will

be able to produce flexible and transparent OLED

panels which will open up a whole world of

exciting applications, such as Curved OLEDdisplays, Rollable OLED TV screens, Wearable

OLEDs etc.

KIROBO : Kirobo, a combination of the Japanese

words for hope and robot, is Japans first

robot astronaut.It reached International Space

Station on August 10,2013 along with tons of


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cargo and supplies. Equipped with voice and

facial-recognition technology Kirobo speaks

Japanese and its design is said to have been

inspired by the Japanese anime character Astro

Boy. Kirobo will communicate with Mirata, its

twin robot back on Earth, which will also help

engineers on ground to troubleshoot anymalfunctions that may arise in Kirobo during its

mission which will continue into 2014.

NANO MISSION : A Mission on Nano Science &

Technology , launched in May, 2007 by GOI , is anumbrella programme to foster, promote and

develop all aspects of nanoscience and

nanotechnology which have the potential to

benefit the country. It is steered under the

Chairmanship of Prof. CNR Rao. To encourage

industries to take up projects in nano technology,

it provides loans to start-up firms up to Rs.10


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crore from 2012 apart from already sanctioned

Rs. 1,000 in 2007 . Inspite of the fact that what is

spent by India is minuscule compared to world

standards , India was ranked sixth/seventh in

performance(2012).

BLUE BRAIN PROJECT: The Blue Brain Project is

an initiative started by the EFPL (cole

Polytechnic Fdrale de Lausanne) in 2005. The

goal behind the project is to use a computer to

model the human brain resulting into a virtual

brain that would behave just as an organic brainwould. With this virtual model scientists could

experiment with treatments and procedures

without endangering an actual human being. It

makes use of IBMs supercomputers- the Blue

Gene/L

to do things such as model a single structure in a

rats brain. It is basically funded by Swiss


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government and grants from European

Commission.

ADITYA SATELLITE : Aditya would be the first

Indian satellite to study the dynamic solar

corona, the outermost region of the sun. This

fiery region has temperatures of over one million

degrees, with raging solar winds that reach a

velocity of up to 1000 km a second. The satellite

will carry as its payload an advanced solar

coronagraph ,costing Rs. 49 cr. which will

observe the solar corona with the help of anartificial eclipse that will prevent sunlight from

directly entering the instrument, revealing to the

telescope only the halo of the corona. The

satellite which will be placed in a near-earth orbit

of 600 km , is expected to be sent to space by

2015-16.


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Kaveri engine : it is an afterburning turbofan

created by the gas turbine research

establishment (GTRE), a lab under DRDO in

Bengaluru .It is an indigenous work to power

production models for HAL Tejas but it was

delinked from the programme as it failed to

satisfy the desired technicality.

EU emission trading system is a policy by

European nation to reduce Greenhouse gas

emission in economical way to avoid climate

change .generally heavy industries are targetedwith an coverage area of 31 countries. The

system works on cap/limit system, any emission

above the cap will lead to penalty for the

company and opposite will lead to bonus .a

reduction of 21 % is estimated by 2020.


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Algae fuel or algae bio fuel is a fuel generated by

use of algae of different breed compared to

conventional fossil fuel .they are used to prepare

a number of substance with comparative lesser

carbon footprint. Biofuel, methane, ethanol jet

fuel are fuels prepared by algae. The quantity of

oil produced is around 300 times more thanbiofuel crops.

INO is a multi -institutional underground

laboratory in madhurai. The major objective of

the lab is to to research on neutrinos and to

propagate high energy and nuclear research inIndia, for development of human resource INO

has started a graduate training programme .the

project will do vital contribution in particle

physics

Generic drugs in simple words mean the original

drugs used in medicine irrespective of the brand


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name used. There may be many medicine for

cough with different brand name but the

components (generic drug) used are more or less

same .It can be patented in India after 2005.

The Large Hadron Collider, a massive complexexperiment is setup to understand and prove

how things get MASS. Recently the existence ofsuch Higgs Boson particle is proved, moreover itcan unearth how God particle assists in givingMass to Matter.Apart from this, the outstandingproblems of Contemporary Particle physics &Cosmology such as the source of the dark energyand the reason how its magnitude matches theinferred magnitude of the energy in empty space.Moreover, it can also explore existence of anotherBackground Field in nature in addition to theHiggs Field by linking how possible small

coupling between Higgs particle & possible newparticle likely to be associated with what isconventionally called Grand Unified


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Scale.Expansion & evolution of Universe can alsobe explained through this.

Designer babies are those babies whose DNA istweaked to eradicate genetic hereditary diseases.It can also be further used to induce differentcharacteristics of different individuals by

mutating the DNA. This has caused an ethicalconcern as parents would want special talents orcharacteristics in their babies so they wouldinclude others DNA in their babies DNA. This is

indirect racism and this might also lead to ethniccleansing. Babies would become manufacturing

products as additional required features can benow added to them thanks to innovations inbiotechnology. Mutating DNA should be doneonly to remove diseases and not to make designerbabies.

Bitcoin is an alternative form for currency whichexists on the world wide web. This digitalcurrency doesnt need any governmental


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authority for mediation and the transactions arefully secure. It is fully decentralised to address

the shortcomings of internet commerce andremoves additional processing transaction costs.The government is very worried and is criticalabout it because of its reduced regulation inmonetary issues. The transactions are alsoanonymous so this could breed a ground for

illegal money laundering and terrorist activities.Hence, the usage of bitcoins should betransparent and must make the customers notanonymous for global safety.

Nalgonda Technique.

This the technique used in Indian village to

remove the excess fluoride in drinking water. It

was developed by Indian and used in test

purpose in Kenya and Tanzania. In this technique

two chemicals like aluminum sulphide and lime

had been mixed with fluorine water. And


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treatment of the water shows the removal of

fluorine from water

Ug99( Uganda)

Ug99 is a lineage of wheat stem rust which is

present in wheat fields in several countries in

Africa and the Middle East and is predicted tospread rapidly through these regions and

possibly further afield, potentially causing a

wheat production disaster that would affect food

security worldwide. It can cause up to 100% crop

losses and is virulent against many resistance

genes which have previously protected wheat

against stem rust.

Metro Dot

The Metro Dot is a bracelet type transportation

card in Braille for the visually impaired. It relays


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information like your subway station and how

many more stations to go before your stop

arrives. The bracelet transmits vibrations to let

the user know when to get off the train. Through

this method information such as the subway

destination and how many stops are left can be

alerted.

P K Iyenger

Padmanabha Krishnagopala Iyengar was an

eminent Indian nuclear physicist. He played a

central role in Indias nuclear experiments. He

was former head of Bhabha Atomic Research

Centre (BARC) and former chairman of Atomic

Energy Commission of India. He was awarded

with padmabhusan and bhatnagar award.

What is Quantum cryptography? Why it was in

news recently?.


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Quantum cryptography uses our current

knowledge of physics to develop a cryptosystem

that is not able to be defeated that is, one that is

completely secure against being compromised

without knowledge of the sender or the receiver

of the messages. Quantum cryptography is

different from traditional cryptographic systemsin that it relies more on physics, rather than

mathematics, as a key aspect of its security

model.

With the revelations that the National SecurityAgency is snooping in everyones data, its no

surprise that some institutions would want to

protect it with something that is spy-proof, and

with unbreakable encryption as well.

Quantum encryption is so powerful because its

impossible to listen in on the data without

corrupting it. Quantum bits cant be copied, so


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any attempt to listen in changes them and alerts

the people communicating that something is up.

So every organization is moving up to quantum

technology to be more secure

K-5 Sagarika

K-15 Sagarika is a nuclear-capable submarine-launched ballistic missile with a range of 700

kilometres (435 mi). It belongs to the K Missile

family and forms a part of India's nuclear triad,

and will provide retaliatory nuclear strike

capability. The missile is now ready for

deployment on various platforms including the

indigenous nuclear submarine INS Arihant.

Probiotics- Probiotics are micro-organism whichif consumed in adequate quantities claim to

provide health benefits. They were discovered by

Elie Metchnikoff for their healing of gastro-


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intestinal problems and longevity of people of

certain tribes due to its consumption. They claim

to be effective in treating various types of

diarrhea, lactose intolerance, maintaining

cholestrol levels etc. The exact mechanism of

working of Probiotic bacteria is not yet known

and critics say that their benefits might beexaggerated.

Square Kilometer Array- Square Kilometer Array

is being constructed as the worlds largest and

fastest radio telescope. it collects data on a widerange of frequencies and has an effective

collection area of approximately one square

Kilometer. Its observatories shall be located in

southern hemisphere and sub-Saharan states

with control centers in South Africa and Australia.

India though now only an associate member of

the project is involved since the planning stage


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and currently developing the control system for

automation of the project.

Anti-Doping Administration and Management

System(ADAMS)- This is a web based multi-

access secure database management system to

simplify the tasks of all the stake holders involved

in Anti-doping stakeholders. Its various modules

addresses key activities of Anti-doping

operations like, Athlete whereabouts, TUE

management, Test & Result management and lab

results module.

Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and

System(CCTNS)- This is an initiative of Ministry

of Home Affairs to be implemented by National

Crime records bureau to streamline investigationand prosecution process and provide a citizen

friendly interface to improve delivery systems


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related to crime. Through the programme the

citizens can file complaints and FIR online, check

their current status online and get copies of

relevant documents like post mortem reports,

chargesheets etc online. It shall strengthen

intelligence gathering by integrated access to

information of criminals.

Near Field Communication(NFC)- NFC is a set of

standards which are used by smartphones(with

NFC chips) or other similar devices(tags) to

establish radio communication for data sharing.NFC establishes when devices are in close

proximity or touching each other. Wi-Fi Direct,

Bluetooth etc. are common examples. The

technology has huge potential in e-commerce like

maintaining e-wallets, e-ticketing, e-id cards, data

sharing etc.


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Bema bamboo: it is an improved variety of

naturally occurring bamboo ,generally being

thicker and possessing higher calorific value than

conventional bamboo .

OSDD is an open source drug discovery

consortium at global level dealing with

development of novel therapies for tropical

diseases like malaria, TB

Green nylon is a type of nylon manufactured by

replacement of eco friendly adipic acid hitherto

adipic acid was manufactured by fossil fuel which

was a threat to environment.

BBP is an GOIs initiative to connect all 2.5 lakh

gram panchyat by broad band connectivity usingoptical fibre network


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Insight mission is a NASA discovery mission

which will place a rover (geophysical lander) on

mars to study its internal structure by 2016.

Among the many new tools that science has

provided for the analysis of forensic evidence is

the

powerful and controversial analysis of

deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, the material that

makes up the

genetic code of most organisms. DNA analysis,also called DNA typing or DNA profiling,

examines

Among the many new tools that science hasprovided for the analysis of forensic evidence is

the powerful and controversial analysis ofdeoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, the material thatmakes up the genetic code of most organisms.DNA analysis, also called DNA typing or DNA


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profiling, examines DNA found in physicalevidence such as blood, hair, and semen, and

determines whether it can be matched to DNAtaken from specific individuals. DNA analysis hasbecome a common form of evidence in criminaltrials. It is also used in civil litigation, particularlyin cases involving the determination of Paternityor identity.

What is WIFS program of Union health Ministry?What are its benefits?(150 Words)World-wide, more than 2 Billion people sufferfrom anemia. India has the largest population ofpeople suffering from Anemia. Anemia is causedby the deficiency of Iron in body. Iron isnecessary for hemoglobin and braindevelopment. Iron deficiency can negativelyimpact the development of immune system.

Anemia affected adolescent girls are also moresusceptible to be victim of maternal mortality orchild death during birth.Incidences of nutritional intake deficiency are


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very prevalent in India especially in the age group15-19. Recognizing all this, Union health ministry

has launched the weekly iron and folic acidsupplementation program to control the Anemia.Program has been launched for school goingadolescent girls and boys in urban & rural areas.Program will be implemented throughgovernment run schools, Aganwadi centers etc.

What is Biobank? What are the ethical concernsinvolved in establishing Biobanks? (150 Words)Bio-banks are the repositories of samples of

Human organisms such as blood,plasma,salva,DNA etc . Bio-banks also has theinformation such as ethnicity,gender,blood groupetc. along with the genetic information. Researchbodies used such different samples to carry outtheir research and development program.Intention of bio-bank is to identify the accuratecure for a particular disease after doing the trialon similar kind of genes.


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Ethical concernsMost of the bio-bank collect the information

without the acknowledgement of the donors.People turning up for the clinical trials are usedfor collecting the bio-bank resources , sometimeswithout their knowledge. Genetic informationbelongs to the people, which can be put to someother use than the clinical research without

donors knowledge. Currently there is nomechanism as such to share the benefits ofclinical trials on genetic information ,with thedonors.

What is Robo-bee? Explain its applications. (150

Words)

Ans:- Robo-bee is a tiny flying robot based on the

biology of bee being developed by harward

university reserchers team.It has variousapplicaitons in autonomously poolination of

fields of crop,search and rescue operations in

disaster timing,hazaroud environment


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explorations,military surevellliance,high

resolution weather and climate mapping and

traffic monitoring.

Complementary DNA is that part of the whole

DNA which doesnt include the non-coding

regions, that is the junk DNA is removed. It can be

used in gene cloning, to express required proteins

or to make a cDNA library. It was in the news

recently as an US court had ruled that original

organic DNA of organisms cannot be patented as

it is a natural product, but the cDNA can be. Thismeans that, after the original DNA is processed to

remove all the introns by gene splicing, it

becomes patentable by companies which can be

used for profit.

What is the difference between TFR and NFR?


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1. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average

number of children expected to be born per

woman during her entire span of reproductive

period. The total fertility rate (TFR), sometimes

also called the fertility rate, period total fertility

rate (PTFR) or total period fertility rate (TPFR) of

a population.

2.An alternative fertility measure is the net

reproduction rate (NRR), which measures the

number of daughters a woman would have in her

lifetime if she were subject to prevailing age-specific fertility and mortality rates in the given

year. TFR is used in medical terms and NRR is

used in social phenomenon

Cable TV Digitisation, is a pan-India scheme tochange the analog television customers to a

digital system. This would enhance the quality


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and variety of programs to the customers. Instead

of watching about 100 channels, a customer

would now get to watch about 500 channels for

the same price.

This also benefits the advertisers as there would

be a transparent system in knowing the number

of subscribers. This would help them in targetingspecific areas and make a niche genre more

profitable. Underreporting of the number of

household numbers has been a major issue, and

such digitization would fill in all loopholes, thus

enhancing the revenue of the exchequer.Thus, with a higher number of channels, the

viewership would increase hereby increasing

advertising budget and governmental revenue.

Thus, cable TV digitization is a win-win policy foreveryone. We just need to make sure that the

implementation is smooth as it is a humongous

task.


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What is Minamata Convention? Discuss on the

backdrop of the related disaster.(150 Words)

Exposure to high concentration of mercury can

lead to mercury poisoning under which people

lose sensation in their hands & feet. Exposed

people suffer from difficult in seeing, speaking

hearing etc. Poisoning may even lead to the death.During 1930s , chemical plant in Minamata

started releasing mercury compound in the ocean

water that affected the fish population around the

areas. Contaminated fish consumption lead to

mercury poising among the thousands ofpopulation in Japan.

MInmata convention is a UN driven convention to

limit the use of mercury and its emissions

internationally. At present mercury is used inrange of industries such as col based

plants,bulbs,medical equipment, ,soap &

cosmetics,mining ,vaccines etc. Convention


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proposed to ban/limit the use the mercury in

several industries in phased manner while some

of industries such as soap,vaccines etc. are

exempted due to the absence of substitute or net

positive benefits. Nations ratifying the convention

will first have to pass the domestic laws to

control the mercury use.

s&t short notesthed

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