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_Electrification System_

Railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure. Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas; some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation.

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_Major Elements_

Main elements of Electrification:-

Pantograph. Overhead lines. Traction Substation.

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_Pantograph_

Pantograph is a mechanical linkage connected in a manner based on parallelograms so that the movement of one pen, in tracing an image, produces identical movements in a second pen. If a line drawing is traced by the first point, an identical, enlarged, or miniaturized copy will be drawn by a pen fixed to the other. Using the same principle, different kinds of pantographs are used for other forms of duplication in areas such as sculpture, minting, engraving and milling.

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_Pantograph In Railway Electrification_

The device which maintains electrical contact with the contact wire and transfers power from the wire to the traction unit, used in electric locomotives and trams, is called a "pantograph".

A pantograph is a system of articulated arms fixed to the roof of locomotives,it unfolds and extends along a vertical axis.The Horizontal end-piece of the pantograph is called the head.This head is fitted with Carbon strips.Their number and type depend on the nature and intensity of the current to be transmitted e.g.DC or AC.These carbon strips slide along the catenary contact wires,thus capturing the electricity required to power the train’s traction motors.

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-Pantograph fitted over Locomotive-

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_Overhead Lines_ An overhead line or overhead wire is used to

transmit electrical energy to trams, trolleybuses or trains. It is known variously as:

 1. Overhead contact system (OCS)2. Overhead line equipment (OLE or OHLE)3. Overhead equipment (OHE)4. Overhead wiring (OHW) or overhead lines

(OHL)5. Catenary.6. Trolley wire.

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Catenary Wires

They are the set of wires installed along the rail tracks parallely at some height from the ground.

-Types of Catenary wires-

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_Tensioning_• Catenary wires are kept at a mechanical tension because the pantograph causes mechanical oscillations in the wire and the wave must travel faster than the train to avoid producing standing waves that would cause wire breakage. Tensioning the line makes waves travel faster.

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_Traction Sub-station_• Cabin’s made in the vicinity of rail tracks and overhead lines,from which fed the electricity to the Catenary wires.

04/15/2023 S.T. 11-Overview-

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Reference:-

•www.wikipedia.org•www.Indianrailways.gov.in•www.youtube.com/HowDoesItWork

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Thank You

…S.T.