st. lucia, 2011 budget address for the financial year 2011/2012, april 2011

7/30/2019 St. Lucia, 2011 Budget Address for the Financial Year 2011/2012, April 2011

1/70


2/70


3/70

0"6 Mk`ogti Mfgbci+ ]y}tg`bghki Di~ikjqoibt gbd tfi Ib~`xjboibt """"""""""" 460"0 Ibixcp ]imyx`tp gbd ]y}tg`bgh`k`tp"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 400"71 Di~ikjqoibt gbd Cy`dgbmi Mibtxi njx Mf`kdxib s`tf ]qim`gk Biid} "" 97

71"1 N`}mgk Jqixgt`jb} 8177/8178"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 9=71"7

N`}mgk ]txgticp""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 9=

71"7"7 Xi}qjb}i tj X`}`bc Nyik Qx`mi} """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 9971"7"8 Tgv Xinjxo / ^gkyi Gddid Tgv""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 93

71"8 N`}mgk Jqixgt`jb} """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 9671"8"7 Gkkjmgt`jb jn Ivqibd`tyxi""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >171"8"8 Xi~ibyi Oig}yxi}"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >=

77"1 Mjbmky}`jb""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >>


4/70

Qgci 7 jn>3

7"1 @ btx jdymt`jb

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ Fjbjyxghki Oiohix}+ op nikkjs ]g`bt Kym`gb}"

Tfi hi}t kg`d qkgb} mgb }joitòi} hi `btixxyqtid+ tfxjsb jnn mjyx}i jx xi~ix}id

hp dpbgo`m mfgbci}" Tfi}i gxi tfi ybivqimtid mfgbci} tfgt qybmtygti jyx

iv`}tibmi+ gbd ogb`ni}t tfio}ik~i} `b tfi k`~i} jn `bd`~`dygk} gbd bgt`jb}" Hyt

si ximjcb`|i tfgt si oy}t qkgb `b jxdix tj hynnit jyx}ik~i} i~ib nxjo tfi

}yhtki}t mfgbci jn tfi s`bd" ]j `b 8171 si qkgbbid s`tf gb ipi jb oid`yo gbd

kjbc tixo }y}tg`bgh`k`tp"

8171 sg} g mfgkkibc`bc pigx" G} `n tfi ckjhgk ximi}}`jb sixi bjt ibjycf+ gkjbc

mgoi jbi jn tfi oj}t }i~ixi dxjycft} `b ximibt pigx}+ njkkjsid hp jbi jn tfi

sjx}t fyxx`mgbi} `b k`~`bc oiojxp" Nyxtfix+ `bnkgt jbgxp qxi}}yxi} ibcibdixid

hp x`}`bc mjoojd`tp qx`mi} `b `btixbgt`jbgk ogxeit}+ gddid tj tfi mgtgkjcyi jn

gd~ix}`tp"

Pit+ `n tfixi `} gbp }`bcki ivgoqki jn }jybd qkgbb`bc gbd innimt`~i ogbgcioibt

j~ixmjo`bc gd~ix}`tp `b tfi }fjxt f`}tjxp jn jyx hikj~id mjybtxp+ tfib jyx

qixnjxogbmi `b 8171 `} ivioqkgxp" @b }q`ti jn tfi }iio`bckp `b}yxojybtghki

mfgkkibci ngm`bc y}+ si tyxbid tfi imjbjop gxjybd gbd }it tfi }tgci njx

mjbt`byid cxjstf+ gt tfi ~ixp kig}t+ `b tfi oid`yo tixo" Sf`ki tfi ximi}}`jb

sg} }t`kk }txjbc `b tfi xi}t jn tfi JIM] oiohix mjybtxì}+ gkk jn sf`mf

ivqixìbmid bicgt`~i cxjstf `b 8171+ tfi imjbjop jn ]g`bt Kym`g cxis hp 4"4

qixmibt `b 8171 mjoqgxid tj gb g~ixgci jn o`by} ="8 qixmibt njx tfi JIM] g} g

sfjki" Tfi Ig}tixb Mgx`hhigb Mibtxgk Hgbe i}tògti} tfgt ]g`bt Kym`g s`kk cxjs

hp 9"4 qixmibt tf`} pigx" Jyx jsb njximg}t `} g ojxi ojdi}t 4"9 qixmibt+ g} si

mjbmibtxgti jb tfi òqkioibtgt`jb g ljh/mxigt`bc cxjstf }txgticp"


5/70

Qgci 8 jn>3

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tfi cxjstf }txgticp njxo} qgxt jn jyx gqqxjgmf tj txgb}njxo`bc

tfi imjbjop gbd }tòykgt`bc g }y}tg`bghki di~ikjqoibt qxjmi}}" Fjsi~ix+ si

mgbbjt `cbjxi tfi txgc`m kj}}i} mgy}id hp Fyxx`mgbi Tjog}+ jx tfi di~g}tgt`bc

innimt jb qijqki} k`~i} gbd k`~ik`fjjd}" Bjx mgb si tyxb g hk`bd ipi tj tfi

}mjyxci jn ~`jkibt mxòi sf`mf fg} mkgòid tfi k`~i} jn `bbjmibt qijqki"

Tfi Cj~ixboibt} }txgtic`m qx`jx`tì} gxi ibmgq}ykgtid `b tf`} pigx}

tfioiMxigt`bc g ]gni gbd ]imyxi Ib~`xjboibt gbd Xihy`kd`bc

Mjooyb`tì} Sf`ki Txgb}njxo`bc tfi Imjbjop tj Gttg`b ]y}tg`bghki

Di~ikjqoibt "

Si fg~i gkxigdp hicyb tj tgmeki tfi `bfixibt qxjhkio} òqkìd hp tfj}i

tfiogt`m gxig} gbd jyx innjxt} fg~i hicyb tj higx nxy`t jb gkk mjybt}" @ sjykd

kèi tj gmebjskidci tfi mj/jqixgt`jb jn ]g`bt Kym`gb} gt fjoi gbd ghxjgd+ jtfix

bgt`jbgk} gxjybd tfi sjxkd+ nxgtixbgk mjybtxì} gbd xic`jbgk gbd `btixbgt`jbgk

jxcgb`|gt`jb} `b oge`bc i~ib tfi}i }ymmi}}i} qj}}`hki+ qgxt`mykgxkp `b tfi n`cft

gcg`b}t mxòi gbd `b tfi ximjb}txymt`jb jn `bnxg}txymtyxi gbd kjmgk mjooyb`tì}

gntix tfi qg}}gci jn Fyxx`mgbi Tjog}"

@ oy}t qgp }qim`gk tx`hyti tj tfi fixj`m oib gbd sjoib sfj sjxeid mig}iki}}kp

`b tfi òoid`gti gntixogtf jn tfi fyxx`mgbi+ tj xi}tjxi hg}`m goib`tì} tj

}txgbdid ~`mtò} gbd sfj+ `b }joi mg}i}+ sixi `b}txyoibtgk `b }g~`bc k`~i}"

Tfi`x} `} tfi i}}ibmi jn tfi ]g`bt Kym`gb }q`x`t+ tfi }q`x`t jn ejydog`b+ tfi

fikq`bc fgbd ivtibdid hp op hxjtfix} eiiqix+ }joitòi} gt cxigt qix}jbgk

mj}t gbd i~ib gt tfi x`}e jn k`ni `t}ikn" ]ymf `} tfi }q`x`t tfgt s`kk j~ixmjoi gkk

jdd} gbd txgb}njxo tf`} kgbd" Nikkjs ]g`bt Kym`gb}+ kit y} }tiq njxsgxd tjcitfix

s`tf tfi mjyxgci pjy gksgp} diojb}txgti `b tòi} jn mx`}`}"


6/70

Qgci = jn>3

8"1 @ bt ixbgt`jbgk Imjbjo`m Di~ikjqoibt}Ogdgo ]qigeix+ s`tf xicgxd tj @btixbgt`jbgk Imjbjo`m Di~ikjqoibt+ tfi sjxkdimjbjop `} }fjs`bc }`cb} jn g }txjbc xihjybd nxjo tfi innimt} jn tfi n`bgbm`gk

mx`}`} tfgt xi}yktid `b tfi n`x}t mjbtxgmt`jb `b ckjhgk jytqyt `b j~ix >1 pigx}" Tfi

`btixbgt`jbgk imjbjop ivqgbdid hp 9 qixmibt `b 8171 kid og`bkp hp ioixc`bc

gbd di~ikjq`bc imjbjoì} gbd }yqqjxtid hp n`}mgk }tòyky} oig}yxi} gbd qjk`mp

`btix~ibt`jb} `b di~ikjqid gbd di~ikjq`bc mjybtxì} gkèi" Tfi xityxb tj cxjstf

fg} hiib mfgxgmtix`|id g} g tsj/}qiid ximj~ixp+ xinkimt`bc xikgt`~i }kycc`}fbi}}

`b tfi gd~gbmid imjbjoì}+ s`tf g~ixgci cxjstf jn ="1 qixmibt mjoqgxid tjxgq`d cxjstf jn 3"7) `b tfi ioixc`bc gbd di~ikjq`bc mjybtxì} kid hp Mf`bg+

@bd`g gbd Hxg|`k" ]txjbc cxjstf `b tfi ioixc`bc imjbjoì} fg} xie`bdkid nigx jn

`bnkgt`jb g} tfi imjbjoì} jn }joi mjybtxì} ngmi tfi qxj}qimt jn j~ixfigt`bc"

Di}q`ti tfi ximj~ixp+ tfixi gxi k`bcix`bc gxig} jn mjbmixb" @b tfi iyxj/gxig

mjybtxì}+ tfi mjbmixb xikgti} tj hgbe`bc }imtjx kj}}i} gbd n`}mgk }y}tg`bgh`k`tp"

@b ioixc`bc imjbjoì} tfixi gxi nigx} jn `bnkgt`jb xikgtid tj x`}`bc j`k qx`mi}"

Ojxij~ix tfi ximibt i~ibt} `b tfi O`ddki Ig}t gbd Bjxtf Gnx`mg mjykd fg~i

}ix`jy} xiqixmy}}`jb} `b tfi ibixcp }imtjx gbd tfi sjxkd imjbjop" Bi~ixtfiki}}+

tfi oid`yo tixo qxj}qimt} njx tfi ckjhgk imjbjop gxi jb tfi yq}`di g} tfi

cxjstf ojoibtyo `} ivqimtid tj hi og`btg`bid tfxjycfjyt 8177 gbd 8178"

="1 Xic`jbgk Imjbjo`m Di~ikjqoibt}Ogdgo ]qigeix+ g} si ivgo`bi xic`jbgk imjbjo`m di~ikjqoibt} si bjtid tfgt

Mgx`hhigb imjbjoì} xiog`bid sige `b 8171 njkkjs`bc tfi }i~ixi òqgmt jn tfi

ckjhgk n`bgbm`gk mx`}`}+ s`tf oj}t mjybtxì} ivqixìbm`bc dimk`b`bc CDQ+ gktfjycf

gt kjsix xgti} xikgt`~i tj 8110" Tfi }kjs qgmi jn ximj~ixp `b gd~gbmid


7/70

Qgci 4 jn>3

imjbjoì}+ tj sf`mf Mgx`hhigb mjybtxì} gxi mkj}ikp k`beid+ òqidid Mgx`hhigb

mjybtxì} cxjstf `b 8171" Sf`ki tjyx`}o cibixgkkp ximj~ixid+ mjb}txymt`jb

gmt`~`tp xiog`bid sige+ `bnkgt`jbgxp qxi}}yxi} `btib}`nìd+ hgkgbmi jn qgpoibt}

qj}`t`jb} sixi gd~ix}ikp gnnimtid gbd ybioqkjpoibt sjx}ibid"

Tfi Hgxhgd`gb gbd Lgog`mgb imjbjoì} mjbtxgmtid hp gqqxjvògtikp 1"4 gbd 1"9

qixmibt xi}qimt`~ikp `b 8171+ sf`ki cxjstf `b Tx`b`dgd gbd Tjhgcj+ g bit j`k

ivqjxt`bc mjybtxp+ xiog`bid nkgt"

Tfi imjbjoì} jn tfi Ig}tixb Mgx`hhigb Myxxibmp Yb`jb &IMMY) sixi

qgxt`mykgxkp fgxd f`t hp tfi ckjhgk imjbjo`m djsbtyxb" Sf`ki }`cb} jn g cxgdygk

ximj~ixp fg~i }tgxtid tj ioixci+ xigk CDQ dimk`bid hp gb i}tògtid ="8 qixmibt

`b 8171" Tfi qixnjxogbmi jn tjyx`}o gbd mjb}txymt`jb gmt`~`tp sg} o`vid" Tfi

n`cyxi njx }tgp/j~ix tjyx`}t gxx`~gk} sg} kjsix `b n`~i jn tfi i`cft IMMY oiohix

mjybtxì} `b 8171 xikgt`~i tj 8110" Gmt`~`tp `b tfi mjb}txymt`jb }imtjx jn tfi

yb`jb+ jbi jn tfi ogljx dx`~ix} jn cxjstf+ `} i}tògtid tj fg~i ngkkib hp 87"6

qixmibt+ xinkimt`bc kjsix `bnkjs} jn njxi`cb d`ximt `b~i}toibt gbd myt} `b qyhk`m

}imtjx mgq`tgk ivqibd`tyxi qxjcxgooi}"

G} tfi Imjbjo`m Yb`jb }txyccki} tj xicg`b }joi }tgh`k`tp kit oi }gp tfgt tfi

kigdix} jn tf`} xic`jb fg~i tgeib tfi hjkd }tiq tj }txibctfib jyx `bticxgt`jb

oj~ioibt" Si hikì~i tfgt tf`} s`kk ibfgbmi tfi }tgbdgxd jn k`~`bc njx gkk jyx

qijqki" Tfixinjxi+ `t `} s`tf cxigt qx`di gbd fjqi tfgt ]g`bt Kym`g xgt`nìd tfi

xi~`}id Txigtp jn Hg}}itixxi njkkjs`bc tfi qg}}gci jn tfi Imjbjo`m Yb`jb H`kk"


8/70

Qgci 9 jn>3

4"1 ]g`bt Kym`g} Imjbjo`m Qixnjxogbmi `b 8171 gbd Jytkjje njx8177

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ g} si ivgo`bi ]g`bt Kym`g} imjbjo`m qixnjxogbmi `b 8171 gbd

tfi jytkjje njx 8177+ si s`}f tj `bnjxo tfi Fjy}i tfgt jb Dimiohix 79+ 8171+

tfi Ig}tixb Mgx`hhigb Mibtxgk Hgbe &IMMH kgybmfid tfi xi}ykt} jn tfi qxjlimt

jb xinjxo`bc tfi bgt`jbgk gmmjybt} jn `t} i`cft oiohix mjybtxì}" Tfi qxjlimt

`b~jk~id tfi di~ikjqoibt jn g bis Cxj}} Djoi}t`m Qxjdymt &CDQ }ixì}+ s`tf g

ojxi ximibt hg}i pigx tfgb tfi jbi y}id qxi~`jy}kp" Tfi bis oitfjdjkjcp

ximjcb`|i} tfi mfgbc`bc }txymtyxi gbd mfgxgmtix`}t`m} jn tfi IMMY imjbjoì}+

ivqgbd} tfi mj~ixgci gbd qxj~`di} g ojxi gmmyxgti oig}yxi jn imjbjo`m

gmt`~`tp `b tfi ~gx`jy} mjybtxì}"

Tfi xi}ykt} `bd`mgti tfgt CDQ njx 8171 sg} gqqxjvògtikp 7> qixmibt cxigtix

tfgb `t sjykd fg~i hiib ybdix tfi jkd CDQ }ixì}" Tfixi gxi }i~ixgk

òqk`mgt`jb} jn tf`} di~ikjqoibt `bmkyd`bc gb òqxj~ioibt `b tfi ~gx`jy} n`}mgk

gbd diht xgt`j}" Njx ivgoqki+ g} g xi}ykt jn tfi f`cfix ~gkyi jn CDQ+ ]g`bt

Kym`g} qyhk`m diht tj CDQ xgt`j `} >4"6 qixmibt gt tfi ibd jn 8171 `b}tigd jn tfi

n`cyxi jn 39 qixmibt `bd`mgtid hp tfi ki}} gmmyxgti CDQ }ixì}"

Tfi xigk CDQ jn ]g`bt Kym`g cxis hp 4"4 qixmibt `b 8171 mjoqgxid s`tf g

mjbtxgmt`jb jn 7"= qixmibt `b 8110" Tf`} cxjstf sg} dx`~ib hp tfi mjb}txymt`jb

gbd tjyx`}o }imtjx} }yqqjxtid hp tfi d`}tx`hyt`~i txgdi} gbd tfi xigk i}tgti

}imtjx"

Cxjstf sg} tioqixid hp tfi innimt} jn Fyxx`mgbi Tjog} `b tfi kg}t wygxtix jn

8171" Gmmjxd`bc tj g xiqjxt hp g tigo nxjo tfi Yb`tid Bgt`jb} Imjbjo`m Mjybm`k

njx Kgt`b Goix`mg gbd tfi Mgx`hhigb &YB/IMKGM+ tfi i}tògtid mj}t jn tfi

kj}}i} gbd dgogci nxjo Fyxx`mgbi Tjog} gojybtid tj $013"> o`kk`jb"


9/70

Qgci > jn>3

@bnxg}txymtyxi sg} tfi oj}t fig~`kp gnnimtid+ xiqxi}ibt`bc 4= qixmibt jn tfi tjtgk

òqgmt sf`ki tfi qxjdymt`~i gbd }jm`gk }imtjx} gmmjybtid njx =="6 qixmibt gbd

8="1 qixmibt xi}qimt`~ikp"

4"7 Tjyx`}o@b }q`ti jn Fyxx`mgbi Tjog}+ tfi tjyx`}o `bdy}txp ximjxdid }txjbc cxjstf `b

8171+ s`tf tfi byohix jn }tgp j~ix ~`}`tjx} `bmxig}`bc hp 0"0 qixmibt tj g ximjxd

=19+0=3" Tfi òqxj~id qixnjxogbmi sg} og`bkp gttx`hytghki tj `bmxig}i} nxjo

tfi Y]+ Mgbgd`gb gbd Cixogb ogxeit}+ xinkimt`bc tfi `btxjdymt`jb jn bis nk`cft

gxxgbcioibt} `b tfi kg}t wygxtix jn 8110" Tfi Y] ogxeit `b qgxt`mykgx qixnjxoidivtxioikp sikk+ cxjs`bc hp =7 qixmibt+ xinkimt`bc bjt jbkp gdd`t`jbgk nk`cft} hyt

gk}j innimt`~i ogxeit`bc `b`t`gt`~i} hp tfi ]g`bt Kym`g Tjyx`}t Hjgxd"

Fjsi~ix+ gxx`~gk} nxjo tfi YE gbd tfi Mgx`hhigb+ ]g`bt Kym`g} }imjbd gbd tf`xd

kgxci}t ogxeit}+ sixi djsb hp > gbd 71 qixmibt xi}qimt`~ikp" Tfi mjbt`byid

sige imjbjo`m mjbd`t`jb} `b tfi YE+ tfi ~jkmgb`m g}f tfgt gnnimtid nk`cft} nxjo

tfi YE gbd tfi `btxjdymt`jb jn tfi g`x qg}}ibcix ki~p `b tfi kg}t wygxtix jn 8110+

gmmjybtid njx tfi ngkk `b gxx`~gk} nxjo tfgt mjybtxp" Tfi Mgx`hhigb ogxeit sg}

gd~ix}ikp gnnimtid hp tfi x`}i `b g`xngxi} gbd tfi sige imjbjo`m mjbd`t`jb} `b

tfi xic`jb"

4"8 Mjb}txymt`jbOgdgo ]qigeix+ @ bjs tyxb op gttibt`jb tj Mjb}txymt`jb" Qxikò`bgxp i}tògti}

}ycci}t+ tfgt+ njkkjs`bc g dimk`bi jn 8= qixmibt `b 8110+ mjb}txymt`jb ivqgbdid

hp gxjybd 81 qixmibt `b 8171+ dx`~ib og`bkp hp qyhk`m }imtjx `b~i}toibt gbd

}yqqjxtid hp qx`~gti }imtjx ivqibd`tyxi" Ogljx qyhk`m }imtjx qxjlimt}

ybdixtgeib `bmkydid tfi bis bgt`jbgk fj}q`tgk+ xifgh`k`tgt`jb jn tfi ig}t mjg}t


10/70

Qgci 3 jn>3

xjgd gbd tfi qj}t Fyxx`mgbi Tjog} d`}g}tix ximj~ixp qxjcxgooi+ tfi }ib`jx

m`t`|ib} fjoi+ tfi oigt qxjmi}}`bc ngm`k`tp+ xiqg`x} gbd xifgh`k`tgt`jb jn }mfjjk

qkgbt gbd ~gx`jy} d`}g}tix ogbgcioibt qxjlimt} tfxjycfjyt tfi mjybtxp"

Njxi`cb d`ximt `b~i}toibt xiog`bid }kycc`}f `b 8171+ xi}ykt`bc `b g }kjsdjsb `b

qx`~gti }imtjx mjb}txymt jb gmt`~`tp" Fjsi~ix+ sjxe mjbt`byid `b 8171 jb g

byohix jn fjtik} `bmkyd`bc tfi Kgbd`bc}+ Fjtik Mfjmjkgt+ Lgkjy}ì Xi}jxt+ g} sikk

g} mjooixm`gk qxjqixtì} sf`mf `bmkydid tfi Hgp Sgke Ogkk+ tfi Hgbe jn ]g`bt

Kym`g hy`kd`bc `b Cxj} @}kit gbd Ljfb}jb} }tjxi"

4"= Gcx`myktyxiJb tfi jtfix fgbd jyx Gcx`myktyxi }imtjx d`d bjt ngxi g} sikk" Tfi }i~ixi dxjycft

gbd tfi Fyxx`mgbi xi}yktid `b kjsix jytqyt jn hgbgbg} gbd jtfix gcx`myktyxgk

mjoojd`tì}+ bicgt`~ikp òqgmtid tfi k`~i}tjme }yh }imtjx gbd mgy}id ngxoix} tj

kj}i mjbn`dibmi" Hgbgbg qxjdymt`jb nikk hp gxjybd =7 qixmibt tj gqqxjvògtikp

8>+111 tjbbi}+ xi}ykt`bc `b g xidymt`jb `b ivqjxt igxb`bc} hp 83"8 qixmibt+ tj

$47"1 o`kk`jb" Fyxx`mgbi Tjog} gk}j mgy}id fig~p }`ktgt`jb jn kgbd y}id njx

mykt`~gt`jb"

Tfi xi}ykt sg} tfgt }gki} jn kjmgkkp cxjsb nxy`t gbd ~icitghki} tj }yqixogxeit}

gbd fjtik} sixi djsb hp 7>"1 gbd 8"= qixmibt xi}qimt`~ikp+ gktfjycf mf`meib

gbd qjxe qxjdymt`jb `bmxig}id g} tfi byohix jn qxjdymix} cxis gbd tfi

g~g`kgh`k`tp jn n`bgbm`bc tj ngxoix} òqxj~id"

4"4 Ogbyngmtyx`bcTfi qixnjxogbmi jn tfi ogbyngmtyx`bc }imtjx sg} o`vid `b 8171" Tfi }imtjx

sg} gd~ix}ikp gnnimtid hp x`}`bc mj}t} jn qxjdymt`jb g} sikk g} dgogci gbd


11/70

Qgci 6 jn>3

kj}}i} nxjo Fyxx`mgbi Tjog}+ sf`mf kid tj gb j~ixgkk mjbtxgmt`jb" Fjsi~ix+ tfi

jytqyt jn bjb gkmjfjk`m hi~ixgci}+ nyxb`tyxi gbd ikimtx`mgk mjoqjbibt} `bmxig}id+

sf`ki }joi ogbyngmtyx`bc mjoqgbì} sixi ghki tj qibitxgti tfi ivqjxt ogxeit

s`tf bis qxjdymt}+ tfixihp `bmxig}`bc tfi xgbci jn ivqjxt}"

4"9 Mibt xgk Cj~ixbo ibt N`}mgk Jqixgt `jb}Ogdgo ]qigeix+ c`~ib gkk jyx mfgkkibci}+ sfib si ivgo`bi Mibtxgk Cj~ixboibt

n`}mgk jqixgt`jb}+ qxikò`bgxp i}tògti} }ycci}t tfgt tfi j~ixgkk n`}mgk din`m`t cxis

nxjo 4"1 qixmibt jn CDQ `b 8110*71 tj 9"9 qixmibt `b 8171*77" Tfi f`cfix

din`m`t kid tj g x`}i `b tfi diht tj CDQ xgt`j nxjo >="6 qixmibt `b 8110 tj >4"6qixmibt `b 8171"

Tfi kgxcix din`m`t xi}yktid nxjo cxjstf `b tjtgk ivqibd`tyxi jn 77"> qixmibt tj gb

i}tògtid $7+1=8"3 o`kk`jb sf`ki tjtgk xi~ibyi gbd cxgbt} cxis hp >"4 qixmibt tj

$696"= o`kk`jb"

@oqxj~ioibt `b òqkioibtgt`jb xgti} fg} xi}yktid `b tfi cxjstf jn mgq`tgk

ivqibd`tyxi hp 73"9 qixmibt tj gb i}tògtid $86="4 o`kk`jb" Myxxibt ivqibd`tyxi

cxis hp 0"3 qixmibt tj $39="6 o`kk`jb xinkimt`bc f`cfix }qibd`bc jb }gkgxì} gbd

sgci}+ `btixi}t qgpoibt} gbd myxxibt txgb}nix}" Tfi f`cfix jytkgp jb qix}jbgk

iojkyoibt} sg} g} g xi}ykt jn tfi }gkgxp `bmxig}i qg`d tj qyhk`m }ix~gbt} `b Gqx`k

8171 xiqxi}ibt`bc tfi n`bgk txgbmfi jn tfi }gkgxp gdly}toibt njx tfi txìbb`yo

ibd`bc Ogxmf 8171" Myxxibt xi~ibyi mjkkimt`jb} xj}i hp 4"3 qixmibt tj $360"9

o`kk`jb dx`~ib hp `bmxig}i} `b tgv xi~ibyi+ gttx`hytghki tj òqxj~id mjkkimt`jb} jn

tgvi} jb `bmjoi+ cjjd} gbd }ix~`mi} gbd `btixbgt`jbgk txgdi"


12/70

Qgci 0 jn>3

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ ]g`bt Kym`g} imjbjop `} qxjlimtid tj cxjs nyxtfix `b 8177+

dx`~ib og`bkp hp tjyx`}o gbd mjb}txymt jb" Sjxe fg} mjooibmid jb g byohix

jn qyhk`m }imtjx qxjlimt} `bmkyd`bc ]t" Lydi fj}q`tgk gbd qxjlimt} g}}jm`gtid s`tf

qj}t fyxx`mgbi ximjb}txymt`jb sf`mf s`kk gmmjybt njx oymf jn tfi gmt`~`tp `b tfi

mjb}txymt`jb }imtjx+ g} Cj~ixboibt ybdixtgei} tj xihy`kd gbd tj hx`bc g }ib}i jn

bjxogkmp tj tfi mjybtxp+ njkkjs`bc tfi di~g}tgt`jb jn Fyxx`mgbi Tjog}" Gmt`~`tp

`b tfi qx`~gti }imtjx `} ivqimtid tj gmmikixgti+ kid hp tfi ivqgb}`jb jn ]gbdgk}

Cxgbdi fjtik gbd }yqqjxtid hp g byohix jn jb/cj`bc gbd bis qxjlimt}" Tfi

fi`cftibid imjbjo`m gmt`~`tp `b 8177 `} ivqimtid tj qj}`t`~ikp òqgmt tfi

ioqkjpoibt }`tygt`jb `b ]g`bt Kym`g"

4"> ]jybd Ogmxj Imjbjo`m OgbgcioibtOgdgo ]qigeix jyx qxydibt imjbjo`m ogbgcioibt fg} ibghkid jyx }f`q jn

]tgti tj }ymmi}}nykkp bg~`cgti tfi txigmfixjy} `btixbgt`jbgk sgtix} jn imjbjo`m

`b}tgh`k`tp" @b tfi o`d}t jn bicgt`~i cxjstf `b gkk tfi mjybtxì} jn tfi Ig}tixb

Mgx`hhigb Myxxibmp Yb`jb+ ]g`bt Kym`g} imjbjop cxis hp 4"4 qixmibt" Tfi

og`b mjbtx`hytjx} tj tfgt cxjstf sixi< tjyx`}o sf`mf cxis hp 6"8 qixmibt

mjoqgxid tj g dimk`bi jn 8"> qixmibt `b 81105 mjb}txymt`jb sf`mf cxis hp 81"9

qixmibt mjoqgxid tj g mjbtxgmt`jb jn 8="7 qixmibt `b 8110 gbd tfi d`}tx`hyt`~i

txgdi} sf`mf cxis hp 74"9 qixmibt mjoqgxid tj g dimxig}i jn 7="7 qixmibt `b

8110"

Gktfjycf tfi djoi}t`m `bnkgt`jb xgti `bmxig}id }`cb`n`mgbtkp nxjo 7 qixmibt `b

8110 tj 7"0 qixmibt `b 8171 kgxcikp himgy}i jn x`}`bc mjoojd`tp qx`mi} `b ckjhgk

ogxeit}+ Cj~ixboibt} imjbjo`m qjk`mì} eiqt tfi xgti kjs hp my}f`jb`bc tfi

òqgmt jn tfi `bnkgt`jbgxp qxi}}yxi}" Ojxij~ix+ tfi diht tj CDQ xgt`j jn >4"6

qixmibt `} mjb}`}tibt s`tf jyx cxjstf gbd di~ikjqoibt jhlimt`~i}"


13/70

Qgci 71 jn>3

Tfi gmfì~ioibt} jn tfi Cj~ixboibt `b 8171/8177+ }qgb gkoj}t i~ixp }imtjx"

Jtfix qgxk`goibtgx`gb} jn op Gdo`b`}txgt`jb s`kk `dibt`np gbd ikghjxgti jb tfj}i

sf`mf ngkk s`tf`b tfi`x qyx~ìs" Fjsi~ix+ `b i~gkygt`bc jyx }ymmi}}i} si fg~i

kigxbt ogbp ki}}jb} gbd kit oi g}}yxi pjy+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ si s`kk xiog`b

~`c`kgbt `b tfi ogbgcioibt jn jyx imjbjop"

9"1 ]t xgtic`m Qx`jx`t ì}Ogdgo ]qigeix+ ogbp jn tfi }txgtic`m qx`jx`tì} gbbjybmid `b qxi~`jy} pigx}+

s`kk mjbt`byi tj hi xiki~gbt tf`} pigx gbd+ gt kig}t+ `btj tfi oid`yo tixo"

Bi~ixtfiki}}+ jyx gqqxjgmf tj imjbjo`m ogbgcioibt oy}t hi }ynn`mìbtkp

nkiv`hki tj gkkjs njx }yddib mfgbci} `b njxtybi+ bgtyxgk gbd imjbjo`m }fjme} gbd

tfi ybmixtg`btp jn tfi sjxkd `b sf`mf si k`~i" @b tf`} xicgxd+ 8171 sg} g

sgtix}fid pigx gbd jyx qkgbb`bc jhlimt`~i} gbd qx`jx`tì} oy}t bimi}}gx`kp hi

}txjbckp `bnkyibmid hp tfi òqgmt jn tfi bgtyxgk d`}g}tix ~`}`tid yqjb y} kg}t pigx

gbd tfi imjbjo`m }fjme} jn tfi kg}t nis pigx}"

Jyx n`x}t qx`jx`tp `} tj xidymi mxòi gbd ogei ]g`bt Kym`g }gni njx i~ixpjbi" @ go

ditixo`bid tj xi}tjxi tfi qigmi gbd }imyx`tp jbmi ibljpid hp jyx `}kgbd bgt`jb+

sfixi jyx mf`kdxib mgb hi xg`}id s`tfjyt tfi nigx tfgt tfi`x k`~i} sjykd hi ibdid

qxiogtyxikp+ gbd sfixi si mgb mjbdymt jyx gnng`x} `b g }gni ib~`xjboibt" Si

kjje njxsgxd tj mjbt`byi sjxe`bc s`tf tfi Jqqj}`t`jb `b tfi `btixi}t jn jyx

mjybtxp" @b tf`} xicgxd+ @ sjykd kèi tj tfgbe ]g`bt Kym`gb} njx tfi`x ivmikkibt

xi}qjb}i gbd mjjqixgt`jb `b ximibt siie}" Tf`} fg} gmmjybtid njx jyx igxkp

}ymmi}}i}" @ yxci tfi qijqki jn ]g`bt Kym`g tj mjbt`byi tj }yqqjxt tfi qjk`mi `b

tfi ivimyt`jb jn tfi`x ogbdgti gbd jyx bgt`jb} n`cft gcg`b}t mxòi"

Tfi Cj~ixboibt} }txgticì} `bmkydi òqxj~`bc tfi mgqgm`tp jn tfi qjk`mi gbd tfi

}imyx`tp qix}jbbik gbd ivgo`bgt`jb jn iv`}t`bc kic`}kgt`jb+ s`tf g ~ìs tj


14/70

Qgci 77 jn>3

}txibctfib`bc tfi kicgk gbd lyd`m`gk qxjmi}}" Tfi}i innjxt} s`kk gk}j hi

hyttxi}}id hp jtfix `b`t`gt`~i} s`tf xic`jbgk gbd `btixbgt`jbgk qgxtì}+ gòid gt

ibfgbm`bc tfi }imyx`tp jn jyx hjxdix}"

Gt tfi }goi tòi+ si s`kk `bmxig}i tfi xi}jyxmi} gbd tfi innimt`~ibi}} jn jyx

}jm`gk qxjcxgooi}+ qgxt`mykgxkp tfj}i tgxcit`bc tfi pjytf+ `bbix/m`tp mjooyb`tì}

gbd ~ykbixghki cxjyq}" Sf`ki cxigtix gttibt`jb s`kk hi c`~ib tj xi}jk~`bc tfi

mgy}i} jn mxòi+ tfxjycf }jm`gk xi/ibc`biix`bc gbd ojdixb mxòi n`cft`bc

}txgticì}+ si oy}t gk}j ximjcb`|i tfgt tfi f`cf ki~ik jn ~`jkibt mxòi `b ]g`bt

Kym`g `} d`ximtkp k`beid tj tfi `kkicgk dxyc txgdi+ sf`mf tfxigtib} tfi }jm`gk+

imjbjo`m gbd ojxgk nghx`m jn jyx }jmìtp" Tf`} `} tfi hy}`bi}} jn jxcgb`|id

mxòi gbd si gxi ditixo`bid tj ixgd`mgti `t+ jbmi gbd njx gkk"

@btixbgt`jbgk gbd xic`jbgk jxcgb`|gt`jb} i}tògtid tfgt Fyxx`mgbi Tjog} gkjbi

mj}t tfi mjybtxp gb i}tògtid IM$016 o`kk`jb+ tfgt `}+ bigxkp jbi h`kk`jb I"M"

djkkgx}" @t s`kk tgei tfi imjbjop gbd tfi }jmìtp pigx} tj ximj~ix" Tfixinjxi+ tfi

ximjb}txymt`jb gbd xi/ibc`biix`bc jn jyx mjybtxp `} g f`cf qx`jx`tp njx tf`}

Cj~ixboibt"

Mjb}iwyibtkp+ jyx innjxt} s`kk hi njmy}id jb g byohix jn gxig} `bmkyd`bc3

9"G fjy}`bc qxjcxgooi tj gddxi}} tfi kj}} jx dgogci jn gxjybd 7+6>1fjy}i} gbd

>" Tfi gttibdgbt kic`}kgt`jb gbd mxigt`jb jn gb gqqxjqx`gti `b}t`tyt`jbgknxgoisjxe+ gòid gt mxigt`bc g }y}tg`bghki xi}jyxmi hg}i njx hy`kd`bc

xi}`kìbmi gbd xidym`bc jyx ~ykbixgh`k`tp tj ivtixbgk }fjme} g} sikk g}

o`t`cgt`bc tfi`x òqgmt sfib tfip dj jmmyx"

Tfi xi}ykt s`kk hi g ojxi nkiv`hki gbd xjhy}t imjbjop s`tf cxigtix mgqgm`tp njx

oge`bc y}i jn jqqjxtyb`tì} njx cxjstf gbd di~ikjqoibt sf`mf `} jn qgxgojybt

òqjxtgbmi tj tfi Cj~ixboibt" Ximibt bgtyxgk gbd imjbjo`m }fjme} fg~i

mkigxkp diojb}txgtid tfi s`}djo jn mjbt`by`bc tj ojdixb`|i jyx }txymtyxi} gbd

`b}t`tyt`jb}"

Fjsi~ix+ tfi txgb}njxogt`jb jn tfi imjbjop mgbbjt hi gmfì~id j~ixb`cft+ jx

hp tfi Cj~ixboibt gkjbi" @t oy}t+ jn bimi}}`tp+ hi g oykt`/}imtjxgk gqqxjgmf"

Tfi Cj~ixboibt fg} gkxigdp mjooibmid sjxe `b tf`} xicgxd hp iohgxe`bc jb

tfi njkkjs`bc3

=" @oqxj~`bc tfi mjoqit`t`~ibi}} jn tfi imjbjop+ s`tf ioqfg}`} jb tfihy}`bi}} ib~`xjboibt+ tfi innimt`~ibi}} jn tfi oimfgb`}o} njx oge`bc

y}i jn txgdi jqqjxtyb`tì} ybdix tfi Iyxjqigb Imjbjo`m Qgxtbix}f`q

Gcxiioibt &IQG+ xidym`bc mj}t} jn qxjdymt`jb+ `bmxig}`bc qxjdymt`~`tp `b

tfi qx`~gti gbd qyhk`m }imtjx}+ di~ikjq`bc gktixbgt`~i }jyxmi} jn ibixcp

gbd òqxj~`bc tfi xicykgtjxp xicòi cj~ixb`bc tfi jqixgt`jb} jn jyx

qyhk`m yt`k`tì}"

4" ]txibctfib`bc n`}mgk qixnjxogbmi g} ximjb}txymt`jb qxjcxi}}i} gbd tfiximj~ixp cgtfix} qgmi" @b tfi }fjxt tixo+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ n`bgbm`gk

xi}jyxmi} s`kk fg~i tj hi xigkkjmgtid tj tfi ximjb}txymt`jb bimi}}`tgtid hp

tfi òqgmt jn Fyxx`mgbi Tjog} &di}q`ti tfi ximi`qt jn }`cb`n`mgbt gojybt}

nxjo xic`jbgk gbd `btixbgt`jbgk djbjx}" Tf`} dji} bjt òqkp g diqgxtyxi

nxjo jyx }txjbc n`}mgk }tgbmi+ hyt oixikp xiqxi}ibt} g }fjxt tixo hyoq `b

tfi xjgd" Si gxi mjoo`ttid tj n`}mgk qxydibmi gbd gmfì~`bc tfi n`}mgk

jhlimt`~i} jn tfi Ig}tixb Mgx`hhigb Myxxibmp Yb`jb+ jn sf`mf si gxi g

oiohix"

Si mjbt`byi tj qyx}yi tfi mfgkkibc`bc tg}e jn òqxj~`bc qyhk`m }imtjx

qxjdymt`~`tp gbd tf`} pigx si s`kk ibcgci tfi qx`~gti }imtjx `b sjxe`bc jyt

oimfgb`}o} njx òqxj~`bc qxjdymt`~`tp `b tfi mjybtxp g} g sfjki" @b tfgt xicgxd+

si s`kk nykkp i}tghk`}f tfi Bgt`jbgk Qxjdymt`~`tp gbd Mjoqit`t`~ibi}} Mjybm`k s`tf

tfi Qx`~gti ]imtjx sfj fg~i gkxigdp gcxiid tj qgxt`m`qgti `b tf`} `b`t`gt`~i" Tf`}

pigx+ si s`kk gk}j njmy} jb t`cftib`bc qxjmidyxi} njx cj~ixboibt ivqibd`tyxi tj

g~j`d sg}tgci gbd `binn`mìbmp"


17/70

Qgci 74 jn>3

>"1 Xiqj}`t `jb ]imtjx} njx Cxjs tf>"7 Tjyx`}o ]imtjx

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tf`} Gdo`b`}txgt`jb `btibd} tj xiqj}`t`jb gkk }imtjx} njx cxjstf"S`tf xicgxd tj tfi tjyx`}o }imtjx tfi }ymmi}}i} gxi sikk djmyoibtid" Tf`}

}imtjx ivqgbdid hp gb i}tògtid 6"8 qixmibt `b 8171" Tf`} ivqgb}`jb sg} dx`~ib

hp g 0"0 qixmibt `bmxig}i `b tfi byohix jn }tgp/j~ix ~`}`tjx} }itt`bc g ximjxd jn

=19+0=3 gxx`~gk}" Tjtgk ~`}`tjx ivqibd`tyxi lyoqid hp =="3 qixmibt `b 8171 tj gb

i}tògtid IM$7"9 h`kk`jb jb gmmjybt jn tfi `bmxig}i `b gxx`~gk} mjyqkid s`tf

f`cfix g~ixgci dg`kp }qibd`bc"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ jyx }txgtic`m qjk`mp `btix~ibt`jb} njx tf`} n`bgbm`gk pigx+ s`kk

`bmkydi di~ikjq`bc tfi qxjdymt tfgt si jnnix ~`}`tjx}+ s`tf }gnitp gbd }imyx`tp

mjbmixb} g}}yo`bc cxigt òqjxtgbmi" G qxjcxgooi s`kk hi òqkioibtid s`tf tfi

njkkjs`bc jhlimt`~i}3

@b gdd`t`jb+ c`~ib tfi qjtibt`gk jn tfi pgmft`bc }imtjx jyx jhlimt`~i} gxi tj

`bmxig}i pgmft gxx`~gk} hp 79 qixmibt5 `bmxig}i tfi g~ixgci kibctf jn }tgp jn

pgmft}oib nxjo n`~i tj tib dgp}5 òqkioibt g pgmft xic`}txgt`jb gbd nkgcc`bc

qxjcxgooi g} g xi~ibyi igxbix njx Cj~ixboibt5 di~ikjq gbd og`btg`b g ogx`bi

qjxtgk k`be`bc gkk sgtix/hg}id tjyx`}o gmt`~`tp `b ]g`bt Kym`g gbd mxigti gb

ib~`xjboibt sf`mf s`kk y}fix `b ojxi pgmft mfgxtix mjoqgbì}" @b gdd`t`jb+

Cj~ixboibt s`kk }iie tj i}tghk`}f g }txgtic`m gkk`gbmi s`tf Tg`sgbi}i oicg pgmft

hy`kdix}+ jbi jn tfi kgxci}t oicg pgmft} hy`kdix} sjxkds`di"

>"8 N`bgbm`gk ]imtjxJyx ioqfg}`} s`tf xicgxd tj tfi n`bgbm`gk }imtjx s`kk hi jb ojxi innimt`~i

xicykgt`jb" Cj~ixboibt `} mjoo`ttid tj kibd`bc tfi xiwy`}`ti `b}t`tyt`jbgk gbd

xicykgtjxp }yqqjxt tj tf`} }imtjx" Tf`} fjbjyxghki Fjy}i ximibtkp qg}}id tfi

N`bgbm`gk Xicykgtjxp ]ix~`mi} Gytfjx`tp Gmt sf`mf gkkjs} y} tj xinjxo tfi

`b}t`tyt`jbgk gxxgbcioibt} njx n`bgbm`gk }yqix~`}`jb" Si gxi bjs oj~`bc }s`ntkp

tj jqixgt`jbgk`|i tfi bis nxgoisjxe" ]ò`kgxkp+ si kjje njxsgxd tj tfi igxkp

gqqxj~gk jn tfi bis @b}yxgbmi Gmt hp Qgxk`goibt"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ bjts`tf}tgbd`bc jyx innjxt} tj xi}jk~i tfi qxjhkio} mgy}id hp

Hx`t`}f Goix`mgb @b}yxgbmi Mjoqgbp &HG@MJ gbd MK@MJ @btixbgt`jbgk K`ni &M@K+

qxjcxi}} fg} hiib }kjs" Tfi ~gx`jy} qxjqj}gk} qyt njxsgxd tj gddxi}} tfi

ngkkjyt nxjo tfi mjkkgq}i jn tfj}i ibt`tì}+ fg~i tyxbid jyt tj hi ybnig}`hki gbd

tfi tòi fg} mjoi tj xi}jk~i ogtix} `b tfi hi}t `btixi}t jn tfi qjk`mp fjkdix} `b

]g`bt Kym`g"


19/70

Qgci 7> jn>3

@b tfi mg}i jn HG@MJ+ tfi Cj~ixboibt `} ivqkjx`bc bis jqt`jb}+ sf`ki IMMY

cj~ixboibt} fg~i gqqxj~id tfi i}tghk`}foibt jn gb IM$9 o`kk`jb Figktf

@b}yxgbmi ]yqqjxt Nybd g} g Txy}t tj hi kgybmfid }jjb+ tj mj~ix mkgò} `b

xi}qimt jn fj}q`tgk gbd }yxc`mgk qjk`mì} gbd jtfix jhk`cgt`jb}"

@b tfi mg}i jn M@K+ }yh}tgbt`~i d`}my}}`jb} s`tf jtfix mjbmixbid mjybtxì} fg~i

bjt ogtix`gk`}id+ gbd qxjqj}id mjxximt`~i oig}yxi} hp tfi mjoqgbp fg~i bjt

jmmyxxid" Tf`} oigb} tfgt tfi ditix`jxgt`jb `b tfi jqixgt`jb} jn tfi mjoqgbp fg}

gmmikixgtid+ gbd tfi mjoqgbp `} bjt mjoqk`gbt s`tf xicykgtjxp xiwy`xioibt}" @b

tfi m`xmyo}tgbmi}+ jyx qxògxp `btixi}t oy}t hi tfi qxjtimt`jb gbd iwy`tghki

txigtoibt jn gkk qjk`mpfjkdix} `b ]g`bt Kym`g" Si fg~i+ tfixinjxi+ n`kid gb

gqqk`mgt`jb njx tfi Lyd`m`gk Ogbgcioibt jn M@K &]g`bt Kym`g Hxgbmf `b tfi f`cf

Mjyxt jn ]g`bt Kym`g"

@btixbgt`jbgk N`bgbm`gk ]ix~`mi}

]joi ioqfg}`} s`kk hi qkgmid jb @btixbgt`jbgk N`bgbm`gk }ix~`mi}" Tfjycf

xikgt`~ikp }ogkk+ tfi ]g`bt Kym`g @btixbgt`jbgk N`bgbm`gk ]imtjx mjbt`byi} tj cxjs+

gkhi`t ojdixgtikp" Tfixi sixi =31 mjoqgbp njxogt`jb} `b 8171+ mjoqgxid tj

=99 `b 8110" Tsibtp/b`bi &80 @btixbgt`jbgk @b}yxgbmi mjoqgbì} sixi

k`mib}id+ cibixgt`bc g 7=) `bmxig}i `b xi~ibyi mjkkimt`jb}" Sf`ki tfi mgticjxp jn

@bmjxqjxgtid Mikk Mjoqgbì} cxis ogxc`bgkkp+ tfi qxj}qimt} njx ibfgbmid

cxjstf gxi ibmjyxgc`bc" G ogljx xitxigt njx tfi ]imtjx sg} fikd ybdix tfi

tfioi Tfi Sgp Njxsgxd+ s`tf tfxii bis xic`}tixid gcibt} hi`bc k`mib}id `b

8171"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tfi pigx 8171 sg} y}id tj xi~ìs jyx qj}`t`jb gbd }txgticp `b

tfi `btixbgt`jbgk n`bgbm`gk }ix~`mi} }imtjx" G mjoqxifib}`~i xi~ìs jn jyx

hxgbd`bc jn tfi }imtjx sg} ybdixtgeib" @b tfi ibd+ g bis bgoi njx tfi


20/70

Qgci 73 jn>3

cj~ixboibt jsbid xic`}txp jn `btixbgt`jbgk hy}`bi}} mjoqgbì} gbd txy}t} sg}

gdjqtid" Qxi~`jy}kp qxjojtid g} Q`bbgmki ]g`bt Kym`g+ tfi bis mjxqjxgti bgoi `}

]g`bt Kym`g @btixbgt`jbgk N`bgbm`gk Mibtxi jx ]g`bt Kym`g @NM" Tfi kjcj `} ~ixp

}ò`kgx tj gbd `} hy`kt jb tfi kjcj di~`}id njx y}i hp tfi O`b`}txp jn Tjyx`}o"

Tj mjoqkioibt tfi bis ogxeit`bc innjxt+ cj~ixboibt `} gmt`~ikp qyx}y`bc tfi

qj}}`h`k`tp jn }`cb`bc djyhki tgvgt`jb txigtì} tj ibfgbmi jyx `btixbgt`jbgk

mjoqit`t`~ibi}} gbd njxi`cb `b~i}toibt gqqigk" Ojxij~ix+ `b eiiq`bc s`tf jyx

mjoo`toibt tj txgb}qgxibmp gbd innimt`~i ivmfgbci jn `bnjxogt`jb+ ]g`bt Kym`g

fg}+ tj dgti+ }`cbid i`cftiib &76 Tgv @bnjxogt`jb Ivmfgbci Gcxiioibt}"

>"= Mjb}txymt` jb ]imtjxOgdgo ]qigeix+ xiqj}`t`jb`bc jn tfi Mjb}txymt`jb }imtjx+ oy}t hi njmy}id jb

hy`kd`bc ojxi xi}`kìbmi sf`ki si ybdixtgei xihy`kd`bc jn `bnxg}txymtyxi"

@ooid`gtikp gntix Fyxx`mgbi Tjog}+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tf`} Cj~ixboibt

qxjmiidid s`tf ximj~ixp sjxe} njx tfi mjybtxp} xjgd gbd hx`dci `bnxg}txymtyxi"

Tj dgti+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ mkj}i tj 61) jn tfi mkigx`bc sjxe} fg~i hiib

mjoqkitid gbd si gxi mjcb`|gbt jn tfi biid tj ybdixtgei tfi jyt}tgbd`bc

mkigbyq sjxe} qx`jx tj tfi xg`bp }ig}jb gbd tfi Cj~ixboibt `} oj~`bc

ivqid`t`jy}kp tj ivimyti tfi xiog`b`bc 81)"

Kjbcix tixo xifgh`k`tgt`jb sjxe} fg~i hiib g}}i}}id+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ gbd tf`}

Cj~ixboibt fg} }imyxid kjgb} nxjo tfi Mgx`hhigb Di~ikjqoibt Hgbe gbd Sjxkd

Hgbe tj }yqqjxt tfi ximj~ixp gbd ximjb}txymt`jb innjxt} s`tf g }qim`gk njmy} jb

tfi xifgh`k`tgt`jb gmt`~`tì} jn tfi xjgd bitsjxe+ figktf gbd idymgt`jb }imtjx}"


21/70

Qgci 76 jn>3

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ hikjs gxi }joi jn tfi ogljx xjgd sjxe} gbd g}}jm`gtid

gmt`~`tì} tj hi ybdixtgeib `b tf`} n`bgbm`gk pigx g} qgxt jn tfi Qj}t Tjog}

Xifgh`k`tgt`jb qxjcxgooi3

6" Cj~ixboibt jn ]g`bt Kym`g Fpqixogxt Hy`kd`bc"

Qx`~gti ]imtjx Qxjlimt }

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tfi Qx`~gti ]imtjx mjbt`byi} tj qkgp g mx`t`mgk xjki `b tfi

`bnxg}txymtyxgk di~ikjqoibt jn tfi mjybtxp mjbtx`hyt`bc tj imjbjo`m gmt`~`tp"

]joi jn tfi}i gxi i`tfix bis jx mjbt`by`bc gbd `bmkydi

7" Tfi Ljfb}jb ]yqix}tjxi+ gt Xjdbip Hgp+ s`tf gb i}tògtid ivqibd`tyxi jnIM$79 o`kk`jb `b 8177"

8" Tfi Hgbe jn ]g`bt Kym`g Hy`kd`bc gt Cxj} @}kit+ tj tfi tybi jn IM$89 o`kk`jb=" Tfi ]gbdgk} Cxgbdi ivqgb}`jb s`tf gb ivqimtid mgq`tgk jytkgp jn IM$48

o`kk`jb gbd

4" Tfi Lgkjy}ì Qkgbtgt`jb Xi}jxt+ xibj~gt`jb} ivqimtid tj mj}t IM$83o`kk`jb"

Tfi}i qxjlimt} s`kk ybdjyhtidkp cibixgti ioqkjpoibt gbd mjooib}yxgti

imjbjo`m hibin`t"

>"4 Gcx`mykt yxi ]imtjxOgdgo ]qigeix+ tfi Gcx`myktyxgk ]imtjx `} jn txioibdjy} òqjxtgbmi tj tfi

di~ikjqoibt jn tfi mjybtxp g} `t mjbtx`hyti} }`cb`n`mgbtkp tj tfi mjybtxp} }jm`j/

imjbjo`m di~ikjqoibt tfxjycf xi~ibyi cibixgt`jb+ qxj~`}`jb jn ioqkjpoibt

gbd njjd qxjdymt`jb"

@b jxdix tj xi~`tgk`|i tfi Gcx`myktyxgk ]imtjx gbd xityxb qxjdymix} gnnimtid hp

Fyxx`mgbi Tjog} tj g }y}tg`bghki k`~ik`fjjd+ tfi O`b`}txp jn Gcx`myktyxi+ Kgbd}+

Njxi}txp gbd N`}fixì} iohgxeid jb g byohix jn `b`t`gt`~i}+ bgoikp3

=" Xi`b}tgtioibt jn ngxo xjgd}4" Mkigx`bc jn og`b gbd kgtixgk dxg`b} gbd tfi }itt`bc yq jn dxg`bgci }p}tio}

gbd

9" Xiqg`x} tj Gcx`myktyxgk Hy`kd`bc @bnxg}txymtyxi"Ybdix}tgbdghkp+ Cj~ixboibt} og`b qx`jx`tp mjbt`byi} tj hi tfi xi~`tgk`|gt`jb jn

tfi ]imtjx" Tf`} fg} tj hi gmfì~id s`tf`b g }txymtyxid nxgoisjxe gbd s`tf g

}fgxid ~`}`jb njx tfi ]imtjx"

Tfgt ~`}`jb+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ `} njx3

>"9 Qx`~gti ]imtjx Di~ikjqoibt + Ogbyngmtyx `bc gbd Mjb}yoixGnng`x}

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ Mjcb`|gbt jn tfi òqjxtgbt xjki jn tfi qx`~gti }imtjx `b

di~ikjqoibt+ tfi Cj~ixboibt `} gmt`~ikp qyx}y`bc `b`t`gt`~i} tj òqxj~i tfi

hy}`bi}} ib~`xjboibt+ òqkioibt g xicòi jn `bmibt`~i} tj ibmjyxgci bis

hy}`bi}} njxogt`jb+ }txibctfib iv`}t`bc hy}`bi}}i} gbd òqxj~i tfi`x

mjoqit`t`~ibi}} `b xigd`bi}} njx tfi ivqjxt ogxeit"

S`tf tf`} `b o`bd+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ Cj~ixboibt s`kk3

8" Ibnjxm`bc tfi qjk`mp tfgt i~ixp mf`kd cxgdygt`bc nxjo ]imjbdgxp ]mfjjk}fjykd sx`ti gt kig}t n`~i }yhlimt} `bmkyd`bc Ogtfiogt`m} gbd Ibck`}f tj

ib}yxi tfgt tfi ~`m`jy} mpmki jn qj~ixtp `} hxjeib"

=" C`~`bc tj tfj}i mf`kdxib sfj}i ngo`kì} gxi bjt imjbjo`mgkkp mgqghki+ tfijqqjxtyb`tp tj sx`ti g} ogbp MVM*MGQI }yhlimt} g} tfip mgb" ]qim`gk

mjb}`dixgt`jb s`kk hi c`~ib tj mf`kdxib nxjo tfj}i ngo`kì} tfgt sixi

gd~ix}ikp gnnimtid hp Fyxx`mgbi Tjog} gbd tfi dio`}i jn tfi hgbgbg

`bdy}txp jb g biid} hg}`}" G qxj~`}`jb jn IM$7 o`kk`jb fg} hiib ogdi `b

tfi hydcit njx tfi Idymgt`jb Gmmi}} Nybd njx tfgt qyxqj}i" N`bgkkp i~ixp

mf`kd s`kk fg~i gb iwygk jqqjxtyb`tp tj ivmik gt }imjbdgxp }mfjjk+

xicgxdki}} jn f`}*fix }jm`j/imjbjo`m m`xmyo}tgbmi}"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ gttibt`jb oy}t hi c`~ib tj tfi ogbp }mfjjk} tfgt sixi gnnimtid

hp Fyxx`mgbi Tjog}" Cj~ixboibt fg} }jyxmid nybd`bc nxjo tfi Sjxkd Hgbe `b

tfi }yo jn $7=+111+111"11 tj xitxjn`t }joi jn tfi sjx}i gnnimtid }mfjjk}+

`bmkyd`bc tfi mjb}txymt`jb jn g bis @bngbt ]mfjjk gt Dibbixp"

Cj~ixboibt `} gk}j bicjt`gt`bc s`tf tfi Mgx`hhigb Di~ikjqoibt Hgbe njx

gdd`t`jbgk nybd} tj oiit tfi mj}t jn xifgh`k`tgt`jb sjxe} gt jtfix }mfjjk} tfgt

mjykd bjt fg~i hiib n`bgbmid hp tfi Sjxkd Hgbe+ hyt gxi `b di}qixgti biid njx

xiqg`x} gbd xifgh`k`tgt`jb sjxe}"

Gqqxjvògtikp == }mfjjk} s`kk ximi`~i d`ximt g}}`}tgbmi tfxjycf i`tfix tfi Sjxkd

Hgbe jx tfi Mgx`hhigb Di~ikjqoibt Hgbe njx `bnxg}txymtyxgk Di~ikjqoibt"

Nyxtfix+ gkk }mfjjk} s`kk ximi`~i }joi njxo jn g}}`}tgbmi tfxjycf }yqqkì} jn

nyxb`tyxi+ iwy`qoibt gbd `b}txymt`jbgk ogtix`gk"


32/70

Qgci 80 jn>3

@b gdd`t`jb tj sfgt fg} ly}t hiib jytk`bid+ Cj~ixboibt s`kk }qibd gqqxjvògtikp

IM$0 o`kk`jb jb tfi xifgh`k`tgt`jb jn iki~ib }mfjjk}" Sjxe jb tfi}i }mfjjk} s`kk

hi mjoqkitid hp Dimiohix 8177"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ ioqfg}`} s`kk bjt jbkp hi qkgmid jb qfp}`mgk }txymtyxi hyt gk}j

jb ibfgbm`bc tfi wygk`tp jn idymgt`jb" Ybdix tfi Hg}`m Idymgt`jb Ibfgbmioibt

Qxjlimt &HIIQ nybd`bc tj tfi tybi jn IM$=3"0 o`kk`jb+ nxjo tfi Mgx`hhigb

Di~ikjqoibt Hgbe+ s`kk hi y}id tj yqcxgdi tfi kigxb`bc ib~`xjboibt gt qxògxp

gbd }imjbdgxp }mfjjk} gbd òqxj~`bc tfi wygk`tp+ inn`mìbmp gbd innimt`~ibi}} `b

tfi }imtjx tfxjycf `b}t`tyt`jbgk }txibctfib`bc gbd mgqgm`tp hy`kd`bc" Tfi qxjlimt

s`kk njmy} jb ibfgbm`bc tfi kigxb`bc ib~`xjboibt sf`mf `} ivqimtid tj mj}t

IM$=8 o`kk`jb gbd jb wygk`tp òqxj~ioibt gbd }mfjjk innimt`~ibi}} gt gb

i}tògtid IM$= o`kk`jb"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ dyx`bc tf`} n`bgbm`gk pigx+ tfi Idymgt`jb Ibfgbmioibt Tfxjycf

@MT Qxjlimt mj}t`bc IM$7>"8 o`kk`jb s`kk hi òqkioibtid" Tf`} qxjlimt s`kk kigd tj+

gojbc jtfix tf`bc}+ myxx`mykyo xinjxo tj `bticxgti @MT `b tigmf`bc+ kigxb`bc gbd

g}}i}}oibt5 mgqgm`tp hy`kd`bc njx tfi O`b`}txp jn Idymgt`jb tj ngm`k`tgti tfi

ogbgcioibt gbd og`btibgbmi jn @MT+ gbd tfi Xifgh`k`tgt`jb jn @MT }qgmi} `b

FXD mibtxi} `b }ikimt mjooyb`tì} tj qxj~`di tfi bimi}}gxp }e`kk} `b jxdix tj

`bmxig}i mjoqit`t`~ibi}} `b tfi ljh ogxeit"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ s`tf xi}qimt tj tf`} Cj~ixboibt} cjgk jn yqcxgd`bc tfi ]GKMM

tj g Yb`~ix}`tp Mjkkici+ g byohix jn mjb}yktgbmì} tfgt ivgo`bi tfi cj~ixbgbmi

}txymtyxi+ }tydibt }ix~`mi} gbd i}tghk`}foibt jn g xi}igxmf yb`t gojbc jtfix} `}

myxxibtkp jbcj`bc" Tfi}i mjb}yktgbmì} gxi ivqimtid tj mj}t gqqxjvògtikp

IM$701+111"


33/70

Qgci =1 jn>3

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ s`tf xi}qimt tj tfi jnn}fjxi idymgt`jb }imtjx+ ]g`bt Kym`g fg}

n`~i jnn}fjxi oid`mgk }mfjjk} sf`mf gttxgmt }tydibt} nxjo gxjybd tfi sjxkd" Si

gxi `b tfi qxjmi}} mxigt`bc gb gmmxid`tgt`jb gcibmp tfgt mgb di~ikjq }tgbdgxd}+

ojb`tjx+ i~gkygti gbd gmmxid`t tfi qxjcxgooi} jnnixid hp tfi}i }mfjjk}" Tf`}

s`kk gkkjs tfi }mfjjk} tj gttxgmt ojxi }tydibt} gbd hibin`t nxjo }mfjkgx}f`q} tj

n`bgbmi tfi`x idymgt`jb" @b tyxb+ tfi cxjstf gbd ivqgb}`jb jn tfgt }imtjx s`kk

xidjybd tj tfi hibin`t jn ]g`bt Kym`gb}"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ jyx innjxt} mjbt`byi tj ib}yxi tfgt gb `bmxig}`bckp kgxcix cxjyq

jn jyx ybioqkjpid gbd ybgttgmfid pjytf fg~i gmmi}} tj mgqgm`tp di~ikjqoibt"

@b`t`gt`~i} s`kk hi mibtixid gxjybd tfi sjxe jn tfi Bgt`jbgk ]e`kk} Di~ikjqoibt

Mibtxi" @b tf`} xicgxd+ jyx ogljx njmy} tf`} pigx s`kk hi jb òqxj~`bc tfi wygk`tp

gbd }tgbdgxd jn txg`b`bc" Tf`} oigb} gttg`b`bc gmmxid`tgt`jb }tgty}" Tf`} s`kk

òqgmt qj}`t`~ikp jb tfi byohix jn txg`bii} s`tf B^W gbd M^GW wygk`n`mgt`jb}

sfj mgb hi qixogbibtkp qkgmid jx sfj mgb }ymmi}}nykkp }imyxi nykk tòi

ioqkjpoibt" Tf`} pigx+ si s`kk gk}j s`tbi}} tfi mjoo`}}`jb`bc jn g }tgti jn tfi

gxt Txg`b`bc Ngm`k`tp gt Hkgme Hgp" Ogdgo ]qigeix+ @ go mjbn`dibt tfgt tf`} bis

ngm`k`tp+ mgtix`bc njx tfi }jytf s`kk gmmjoojdgti gqqxjvògtikp njyx fybdxid

gdd`t`jbgk txg`bii}"

3"= Xi}`dibt`gk Fjoi njx t fi Ikdixkp@b tfi kg}t n`}mgk pigx+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ si mjoo`}}`jbid tfi Bis Hic`bb`bc}

Txgb}`t Fjoi njx mf`kdxib gbd pjybc qijqki" @b tf`} n`}mgk pigx+ Ogdgo ]qigeix

si s`kk mjoo`}}`jb tfi ]ib`jx M`t`|ib} Fjoi gt Hkgme Hgp `b ^ìyv Njxt+

gmmjoojdgt`bc i`cftp &61 jn jyx }ib`jx m`t`|ib}" Tf`} bis ngm`k`tp s`kk ib}yxi

tfgt tfi ]tgti qxj~`di} tfi bimi}}gxp xi}`dibt`gk }yqqjxt tj gkk hxjgd cxjyq} `b


34/70

Qgci =7 jn>3

jyx }jmìtp+ sf`ki si mjbt`byi tj ioqfg}`|i gbd }yqqjxt ngo`kì} gbd figktfp

fjoi}"

3"4 ]jm`gk ]gnit p Bit XinjxoOgdgo ]qigeix+ si gkk ximjcb`}i tfgt tfixi gxi g byohix jn }jm`gk qxjcxgooi}

tfgt fg~i hiib òqkioibtid `b xi}qjb}i tj tfi `bmxig}`bc x`}e} gbd

~ykbixgh`k`tì} tfgt jyx m`t`|ib} fg~i hiib ivqj}id tj" Tfixi `}+ fjsi~ix+ iwygk

ximjcb`t`jb jn tfi biid tj òqxj~i tgxcit`bc jytmjoi} jn tfi}i `b`t`gt ~i}" @b

tf`} n`}mgk pigx gbd s`tf tfi }yqqjxt jn tfi Sjxkd Hgbe+ si `btibd tj `b`t`gti

xinjxo tj tfi kgxci}t }`bcki ]gnitp Bit Qxjcxgooi tfgt iv`}t} `b ]g`bt Kym`g+

bgoikp+ tfi Qyhk`m G}}`}tgbmi Qxjcxgooi" Tf`} xinjxo s`kk `bmkydi tfi njkkjs`bc

ikioibt}3

>"Gdjqt`jb jn g ojxi inn`mìbt }p}tio jn Gqqigk+ sfixihp gqqk`mgbt} sfjgxi diioid `bik`c`hki njx g}}`}tgbmi ogp }iie xidxi}} `n tfip }j di}`xi+

gbd"

3" Tfi i}tghk`}foibt jn g bis Kic`}kgt`~i Nxgoisjxe njx Qyhk`mG}}`}tgbmi `b ]g`bt Kym`g"

3"9 @ oqgmt`bc Mjoo yb`t ì} njx ]jm`gk MfgbciOgdgo ]qigeix+ si s`kk mjbt`byi tj }iie tj hy`kd gbd `b~i}t `b mjooyb`tì} gbd

tfi`x xi}qimt`~i fjy}ifjkd} tfxjycf g xgbci jn qxjcxgooi} tfgt fg~i

diojb}txgtid `b ~ixp qxgmt`mgk tixo}+ tfi`x txyi òqgmt" Mjb}iwyibtkp+ si s`kkivqgbd tfi Gntix ]mfjjk Qxjcxgooi tfgt fg} hiib }j }ymmi}}nyk `b Kg Og|i+ Ojb

Xiqj}+ Ngyv/g/Mfgyv gbd ojxi ximibtkp `b S`ktjb} Pgxd gbd Ojbmfp+ tj g s`dix

mxj}} }imt`jb jn jyx mjybtxp"

Tfxjycf tfi FJQI gbd HBTN qxjcxgooi} jn tfi ]g`bt Kym`g ]jm`gk Di~ikjqoibt

Nybd si s`kk qxj~`di tfi xiwy`}`ti mjooyb`tp `bnxg}txymtyxi `b g byohix jn

mjooyb`tì} `}kgbd s`di" Nyxtfix+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ si s`kk `btib}`np jyx innjxt}

tj }yqqjxt gkk ngmit} njx tfi i}tghk`}foibt gbd cxjstf jn mjooyb`tp

jxcgb`|gt`jb}"

Gt tfi ki~ik jn fjy}ifjkd}+ tfi Ejydog`b ]ti" Kymì Qxjcxgooisf`mf jx`c`bgkkp

tgxcitid njxtp }i~ib &43 fjy}ifjkd} `b tfi njyx mjooyb`tì} jn Ogkcxitjyti

&O`mjyd+ Hxymi~`kki &^ìyv Njxt+ Gb}i Kg îxdyi &Mgbgxì} gbd Xj}igy &Gb}i/

kg/Xgpi s`kk hi ivqgbdid tj gmmjoojdgti gdd`t`jbgk mjooyb`tì} gmxj}} tfi

`}kgbd" Ybdix tf`} qxjcxgooi+ tgxcitid ngo`kì} gxi ioqjsixid s`tf tfi

bimi}}gxp q}pmfj/}jm`gk }yqqjxt tj ibghki òqxj~ioibt} tj tfi`x wygk`tp jn k`ni"

J~ix g tsj pigx qix`jd+ tfi}i ngo`kì} s`kk ximi`~i }yqqjxt `b tfi njkkjs`bc gxig}


36/70

Qgci == jn>3

7" Qix}jbgk dibt`n`mgt`jb8" Figktf=" Ngo`kp Dpbgo`m}4" Idymgt`jb9" Fjy}`bc>" Ioqkjpoibt

3"> ]qjxt } gbd Ximxigt` jbOgdgo ]qigeix+ tfi mjbtx`hyt`jb jn }qjxt} gbd ximxigt`jb tj jyx j~ixgkk

qxjcxgooi jn ibcgcioibt gbd ioqjsixoibt mgbbjt hi j~ix ioqfg}`|id" Kg}t

pigx+ si s`tbi}}id tfi mjoo`}}`jb`bc jn g Bgt`jbgk Tibb`} Mibtxi+ tfi xi/

i}tghk`}foibt jn tfi ]gh Qkgp`bc Ngm`k`tp &njxoixkp tfi ^`cì Qkgp`bc Nìkd gbd

tfi Eibbitf Sx`cckix E`bc Ngm`k`tp &njxoixkp tfi Cgxdib} Mjyxt+ tfi k`cft`bc jn

tfi Cxj} @}kit gbd Kg Cyixxi Qkgp`bc Nìkd}+ g} sikk g} }`cb`n`mgbt yqcxgdi} `b g

byohix jn }qjxt`bc ngm`k`tì} gt tfi mjooyb`tp ki~ik" Jyx mjoo`toibt tj

yqcxgdi }yh}tgbt`gkkp jyx }qjxt`bc `bnxg}txymtyxi s`kk bjt sg~ix `b tf`} n`}mgk pigx"

Si s`kk `b~i}t IM$= o`kk`jb }j tfgt `}}yi} xikgt`bc tj tfi qkgp`bc }yxngmi}+

gh}ibmi jn Mfgbci Xjjo}+ k`cft`bc gbd tfi i}tghk`}foibt jn Qgxe}+ gxi

gddxi}}id g} qx`jx`tì} gbd `b g ogbbix tfgt ibghki} mjooyb`tì} tj fg~i gmmi}}

tj tjq wygk`tp ngm`k`tì}"

6"1 Fjy}`bc Ivqgb}`jb gbd Di~ikjqoibtOgdgo ]qigeix+ tfi bgtyxi jn tfi fjy}`bc }tjme jn gbp bgt`jb `} g mx`t`mgk

`bd`mgtjx jn tfi ki~ik jn }jm`gk di~ikjqoibt `b tfgt mjybtxp" Njkkjs`bc tfi

qg}}gci jn Fyxx`mgbi Tjog}+ tfi fjy}`bc }tjme sg} cxigtkp gnnimtid" Tf`} fg}

nyxtfix diiqibid tfi biid tj qxj~`di gdiwygti }y}tg`bghki fjy}`bc gbd }fiktix


37/70

Qgci =4 jn>3

tj oiit tfi hg}`m biid} jn tfi qjqykgt`jb" Tfxjycf tfi Fjy}`bc G}}`}tgbmi

Qxjcxgooi+ `t `} ivqimtid tfgt g}}`}tgbmi s`kk hi qxj~`did tj fjy}ifjkd}

gd~ix}ikp òqgmtid hp Fyxx`mgbi Tjog}"

Qxi}ibtkp Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tfi fjy}`bc }imtjx `} ngm`bc ogbp mfgkkibci}" Tfi}i

`bmkydi g qxjk`nixgt`jb jn ybqkgbbid }ittkioibt} tfxjycfjyt ]g`bt Kym`g kò`tid

gmmi}} tj gnnjxdghki fjy}`bc hp kjs gbd o`ddki `bmjoi igxbix}5 kò`tid gmmi}}

tj n`bgbm`bc njx fjy}`bc gbd mjoqit`bc y}i} njx jyx kò`tid kgbd }qgmi nxjo

jtfix }imtjx}"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tfi Cj~ixboibt s`kk gddxi}} tfi}i `}}yi} hp qxj~`d`bc kjs gbd

o`ddki `bmjoi fjy}ifjkd} s`tf cxigtix gmmi}} tj gnnjxdghki fjy}`bc mxid`t5

`bmxig}`bc tfi byohix jn }ix~`mid kjt} g~g`kghki tj tfi qyhk`m5 qxj~`d`bc òqxj~id

gmmi}} tj }ix~`mid kjt}5 yqcxgd`bc ngm`k`tì} `b ybqkgbbid di~ikjqoibt} gbd

òqxj~`bc }tgbdgxd} njx fjy}`bc mjb}txymt`jb tj s`tf}tgbd bgtyxgk d`}g}tix}"

Tfi O`b`}txp jn Fjy}`bc `} qxi}ibtkp mjkkghjxgt`bc s`tf tfi O`b`}txp jn Qfp}`mgk

Di~ikjqoibt njx tfi di~ikjqoibt jn gb @bticxgtid Kgbd Y}i Qkgb gbd njx }itt`bc

o`bòyo }tgbdgxd} njx tfi mjb}txymt`jb jn gbd tfi y}i jn ogtix`gk njx xi}`dibt`gk

fjy}i}" Tf`} s`kk ibmjyxgci hittix qkgbbid di~ikjqoibt g} kgbd} s`kk hi

`dibt`nìd njx xi}`dibt`gk qyxqj}i}"

0"1 Gxig} jn ]qim`gk Njmy}

0"7 Mxò i gbd Bgt `jbgk ]imyx` t pOgdgo ]qigeix+ @ bjs tyxb tjGxig} jn ]qim`gk Njmy}gbd }tgxt s`tf tfi `}}yi jn

mxòi gbd }imyx`tp sf`mf `} jn cxigt mjbmixb tj gkk ]g`bt Kym`gb}" Mxòi mgb

òqgmt bicgt`~ikp jb jyx imjbjo`m di~ikjqoibt hp }ix~`bc g} g d`}`bmibt`~i tj


38/70

Qgci =9 jn>3

tfj}i s`}f`bc tj `b~i}t `b jyx imjbjop5 jx tj ~`}`t jyx }fjxi} g} tjyx`}t}" Tf`}

mgb kigd tj g qjtibt`gk xidymt`jb `b ~`}`tjx gxx`~gk} gbd xidymid njxi`cb ivmfgbci

igxb`bc}"

Mxò`bgk gmt`~`tp `} gk}j gb g}}gykt jb jyx ibt`xi }jm`gk nghx`m gbd ogp kigd tj

jtfix njxo} jn di~`gbt hifg~`jx+ bjt tj oibt`jb tfi q}pmfjkjc`mgk innimt}

g}}jm`gtid s`tf qijqki niik`bc yb}gni `b g }jmìtp" @ }gp gkk jn tf`} Ogdgo

]qigeix tj qj`bt jyt tfgt mxòi `} oykt`/dòib}`jbgk `b bgtyxi gbd tfgt gbp

mjb}`dixgt`jb jn tf`} }yhlimt oy}t higx `b o`bd g s`di xgbci jn `}}yi}" Tf`}+

tfixinjxi+ oigb} tfgt gbp gttioqt tj tgmeki `t gbd gddxi}} `t} xjjt mgy}i} s`kk

bimi}}gx`kp `b~jk~i `bqyt nxjo g xgbci jn }tgeifjkdix}" Tf`} cj~ixboibt+ fg}

tfixinjxi+ qkgmid `}}yi} xikgtid tj bgt`jbgk }imyx`tp gbd tfi ghgtioibt jn mxòi

gt tfi tjq jn `t} gcibdg dyx`bc `t} tixo"

Dyx`bc op 8171 hydcit gddxi}} @ }`bckid jyt bgt`jbgk }imyx`tp gbd mjohgt`bc

mxòi gxig} njx }qim`gk njmy} gbd dyx`bc tfi qg}t tsik~i ojbtf}+ si tjje ~ixp

}qim`n`m gbd mjbmxiti oig}yxi} gòid gt ibfgbm`bc jyx mgqgm`tp tj digk s`tf tf`}

qxjhkio"

Tfi xi/jxcgb`}gt`jb jn tfi Xjpgk ]g`bt Kym`g Qjk`mi Njxmi }qim`n`mgkkp tfi

}txibctfib`bc jn `t} ogbgcioibt mgqgm`tp+ gbd xgt`jbgk`|gt`jb jn xi}qjb}`h`k`tì}

sg} g n`x}t }tiq `b tfgt xicgxd" Ogdgo ]qigeix+ jb Nihxygxp 77+ 8177+ `b gb

gddxi}} tj tfi bgt`jb+ @ jytk`bid g }`v/qj`bt qkgb jn gmt`jb tj gddxi}} mxòi gbd

}imyx`tp+ gbd @ sjykd kèi tj xiqigt tfi}i qj`bt} njx tfi hibin`t jn tf`} Fjbjxghki

Fjy}i gbd tfi qijqki jn ]g`bt Kym`g"

7" Ibfgbm`bc tfi mgqgm`tp gbd mgqgh`k`tp jn tfi qjk`mi hjtf `b tixo} jnfgxdsgxi+ txg`b`bc gbd byohix}5 tj iwy`q gbd ioqjsix tfio tj

d`}mfgxci tfi`x dytì}5


39/70

Qgci => jn>3

8" ]yqqjxt`bc tfi qjk`mi `b g mgoqg`cb tj ~`cjxjy}kp qyx}yi gbd d`ximtkpmjbnxjbt gbd d`}ghki mxò`bgk ikioibt}+ sfixi~ix tfip ogp hi"

=" Mjbt`by`bc tj }iie gbd jhtg`b timfb`mgk gbd ogtix`gk g}}`}tgbmi nxjonxìbdkp cj~ixboibt}+ gbd mjkkghjxgti s`tf xic`jbgk gbd }yh/xic`jbgk

cj~ixboibt} tj gddxi}} mxòi gbd }imyx`tp `}}yi} `bmkyd`bc tfi

qxjtimt`jb jn jyx hjxdix}"

4" ]txibctfib`bc iv`}t`bc kic`}kgt`jb gbd `btxjdymi bis kgs} sfixibimi}}gxp `b mjb}yktgt`jb s`tf tfi lyd`m`gxp gbd kicgk }p}tio}+ gbd

}iie }yqqjxt jn xiki~gbt `b}t`tyt`jb} `b ib}yx`bc ibnjxmioibt"

9" @oqkioibt`bc g qxjcxgooi jn }jm`gk xinjxo gbd xibisgk tgxcit`bc gkkgxig} gbd qgxt`mykgxkp `bbix m`tp mjooyb`tì} gbd pjytf+ gbd n`bgkkp

>" Ibcgc`bc `b tfi s`di}t qj}}`hki mjb}yktgt`~i gqqxjgmf s`tf gkk }imtjx}jn }jmìtp+ jb }txgticì} njx mjbnxjbt`bc tfi mxòi gbd }imyx`tp

mfgkkibci} ngm`bc y}+ `bmkyd`bc tfi mjb~ib`bc jn g lj`bt }i}}`jb jn

Qgxk`goibt"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ }`bmi tfi gbbjybmioibt jn tf`} qkgb jn gmt`jb+ bjt`mighki

qxjcxi}} fg} hiib ogdi" Tfi qjk`mi fg~i iohgxeid jb g ogljx `b`t`gt`~i dyhhid

Jqixgt`jb Xi}tjxi Mjbn`dibmi sf`mf fg} xi}yktid `b }`cb`n`mgbt }ymmi}}i}

gcg`b}t mxò`bgk ikioibt}" ]y}qimt} fg~i hiib gqqxifibdid+ n`xigxo}+

gooyb`t`jb+ `kk`m`t dxyc}+ gbd kgxci wygbt`tì} jn }tjkib `tio} fg~i hiib

ximj~ixid" Xicxittghkp+ tfixi fg} gk}j hiib }joi kj}} jn k`ni" Gb òqjxtgbt

jytmjoi jn tfi}i jqixgt`jb} fg} hiib tfi ki~ik jn mjbn`dibmi hi`bc d`}qkgpid hp

m`t`|ib} sfj gxi ivtxioikp mjjqixgt`~i `b qxj~`d`bc tfi qjk`mi s`tf `bnjxogt`jb"

]ymf mjjqixgt`jb `} ~`tgk `b tfi n`cft gcg`b}t mxò`bgk gmt`~`tp gbd `} `bd`mgt`~i jn

tfi txy}t tfgt m`t`|ib} jbmi gcg`b fg~i `b tfi qjk`mi"


40/70

Qgci =3 jn>3

Gt tf`} qj`bt+ @ sjykd kèi tj mjb~ip jb hifgkn jn tfi cj~ixboibt gbd gkk qigmi/

kj~`bc m`t`|ib} jn ]g`bt Kym`g+ jyx diiq gqqxim`gt`jb tj tfi Xjpgk ]g`bt Kym`g

Qjk`mi Njxmi njx tfi sjxe tfip fg~i hiib dj`bc `b xi}tjx`bc kgs gbd jxdix tj jyx

}txiit} gbd jyx mjooyb`tì}" Tfi`x} `} g oj}t d`nn`mykt tg}e+ tj ogei jyx mjybtxp

}gni" Tfip qixnjxo tfi}i dytì} gt mjb}`dixghki x`}e tj tfio}ik~i} gbd tfi`x

ngo`kì}" Ogbp fg~i ximi`~id tfxigt} jb tfi`x k`~i} gbd tfi k`~i} jn tfi`x ngo`kì}+

hyt tfip qix}`}t `b tfi mjb~`mt`jb tfgt sfgt tfip gxi dj`bc `} tfi x`cft tf`bc gbd

`} `b tfi `btixi}t jn jyx mjybtxp" Tfi bgt`jb jsi} tfio g fyci diht jn cxgt`tydi"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ `b gdd`t`jb tj tfi jqixgt`jbgk gmt`~`tì} jn tfi qjk`mi+

cj~ixboibt} }jm`gk qxjcxgooi} gxi gb `bticxgk qgxt jn tfi }txgticp tj xidymi

mxò`bgk gmt`~`tp gbd hy`kd }gnix mjooyb`tì}" Gojbc}t tfi qxjcxgooi} gòid gt

}txibctfib`bc }imyx`tp gxi tfi njkkjs`bc" Xiqkgmi gbd qxjmyxi ~i}}ik} njx sf`mf IM$941+111 fg} hiib gkkjmgtid"3" Qyxmfg}i ojh`ki Qjk`mi Yb`t} gt g mj}t jn $899+111"


41/70

Qgci =6 jn>3

Igxkp `b tfi k`ni jn tf`} qgxk`goibt+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ si ivqimt tj mjb~ibi g lj`bt

}i}}`jb tj dihgti tfi mjoqxifib}`~i xi}qjb}i }txgticp tj tfi `}}yi jn mxòi"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ g} si cj njxsgxd `btj tf`} bis }i}}`jb jn Qgxk`goibt+

cj~ixboibt} }txgticp `} tj mjbt`byi+ gbd tj gmmikixgti tfi òqkioibtgt`jb jn

tfi }`v qj`bt qkgb jn gmt`jb gkkydid tj igxkìx"

0"8 Qj}t Fyx x`mgbi Tjog} Ximjb}txymt` jb gbd Di~ikjqoibtTfi Cj~ixboibt fg} i}tghk`}fid g Ximjb}txymt`jb Tg}e Njxmi tfgt `} xi}qjb}`hki

njx ogbgc`bc innjxt} tj ib}yxi g qx`jx`t`|id gbd mjjxd`bgtid xi}qjb}i tj

ximj~ixp gbd xihy`kd`bc gmxj}} Cj~ixboibt gcibmì} gbd }imtjx}+ gbd njx

ojh`k`|`bc ivtixbgk xi}jyxmi} tj }y}tg`b tfi ximj~ixp innjxt tfgt fgd hiib`b`t`gtid tfxjycf tfi qxjmi}} jn xigkkjmgt`jb jn kjmgk xi}jyxmi}" Tfi innjxt} jn tfgt

cxjyq fg~i }`bmi hiib hyttxi}}id hp tfi ximjbn`cyxgt`jb jn tfi ]qim`gk Bgt`jbgk

Qxjlimt} Yb`t s`tf`b tfi O`b`}txp jn N`bgbmi+ Imjbjo`m Gnng`x} gbd Bgt`jbgk

Di~ikjqoibt+ `btj tfi Bgt`jbgk Ximjb}txymt`jb gbd Di~ikjqoibt Yb`t &BXDY"

Tfi Cj~ixboibt fg} mxgntid gbd `} `b tfi qxjmi}} jn mjbmiqtygk`|`bc }i~ixgk

qxjlimt} tfgt fg~i g} tfi`x qxògxp jhlimt`~i tfi ximj~ixp nxjo gbd xi}tjxgt`jb jn

`bnxg}txymtyxi+ sf`ki xidym`bc ~ykbixgh`k`tp tj òqibd`bc x`}e}" Tfi `b`t`gt`~i `} tj

xihy`kd+ xifgh`k`tgti gbd }txibctfib tfi qfp}`mgk `bnxg}txymtyxi tj hittix tfgb qxi/

Tjog} }tgbdgxd}" Tfi mjbmixb hi`bc tfgt si hjk}tix tfi qfp}`mgk `bnxg}txymtyxi

gbd òqxj~i jyx xi}`kìbmi tfgt `b tfi i~ibt jn gbjtfix d`}g}tix tfgt si gxi kèikp

tj ngxi hittix"

0"8"7 ]qim`gk Di~ikjqoibt Gxig}Ogdgo ]qigeix+ `b gdd`t`jb tj dgogci gbd kj}} jn qxjqixtp+ }i~ixgk ljh} fg~i

hiib kj}t g} g xi}ykt jn hy}`bi}}i} hi`bc gnnimtid hp tfi fyxx`mgbi" Sfgt `}

biidid `b tfi gnnimtid mjooyb`tì}+ `} tfi di~ikjqoibt jn hy}`bi}} gbd jtfix


42/70

Qgci =0 jn>3

imjbjo`m gmt`~`tp tfgt sjykd g}}`}t `b tfi ximj~ixp nxjo tfi òqgmt jn tfi

fyxx`mgbi" Tf`} sjykd ngm`k`tgti qix}jb} `b cg`b`bc ioqkjpoibt gbd `b dix`~`bc

tfi`x k`~ik`fjjd} nxjo s`tf`b tfi`x mjooyb`tì} g} oymf g} qj}}`hki"

Cj~ixboibt s`kk hi ngm`k`tgt`bc tf`} jhlimt`~i `b goibd`bc tfi ]qim`gk

Di~ikjqoibt Gxig} Gmt hp ivtibd`bc tfi gxig} di}`cbgtid g} }qim`gk

di~ikjqoibt gxig} tj `bmkydi tfi mjooyb`tì} jn Hivjb gbd Ogxm+ Dibbixp+ gbd

gxig} `b tfi Bjxtf Ig}t wygdxgbt jn ]g`bt Kym`g" Cj~ixboibt s`kk }iie tj

i}tghk`}f imjbjo`m |jbi} s`tf`b tfi}i mjooyb`tì} tfgt s`kk ximi`~i }qim`gk

hibin`t} g} }t`qykgtid ybdix tfi Gmt" @t `} fjqid tfgt `b~i}tjx} s`kk tgei

gd~gbtgci jn tfi}i jqqjxtyb`tì} sfib tfip himjoi g~g`kghki"

0"= Sgtix ]imtjx XinjxoOgdgo ]qigeix+ j~ix tfi kg}t pigx `b ]g`bt Kym`g tfi sgtix xi}jyxmi gbd sgtix

}yqqkp }ix~`mi} fg~i mjoi `btj }fgxq njmy} s`tf tfi dxjycft mjbd`t`jb}

ivqixìbmid `b igxkp 8171 g} sikk tfi òqgmt jn Fyxx`mgbi Tjog} `b tfi kgttix

qgxt jn 8171" Fyxx`mgbi Tjog} `b qgxt`mykgx fg} òqgmtid }`cb`n`mgbtkp jb tfi

mgtmfoibt gxig}+ tfi x`~ix mgxxp`bc mgqgm`tì} gbd gk}j jb tfi sgtix }yqqkp

`bnxg}txymtyxi"

@b tfgt xicgxd+ tfixi fg~i hiib g byohix jn `b`t`gt`~i} tj ib}yxi tfi gdiwygti

qxj~`}`jb jn sgtix" Fibmi+ tfi njkkjs`bc bis }txgtic`m d`ximt`jb3

8" Jqixgt`jbgk`|gt`jb jn tfi Sgtix Qjk`mp gbd Sgtix . ]isixgci Gmttfxjycf tfi di~ikjqoibt jn g }jybd òqkioibtgt`jb }txgticp gbd

`dibt`n`mgt`jb jn gdiwygti n`bgbm`gk xi}jyxmi} tj ngm`k`tgti tf`}"

=" Nykk Jqixgt`jb jn tfi Sgtix Xi}jyxmi Ogbgcioibt Gcibmp gmmjxd`bctj `t} kicgk ogbdgti"

4" Nykk Jqixgt`jb jn tfi Sgtix gbd ]isixgci Mjoo`}}`jb gmmjxd`bc tj `t}kicgk ogbdgti" Tf`} `bmkydi} tfi qxj~`}`jb jn tfi xiki~gbt txg`b`bc gbd

mx`t`mgk xi}jyxmi} xiwy`xid"

9" Xi/Jxcgb`}gt`jb gbd Xi~`tgk`|gt`jb jn tfi Sgtix gbd ]isixgciMjoqgbp tj ngm`k`tgti tfi txgb}njxogt`jb tj g ~`ghki mjoqgbp

dik`~ix`bc wygk`tp sgtix }yqqkp }ix~`mi} tj tfi qijqki jn ]g`bt Kym`g"

S`tf xi}qimt tj tfi qkgbb`bc gbd òqkioibtgt`jb jn gkk tfi ghj~i oibt`jbid

`b`t`gt`~i}+ Cj~ixboibt s`kk i}tghk`}f g Sgtix ]imtjx Xinjxo Qxjlimt Ogbgcioibt

Yb`t" Tfgt yb`t s`kk gk}j j~ix}ii tfi qkgbb`bc gbd òqkioibtgt`jb jn tfi

njkkjs`bc3

0"4 Txgb}njxo`bc Jyx ]jmìtp Tfxjycf Pjytf Ioqjsixoibtgbd Ibcgcioibt

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ `b op hydcit gddxi}} kg}t pigx+ @ `}}yid g mfgkkibci gbd

xgkkp`bc mgkk tj tfi pjybc qijqki jn tf`} mjybtxp tj fikq y} tj hic`b tj mfgbci jyx

}jmìtp njx tfi hittix bjs " Tjdgp @ }tgbd fixi+ `b tf`} tfi @btixbgt`jbgk Pigx jn

tfi Pjytf+ gbd xignn`xo Cj~ixboibt} mjoo`toibt tj ib}yxi oigb`bcnyk gbd

d`ximt qgxt`m`qgt`jb jn tfi pjytf gbd tfi`x xiqxi}ibtgt`~i jxcgb`|gt`jb} `b }fgq`bc

gbd c`~`bc innimt tj jyx di~ikjqoibt gcibdg" @b tfi kg}t n`}mgk pigx si fg~i

s`tbi}}id }joi ~ixp qj}`t`~i i~`dibmi jn ly}t fjs }ymf `bmky}`jb mgb }ix~i tfi

mjoojb cjjd+ ivioqk`nìd hp tfi `btixgmt`jb s`tf cxjyq} }ymf g} X@]I ]t Kym`g

@bm" gbd tfi bis Bgt`jbgk Pjytf Mjybm`k kigdix}f`q" @ gqqkgyd tfi}i innjxt} gbd

go mjbn`dibt tfgt tf`} xikgt`jb}f`q mgb jbkp nkjyx`}f `b tfi ib~`xjboibt tfgt si

gxi mykt`~gt`bc"

Ghj~i gkk ik}i+ Ogdgo ]qigeix si ximjcb`|i tfi biid tj ivqj}i jyx pjytf tj

}ix~`mi gmt`~`tp" Si oy}t byxtyxi g myktyxi jn }ix~`mi kigxb`bc" Si oy}t

ibmjyxgci jyx pjytf tj di~ikjq }ikn/sjxtf gbd mjbn`dibmi tfxjycf tfi fgh`t jn

mjb}`}tibtkp gbd }ymmi}}nykkp mjbtx`hyt`bc tj qj}`t`~i `b`t`gt`~i}" Jyx pjytf oy}t

hi gb `bticxgk qgxt jn }jmìtp gbd jyx }jmìtp oy}t hi gb `bticxgk qgxt jn jyx

pjytf" Tfxjycf jyx ]`cb Yq @b`t`gt`~i si s`kk hi ybdixtge`bc g ~`cjxjy} dx`~i

tj ibcgci tfi pjytf jn jyx bgt`jb `b oigb`bcnyk+ yq hy`kd`bc gmt`~`tì} tfxjycf

~jkybtgxp gbd }ix~`mi jxìbtid jxcgb`|gt`jb}"

0"4"7 @ bt xjdymt`jb jn Bgt`jbgk Pjytf Mjxq} Qxjcxgoo iOgdgo ]qigeix+ g} qgxt jn tf`} Cj~ixboibt} pjytf qjk`mp+ si s`kk+ `b tf`}

n`bgbm`gk pigx+ `btxjdymi g Bgt`jbgk Pjytf Mjxq} Qxjcxgooi"


45/70

Qgci 48 jn>3

@t `} i}tògtid tfgt gqqxjvògtikp 81+111 pjytf gxi mgticjx`|id g} ybgttgmfid `b

jyx }jmìtp" Go`d}t ogljx mjbmixb} ghjyt tfi f`cf ki~ik} jn pjytf

ybioqkjpoibt+ gmgdio`m ybdixgmfì~ioibt+ tfi kgme jn txg`b`bc jqqjxtyb`tì}

njx pjybc qijqki gbd tfi `bmxig}`bc txibd tjsgxd} gbt`/}jm`gk hifg~`jyx+ `t `}

bimi}}gxp tj qxjdymi g xi}qjb}i tfgt `} bjt jbkp mjoqxifib}`~i gbd ibt`m`bc tj

tfio+ hyt mx`t`mgkkp tjj+ `} jb g }mgki tfgt `} txykp òqgmtnyk" Tfi Pjytf Mjxq}

Qxjcxgooi `} di}`cbid tj gddxi}} }ymf mfgkkibci} `b g }txymtyxid gbd

}y}tg`bghki sgp+ hp fgxbi}}`bc tfi `bciby`tp+ }jk`dgx`tp+ qg}}`jb gbd mxigt`~`tp jn

jyx pjytf s`tf`b g hxjgdix nxgoisjxe gbd qf`kj}jqfp jn }ikn di~ikjqoibt gbd

}ix~`mi tj mjooyb`tp gbd mjybtxp"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ sf`ki jyx kjbcix tixo jhlimt`~i `} tj ximxy`t 9+111 pjytf `btj

tfi mjxq}+ `b tf`} n`bgbm`gk pigx+ si s`kk ibxjkk 7111" Si s`kk tgxcit tfi

ybgttgmfid &`"i" tfj}i bjt `b }mfjjk gbd ybioqkjpid" Si s`kk hy`kd tfi`x

mgqgm`tp tfxjycf g qxjcxgooi jn k`ni }e`kk} txg`b`bc gbd hxjgdix }jm`gk`|gt`jb gbd

jxìbtgt`jb" @ yxci tfi pjytf tj tgei gd~gbtgci jn tf`} jqqjxtyb`tp tj di~ikjq

mjoqitibmi `b g qgxt`mykgx gxig jn `btixi}t+ cg`b ivqj}yxi tj g qj}}`hki mgxiix

gbd ibfgbmi tfi`x ioqkjpgh`k`tp gbd ogxeitgh`k`tp"

0"4"8 ]imjbd Mfgbmi Jqqjxt yb`t ì} njx Gt X`}e PjytfOgdgo ]qigeix+ sf`ki si ibdig~jyx tj ib}yxi tfgt jyx pjytf fg~i gmmi}} tj gkk

tfi `b}t`tyt`jb} gbd }ix~`mi} g~g`kghki tj og`b}txigo }jmìtp+ si gxi gk}j

mjcb`|gbt jn tfi biid tj qxj~`di jqqjxtyb`tì} gbd gmmi}} tj tfj}i sfj njx

~gxp`bc xig}jb} fg~i njybd tfio}ik~i} jb tfi jyt}`di+ kjje`bc `b" Tfi

qxj~`}`jb jn }imjbd mfgbmi jqqjxtyb`tì} g} g oigb} jn ngm`k`tgt`bc }jm`gk

`bmky}`jb+ `} g q`~jtgk mjoqjbibt jn jyx j~ixgkk }txgticp jn ibcgcioibt"


46/70

Qgci 4= jn>3

@b tf`} xicgxd Ogdgo ]qigeix+ si s`kk bjt jbkp mjbt`byi jyx }yqqjxt njx gbd

`b~i}toibt `b+ tfi Hjp} Txg`b`bc Mibtxi hyt si s`kk gk}j ib}yxi tfgt g xi}`dibt`gk

mjoqjbibt tj tfi Yqtjb Cgxdib} C`xk} Mibtxi `} i}tghk`}fid"

@b kg}t pigx} gddxi}}+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ @ `bd`mgtid tfgt sjxe s`kk mjooibmi jb

tfi mjb}txymt`jb jn g Ly~ib`ki Xifgh`k`tgt`jb Mibtxi njx Hjp} gbd C`xk}" Tfi

Cj~ixboibt jn ]g`bt Kym`g `} gmt`~ikp ibcgcid s`tf tfi Mgx`hhigb Di~ikjqoibt

Hgbe tj n`bgk`|i n`bgbm`bc gxxgbcioibt gbd s`tf g ~ìs tj mjooibm`bc sjxe `b

tf`} n`bgbm`gk pigx"

0"4"= Pjytf Ioqjs ixoibt Tfxjycf @ MT}Tfi Cj~ixboibt jn ]g`bt Kym`g `} ~ixp mjbmixbid ghjyt tfi }jm`j/imjbjo`m mj}t}

jn bjt hi`bc mjbbimtid `b tfi myxxibt timfbjkjc`mgk gci" Sf`ki di~ikjqid

mjybtxì} mgb hjg}t jn f`cf ki~ik} jn mjbbimt`~`tp+ f`cf `btixbit qibitxgt`jb xgti}

gbd QM jsbix}f`q jx y}i qix 711 qjqykgt`jb+ mjybtxì} kèi jyx}+ }t`kk }txyccki tj

hx`dci tfi timfbjkjcp d`~`di" ]ogkk mjybtxì} kèi ]g`bt Kym`g mgb `kk gnnjxd tj cit

txgqqid jb tfi fgxd }fjykdix jn tfi timfbjkjcp f`cfsgp+ sf`ki jtfix mjybtxì}

}qiid qg}t y}" @b gb gci tfgt `} mfgxgmtix`|id hp tfi yb`~ix}gk`tp jn ojdixb

timfbjkjc`mgk tjjk}+ tf`} Cj~ixboibt fg} g xi}qjb}`h`k`tp tj `t} qijqki+ i}qim`gkkp

tfi pjytf+ tj ib}yxi tfgt tfip gxi gdiwygtikp }e`kkid `b tfi y}i gbd gqqk`mgt`jb

jn ojdixb @MT tjjk}"

Tf`} cj~ixboibt `}+ tfixinjxi+ mjoo`ttid tj ib}yx`bc tfgt i~ixp }mfjjk mf`kd fg}

gmmi}} tj g mjoqytix+ hi `t gt f`} jx fix }mfjjk jx s`tf`b tfi s`dix mjooyb`tp"

Tfi Cj~ixboibt fg} gkxigdp s`tf tfi ~ixp e`bd g}}`}tgbmi jn tfi Iyxjqigb

Yb`jb kgybmfid tfi Idymgt`jb Ibfgbmioibt tfxjycf @bnjxogt`jb gbd

Mjooyb`mgt`jb Timfbjkjcp Qxjcxgooi" Tfgt `b`t`gt`~i fg} g} `t} og`b jhlimt`~i


47/70

Qgci 44 jn>3

iwy`qq`bc }mfjjk} s`tf mjoqytix} gbd tj `bmjxqjxgti @MT} `b tfi bis qidgcjcp

jn tigmf`bc gbd kigxb`bc `b ]g`bt Kym`g" Sf`ki tfgt qxjcxgooi `} kèikp tj njmy}

jb g nis mjooyb`tì}+ tfi Cj~ixboibt s`}fi} tj ivqgbd gmmi}} tj tfi ibt`xi

mjybtxp gbd tj ib}yxi tfgt igmf mjooyb`tp+ hi `t xyxgk jx yxhgb+ gbd i~ixp

}mfjjk mf`kd fg} ig}p gmmi}} tj g QM" Nyxtfix+ tfi Cj~ixboibt s`kk mfgoq`jb g

qxjcxgooi jn txg`b`bc tfgt }iie} tj iwy`q }tydibt} s`tf tfi xiwy`}`ti i/}e`kk} tj

ki~ixgci tfi y}i jn @MT}"

Ojxij~ix+ i}tghk`}f`bc i/mibtxi} `b mjooyb`tì} jqib} yq jqqjxtyb`tì} njx ibd

y}ix} tj gmwy`xi jx }fgxqib tfi`x i/}e`kk} tj ibfgbmi tfi`x ogxeitgh`k`tp gbd

ioqkjpgh`k`tp" Tfi Cj~ixboibt fg} gkxigdp hicyb tj ibcgci tfi qx`~gti }imtjx+

gbd ibcgci nxìbdkp cj~ixboibt} gbd hibi~jkibt di~ikjqoibt qgxtbix} tj

}imyxi tfi nybd`bc bimi}}gxp+ g} qgxt jn `t} imjbjo`m d`~ix}`n`mgt`jb tfxy}t"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ gt tf`} lybmtyxi+ @ s`}f tj tgei tf`} jqqjxtyb`tp tj lj`b s`tf tfi

xi}t jn tfi Bgt`jb `b mjooiojxgt`bc Bgt`jbgk Pjytf Ojbtf" Tfi Pjytf jn jyx

bgt`jb gxi jyx cxigti}t g}}it gbd @ xicxit bjt hi`bc ghki tj lj`b tfio gt tfi`x

Pjytf Xgkkp tjdgp" Kit oi+ fjsi~ix+ xignn`xo op gdo`b`}txgt`jb} mjoo`toibt tj

gddxi}}`bc tfi biid} jn tfi pjytf+ tfxjycf qjk`mp oig}yxi} gbd `btix~ibt`jb}

}ymf g} tfi jbi} @ fg~i ly}t di}mx`hid" Tfi fjk`}t`m di~ikjqoibt jn jyx pjytf

xiog`b} tfi f`cfi}t qx`jx`tp jn tf`} Cj~ixboibt gbd tfi pjytf mgb txy}t tfgt tf`}

gdo`b`}txgt`jb s`kk mjbt`byi tj mxigti jqqjxtyb`tì} njx tfi`x gd~gbmioibt+

tfxjycf }qjxt}+ idymgt`jb gbd tfi di~ikjqoibt jn }jntix }e`kk}"

0"9 Imjbjo`m D`~ix}`n`mgt`jb QxjcxgooiOgdgo ]qigeix+ ]g`bt Kym`g} fig~p xik`gbmi jb jbi jx tsj mjoojd`tì} njx tfi

cibixgt`jb jn njxi`cb ivmfgbci igxb`bc} fg} ivgmixhgtid `t} ~ykbixgh`k`tp gbd


48/70

Qgci 49 jn>3

~jkgt`k`tp" Bjts`tf}tgbd`bc tfi mjbt`by`bc cxjstf jn tfi tjyx`}o }imtjx+ `t}

}`cb`n`mgbt mjbtx`hyt`jb tj CDQ cxjstf gbd `t} xikgt`~i hyjpgbmp i~ib gcg`b}t g

hgmedxjq jn tfi sjx}t imjbjo`m gbd n`bgbm`gk mx`}`}+ tfi Cj~ixboibt `} himjo`bc

`bmxig}`bckp mjbmixbid ghjyt `t} xik`gbmi jb tf`} }imtjx gkjbi+ jx qxògx`kp+ tj

qxjqik tfi bgt`jbgk imjbjop"

Cj~ixboibt fg} xibisid `t} innjxt} tj d`~ix}`np tfi bgt`jbgk imjbjop hp

xinjmy}`bc `t} gttibt`jb gbd xi}jyxmi} jb jtfix }imtjx} tfgt fg~i txioibdjy}

cxjstf qjtibt`gk" @b tfi n`x}t `b}tgbmi+ tfi njmy} s`kk hi qxògx`kp jb tfxii

}imtjx}+ kèikp tj fikq }tiix tfi imjbjop `btj jtfix cxjstf gxig}" Jbi jn tfi

gxig} jn njmy}+ tfixinjxi+ s`kk hi tfi @bnjxogt`jb Mjooyb`mgt`jb} Timfbjkjcp

&@MT }imtjx+ s`tf g ~ìs tj ioqkjp`bc @MT} g} g mgtgkp}t njx imjbjo`m cxjstf

gbd di~ikjqoibt"

Tfi jtfix qxjo`}`bc }imtjx `} tfi Mxigt`~i @bdy}txì} }imtjx sf`mf ibmjoqg}}i}

kjmgk oy}`m+ gxt+ qjitxp+ gxt} gbd mxgnt gbd tivt`ki}" Tfi JIM] ]imxitgx`gt `}

gkxigdp gmt`~ikp ibcgcid `b `dibt`np`bc sgp} `b sf`mf tf`} }imtjx mgb hi

xiqj}`t`jbid g} g eip imjbjo`m dx`~ix+ gbd tfi Cj~ixboibt `} ojb`tjx`bc ~ixp

mkj}ikp+ di~ikjqoibt} `b tfgt }imtjx s`tf g ~ìs tj òqkioibt`bc tfi

ximjooibdgt`jb} gx`}`bc jyt jn tfi jbcj`bc mjb}yktgt`jb}" Pigx gntix pigx

Cj~ixboibt fg} }fjsb `t} }yqqjxt tj tfi Mxigt`~i @bdy}txì} }imtjx hp kibd`bc

n`bgbm`gk gbd `b}t`tyt`jbgk }yqqjxt tj tfgt }imtjx tj gkkjs tfi gxt`}ti} gb

jqqjxtyb`tp tj xigk`|i tfi`x nykk qjtibt`gk" Nyxtfix+ Cj~ixboibt s`kk }jjb kgybmf

tfi Dgoi ]i}}gbi Di}mgxti} Ibdjsoibt njx tfi Gxt}+ `b fjbjyx jn tfi kgti

myktyxgk `mjb gbd g} g nybd`bc oimfgb`}o njx myktyxgk ibtxiqxibiyx}"

Tfi qxi}ibmi jn n`~i &9 oid`mgk }mfjjk} jb tfi `}kgbd+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ qxi}ibt}

tf`} mjybtxp s`tf g cjkdib jqqjxtyb`tp tj hjk}tix `t} innjxt} `b jnn }fjxi idymgt`jb


49/70

Qgci 4> jn>3

gbd `b figktf tjyx`}o" Innjxt} gxi gnjjt tj qxj~`di tfi}i }mfjjk} s`tf tfi

bimi}}gxp `b}t`tyt`jbgk }yqqjxt }j g} tj qj}`t`jb tfio tj gttxgmt ojxi

`btixbgt`jbgk }tydibt} gbd tj ivqgbd tfi`x }ix~`mi jnnix`bc" ]g`bt Kym`g mgb ~ixp

ig}`kp xiqk`mgti tfi }ymmi}} }tjxì} jn ]t" Cijxci} Yb`~ix}`tp `b Cxibgdg gbd

Xj}} Yb`~ix}`tp `b Djo`b`mg gbd ]t" E`tt} gbd Bi~`}"

@t `} i}tògtid tfgt igmf oid`mgk }tydibt hx`bc} tj jyx }fjxi} gb g~ixgci jn

Y]$76+111"11 qix gbbyo" @t sjykd gycyx sikk njx jyx imjbjop tj gttxgmt ojxi

}tydibt} tj ]g`bt Kym`g s`tf tfi jh~`jy} djsb}txigo imjbjo`m hibin`t} gbd

igxb`bc} tj hi dix`~id nxjo gqgxtoibt xibtgk}+ mgx xibtgk}+ tfi qxj~`}`jb jn jtfix

}ix~`mi} }ymf g} njjd gbd idymgt`jbgk }yqqkì}+ cibixgk yqeiiq gbd bjt tj

oibt`jb tfi `bmjoi cibixgtid sfib tfi`x nxìbd} gbd ngo`kp ~`}`t jyx `}kgbd"

Tfixinjxi+ tfi Cj~ixboibt s`kk i}tghk`}f gb Imjbjo`m D`~ix}`n`mgt`jb Qxjlimt

s`tf`b tfi O`b`}txp jn N`bgbmi Imjbjo`m Gnng`x} gbd Bgt`jbgk Di~ikjqoibt" Tfi

Imjbjo`m D`~ix}`n`mgt`jb Qxjlimt fg} tfxii eip q`kkgx} Bgt`jbgk Mjoqit `t `~ibi}} gbd Qxjdymt `~`t p Mjybm`k &BMQM)Tfi Cj~ixboibt jn ]g`bt Kym`g fg} kjbc ximjcb`|id tfgt `}}yi} jn kjs

qxjdymt`~`tp fg~i xitgxdid tfi qjtibt`gk njx bgt`jbgk imjbjo`m cxjstf gbd

di~ikjqoibt" Kg}t pigx tfi Cj~ixboibt `b`t`gtid tfi qxjmi}} jn i}tghk`}f`bc g

Bgt`jbgk Mjoqit`t`~ibi}} gbd Qxjdymt`~`tp Mjybm`k &BMQM" Tfi jhlimt`~i jn

tfi BMQM `} tj fgxojb`|i tfi innjxt} jn sjxeix}+ ioqkjpix} gbd tfi

cj~ixboibt+ `b jxdix tj ngm`k`tgti tfi qxjmi}} jn gttg`b`bc qxjdymt`~`tp cxjstf

gbd òqxj~id bgt`jbgk mjoqit`t`~ibi}}"

Tfi Mgh`bit+ tf`} pigx+ gqqxj~id tfi mjoqj}`t`jb jn g ]tiix`bc Mjoo`ttii tj

j~ix}ii tfi i}tghk`}foibt jn tfi BMQM" Tfi ]tiix`bc Mjoo`ttii sg}

mjbmiqtygk`|id nxjo tfi ybdix}tgbd`bc tfgt qxjdymt`~`tp+ `btixbgt`jbgk

mjoqit`t`~ibi}} gbd òqxj~id wygk`tp jn k`ni mgb hi}t hi gmfì~id hp

mjb}ib}y} gbd hxjgd qgxt`m`qgt`jb" Fibmi+ tfi }txjbc }yqqjxt njx tx`qgxt`ti*

oykt`qgxt`ti qgxt`m`qgt`jb `b tfi cj~ixbgbmi qxjmi}}" Tfi hxjgd jhlimt`~i jn

tfi ]tiix`bc Mjoo`ttii `} tj qxjojti tfi di~ikjqoibt jn g bgt`jbgk

qxjdymt`~`tp gbd mjoqit`t`~ibi}} myktyxi `b ]g`bt Kym`g"

Tfi Bgt`jbgk Mjoqit`t`~ibi}} gbd Qxjdymt`~`tp Mjybm`k s`kk hi mfgxcid s`tf

7" ]ib}`t`|`bc tfi qyhk`m jb tfi òqjxtgbmi gbd xiki~gbmi jn qxjdymt`~`tpgbd fjs `t xikgti} tj bgt`jbgk mjoqit`t`~ibi}}"

8" Qxjojt`bc gbd ojb`tjx`bc gkk g}qimt} jn qxjdymt`~`tp cxjstf"=" Qxjojt`bc gbd }fgx`bc }ymmi}} }tjxì} jn òqxj~id

kghjyx*ogbgcioibt xikgt`jb}"

Gkxigdp+ tfi Cj~ixboibt jn ]g`bt Kym`g fg} }imyxid cxgbt nybd`bc nxjo tfi

@btix/Goix`mgb Di~ikjqoibt Hgbe &@GDH tj tfi tybi jn Y]$911+111"11 njx tf`}

`b`t`gt`~i"


51/70

Qgci 46 jn>3

0"3 Mjb}t`tyibmp Di~ikjqoibt QxjcxgooiOgdgo ]qigeix+ tf`} Cj~ixboibt `} qkig}id s`tf tfi òqkioibtgt`jb jn tfi

Mjb}t`tyibmp Di~ikjqoibt Qxjcxgooi &MDQ+ i}qim`gkkp `b tfi gntixogtf jn

Fyxx`mgbi Tjog}" @b tfi n`x}t mpmki jn tfi qxjcxgooi+ sf`mf mjooibmid `b

Nihxygxp 8177+ g tjtgk jn njxtp &41 qxjlimt} fg~i hiib ivimytid cibixgt`bc j~ix

tsj fybdxid &811 ljh} tfxjycfjyt tfi mjybtxp" Tfi }imjbd mpmki sf`mf `} dyi

tj hic`b }fjxtkp+ s`kk }ii tfi òqkioibtgt`jb jn g nyxtfix }`vtiib qxjlimt} gbd

qxjo`}i} tj mxigti i~ib ojxi ljh} `b tfi n`x}t fgkn jn tf`} pigx" Tfi MDQ fg}

cjbi g kjbc sgp `b ibcibdix`bc g bis }q`x`t jn mjkkghjxgt`jb gbd cibixgt`bc

}jm`gk gbd imjbjo`m di~ikjqoibt gt tfi mjb}t`tyibmp ki~ik" Fibmi+ tfi

Cj~ixboibt fg} nikt `t bimi}}gxp tj djyhki tfi gkkjmgt`jb `b tf`} pigx} hydcit+ tj

IM$71 o`kk`jb tj ngm`k`tgti gbd i~ib ojxi gmt`~i qxjcxgooi jn mjb}t`tyibmp

di~ikjqoibt "

0"6 Mkò gti Mfgbci+ ]y}tg`bghki Di~ikjqoibt gbd t fiIb~`xjboibt

@b g }ogkk `}kgbd di~ikjq`bc }tgti }ymf g} jyx}+ `}}yi} xikgt`bc tj tfiib~`xjboibt i}qim`gkkp s`tf xi}qimt tj ib~`xjboibtgk xi}jyxmi} mgbbjt hi

j~ixkjjeid" Tfi ~ixp qxjdymt tfgt si ogxeit g} jyx tjyx`}o qxjdymt `} jyx

ib~`xjboibtgk xi}jyxmi" @b gdd`t`jb tfi}i }goi ib~`xjboibtgk xi}jyxmi}+ òqgmt

tfi k`~ik`fjjd} jn jyx qijqki `b gxig} }ymf g} sgtix xi}jyxmi}+ njxi}txp .

h`jd`~ix}`tp+ mjg}tgk xi}jyxmi}+ kgbd xi}jyxmi}+ ly}t tj bgoi g nis" G} sikk jyx

qxjdymt`~i }imtjx} }ymf g} ogbyngmtyx`bc+ tjyx`}o+ mjb}txymt`jb mgb gk}j òqgmt

jb tfi ib~`xjboibt gd~ix}ikp kigd`bc tj qjkkyt`jb mjbmixb}"

Cj~ixboibt `} mjoo`ttid tj }jybd ib~`xjboibtgk ogbgcioibt tfxjycf tfi

qxjtimt`jb gbd s`}i y}i jn xi}jyxmi}+ g} sikk g} tfxjycf tfi xi}tjxgt`jb jn


52/70

Qgci 40 jn>3

dicxgdid imj}p}tio}" Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tfi òqgmt jn Fyxx`mgbi Tjog}+ gbd tfi

dxjycft igxkìx `b tfi pigx+ ybdix}mjxid tf`} mjybtxp} ~ykbixgh`k`tp tj ivtxioi

sigtfix i~ibt}5 i~ibt} sf`mf gxi ivqimtid tj himjoi ojxi }i~ixi g} g xi}ykt jn

mkògti mfgbci"

@t `}+ tfixinjxi+ `bmyohibt jb Cj~ixboibt gbd jtfix }tgeifjkdix}+ `bmkyd`bc tfi

cibixgk qyhk`m+ tj tgei gkk qj}}`hki oig}yxi} tj `bmxig}i jyx xi}`kìbmi tj }ymf

i~ibt}" @b tf`} xicgxd+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ @ go qkig}id tj xiqjxt jb g byohix jn

ib~`xjboibtgk `b`t`gt`~i} sf`mf `bmkydi3

jtfix }imtjx}" Tf`} diqibdibmi fg} mjoi gt }`cb`n`mgbt imjbjo`m gbd

ib~`xjboibtgk mj}t}" S`tf j`k qx`mi} myxxibtkp gqqxjgmf`bc ximjxd f`cf}+ qy}fid

yqsgxd} hp ckjhgk diogbd gbd mjbnk`mt `b ogljx j`k/qxjdym`bc xic`jb}+ gbd

`bmxig}`bc mjbmixb} ghjyt tfi ib~`xjboibt dyi mjb}`dixgt`jb oy}t hi c`~ib tj

ojxi lyd`m`jy} ibixcp y}i gbd cxiibix gktixbgt`~i njxo} jn ibixcp"

Kg}t pigx+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ Mgh`bit gqqxj~id tfi kjbc/gsg`tid Bgt`jbgk Ibixcp

Qjk`mp" Tf`} qjk`mp+ di~ikjqid gntix ivtib}`~i }tgeifjkdix mjb}yktgt`jb+ jytk`bi}

jyx tf`be`bc jb tfi oj~i tjsgxd} ibixcp }y}tg`bgh`k`tp `b tfi ikimtx`m`tp gbd

txgb}qjxt }imtjx}+ gojbc jtfix}" @t ikghjxgti} tfi sgp njxsgxd s`tf xi}qimt tj

xibisghki ibixcp timfbjkjcì} gbd tfi`x mjbtx`hyt`jb tj tfi bgt`jbgk ibixcp

qjxtnjk`j" @b tf`} bis n`}mgk pigx+ }tiq} s`kk hi tgeib tj hic`b tj òqkioibt tfi

Bgt`jbgk Ibixcp Qjk`mp `b igxbi}t"

Tfi O`b`}txp jn Qfp}`mgk Di~ikjqoibt gbd tfi Ib~`xjboibt tfxjycf `t}

]y}tg`bghki Di~ikjqoibt gbd Ib~`xjboibt ]imt`jb+ òqkioibtid g Timfb`mgk

G}}`}tgbmi qxjcxgooi njx tfi Ibixcp ]imtjx ybdix ]qim`gk Nxgoisjxe jn

G}}`}tgbmi &]NG 811>" Tf`} qxjcxgo+ sf`mf ibdid `b ]iqtiohix 8171+ }jycft tj

di~ikjq g }y}tg`bghki ibixcp }txgticp njx ]g`bt Kym`g5 jytk`bid g hkyiqx`bt njx tfi

xicykgt`jb jn tfi Ikimtx`m`tp ]imtjx5 gbd qxiqgxid dxgnt`bc `b}txymt`jb} njx tfi

yqdgti jn tfi Ikimtx`m`tp ]yqqkp Gmt+ hg}id jb tfi Bgt`jbgk Ibixcp Qjk`mp"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ njx }joi pigx} bjs+ @ fg~i }qjeib jb tfi qkgbbid

di~ikjqoibt jn g s`bd ngxo" Sf`ki tf`} ngxo `} }t`kk bjt g xigk`tp+ KYMIKIM `}

oge`bc qxjcxi}} `b xi}jk~`bc tfi kgbd gmwy`}`t`jb `}}yi} tfgt fg~i òqidid

qxjcxi}} `b tf`} xicgxd" @b tf`} n`}mgk pigx+ Cj~ixboibt s`kk xidjyhki `t} innjxt} tj

gd~gbmi tf`} `b`t`gt`~i `b jxdix tj ogei g }`cb`n`mgbt dibt `b tfi bgt`jbgk nyik


54/70

Qgci 97 jn>3

òqjxt h`kk+ tj ibfgbmi bgt`jbgk ibixcp }imyx`tp gbd tj gmfì~i òqxj~id

ib~`xjboibtgk wygk`tp"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ j~ix tfi kg}t nis pigx}+ ogbp fjoijsbix} fg~i `b}tgkkid }jkgx

sgtix figtix} `b gb innjxt tj xidymi tfi`x y}i jn ikimtx`m`tp njx figt`bc" Fjsi~ix+

tfixi xiog`b} }`cb`n`mgbt }mjqi njx cxjstf `b tfi y}i jn }jkgx sgtix figtix}"

Tfixinjxi+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ `b tf`} n`bgbm`gk pigx+ si }fgkk xi`b}tgti `bdin`b`tikp

tfi qix}jbgk `bmjoi tgv xihgti sfixihp g fjoijsbix s`kk hi ghki tj mkgò njx

ivqibd`tyxi jb g }jkgx sgtix figt`bc }p}tio"

0"71 Di~ikjqoibt gbd Cy`dgbmi Mibtxi njx Mf`kdxib s`tf]qim`gk Biid}

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ @ bjs oj~i tj gb gxig tfgt fg} tj dj s`tf jyx mf`kdxib"

Mf`kdxib s`tf }qim`gk biid}+ ybnjxtybgtikp+ fg~i bjt hibin`ttid nxjo tfi ki~ik jn

mgxi gbd gttibt`jb tfgt tfi`x qfp}`mgk jx q}pmfjkjc`mgk mjbd`t`jb} xiwy`xi" Tf`}

Cj~ixboibt+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ `} }ib}`t`~i tj tfi iojt`jbgk gbd n`bgbm`gk tjkk tfgt

tf`} mgb tgei jb ngo`kì} gbd mgxi c`~ix}" Njx tjj kjbc+ tfip fg~i fgd tj xikp jb

tfi hibi~jkibmi jn tfi qx`~gti }imtjx s`tf k`ttki jx bj cj~ixboibt }yqqjxt" Tf`}

Cj~ixboibt Ogdgo ]qigeix `} ghjyt tj mfgbci tf`}"

Igxkp `dibt`n`mgt`jb gbd `btix~ibt`jb njx d`}gh`k`tì} `} i}}ibt`gk `n mf`kdxib gxi tj

xigk`|i tfi`x nykki}t qjtibt`gk gbd himjoi nykkp gmt`~i gbd qxjdymt`~i m`t`|ib}"

]yh/jqtògk mgxi mgy}i} nyxtfix dgogci gbd d`}gh`k`tp+ ki}}ib`bc gbp

ioqkjpoibt jx `bmjoi qjtibt`gk+ `bmxig}`bc tfi q}pmfjkjc`mgk gbd n`bgbm`gk

hyxdib jb ngo`kì} gbd hp ivtib}`jb+ jb tfi }tgti"


55/70

Qgci 98 jn>3

@t `} bjs tòi njx g mjoqxifib}`~i Di~ikjqoibtgk Qgid`gtx`m} qxjcxgo" Tf`}

qxjcxgooi }fjykd `digkkp hi fjy}id `b g }qim`gk`|id di~ikjqoibt mibtix5

figdid hp g Mjb}yktgbt Qid`gtx`m`gb sfj }yqix~`}i} g tigo jn qxjni}}`jbgk}

&]qiimf . Kgbcygci tfixgq`}t}+ Qfp}`jtfixgq`}t}+ Jmmyqgt`jbgk tfixgq`}t}+

Idymgt`jbgk Q}pmfjkjc`}t}+ ]jm`gk sjxeix}+ Cy`dgbmi mjyb}ikjx}+ gbd sfj k`g`}i

s`tf jtfix Oid`mgk gbd byx}`bc }tgnn+ Mjooyb`tp/hg}id Xifgh`k`tgt`jb jnn`mix}+

Tigmfix} jx Dgp mgxi }tgnn+ qgxibt} gbd ngo`kì}+ s`tf tfi O`b`}txp jn Idymgt`jb}

]qim`gk Idymgt`jb D`~`}`jb gbd }mfjjk}+ s`tf jtfix cj~ixboibt gcibmì}+ bjb/

cj~ixboibtgk gcibmì} gbd j~ix}ig} djbjx}5 gbd sf`mf mgb mjjxd`bgti tfi

Di~ikjqoibtgk Qid`gtx`m gmt`~`tì}+ txg`b`bc gbd xi}jyxmi} jn gkk tfi}i

qxjni}}`jbgk} gbd gcibmì}"

Tfi Mf`kd Di~ikjqoibt gbd Cy`dgbmi Mibtxi+ gt Kg Qgb}ii fg} hiib jqixgt`bc

}`bmi 7006" Tfi Mibtxi `} g bjb/qxjn`t Jxcgb`|gt`jb5 tfi`x o`}}`jb `} tj qxj~`di

igxkp figktf mgxi `btix~ibt`jb tj mf`kdxib s`tf di~ikjqoibtgk dikgp} gbd

d`}gh`k`tì}+ `b jxdix tj g}}`}t tfio `b di~ikjq`bc tj tfi`x nykki}t qjtibt`gk"

Myxxibtkp+ tfi MDCM `} tfi jbkpgcibmp `b ]g`bt Kym`g s`tf tfi mgqgm`tp tj jnnix

mjoqxifib}`~i g}}i}}oibt gbd d`gcbj}`} jn di~ikjqoibtgk dikgp} gbd

d`}gh`k`tì} `b mf`kdxib5 gb `bd`~`dygk`|id `btix~ibt`jb qxjcxgooi njx igmf mf`kd5

ojb`tjx`bc s`tf`b tfi`x }mfjjk jx mjooyb`tp5 g} sikk g} txg`b`bc jn }tgnn gbd

qgxibt}+ gbd `} myxxibtkp tfi }jki qxj~`dix jn]qiimf . Kgbcygci tfixgqp gbd

Jmmyqgt`jbgk tfixgqp `b ]g`bt Kym`g" Tj dgti }joi 331 mf`kdxib fg~i ximi`~id g

mjoqxifib}`~i g}}i}}oibt gbd ojxi tfgb =11 gxi myxxibtkp gsg`t`bc tfixgqp"

Qxi}ibtkp+ tfi Mibtix `} ibt`xikp diqibdibt jb djbgt`jb} nxjo qgxibt}+ kjmgk

qx`~gti }imtjx djbjx}+ njxi`cb djbjx} gbd ~jkybtiix tfixgq`}t}"


56/70

Qgci 9= jn>3

Tfi mf`kdxib }iib gxi d`gcbj}id s`tf Mixihxgk Qgk}p+ Gyt`}o+ Kgbcygci Dikgp+

Kgbcygci D`}jxdix+ Djsb} ]pbdxjoi gbd jtfix cibit`m }pbdxjoi}+

Di~ikjqoibtgk Dikgp+ Kigxb`bc D`nn`myktì}+ ]ikimt`~i Oyt`}o+ Iq`kiq}p+ Figx`bc

@oqg`xoibt+ Iojt`jbgk gbd Hifg~`jyxgk `}}yi}+ Mibtxgk Mjjxd`bgt`jb D`}jxdix+

]qiimf Dikgp gbd ]qiimf D`}jxdix"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ @ go qkig}id tj gbbjybmi tfgt hic`bb`bc tf`} n`bgbm`gk pigx

Cj~ixboibt s`kk qxj~`di n`bgbm`gk }yqqjxt jb g }y}tg`bid hg}`} tj gkkjs njx

}y}tg`b`gh`k`tp jn tfi mibtxi gbd njx tfi ivqgb}`jb jn `t} qgid`gtx`m }ix~`mi}"

71"1 N`}mgk Jqixgt `jb} 8177/817871"7 N`}mgk ]t xgt icp

Gt tf`} }tgci+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ gkkjs oi tj tyxb tj tfi n`}mgk jqixgt`jb}

8177*8178+ mjooibm`bc s`tf tfi n`}mgk }txgticp"

Tfi n`}mgk jhlimt`~i} tf`} pigx gxi xikgtid tj tfi imjbjo`m òqixgt`~i} d`mtgtid

hp ximibt bgtyxgk gbd imjbjo`m i~ibt} gbd hp jyx oid`yo tj kjbc tixo qkgb}"

Si s`kk+ jbmi gcg`b+ hgkgbmi tfi ximyxxibt hydcit gbd s`kk qxj~`di }yh}tgbt`gk

mgq`tgk xi}jyxmi} njx tfi ximjb}txymt`jb innjxt+ ib}yx`bc tfgt gqqxjqx`gti gojybt}

gxi di~jtid tj imjbjo`m gbd }jm`gk qxjcxgooi}" ]qim`gk qxjcxgooi} gbd

oig}yxi} njx tfi Ly}t`mi ]imtjx s`kk }yqqjxt jyx mxòi n`cft`bc innjxt}"

@b xi}qimt jn tfi ximyxxibt g}qimt jn tfi n`}mgk gmmjybt}+ tfi og`b njmy} jn tfi

ivqibd`tyxi qjk`mì} s`kk hi jb mjbtg`boibt gbd òqxj~`bc inn`mìbmp" G} g


57/70

Qgci 94 jn>3

ogttix jn qjk`mp+ jbkp g nis bis tgv oig}yxi} s`kk hi `btxjdymid tj gddxi}}

}qim`n`m `}}yi}" @ hikì~i tfi qijqki oy}t hi c`~ib i~ixp jqqjxtyb`tp tj ximj~ix

nxjo tfi xg~gci} jn Fyxx`mgbi Tjog} gbd tfi imjbjo`m mx`}`}+ hp mjbtx`hyt`bc tj

tfi`x jsb sikngxi s`tf tfi fikq jn Cj~ixboibt"

@b tfgt xicgxd gbd `b ~ìs jn tfi yqsgxd qxi}}yxi jb njjd qx`mi} `btixbgt`jbgkkp+

`t `} gk}j tfi qjk`mp jn tfi Cj~ixboibt tj og`btg`b njx tfi tòi hi`bc+ tfi myxxibt

qx`m`bc nxgoisjxe njx tfi i}}ibt`gk njjd `tio}+ nkjyx+ }ycgx gbd x`mi" Tfi`x xitg`k

qx`mi} gxi hikjs ogxeit qx`mi}+ xinkimt`bc g }`cb`n`mgbt }yh}`dp qxj~`did hp tfi

Cj~ixboibt"

Tfi imjbjop xityxbid tj figktfp cxjstf kg}t pigx gbd si gxi qxjlimt`bc nyxtfix

cxjstf jn 4"9 qixmibt `b 8177" Cxjstf `} jbi jn tfi i}}ibt`gk xiwy`xioibt}

&tfjycf `t `} bjt }ynn`mìbt hp `t}ikn+ njx xidym`bc ybioqkjpoibt gbd hx`bc`bc

ghjyt di~ikjqoibt"

Tfi oig}yxioibt jn tfi xgt`j jn diht tj CDQ gt tfi ibd jn 8171 `} bjs ojxi

gmmyxgti }`bmi tfi mjoqkit`jb jn tfi CDQ xihg}`bc qxjlimt gbd `t bjs }tgbd} gt

>4"6 qixmibt+ ly}t njyx qixmibtgci qj`bt} }fjxt jn tfi qxydibt`gk tgxcit jn >1

qixmibt tj sf`mf si oy}t gdly}t hp 8181" Si xiog`b mjoo`ttid tj gmfì~`bc

tfi diht tgxcit gbd jyx n`}mgk }txgticp `} `btibdid tj eiiq y} jb mjyx}i"

Tfi innimt} jn `bmxig}`bc sjxkd mjoojd`tp qx`mi}+ qgxt`mykgxkp tfi qx`mi} jn njjd+

g} sikk g} tfi innimt} jn diogbd mjbd`t`jb} g} tfi ckjhgk ximj~ixp `btib}`nì}+ gxi

ivqimtid tj fg~i g f`cfix `bnkgt`jbgxp òqgmt mjoqgxid tj tfi kg}t tsj pigx}"

Tfi Cj~ixboibt} jhlimt`~i} gbd }txgtic`m gqqxjgmf gxi `btibdid tj o`t`cgti

gbp `bnkgt`jbgxp qxi}}yxi} tfgt ogp ioixci"


58/70

Qgci 99 jn>3

71"7"7 Xi}qjb}i tj X`}`bc Nyik Qx` mi}Ogdgo ]qigeix+ qixo`t oi tj gddxi}} gb gxig jn mx`t`mgk mjbmixb" Cj~ixboibt

`} mjcb`|gbt jn tfi cxjs`bc qyhk`m mjbmixb ghjyt tfi òqgmt jn x`}`bc nyik qx`mi}"

J~ix tfi kg}t nis siie} tfixi fg~i hiib mgkk} njx Cj~ixboibt tj xi}qjbd" Hyt

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ sf`ki Cj~ixboibt fg} figxd tfi mjbmixb} jn tfi qyhk`m+ nyik

qx`mi} gxi ditixo`bid hp ckjhgk ogxeit njxmi} jyt}`di jn ]g`bt Kym`g+ j~ix sf`mf

si fg~i bj mjbtxjk"

Tfi wyi}t`jb+ tfixinjxi+ gx`}i}+ sfj }fjykd gh}jxh tfi `bmxig}i `b nyik qx`mi}:

]fjykd `t hi Cj~ixboibt+ sf`mf i}}ibt`gkkp txgb}kgti} tj i~ixp tgv qgpix `b tf`}

mjybtxp+ jx }fjykd `t hi tfi mjb}yoix} jn nyik: Tf`} `} g d`kioog tfgt mjbnxjbt}

gkk bjb/j`k qxjdym`bc mjybtxì}+ gbd ]g`bt Kym`g `} bj ivmiqt`jb"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tfixi gxi bj ig}p }jkyt`jb}" Gbp qjk`mp dim`}`jb ogdi hp tfi

Cj~ixboibt fg} òqk`mgt`jb}5 sfitfix `t `} txgb}kgtid tj xidymt`jb} `b xi~ibyi+

`bmxig}i} `b ivqibd`tyxi+ f`cfix qyhk`m diht jx d`}tjxt`jb} `b qx`mi}" Qkgm`bc g

mgq jb nyik qx`mi}+ c`~ib tfi i}mgkgt`bc òqjxt qx`mi}+ sjykd xi}ykt `b g

d`}ogbtk`bc jn tfi qg}}/tfxjycf oimfgb`}o gbd ivqj}i Cj~ixboibt tj

`bditixo`bgti kj}}i} jn xi~ibyi" ]`cb`n`mgbtkp kjsix xi~ibyi mjykd xi}ykt `b

Cj~ixboibt mytt`bc `t} ivqibd`tyxi gbd*jx fg~`bc tj `bmxig}i hjxxjs`bc tj

n`bgbmi tfi din`m`t"

Cj~ixboibt mgb `kk gnnjxd }`cb`n`mgbt xidymt`jb} `b xi~ibyi gt tf`} tòi+ c`~ib tfi

txioibdjy} qxi}}yxi} `b qxj~`d`bc xi}jyxmi} tj n`cft mxòi+ xihy`kd tfi hgttixid

`bnxg}txymtyxi gntix Fyxx`mgbi Tjog}+ qxj~`di tfi }jm`gk }gnitp bit} bimi}}gxp njx

tfi qjjx gbd ~ykbixghki gbd }txibctfib qxj~`}`jb}+ `b qgxt`mykgx+ gxig} }ymf g}

figktfmgxi" @bdiid+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ Cj~ixboibt} xi~ibyi }yqqjxt} }yh}`dì}

`b jtfix gxig}+ njx `b}tgbmi qx`mi} jn hg}`m mjoojd`tì} `b ]g`bt Kym`g+ }ymf g}

x`mi+ }ycgx gbd nkjyx+ sf`mf gxi tfi kjsi}t `b tfi IMMY gbd qj}}`hkp `b tfi s`dix


59/70

Qgci 9> jn>3

xic`jb" Tfi myxxibt qx`mi xicòi njx tfi}i mjoojd`tì} `} hg}id jb 7064 qx`mi}"

Gdd`t`jbgkkp+ Cj~ixboibt mxj}}/}yh}`d`|i} tfi 81kh mjje`bc cg} mpk`bdix `b tfi

gojybt jn $71"11" S`tfjyt tf`} }yh}`dp tfi ogxeit qx`mi tj tfi mjb}yoix sjykd

hi $9="7>+ `b}tigd jn tfi myxxibt qx`mi jn $4="7>" Mkigxkp+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tfixi

gxi bj ig}p jqt`jb} gbd Cj~ixboibt fg} g xi}qjb}`h`k`tp tj ogei dim`}`jb} tfgt

gxi `b tfi hi}t `btixi}t jn tfi ibt`xi mjybtxp"

Bj mjybtxp `b tfi sjxkd `} òoybi nxjo tfi innimt} jn x`}`bc j`k qx`mi} gbd ]g`bt

Kym`g `} bjt gkjbi `b digk`bc s`tf tf`} mfgkkibci" @b ngmt+ myxxibtkp bj mjybtxp `b

tfi Ig}tixb Mgx`hhigb fg} tgeib gbp qjk`mp dim`}`jb tj my}f`jb tfi òqgmt jn

x`}`bc nyik qx`mi} jb mjb}yoix}" Gbt`cyg gbd Hgxhydg+ tfi jbkp JIM] mjybtxp

tfgt fg} bjt òqkioibtid tfi nyik qg}}/tfxjycf }p}tio+ `bmxig}id tfi xitg`k

qx`mi jn cg}jk`bi jb Ogxmf 73+ 8177" Gkk tfi jtfix mjybtxì} fg~i ximibtkp

gdly}tid tfi`x qx`mi} `b eiiq`bc s`tf f`cfix qx`mi jn òqjxtid nyik"

Bjts`tf}tgbd`bc tfi kò`tid n`}mgk }qgmi g~g`kghki tj Cj~ixboibt gt tf`} tòi+ si

fg~i figxd tfi mxì} njx Cj~ixboibt} `btix~ibt`jb tj my}f`jb tfi innimt} jn

f`cfix nyik qx`mi}" @+ tfixinjxi+ s`}f tj gbbjybmi tfgt Cj~ixboibt s`kk nyxtfix

}yh}`d`|i tfi 81/qjybd mpk`bdix jn mjje`bc cg} hp gb gdd`t`jbgk $9"11" `b jtfix

sjxd}+ sfgti~ix tfi ogxeit qx`mi jn mjje`bc cg}+ Cj~ixboibt s`kk xidymi tfi

mj}t tj tfi mjb}yoix} hp $79"11+ `b}tigd jn $71"11" Njx ivgoqki+ `n tfi ogxeit

qx`mi sixi tj xiog`b gt $9="7>+ jb tfi bivt gdly}toibt dgti jn Ogp 0tf 8177+

tfi innimt jn tfi gdd`t`jbgk }yh}`dp sjykd oigb g xidymt`jb jn tfi qx`mi tj tfi

mjb}yoix+ tj $=6"7>" S`tfjyt tf`} gdd`t`jbgk }yh}`dp tfi mjb}yoix sjykd fg~i

qg`d $4="7>" Tf`} oig}yxi+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ s`kk hi xi~ìsid gntix tfi =/ojbtf

qix`jd"


60/70

Qgci 93 jn>3

C`~ib tfgt g kgxci mxj}} }imt`jb jn jyx qjqykgt`jb ogei} y}i jn qyhk`m

txgb}qjxtgt`jb+ gbd tfi mjbmixb} jn tfi }ix~`mi qxj~`dix} `b tfgt }imtjx+

Cj~ixboibt s`kk hi oiit`bc s`tf o`b` hy} jqixgtjx}+ ~ixp }fjxtkp+ tj ditixo`bi

fjs hi}t tj gddxi}} tfi`x mjbmixb}"

Sf`ki Cj~ixboibt `} s`kk`bc tj dj `t} qgxt tj }fgxi `b tfi hyxdib jn x`}`bc nyik

qx`mi}+ mjb}yoix} gxi yxcid tj hi g kjt ojxi lyd`m`jy} `b tfi`x y}i jn nyik" Tfixi

gxi }i~ixgk sgp} `b sf`mf qix}jb} mgb xidymi tfi`x mjb}yoqt`jb jn nyik+ }ymf g}

mgxqjjk`bc+ xidym`bc tfi }qiid jn txg~ik+ o`bò`|`bc tfi y}i jn g`x mjbd`t`jb`bc

gbd g} oymf g} qj}}`hki+ dx`~`bc jbkp sfib `t `} gh}jkytikp bimi}}gxp"

71"7"8 Tgv Xinjxo / ^gkyi Gddid TgvOgdgo ]qigeix+ `b 811=+ sikk hinjxi tf`} Gdo`b`}txgt`jb g}}yoid jnn`mi+ tfi

Ojbitgxp Mjybm`k jn tfi IMMH+ sf`mf mjoqx`}i} tfi N`bgbmi O`b`}tix} jn `t}

oiohix }tgti}+ `bmkyd`bc ]g`bt Kym`g+ tjje g dim`}`jb tj òqkioibt ^gkyi Gddid

Tgv &^GT tfxjycfjyt tfi xic`jb g} qgxt jn g s`dix xic`jbgk tgv xinjxo `b`t`gt`~i"

Tfi dim`}`jb sg} hg}id jb tfi ximjooibdgt`jb} jn gb IMMH/gqqj`btid Tgv

Xinjxo Mjoo`}}`jb"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ ^GT fg} hiib òqkioibtid tfxjycfjyt tfi IMMY gbd tfi

MGX@MJO xic`jb+ s`tf tfi ivmiqt`jb jn tfi Hx`t`}f diqibdibmì}" @b tfi IMMY

mjybtxì} }ymf g} Gbt`cyg . Hgxhydg+ ]t" ^`bmibt gbd tfi Cxibgd`bi}+ Djo`b`mg

gbd Cxibgdg fg~i gkxigdp òqkioibtid tfi ^GT+ s`tf ]t" E`tt} hi`bc tfi oj}t

ximibt gdd`t`jb tj tfgt k`}t" I~ib `b tfi s`dix Mgx`hhigb xic`jb+ mjybtxì} kèi

Hgxhgdj}+ Tx`b`dgd . Tjhgcj gbd Lgog`mg fg~i ^GT g} qgxt jn tfi`x tgv }p}tio}"

]g`bt Kym`g `}+ tfixinjxi+ jbi jn tfi kg}t xiog`b`bc mjybtxì} jn tfi Ig}tixb

Mgx`hhigb Myxxibmp Yb`jb &IMMY tfgt fg} bjt pit gdjqtid tfi ^GT" @ s`}f tj


61/70

Qgci 96 jn>3

xignn`xo tfi mjoo`toibt jn tf`} Cj~ixboibt tj `t} òqkioibtgt`jb hp Gqx`k 8178+

o`bdnyk jn tfi }jm`j/imjbjo`m xi}qjb}`h`k`tì} jn Cj~ixboibt"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ ^GT `} di}`cbid tj }txigok`bi tfi tgv }p}tio gbd `} bjt

`btibdid tj hi gb gdd`t`jbgk tgv" @t s`kk ogei tgv gdo`b`}txgt`jb ojxi inn`mìbt hp

ikò`bgt`bc by`}gbmi tgvi}"

Tfi Cj~ixboibt fg} tgeib i~ixp mgxi+ hp `b}t`tyt`bc gqqxjqx`gti }gnicygxd}+ tj

ib}yxi tfgt tfi ^GT s`kk bjt ybdykp gnnimt tfi qjjx" Tfi Cj~ixboibt s`kk

mjbt`byi tj ibcgci }tgeifjkdix} `bmkyd`bc tfi Jqqj}`t`jb+ `b tfi qix`jd kigd`bc

tj tfi òqkioibtgt`jb jn tfi ^GT"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ @ go figxtibid tj bjti tfgt i~ib tfi ojxi }eiqt`mgk gojbc y}

fg~i mjoi tj gqqxim`gti tfi oix`t jn qyx}y`bc tfi `btxjdymt`jb jn ^GT" @b ngmt+

jbkp tf`} siie tfi Kigdix jn tfi Jqqj}`t`jb qyhk`mkp gkkydid tj tfi `bi~`tgh`k`tp jn

òqkioibt`bc }ymf g tgv `b ]g`bt Kym`g+ g} fg} hiib djbi `b tfi xi}t jn tfi

xic`jb" @bdiid+ Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tfixi `} g cibixgk mjb}ib}y} gbd ybdix}tgbd`bc

tfgt `t `} `bmyohibt yqjb gbp gdo`b`}txgt`jb mfgxcid s`tf tfi n`}mgk ogbgcioibt

jn tf`} mjybtxp+ tj qxjmiid s`tf tfi òqkioibtgt`jb jn ^GT g} qgxt jn s`dix tgv

xinjxo"

71"8 N`}mgk Jqixgt `jb}Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tfi tjtgk qkgbbid hydcitgxp ivqibd`tyxi `} jbi h`kk`jb+ tfxii

fybdxid gbd tf`xtp/}i~ib o`kk`jb+ i`cft fybdxid gbd }i~ib tfjy}gbd+ tfxii

fybdxid djkkgx} &$7+==3+613+=11" Tf`} xiqxi}ibt} gb `bmxig}i jn 71"9 qixmibt

j~ix tfi qkgbbid ivqibd`tyxi njx 8171/8177" @t mjb}`}t} jn tfi njkkjs`bc


62/70

Qgci 90 jn>3

7" Ximyxxibt ivqibd`tyxi jn $609+=68+111" Tf`} xiqxi}ibt} g >"9 qixmibt`bmxig}i j~ix tfi gqqxj~id ivqibd`tyxi njx 8171*8177 jn sf`mf 77

qixmibt mjoqx`}i} diht qx`bm`qgk qgpoibt} gbd }`be`bc nybd

mjbtx`hyt`jb}+ 6"= qixmibt f`cfix tfgb tfi gqqxj~id i}tògti} njx

8171*8177"

8" Mgq`tgk ivqibd`tyxi jn $448+489+=11 xiqxi}ibt`bc gb `bmxig}i jn 81"3qixmibt j~ix tfi gqqxj~id mgq`tgk ivqibd`tyxi njx 8171/8177 gbd ==

qixmibt jn tfi tjtgk ivqibd`tyxi hydcit"

Ogdgo ]qigeix+ tfi 8177/8178 Hydcit s`kk hi n`bgbmid g} njkkjs}+8=1+111 sf`mf xiqxi}ibt} 01 qixmibt jn tjtgk qxjlimtid xi~ibyi"

8" Mgq`tgk xi~ibyi xi}ykt`bc nxjo tfi qxjmiid} jn tfi }gki jn kgbd `b tfigojybt jn $6+137+9>8"

=" $778+1=6+==6 nxjo nxìbdkp cj~ixboibt} gbd oykt`/kgtixgkjxcgb`|gt`jb} `b tfi njxo jn cxgbt} jn sf`mf $>>"> o`kk`jb s`kk hi

qxj~`did nxjo tfi Iyxjqigb Yb`jb+ $71"0> o`kk`jb nxjo tfi Qijqki}

Xiqyhk`m jn Mf`bg jb Tg`sgb gbd $71"> o`kk`jb nxjo tfi Mgx`hhigb

Di~ikjqoibt Hgbe" Ogdgo ]qigeix+ `t sjykd hi xio`}} jn oi `n @ d`d

bjt ivqxi}} jyx cxgt`tydi tj tfj}i cj~ixboibt} gbd jxcgb`|gt`jb} njx

tfi`x mjbt`byid }yqqjxt"

4" Bis Hjbd nybd`bc jn $819+778+>>3"9" Jtfix kjgb} gojybt`bc tj $773+818+3==+ nxjo tfi njkkjs`bc

`b}t`tyt`jb}1 jn>3

d" $74"9 o`kk`jb nxjo tfi Eysg`t Nybd njx Gxgh Imjbjo`mDi~ikjqoibt

71"8"7 Gkkjmgt`jb jn Ivqibd`ty xiOgdgo ]qigeix+ tfi qxjqj}id ivqibd`tyxi s`kk hi gkkjmgtid tj tfi ~gx`jy}

O`b`}txì} gbd Gcibmì} g} njkkjs}="3 o`kk`

st. lucia, 2011 budget address for the financial year 2011/2012, april 2011

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