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Explain the impact Explain the impact of the Pan-African of the Pan-African

movement.movement. Concepts:Concepts:

Conflict Creates ChangeConflict Creates ChangeContinuity and ChangeContinuity and Change

The Pan-African The Pan-African movement and movement and

Apartheid in South Apartheid in South AfricaAfrica

Pan-AfricanismPan-Africanism• Pan-Africanism is an idea and a

movement that encourages the solidarity of Africans worldwide.

• It is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent.

Pan-AfricanismPan-Africanism• At its core Pan-Africanism is "a belief

that African peoples, both on the continent and in the Diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny

Think CriticallyThink Critically• This sign and many

others like it were common in public places in South Africa before the ending of apartheid.

• What do YOU find wrong about the message on this sign?

Think CriticallyThink Critically1. What message is

the artist communicating in this political cartoon?

2. What kind of barrier did the wall of apartheid represent?

3. What role did Nelson Mandela play in this cartoon?

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Explain the creation Explain the creation and end of apartheid in and end of apartheid in

South Africa and the South Africa and the roles of Nelson Mandela roles of Nelson Mandela

and F.W.deKlerk.and F.W.deKlerk.

Concepts:Concepts:Conflict Creates ChangeConflict Creates ChangeContinuity and ChangeContinuity and Change

How did the new How did the new government enforce this government enforce this

new policy?new policy?• The implementation of the

policy of apartheid, later referred to as "separate development," was made possible by the Population Registration Act of 1950, which put all South Africans into three racial categories: Black, White, or Coloured (of mixed race). A fourth category, Asian (Indians and Pakistanis), was added later.

Apartheid-what was it?Apartheid-what was it?1.1. Blacks and whites did not interact with Blacks and whites did not interact with

one another unless it was servant to one another unless it was servant to employer.employer.

2.2. The best jobs and best education went The best jobs and best education went to the white South Africans.to the white South Africans.

3.3. Persons of color (both black and Persons of color (both black and colored) were not allowed to hold office.colored) were not allowed to hold office.

4.4. In 1951, the Bantu Authorities Act In 1951, the Bantu Authorities Act assigned blacks to a homeland assigned blacks to a homeland according to their record of origin.according to their record of origin.

• 5. In order for a black to leave their homeland a pass book was required - like a passport. (citizens of these townships could not enter their own country without a pass book)

• 6. If caught without passbooks, they could go to jail.

• 7. Life was very hard for the non-whites in South Africa.

• 8. Apartheid lasted from the 1920’s until 1990.

• 9. Nelson Mandela lead peaceful protests against the South African government.

A segregated beach in A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982.South Africa, 1982.

A Black South African shows his passbook issued by the Government. Blacks were required to carry passes that determined where they could live and work.

Houses in Soweto, a Houses in Soweto, a black township in the black township in the

“homelands.”“homelands.”

A girl looking through a A girl looking through a window of her shack in Cross window of her shack in Cross

Roads, 1978.Roads, 1978.

Segregated public facilities Segregated public facilities in Johannesburg, 1985.in Johannesburg, 1985.

Young, black South Africans looking in on a game of soccer at an all-white school in Johannesburg. Government spending, about 10 times more for white children than for black, clearly showed the inequality designed to give whites more economic and political power. Poorly trained teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate recreational facilities were normal for black children, if in fact they had any schooling available at all.

Young coal miners in Young coal miners in South Africa in 1988.South Africa in 1988.

A number of black political groups, often supported by sympathetic whites, opposed apartheid using a variety of tactics, including violence, strikes, demonstrations, and sabotage - strategies that often met with severe consequences from the government.

• Mandela originally believed in peaceful protest. He Mandela originally believed in peaceful protest. He started to doubt that this approach would work and started to doubt that this approach would work and started up an armed branch of the ANC. started up an armed branch of the ANC.

• He was classified as a terrorist by the S.A. gov’t and He was classified as a terrorist by the S.A. gov’t and sent to prison for inciting rebellion.sent to prison for inciting rebellion.

• He was in jail for 27 years before being released in He was in jail for 27 years before being released in 1990 by President F. W. DeKlerk.1990 by President F. W. DeKlerk.

• In 1994, Mandela was elected as the first black In 1994, Mandela was elected as the first black president of South Africa.president of South Africa.

• Although apartheid ended, South Africa is still Although apartheid ended, South Africa is still struggling to improve their economy for all groups.struggling to improve their economy for all groups.

NELSON MANDELA

Grave of the young Black leader, Steve Biko, in King Williams Town, South Africa. Biko died while in prison in 1977. During the investigation into his death, strong evidence was presented that Biko suffered violent and inhumane treatment during his imprisonment.

Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela

The numbers don’t lie . . .

Population

Land allocation

Share of national income

Minimum taxable income

Doctors/population

Infant mortality rate

Annual expenditure on education per student

Teacher/student ratio

Blacks Whites

19 million 4.5 million

13% 87%

<20% 75%

360 rands 750 rands

1/44,000 1/400

20%-40% 2.7%

$45 $696

1/60 1/22

SS7H1cSS7H1cESSENTIAL QUESTIONESSENTIAL QUESTION

What role did What role did Nelson Mandela and Nelson Mandela and

F. W. deKlerk play in the F. W. deKlerk play in the

end of apartheid?end of apartheid? Concept:Concept:

Conflict Creates ChangeConflict Creates ChangeContinuity and ChangeContinuity and Change

What role did these men play in ending apartheid in What role did these men play in ending apartheid in South Africa?South Africa?

NELSON MANDELA F.W. de KLERK

MANDELA•Led African National congress (ANC)•Jailed for 27 years•Chosen as president in the first elections open to all races

DEKLERK•S. African president in 1990 who agreed to let ANC operate as a legal party•Released Mandela from prison•Began to repeal apartheid laws•Led to 1st presidential elections open to all races in S. Africa