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Srivieng Pairojkul Karunruk Palliative Care Center Srinagarind Hospital Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University

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Page 1: Srivieng Pairojkul Karunruk Palliative Care Center ... · associated with decreased survival in most studies that included patients with a median survival of 30 days or less. More

Srivieng PairojkulKarunruk Palliative Care Center

Srinagarind HospitalFaculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University

Page 2: Srivieng Pairojkul Karunruk Palliative Care Center ... · associated with decreased survival in most studies that included patients with a median survival of 30 days or less. More

Practical Tips inPrognostication

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• Patient want to know

• For decision making

• Patient preparation

• Hospice benefit

• Resource allocation

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• Is clinician prediction survival enough?

• Can various prognostic tools enhance prognostication?

• Is there a difference in prognosticating between cancer and non-cancer patients?

• How do we apply the tool to the patient?

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Glare P, et al. Eur J Cancer 2008;44:1146.

Page 6: Srivieng Pairojkul Karunruk Palliative Care Center ... · associated with decreased survival in most studies that included patients with a median survival of 30 days or less. More

Prognostic Indicator Guidance, Royal College of General Practitioners

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• Physician prediction survival skill“Surprised question”

• Natural history of disease and disease status

• Clinical status

• Symptoms

• Performance status

• Integrated tools

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Diagnosis with a poor prognosis• Pancreatic cancer• Most biliary tract cancers• Metastatic adenocarcinomas of unknown primary• Untreated small cell lung cancers

Conditions Median Survival DurationMalignant hypercalcemia (ExceptCA or MM) 8 wks

Malignant pericardial effusion 8 wksCarcinomatous meningitis 8-12 wksMultiple brain metastases 1-2 wks (If RT 3-6 Mo) Malignant ascites/pleural effusion, malignant bowel obstruction < 6 Mo

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• Multiple hospitalization, ER visits, increased utilization of other health care services

• Serial physician assessments, lab, or x-ray studies consistent with progressive illness

• Unintentional weight loss > 10% of normal body weight and/or BMI < 22kg/m2

• Serum Albumin < 25 g/l

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JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE MEDICINE

Volume 10, Number 4, 2007

© Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2007.0004

Symptoms and Survival in Patients with Advanced Disease

JADE HOMSI, M.D.1 and DON LUONG, M.D.2

ABSTRACT

Predicting survival in patients with advanced disease is challenging for health care providers. Ac-

curate survival estimation using symptom assessment may assist physicians and patients in deter-

mining treatment options. This report analyzes prospective studies in adult patients with a me-

dian/mean survival of 6 months or less and identifies symptoms that are associated with decreased

survival. To be included in this analysis, a study needed to have at least one symptom associated

with decreased survival in a univariate or multivariate analysis. Twenty-two studies were identified

and 15 symptoms were associated with decreased survival. Anorexia, delirium, and dyspnea were

associated with decreased survival in most studies. Delirium and anorexia (but not dyspnea) were

associated with decreased survival in most studies that included patients with a median survival of

30 days or less. More research is needed to investigate any associations between symptom charac-

teristics and survival in patients with advanced disease. Short assessment tools using symptoms iden-

tified in this report, with a focus on symptoms that were found in multiple studies, need to be de-

veloped to better predict survival and guide patient treatment.

904

INTRODUCTION

PALLIATIVE MEDICINE PATIENTS present with mul-

tiple symptomatic needs, a median of 11 symp-

toms at the time of referral to a palliative medicine

service was reported.1 These symptoms may be re-

lated to the disease itself, treatment, or procedures

involved in managing the complications of the dis-

ease. Symptoms such as low fluid and food intake,

general weakness, and respiratory problems were re-

ported as most important for physicians to estimate

a life expectancy of 6 weeks or less in patients with

advanced disease.2 Prospective studies linking

symptoms to survival in this population are avail-

able.3–23 This report will identify symptoms associ-

ated with decreased survival in patients with ad-

vanced disease.

METHODS

A PubMed search from 1966 to September 2005

was conducted using different combinations of the fol-

lowing key words: survival, cancer, palliative care,

palliative medicine, hospice, symptoms, advanced dis-

ease, and terminal illness. The reference lists in the se-

lected articles were also reviewed. All prospective

studies in adult patients with a median or mean sur-

vival of less than 6 months, reporting at least one

symptom associated with decreased survival identified

by a univariate or multivariate analysis, were included.

The study was only included if the data were reported

in more than one article. Performance status and phys-

ical signs such as ascites, cachexia, “death rattle,” de-

hydration, oliguria, and stomatitis were not included.

Several symptoms were combined together into three

1M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.2The H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida.

J Pall Med 2007;10:904-9

**Psychological symptoms (anxiety, depression, sadness) had no effect on survival

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• Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS)• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance

Scale (ECOG)• Palliative Performance Scale version2 (PPS)• Palliative Prognostic Score (PaP)• Palliative Prognostic Index (PPI)

• KPS, PPS, and ECOG are based on functional performance and thus are functional tools

• PaP and PPI are aggregates of several prognostic indicators (including functional status) and thus used as prognostic tools

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เปนแบบประเมนระดบสมรรถนะผปวยระยะทาย

มระดบตงแต 0-100%

วตถประสงค• สอสารใหเหนสมรรถนะของผปวยและพยากรณระยะเวลาทเหลอ

• ชวยประกอบการตดสนใจในการด าเนนการตางๆ

PPS%

Survival time (days)Mean (95%CI)

10 3 (1,5)

ออนลามาก กลนล าบาก

30 20 (16,24)

นอนตดเตยง ตองชวยเหลอทกอยาง

50 76 (64,88)

60 92 (80,105)

นงนอน >50% ของวน

Lau, Downing et al. J Pain Symp Manage. 2009 .

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• For patients with malignant diseases:

- PPS score < 50

- Karnofsky performance status (KPS) < 50

or ECOG > 3

- KPS < 60 or ECOG > 2 with symptoms

- Decline in KPS of at least 20 units in 2-3 mo.

• For patients with non-malignant diseases:

- Dependence in at least 3/6 ADL

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• Survival rate between RRT and conservative m anagement in elderly with

severe comorbids is not m uch different.

(Murtagh FEM. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22:1955)

• Hospital death of elderly who chose dialysis VS . conservative treatm ent -

65% and 27%

(Smith C. Nephron Clin Pract 2003;95:c40)

• Conservativem anagement is now offered.

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M u r t a gh e t a l . NDT. 2 0 0 7 ;2 2 : 1 9 55- 6 2

P a t ie n t s > 7 5 y . w i t h I H D n o s u r v iv a l a d v a n t a g e w i t h d ia ly s is c o m p a r e d t o c o n s e r v a t iv e .

C ha n d r a e t a l NDT Nov 2 0 1 0

Elderly >75y with severe comorbidsNo difference in survival between RRT and conservative.

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• H o s p ita l d e a th o f e ld e rly w h o c h o s e d ia ly s is VS .

6 5 % a n d 2 7 %

• P o o r QO L

• C a re g iv e r b u rd e n

• M e d ia n s u rv iv a l o f re n a l c o n s e rv a tiv e p a tie n ts

fro m tim e o f m o d a lity c h o ic e = 1 8 M

Smith C . Ne phron C lin P ra c t 2 0 0 3;9 5:c 4 0

C J ASN 2 0 1 5; 1 0 (2 ) : 2 6 0 -2 6 8

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S e v e re fu n c tio n a l o r c o g n itiv e im p a irm e n t

N o Ye s

D ia ly s is m a y n o t b e

a p p ro p ria te ;

c o n s id e r P C .

D is c u s s E OL is s u e s

A s s e s s c o m o rb id itie s

N o n e o r m ild S e v e re

C o n s id e r d ia ly s is v s .

C o n s e rv a tiv e M x/P CTra n s p la n t c a n d id a te ?

N o

P D HD

Fu n c tio n a l o r c o g n itiv e d e c lin e

Be rge r J R. C lin J Am Soc Ne phrol. 2 0 1 2 ;7 :1 0 39 -4 6

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• ผสงอายมากกวา 80 ปขนไป

• ผทสมองถกท าลายรนแรงอยางถาวร (vegetative state)

• ผ ทแพทยหรอทมผ รกษาและผแทนโดยชอบธรรมเหนพองตองกนวาไมนาจะไดรบ

ประโยชนจากการบ าบดทดแทนไต

• Multiple co-morbidity & End stage disease หรอคาดวาจะมชวตไดไมเกน 1 ป

ค าแนะน าส าหรบการดแลรกษาโรคไตเรอรงแบบองครวมชนดประคบประคองสมาคมโรคไต

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• Not appropriate for HD,PD and KT ไดแก

- H igh risk to fail access: หลอดเลอดส าหรบ HDและผนงหรอภายในหนาทองไมเหมาะแก PD

- H igh risk for HD complications: hypotension,

arrhythmia, M I

• Surprise question +ve รวมกบ

- Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) ≥8 หรอ - Karnofsky Performance <40%

ค าแนะน าส าหรบการดแลรกษาโรคไตเรอรงแบบองครวมชนดประคบประคองสมาคมโรคไต

Page 21: Srivieng Pairojkul Karunruk Palliative Care Center ... · associated with decreased survival in most studies that included patients with a median survival of 30 days or less. More

Score* Condition1 point

2 points

3 points

6 points

Coronary artery disease

Congestive heart failure

Peripheral vascular disease, AAA>6cm

Cerebrovascular disease,TIA

Dementia

Chronic pulmonary disease

Connective tissue disease

Peptic ulcer disease

Mild liver disease

Diabetes without end organ damage

Hemiplegia

Moderate or severe renal disease (virtually all requiring dialysis)

Diabetes with end organ damage (including renal disease)

leukemia, lymphoma, any tumor with out metastasis

Moderate or severe liver disease (cirrhosis)

Metastatic solid tumor

AIDS

Annual mortality

< 3 points = 3% 4-5 points = 13%

6-7 points = 27% >7 points = 49%

* ในผทอายมากกวา 40 ป ใหคดคะแนนเพมขนอก 1 คะแนนตามอายทเพมขนทก 10 ป

Page 22: Srivieng Pairojkul Karunruk Palliative Care Center ... · associated with decreased survival in most studies that included patients with a median survival of 30 days or less. More

• Pain• Dyspnea• Fatigue• Nausea/vomiting• Poor appetite

• Symptoms are relatedPruritus/R LS/Pain Insomnia Fatigue

• Symptoms m ay derive from ESRD or co-morbidities.Uremic VS . D iabetic neuropathy.

• ESRD constrains the use of m edication.

• Constipation

• Itching

• Insomnia

• Restless legs

Page 23: Srivieng Pairojkul Karunruk Palliative Care Center ... · associated with decreased survival in most studies that included patients with a median survival of 30 days or less. More

Multifactorial• Anemia –Keep Hb 11-12 m g/dl• Electrolyte im balance, Nutritional deficiency• Depression• Insomnia day tim e somnolence• Pain deconditioningRx:• Correct correctable causes.• Effective symptom m anagement• Physiotherapy, psychosocial support• Methyphenidate (R itarin) 10m g OD m orn.• Non-pharm m anagement

Page 24: Srivieng Pairojkul Karunruk Palliative Care Center ... · associated with decreased survival in most studies that included patients with a median survival of 30 days or less. More

• Common pain syndrome- M usculoskeletal (63.1%)- Dialysis associated pain (13.6%)

PD – abd painAV fistulae steal syndromeClamps

- Peripheral neuropathy (12.6%)- Peripheral vascular disease (9.7% )

• Bone pain from secondary hyperparathyroidism

• Restless leg syndrome

Page 25: Srivieng Pairojkul Karunruk Palliative Care Center ... · associated with decreased survival in most studies that included patients with a median survival of 30 days or less. More

Murtagh et al. J Pain PalliatCare 2007;21:5

W HO A n a lg e s ic C o m m e n ts

S te p 1 A c e ta m in o p h e n M a x 3 g /2 4 h

S te p 2 T ra m a d o l U s e w ith c a u tio n

5 0 m g q 1 2 h

S te p 3

M o rp h in e S h o rt-te rm u s e . S C s ta rtin g

m g q 4 -1 2 h a s re q u ire d

F e n ta n y l C o n s id e r re d u c in g d o s e b y

S ta rtin g d o s e fo r S C u s e

q 4 h .a s re q u ire d

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• Morphine for dyspnea - use half of dose for pain.

• Opioid naïve:

- M orphine syrup 1-2 m g PO q6h PRN/regular.

- Lorazepam 0.5-1mg SL PRN for dyspnea attacks

• Titrate to effect, give PRN for dyspnea attacks

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• On D ia ly s is

G a b a p e n tin 1 0 0 m g a fte r d ia ly s is , titra te to e ffe c t.

• On c o n s e rv a tiv e m a n a g e m e n t w ith e GFR > 1 5

G a b a p e n tin 1 0 0 m g n o c te a n d titra tin g to e ffe c t.

• On c o n s e rv a tiv e m a n a g e m e n t w ith e GFR < 1 5

G a b a 1 0 0 m g e v e ry s e c o n d n ig h t, titra te to e ffe c t.

Bre n n a n F. , P C in E SRD WS

• A n e m ia e ry th ro p o ie tin , b lo o d tra n s fu s io n

• N a u s e a h a lo p e rid o l

• De p re s s io n /a n x ie ty.

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A C P is a p p ro p ria te a lo n g d is e a s e tra je c to ry

o f C KD

• H ig h m o rta lity ris k o f C KD.

• In e ld e rly (>6 5 Y) ris k o f d e a th fro m c o -m o rb id s

e x c e e d s R F.

• C KD is a s s o c ia te d w ith c o g n itiv e d e c lin e in

e ld e rly.

G o, e t a l. NE J M 2 0 0 4 ;351 :1 2 9 6 -30 5.

O’Ha re e t a l. J Am Soc Ne phrol 2 0 0 7 ;1 8 :2 7 58 -6 5.

Bu c hma n e t a l. Ne u rology 2 0 0 9 ;7 3:9 2 0 -7 .

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• P a in – F e n ta n y l 1 2 .5 – 2 5 m c g S C PR N h o u rly

- F e n ta n y l 6 0 0 m c g /2 4 h in s y rin g e d riv e r

• Dy s p n e a – M O 1 m g PR N q 2 h (S h o rt d u ra tio n )

- M O 5 -1 0 m g /2 4 h in s y rin g e d riv e r

• A g ita tio n – M id a z o la m 2 .5 -5 m g S C PR N h o u rly

- M id a z o la m 1 0 -2 0 m g /2 4 h in s y rin g e d riv e r

• N a u s e a – H a lo p e rid o l 1 -2 m g PR N h o u rly

- 5 m g /2 4 h in s y rin g e d riv e r

• De a th ra ttle – B u s c o p a n 2 0 m g q 4 -6 h .

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Page 32: Srivieng Pairojkul Karunruk Palliative Care Center ... · associated with decreased survival in most studies that included patients with a median survival of 30 days or less. More

• Advance dementia ApraxiaDysphagiaDecreased m obility

• Sentinel events:Eating difficulties.Recurrent infections.

Increasing risk of infectionMalnutrition

Sachs GA, et al. J Gen In tern Med 2004;19:1057-63.

A large proportion of patients eventually die in hospitals from recurrent infections or dementia-related complications

Page 33: Srivieng Pairojkul Karunruk Palliative Care Center ... · associated with decreased survival in most studies that included patients with a median survival of 30 days or less. More

• Follow up of 323 nursing home residents w ith AD

• 6-month m ortality rate:- Pneumonia = 46 .7%- Febrile episode 44.5%- Eating problem 38.6%

• Distressing symptoms: Dyspnea 46.0%, Pain 39.1%

• In the last 3 months of life - 40% underwent at least one burdensome intervention (Hospitalization, ER visit, parenteral Rx, tube feeding)

• Proxies who understanding poor prognosis were much less likely to have burdensome interventions in the last 3 months of life (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.04-0.37)

Mitchell S. NEJM 2009;361:1529

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3. Clinical Prognostic Indicators of End Stage Dementia Unable to walk without assistance, and incontinent, and no consistently meaningful verbal communication, and increasing dependence in ADL

Plus any one of the following: • Multiple com orbidities • 10% wt lo ss in previous 6 m onths witho ut other causes • Pyelonephritis or UT I • Serum album in <25 g/l • Severe pressure sco res • Recurren t fevers • Reduced oral intake / weight lo ss • Aspiration pn eum onia

Thomas K, et al. P rognostic Indicator Guidance 4 th Ed, Oct 2011.

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• Feeding tube.

• Transfer to hospital.

• Antibiotics for pneumonia.

• Withholding or withdrawing life-prolonging. treatm ent.

• CPR

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Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, 2009

• No evidence for increased survival.

• None of the studies evaluated tube feeding & QoL

• No benefit on nutrition and pressure sores.

When family concern w ith the pa tient’s feeding problem, ask if feeding tube w ill improve nutritional s tatus and function.

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• Poor oral intake – Look for

- Altered m ental status.- Excessive drug sedation.- Painful swallowing.

• Management:

- Good oral care.- Small volume m eals.- Increased frequency.- calorie dense.- Support of caregivers.

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• Charts were reviewed for evidence of pneumonia in US nursing homes

• Aggressiveness of antibiotic use was reviewed

Elderly with recurrent aspiration pneumonia.“Why my mother sick again?” “Is it poor care?” “Can you cure her?” “Should she be sent to the hospital?”

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• 133/323 residents had at least 1 episode of pneumonia.

• No statistical difference in survival between the 3 treatment routes

• Patients who were not treated had greater comfort (higher SM-EOLD scores)

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I n s e v e r e d e m e n t ia :

• C a r d io p u lm o n a r y r e s u s c i t a t io n ( C P R ) is u n l ik e ly

t o b e s u c c e s s f u l .

• C P R is t h r e e t im e s le s s l i k e ly t o b e s u c c e s s f u l in

p e o p le w i t h c o g n i t iv e im p a i r m e n t t h a n in t h o s e

w h o a r e c o g n i t iv e ly in t a c t .

• T h e s u c c e s s r a t e is s im i la r t o t h a t f o u n d in

p e o p le w i t h m e t a s t a t ic c a n c e r

Ebe ll et al, 1998

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• Intervention patients received less IV therapy.

• Control patients were less likely to have a palliative care plan.

• Methodological difficulties with research in advanced dementia.

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• Application of PC to dementia.• Patient-centered care, communication and shared decision m aking.• Setting care goals and advance planning.• Continuity of care.• Prognostication and tim ely recognition of dying.

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• Avoiding overly aggressive, burdensome and futile treatm ent.

• Optim al treatm ent for symptom and providing comfort.

• Psychosocial and spiritual support.

• Family care and involvement.

• Education of the health-care team.

• Societal and ethical issues.

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• Profound weakness, bed-bound state.

• Sleeping m uch of the tim e, short attention span.

• Indifference to food and fluid.

• Difficult swallowing.

• Low BP, not related to hypovolemia.

• Urinary incontinence/retention.

• Oliguria.

• Nightm are, seeing deceased individuals.

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• Use problem-solving approach to symptom control.

• Avoid unnecessary interventions.

• Review of drugs and symptoms regularly.

• Maintain effective communication.

• Ensure support for family and caregivers.

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• Stopped: vitamins, anti-hypertensives, statins, oral hypoglycemic agents, laxatives.

• Continued: analgesics, anti-emetics, anxiolytics.

• Insulin-dependent once daily regim en stop when the patient is unconscious.

• Stop unnecessary laboratory investigation.

• Stop or m inim ized IV fluids.

• Stop NG feeding.

• Monitoring the patient’s comfort instead of VS .

• Stop turning the patient routinely.

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• Anticipate plan symptom and m anagement.

• Do not start long-acting drug eg. fentanyl patch.

• Change drug route SC, IV, rectal

• Try not to set another IV canula if leakage SC

• Calm environment• Bladder & bowel care; M outh, eyes, skin care• Prepare to go home if it is the patient/family’s wish• Support the family

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• Pain

• Dyspnea

• Agitation, delirium

• Nausea/vomiting

• Convulsion

• Family reactions

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• The patient still needs analgesia even when not responding.• Dose m ay be decreased if urine output low• Change the route of administration from oral to SC, IV or rectal.

What do we do a bout analgesics? Does the pa tient s till need pa in-killers?

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• Patient already on oral MO If no pain - convert oral to SC route If in pain - increase dose by 30-50%

• Patient not yet on oral MO If in pain - SC MO 3-5 m g 4 hourly PRN.R eviewed in 24 hrs, if required >2 doses Consider syringe driver

Ellershaw, Care of the dying: A pathway to excellence

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• Patient using fentanyl patches continue the patch and use PRN MO for BTP in the first 24 hours.Change to CSCI via syringe driver once requirement is established.

• Use co-analgesic for poorly responsive painBone pain - NSAID suppository.M uscle spasm – diazepam suppository.Neuropathic pain – ketamine SC.

• Call PC team if pain is not controlled.

Ellershaw, Care of the dying: A pathway to excellence

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If reversible cause is identified, it should be removed:

• Opioid toxicity opioid switching + hydration.

• Hyper-hypoglycemia is the only m etabolic derangement that worth treating.

• Hypoxia oxygen.

• Infection AB?

• Brain m etastasis dexamethasone.

• Full bladder retain urinary catheter.

Ellershaw, Care of the dying: A pathway to excellence

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Benzodiazepine is preferred to anti-psychotic drug:

• If the patient is currently agitatedM idazolam 2.5-10 m g SC q 4 h PRN.R eview after 24 h. If used >2 doses syringe driver in 24 h.

• If agitation is absentM idazolam 2.5-10 m g SC q4h PRN. R eview after 24h . syringe driver in 24h .

• If symptom persisted call PC team.

Ellershaw, Care of the dying: A pathway to excellence

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Ellershaw, Care of the dying: A pathway to excellence

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• Antim uscarinic- Hyoscine butylbromide (Buscopan) 20-40 m g SC PRN q4h .

- Hyoscine hydrobromide (Scopolamine) 0.2-0.4 m g SC interm ittently/cont. infusion

• Glycopyrronium 0.6-1.2 m g SC RRN q4h

• Atropine 0.4 m g SC/IV 1.2-2.4 m g/24h .Atropine 1% ophthalm ic soln 4 drops SL q4h .

Ellershaw, Care of the dying: A pathway to excellence

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• การสนทนาระหวางผ ปวย ครอบครวและทมสขภาพ

• ความเขาใจในสถานการณ สภาวะโรค

• การคดสะทอนถงความตองการในชวตของตนเอง

• พฒนาแผนดแลเฉพาะตวเมอระยะสดทายของชวตมาถง

• คนหาและก าหนดผ มบทบาทในการตดสนใจแทน

• Advance directive คอค าสงการปฏบตในสถานการณตางๆ เพอวางเปาหมายการรกษาในวาระสดทายของชวต

• มกรวมกบการแตงตงหรอระบผ มอ านาจในการตดสนใจแทน (health care proxy หรอ durable power of attorney for health care)

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• การพดคยเปดเผย เกดความไววางใจระหวางแพทยและผ ปวยและครอบครว

• เกดการท างานเปนทมระหวางผ ปวย ตวแทนและทมรกษา

• ผ ปวยมโอกาสพจารณาสงทผ ปวยเหนวามคณคาในชวตและวางเปาประสงคการรกษา

• แพทยและผตดสนใจแทนทราบความตองการของผ ปวย

• ลดความวตกกงวล/ความกลวของผ ปวยและทมทรกษา

• หลกเลยงความสบสน/ความขดแยงทอาจเกดในอนาคต

• ลดภาระคาใชจายในการรกษาพยาบาลและการใชทรพยากรทเกนความจ าเปน

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1. สรางบรรยากาศทด เปดประเดนพดคย

2. ประเมนความเขาใจของผ ปวย/ครอบครว

3. คนหาความคาดหมายหรอความหวง

4. ใหขอมล แนะน าความหวงทอยในความเปนจรง

5. ตอบสนองดวยความเหนอกเหนใจ

6. วางแผนการดแลและตดตาม

7. ทบทวนกบผ ปวยเปนระยะตามความเหมาะสม

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• การเชอมโยงสถานการณดานสขภาพ

คนสวนใหญทตองเผชญกบโรครายแรงมกวตกกงวลถงอนาคตขางหนา ความเจบปวยจะ

ด าเนนตอไปอยางไร จะมผลกระทบตอตวเขาอยางไร และมแนวทางท าอะไรไดบาง

“คณคงเคยไดขอมลแลววาภาวะไตวายไมสามารถรกษาใหหายได คณวตกกงวลอะไร

เกยวกบปญหาสขภาพของคณบางใหม?”

“ผ ปวยบางคนกงวลถงสงทจะเกดขนในอนาคต ถาไตยตการท างานเราจะอยในสภาพ

อยางไร ทรมานใหม คณหมอจะดแลเราอยางไร คณเคยกงวลถงสงเหลานหรอไม”

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• เปดประเดนการพดคย

“จะเปนประโยชนมากในการใหดแลคณ ถาเราทราบความตองการ ความคาดหวงหรอสงทคณกงวล”

“จะเปนประโยชนถาคณและครอบครวแบงปนความคดเกยวกบการรกษาทคณตองการหรอไมตองการใหเราทราบ” “คณคดอยางไรบาง”

“เมอคดถงอนาคต อะไรเปนสงทมความส าคญส าหรบคณ”

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คนหาความเขาใจของผปวยและครอบครวเรองโรค

• “แพทยเคยไดใหขอมลอะไรกบคณบาง”

• “แพทยไดคยเรองแผนการรกษากบคณแลวหรอไม”

• “คณเขาใจสถานการณของโรคของคณอยางไร”

• “คณทราบวาเกดอะไรขนบางในการเขารกษาตวครงน”

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ค าถามทชวยคนหาเปาหมายการรกษา

• “คณคดวาจะเปนอยางไรตอไป?”

• “คณวตกกงวลอะไรมากทสดเกยวกบความเจบปวยของคณ”

• “คณรสกอยางไรบางกบการรกษาทผานมา”

• “อะไรทเปนความล าบากทสดเกยวกบความเจบปวยของคณ”

• “คณกลวเกยวกบอนาคตขางหนาอยางไร”

• “อะไรทมความส าคญทสดส าหรบคณและครอบครว”

• “อะไรคอความหวงของคณ?”

• “คณมอะไรทตองท าใหส าเรจหรอไม?”

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• การด าเนนโรค

• พยากรณโรค สงทอาจเกดในอนาคต

• ท านายระยะเวลาทเหลอ (ใหทราบถงความไมแนนอน)

• การดแล/บรการทจะไดรบ

• ความปราถนา การเตรยมตวในระยะสดทาย- เปาหมายการรกษาทตองการ - การใชเครองพยงชพ vs.การดแลใหสขสบาย- สถานทดแล- ผตดสนใจแทนในกรณบอกความตองการไมได- การจดการภาระกจตางๆ- การตอบค าถามทสงสย

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• คนหาความเขาใจของผ ปวยเรองการใช LST

• ใหมองเหนภาพการใช LST

• ใหขอมลตรงจรงเกยวกบผลลพธของการใช LST ในผ ปวยระยะทาย

• ผ ปวยมสทธปฏเสธการใช LST และสามารถเลอกการดแลจดการอาการใหสขสบาย

• การถอดถอน LST

• DNR ไมไดหมายถง “No care”

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คนหาสภาวะทางอารมณและใหการตอบสนอง

• “คณคดอยางไรบางในขอมลทหมอไดใหไป”

• “คณดวตกกงวลใหม?”

• “ฟงดเหมอนคณไมพอใจ” “คณรสกกลวหรอปลาว?”

แสดงใหเหนวาคณเขาใจ (Understanding)

• “ดเหมอนจะเปนชวงเวลาทล าบากมากส าหรบคณ”

ใหการประคบประคอง

• “เราจะใหการดแลคณใหผานชวงนไปได”

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• หลงก าหนดเปาหมายการดแลทเหมาะสมตามความตองการของผ ปวยแลว ขนตอนตอไปท าการวางแผนการดแลลวงหนา

• ชวยสรางกรอบแนวทางการการดแลในระหวางการสนทนา

• พดคยถงการการดแลรกษาตางๆ ทอาจเกดขน วาเขากบบรบทของเปาหมายการดแลของผ ปวยหรอไม

– การตองเขารกษาตวในโรงพยาบาลบอยๆ?

– การยต dialysis

– การใสเครองชวยหายใจ?

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การเลอกระหวางการมคณภาพชวตทดแตเวลาอาจสนเทยบกบการยดเวลาแตตองเขาออกรพ.บอยและภาระทเกดขน

• “ตามทคณตองการอยอยางอสระไมพงพงมากทสด การตองเขาออกโรงพยาบาลบอยๆ เพอมาลางไต คงไมเขากบเปาหมายการดแลของคณ”

• “ผทเลอกลางไตมโอกาสเสยชวตในรพ. และมโอกาสไดรบเครองพยงชพทรกรานมากกวาผ เลอกไมลางไต”

• “ถาเปาหมายของคณคอการมโอกาสไดเสยชวตทบาน การใสเครองชวยหายใจจะท าใหคณตองเสยชวตในโรงพยาบาล”

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• ผ ปวยระบความตองการของผ ปวยอยางชดเจน

• ผ มสวนรวมในการตดสนใจรบทราบโดยทวกน

• ผไดรบมอบหมายใหตดสนใจแทนเขาใจและจะท าตามความตองการของผ ปวย

• บนทกเปนลายลกษณอกษร (advance directive) และสงผานใหรบทราบทวกนระหวางทมสขภาพ

• เปาหมายการดแลเปลยนไปตามการด าเนนโรคและตามสมรรถนะของผ ปวย จงควรมการทบทวนเปนระยะ

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• Nausea• Anorexia• Pain - Difficult pain

- Combination with opioids for minimizing dosage of opioids

• QOL

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Nausea:

• In PC, often m ultifactorial causes

• Treatm ent needs to consider reversible causes

• First line drugs: prokinetic agents, dopamine receptor antagonist

• Cannabinoids studies were m ostly in CINV

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Anorexia• Current pharmacological therapies for anorexia: Progestin, corticosteroids

provide limited and short-term improvement, limited by SE.• THC has effects in the hypothalamus and on dopamine transmission

benefit effects• Study on HIV-AIDS no benefit, but short duration, in small numbers of patients• Two phase 2 studies – impact on appetite and improved food taste in cancer

patients.• Three phase 3 studies failed to show benefits

Lu tge EE, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; CD005175.Nelson K, et al. J Palliat Care 1994;10:14-8.Jatoi A, et al. J C lin Oncol 2002;20:567-73.

Strasser F, et al. J C lin Oncol 2006;24:3394-400.

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Cancer pain

• Preclinical data supports the potential role of cannabinoids in pain modulation

• Clinical evidence to date - still not support

• 3 recent phase 3 studies of nabiximols in advance cancer with pain that is

unrelieved despite optimized opioids failed to demonstrate benefit

Fallon M T, et al. Br J Pain 2017;11:119-33.Lichtman AH, Lux EA. J Pain Symptom Manage 2018;55:179-88c.

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Low doses of step III opioid m ay be used

instead of codiene or tramadol (S tep II)

Strong opioids are first-line therapy in moderate to severe cancer pain

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Crit Care Pain 2005;5:203-6.

For Cannabino ids 15 R CT • 30% pain reduction NNT = 11.• Adverse effects: dizziness NNH = 5, sedation NNH

= 5, co nfusion NNH = 15, disso ciation NNH =20.

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• Opioid ma nipulation: -P are nte ra l delive ry- Rota tion- Combina tion-M ethadone

• Add non-op ioid a nd co-a na lgesics -P ara ce ta mol, NS AID, - Antidepre ssa nts a nd a nticonvu lsa nts

• NM DA re ceptor a ntagonists: me thadone , ke ta mine• Ca nna binoids• Lignoca ine • Corticoste roids

Evidence-based GL still not developed at present

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• Opio ids a re the ma in d rugs used in pa in control in pa lliative pa tients***.

• Use only m edicinal cannabis.

• Evidence-based recommendations for applications in specific symptoms, which failed 2-3rd line therapy. (Cancer pain, NP, CINV, spasticity)

• In EOL phase (<3months), m ild euphoria, sense of well being, heighten sensory perception from cannabis m ay play a role in PS/spiritual suffering.

• Cannabis m ay be superior to unknown herbal drugs, which m ay cause serious side effects.