sri lanka earthquake & tsunami warning training program session i.1 introduction to earthquake...
TRANSCRIPT
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
Session I.1
Introduction to Earthquake Science:
A Historical Perspective
April 3, 2006
CETRAC, Sri Lanka
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
Topics covered in this talk:
• Global Mosaic of Earthquakes
• Milestones in Seismology
• Historically Significant Earthquakes
• Statistical Features of Seismicity
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
Ca 132 BC: First seismoscope, showing the direction of incoming earthquake waves, is developed in China.
1875: The first seismometer is invented by Filippo Cecchi in Italy.
1889: A distant earthquake is recorded instrumentally for the first time. The recording is made in Potsdam, Germany of a Japanese earthquake.
Milestones in SeismologyMilestones in Seismology
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
Map of Earthquake Locations by Mallet, 1868.
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
Milestones in SeismologyMilestones in Seismology
1892: John Milne develops a seismometer, which is installed at approximately 40 observatories around the world. This is the beginning of global earthquake monitoring.
1906: Richard Oldham discovers Earth’s core by studying seismic waves.
1909: Andrija Mohorovicic discovers the moho discontinuity, which is the boundary between Earth’s crust and mantle.
1935: Charles Richter develops the magnitude scale (the so-called “Richter’s magnitude scale”), which is used for determining the size of earthquakes as applied in Southern California.
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
1936: Inge Lehmann from Denmark discovers the Earth’s inner core.
1961: The World-Wide Standardized Seismic Network (WWSSN) is established for monitoring both earthquakes and nuclear testing. WWSSN is later overtaken by IRIS.
1966: Keiiti Aki defines seismic moment, which is a physical measure of the magnitude of an earthquake.
1969-72: Apollo astronauts place a seismometer on the Moon, and the first "moonquakes" are registered.
1977: Hiroo Kanamori establishes the moment magnitude scale, which is a measure of earthquake magnitude based on seismic moment.
Milestones in SeismologyMilestones in Seismology
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
1984: The US National Science Foundation and US Geological Survey provide funding for a new, digital seismic network, the GSN. to replace the aging WWSSN.1996: The International Data Center is established in Vienna and seismic monitoring is done through the International Monitoring System (IMS). The IMS makes use of many stations of the GSN.
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
EarthquakesEarthquakesAs Natural DisastersAs Natural Disasters
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
10 Most Destructive Natural Disasters in the Last 100 years:10 Most Destructive Natural Disasters in the Last 100 years:
1. 1970 Hurricane (Bangladesh): 300,000
2. 2004 Earthquake & Tsunami (Indonesia): 278,000
3. 1976 Earthquake (China): 250,000
4. 1991 Hurricane (Bangladesh): 140,000
5. 1970: Earthquake/landslide (Peru): 60,000
6. 1990: Earthquake (Iran): 50,000
7. 1988: Earthquake (Armenia): 25,000
8. 1978: Earthquake (Iran): 25,000
9. 1995: Volcanic eruption (Columbia): 23,000
10.1976: Earthquake: (Guatemala): 22,000
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
Historically Significant EarthquakesHistorically Significant Earthquakes
• San Francisco 1906• Anchorage, Alaska 1964• Mexico City 1985• Armenia 1988• Loma Prieta (San Francisco) 1989• Northridge (Los Angeles) 1994• Kobe, Japan 1995
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San FranciscoSan Francisco
• April 18, 1906 , early morning
• 8.3M, 750-2,500 casualties
•First major urban earthquake
•The Great Fire
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San Francisco LiquefactionSan Francisco Liquefaction
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AnchorageAnchorage
• March 27, 1964 5:36 PM
• 8.6M, 800 km-long rupture
• 120 casualties from tsunami
• Largest earthquake in US history
• Initiation of US earthquake hazard program
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Fault trace
Anchorage, 1964– Surface RuptureAnchorage, 1964– Surface Rupture
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Anchorage, 1964– Landslide EffectAnchorage, 1964– Landslide Effect
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
Anchorage, 1964– TsunamiAnchorage, 1964– Tsunami
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Mexico CityMexico City
• September 18, 1985 7:17 AM
• 7.8M, $4 billion damage
• 8,000 casualties, 30,000 injured, 50,000 homeless
• Severe impacts in center of city (soil amplification)
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Armenia or “Spitak” Armenia or “Spitak” EarthquakeEarthquake
• December 7, 1988 11:41 AM
• 6.8M, $14 billion damage
• 25,000 casualties, 15,000 injured, 100,000 homeless
• Most severe event in USSR in 40 years
Surface Rupture
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Loma Prieta, the “World Series Quake”Loma Prieta, the “World Series Quake”
• October 17, 1989 5:04 PM
• 7.1M, $7 billion damage
• 63 casualties, 3,700 injured, 12,000 displaced
• San Andreas Fault, ~50 km south of San Francisco
• Severe liquefaction
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NorthridgeNorthridge
• January 17, 1994 4:31 AM
• 6.7M, $20 billion damage
• 57 deaths, thousands injured
• 24,000 buildings damaged
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
Kobe, JapanKobe, Japan
• January 17, 1995 5:46 AM
• 6.9M, $100 billion damage
• 5,300 casualties, 33,000 injured
• Amplification in filled land
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Kobe, Japan 1995– Kobe, Japan 1995– Damage to Damage to
Transportation SystemTransportation System
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Earthquake Statistics
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Earthquake Statistics
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Sri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training ProgramSri Lanka Earthquake & Tsunami Warning Training Program
Earthquake Statistics