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SQL SERVER –Booklet 12

- Gives you the interview tips in SQL Server

SQL SERVER Interview Questions-2014

KAASHIV INFOTECH

Welcomes you to the Expert Voice Corner

Mr.J.Venkatesan Prabu

Venkatesan Prabu Jayakantham (venkat) has more than 8 years experience in the Microsoft

Technologies such as VB.Net, ASP.Net, C#.net, SSIS, SSAS, ADO.Net, etc., He is the Managing

Director of KAASHIVINFOTECH (http://www.kaashivinfotech.com/),a software company in

Chennai. Before that, he worked in HCL Technologies (India and Australia) for six years as

Project Lead. As a service motive, Venkat contributed more than 700 articles which is read by

the developers in 170 countries (400 developers per day)

(http://venkattechnicalblog.blogspot.com/). Aligned with KaaShiv InfoTech’s mission,he met

more than 20,000 young minds and spreaded Microsoft Technologies / Career guidance

programs. Venkat won many awards in his career, which includes Prestigious Microsoft MVP

(Most Valuable Professional) award for the years 2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013 and won

many awards. List of other awards in his career,

Microsoft certified Smart .Net Candidate in 2004

Most valuable member for dotnetspider site in 2007

HCL SQL Subject Matter expert (SME - SQL Server) for the year (2008,2009)

HCL Special contribution award winner on Dotnet skills for year(2008) HCL SQL

Knowledge Champion for the year 2009

Mind Cracker MVP on SQLServer –2010 for the year 2010,2011

INETA champion - Gold Member – 2010 for the year 2010 HCL Service Contribution

Award for the year 2010

Leading Lights "Rising Star" award from Common Wealth Bank, Australia for the year

2010

TECHNICAL CERTIFICATION

Cisco certified Network Associate (CCNA) – 2004

Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD) – 2005

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my family members for their support and encouragement. Without

their support it would be impossible for me to publish this e-book. I would also like to

thank my KaaShiv InfoTech team for their support to publish this e-book.

DISCLAIMER

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be copied, adapted, abridged or stored in

any retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other system or transmitted in any

form or by any means without the prior written permission of the copyright holders. Any

breach will entail legal action and permission without further notice.

1. What is Cross Join?

A cross join that does not have a WHERE clause produces the Cartesian

product of the tables involved in the join. The size of a Cartesian product result set is the

number of rows in the first table multiplied by the number of rows in the second table.

The common example is when company wants to combine each product with a pricing

table to analyze each product at each price.

.

2. How do SQL server 2000 and XML linked? Can XML be used to access data?

FOR XML (ROW, AUTO, EXPLICIT)

You can execute SQL queries against existing relational databases to return

results as XML rather than standard rowsets. These queries can be executed directly or

from within stored procedures. To retrieve XML results, use the FOR XML clause of the

SELECT statement and specify an XML mode of RAW, AUTO, or EXPLICIT.

OPENXML

OPENXML is a Transact-SQL keyword that provides a relational/rowset view

over an in-memory XML document. OPENXML is a rowset provider similar to a table

or a view. OPENXML provides a way to access XML data within the Transact-SQL

context by transferring data from an XML document into the relational tables.

Thus, OPENXML allows you to manage an XML document and its interaction with the

relational environment.

3.What command do we use to rename a db?

sp_renamedb ‘oldname’ , ‘newname’

If someone is using db it will not accept sp_renmaedb. In that case first bring db

to single user using sp_dboptions. Use sp_renamedb to rename database. Use sp_dboptions

to bring database to multi user mode.

4. What are the different types of replication? Explain.

The SQL Server 2000-supported replication types are as follows:

Transactional

Snapshot

Merge

Snapshot replication distributes data exactly as it appears at a specific moment in time and

does not monitor for updates to the data. Snapshot replication is best used as a method for

replicating data those changes infrequently or where the most up-to-date values (low

latency) are not a requirement. When synchronization occurs, the entire snapshot is

generated and sent to Subscribers.

Transactional replication, an initial snapshot of data is applied at Subscribers, and then

when data modifications are made at the Publisher, the individual transactions are captured

and propagated to Subscribers.

Merge replication is the process of distributing data from Publisher to

Subscribers, allowing the Publisher and Subscribers to make updates while connected or

disconnected, and then merging the updates between sites when they are connected.

5. What are the OS services that the SQL Server installation adds?

MS SQL SERVER SERVICE, SQL AGENT SERVICE, DTC (Distribution transac co-

ordinator)

6. What are three SQL keywords used to change or set someone’s permissions?

GRANT, DENY, and REVOKE.

7. What does it mean to have quoted identifier on? What are the implications of having

it off?

When SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER is ON, identifiers can be delimited by double

quotation marks, and literals must be delimited by single quotation marks. When SET

QUOTED_IDENTIFIER is OFF, identifiers cannot be quoted and must follow all Transact-

SQL rules for identifiers.

8. What is the STUFF function and how does it differ from the REPLACE function?

STUFF function to overwrite existing characters. Using this

syntax, STUFF(string_expression, start, length, replacement_characters), string_expression

is the string that will have characters substituted, start is the starting position, length is the

number of characters in the string that are substituted, and replacement_characters are the

new characters interjected into the string.

REPLACE function to replace existing characters of all occurance. Using this

syntax REPLACE(string_expression, search_string, replacement_string), where every

incidence of search_string found in the string_expression will be replaced with

replacement_string.

9. How many rows are returned by these two select statements?

2 and 2

Each select statement actually returns 2 rows. You can use this script to check this:

create table mytable( id int identity(1,1), mychar varchar(20))

go

insert mytable select null

insert mytable select ''

insert mytable select ' '

go

set ansi_nulls on

set ansi_null_dflt_on on

select * from mytable

where mychar is not null

select * from mytable

where mychar <> '' and mychar is not null

select * from mytable

where mychar <> ' ' and mychar is not null

select * from mytable where mychar = ''

select * from mytable where mychar = ' '

set ansi_null_dflt_on off

set ansi_nulls off

go

drop table mytable

10. If you run this, what does it return?

select applock_mode('public', 'SalesApp', 'Transaction')

The type of lock being held by an application that requested it.

This command returns the lock mode held by an application that was requested with the

sp_getapplock procedure.

insert mytable select ''

insert mytable select ' '

select * from mytable where mychar = ''

select * from mytable where mychar = ' '

11. How will you map objects to a relational database ? How will you map class

inheritance to relational data model ?

Due to impedance mismatch between object and relational technology you need to

understand the process of mapping classes (objects) and their relationships to tables and

relationships between them in a database. Classes represent both behavior and data whereas

relational database tables just implement data. Database schemas have keys (primary keys to

uniquely identify rows and foreign keys to maintain relationships between rows) whereas

object schema does not have keys and instead use references to implement relationships to

other objects.

12. What is a view ? Why will you use a view? What is an aggregate function ?

View is a precompiled SQL query, which is used to select data from one or more tables. A

view is like a table but it doesn’t physically take any space (i.e. not materialized).

Views are used for

Providing inherent security by exposing only the data that is needed to be shown to the end

user.

Enabling re-use of SQL statements.

Allows changes to the underlying tables to be hidden from clients, aiding maintenance of

the database schema (i.e. encapsulation)

Views with multiple joins and filters can dramatically degrade performance because views

contain no data and any retrieval needs to be processed.

The solution for this is to use materialized views or create de-normalized tables to store

data. This technique is quite handy in overnight batch processes where a large chunk of

data needs to be processed. Normalized data can be read and inserted into some temporary

denormalized table and processed with efficiency.

13. What is a database trigger ?

A trigger is a fragment of code that you tell to run before or after a table is modified. There

are typically three triggering EVENTS that cause trigger to 'fire':

INSERT event (as a new record is being inserted into the database).

UPDATE event (as a record is being changed).

DELETE event (as a record is being deleted).

Triggers can restrict access to specific data, perform logging, or audit access to data.

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14. How can you keep track of all your database changes ?

If you want to keep track of all changes to a particular record, such as who

modified the record, what kind of modification took place, and when the record

modification occurred then you can use triggers because you can capture every

action that occurred on a particular table. For example, an INSERT trigger would

fire when a particular database table has a record inserted.

15. What is the difference between “Stored Procedure” and “Function”?

A procedure can have both input and output parameters, but a function can only

have input parameters.

Inside a procedure we can use DML (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE) statements. But

inside a function we can't use DML statements.

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