LandForcesSP’s A N S P G U I D E P U B L I C A T I O N

LT GENERAL (RETD) PRAN PAHWAEDITOR

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I n T h i s I s s u e T h e O N LY j o u r n a l i n A s i a d e d i c a t e d t o L a n d F o r c e s

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Lt General Milan Naidu, PVSM, AVSM, YSM, ADC took over as the Vice Chief of Army Staff on October 1, 2007. He was earlier the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Army Training Command. Lt General Naidu spoke to Lt General V.K. Kapoor, Editor, SP’s Land Forces, and Lt General Naresh Chand, the Group Technical Editor, on a wide range of issues.

LandForcesSP’s

I n T h i s I s s u e T h e O N LY j o u r n a l i n A s i a d e d i c a t e d t o L a n d F o r c e s

Face to Face

Signal Officer-in-Chief S.P. Sree Kumar elaborates on the introduction of new networks to meet growing user requirements apart from the process of modernisation and consolidation of information and communication network of the Indian Army.

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A recent visit to the US to discuss the likely scenarios on “Central Asia Futures” was both interesting and revealing. The most notewor-thy discovery was the extent to which Indian and US inter-est converge in the context

of Central Asia and Greater Central Asia—re-conceptualised with the addition of Iran, Eastern Turkey, China’s far west (Xinjiang), northwestern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and the Middle East. This is also true in respect of all the States of Central Asia whose interests would be best served by following a policy of a balanced (multi-vectored) approach. Their motivation for doing so would be to strengthen their sovereignties rather than allow them to be diluted and merged into new entities dominated by either of their powerful neighbours Russia and China.

Another significant aspect was that if Pakistanis were to define their country not in term of its self-destructive enmity with India but in terms of the pivotal geographical position at the heart of the Indus Valley, they could perceive a better future for their country as the central entrepot of a vast region stretching from Iran to India, and from Central Asia to the Arabian Sea and beyond. Pakistan could then use trade as an engine for internal development by open-ing the corks in east towards India and in the west towards Afghanistan and Central Asia. This conceptualisation will also in the long term help in reducing and eradicating terrorism and insur-gency in Pakistan which is of global concern.

Back home, the brouhaha over the Indo-US nuclear deal has reached a crescendo with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh finally calling the bluff of the Left parties to stake every-thing for what the UPA government insists is “good for the nation”. Even as the Prime Minister’s new-found streak of stubbornness in the face of the Left’s obstinacy to stall the deal comes as a pleasant surprise, the politi-cal upheaval that will unfold over the next few weeks will, besides testing the tenacity of the current regime, determine the final outcome. The nation watches with bated breath.

This issue carries highly focused articles on a variety of subjects, including current advances in Main Battle Tanks, what sus-tains the Naxalite movement, the vital role of Electromagnetic Spectrum in future warfare, unattended ground sensors, platform indepen-dent precision engagement system, along with interviews of the Vice Chief of Army Staff and the Signal Officer-in-Chief of the Indian Army.

Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor

What sustains the red movement? Mobilisation of cadres along ideological lines symbolises the strength of the Naxal movement and explains why it has been receiving support and sustenance from various quarters.

AMIT KUMAR SINGH144

All nations are upgrading main battle tanks with the latest technologies to improve on the basic characteristics, including protection, mobility, firepower and communications and nightfighting capabilities.

LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR

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Editor ial

SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): The role of the VCOAS is a legacy of the erstwhile appoint-ment of the Chief of General Staff who coordinated the entire staff function at the Army Headquarters. How has your charter

of duties evolved from the earliest days and what are your major duties currently?Vice Chief of Army Staff (VCOAS): Since Independence, in pursuance of the necessity of remaining relevant and effective in meeting the

challenges of a dynamically changing secu-rity environment, periodic restructuring have taken place in the Army HQ in 1949, 1959, 1965, 1988, 1991 and 2004. Essentially, these involved rationalising, realigning and redistri-

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A SPONSOR OF INTERNATIONAL TECH SEMINAR ON FUTURE INFANTRY COMBAT VEHICLE & FUTURE MAIN BATTLE TANK BY CII & ARMY, 22-23 JULY, NEW DELHI

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bution of responsibilities of the erstwhile Chief of General Staff amongst one VCOAS and the two Deputy Chiefs of Army Staff (DCsOAS) to ensure better and focused attention to grow-ing number of functional domains as well as for ensuring synergy. The VCOAS, since 1965, has been made responsible for all aspects of strategic planning for military operations and aspects intimately related with the same. Besides, he is also to coordinate issues which are dealt by two or more branches in the Army HQ as well as those requiring coordination with other Services HQ.

In specific terms, I, as the VCOAS, am to exercise supervision on the functioning of the Directorates General of Military Operations, Military Intelligence, and the Operational Logistics. Besides, the coordination of the functioning of the General Staff Directorates, through the two DCsOAS as well as process-ing of all policy matters, involving two or more branches headed by the Principal Staff Officers, for obtaining decisions of the Army Chief, also falls within my purview.

SP’s: What in your view are the major oper-ational challenges facing the Indian Army presently and what additional challenges do you foresee in the future?VCOAS: The major operational challenges facing the Indian Army relate to the entire spectrum of military conflict, including mili-tary operations in other than war situations. In specific terms, it could imply surveillance and domination of our disputed borders as also tackling cross border infiltration and ter-rorism in Jammu and Kashmir. The army is also involved in countering insurgencies in a number of northeastern states. Some of India’s neighbours continue to expand and hone their military capabilities, which have to be taken into account whilst determining and developing desired capabilities and matching strategies.

Also, in a transformed geopolitical context, the threat of asymmetric warfare presents complex challenges. This includes threats in the realm of cyber warfare targeted at the IT industry, financial networks, as also command and control systems; threats to installations or institutions of strategic value, like nuclear installations, space centres and so on; propa-ganda to subvert our populace; drugs and arms trafficking aimed at eroding social structures and funding terrorism. A conventional conflict in the future is likely to be accompanied by a large number of such “Fourth Generation Warfare” manifestations. The army has to be prepared to effectively deal with this emerg-ing complex mix of warfare paradigms while ensuring synergy in operating with the other services as also the armed forces of other coun-tries in probable UN mandated operational scenarios. The challenge for the army, thus, is to achieve and continually ensure optimal preparedness in mounting multi-front and multi-spectrum operational missions and tasks simultaneously, in synergy with other services as well as armed forces of other countries.

SP’s: What is the current status of insur-gency in Jammu and Kashmir? VCOAS: Security situation in the state of Jammu and Kashmir is firmly under control of the security forces. The current phase of the Proxy War in the state has shown a marked improvement compared to the previ-ous years. The level of violence in 2007 was about 55 per cent lower compared to 2006.

The trend so far in 2008, too, has been encouraging. Despite concerted attempts by terrorists to infiltrate the LC, ostensibly to disrupt the scheduled democratic process of assembly elections, the army has been able to foil almost all such attempts, which is a sub-stantial increase in our success rate over the previous years. Continued alertness is called for by the security forces to thwart the evil designs of the terrorist groups and their sponsors.

SP’s: Compared to the peak period of insur-gency in 1993-94, what are the differences in the latest methods in conducting counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism opera-tions to avoid collateral damage?

VCOAS: The army has always accorded high-est priority to human rights and avoiding col-lateral damage during operations. Large scale cordon and search operations are avoided and people friendly surgical operations are conduct-ed, in conformity with the policy of “Iron Fist with a Velvet Glove”. This approach has con-tinued to pay rich dividends. State-of-the-art surveillance devices are also being employed now to avoid collateral damage. Conduct of operations using minimum force; avoidance of collateral damage; acting in good faith and maintaining high moral standards form the cornerstones of our operational concept.

SP’s: To facilitate more effective conduct of counter-insurgency operations by the Indian Army’s units and formations, what technological upgrades of equipment have been carried out? VCOAS: Modernisation and technological upgradation of equipment, platforms and sys-tems is a continuous process aimed at enhanc-

ing our capabilities against conventional as well as sub conventional threats. Our focus for equipment acquisitions for counter-insurgency operations is to adopt a dynamic stance so as to always maintain an edge in ability of the security forces to counter the innovative means being employed by the terrorists.

We have enhanced our capabilities with respect to surveillance, fire power, night fight-ing capabilities, electronic warfare capabilities, mobility, communications systems and counter IED measures. The equipment inductions have facilitated greater lethality and accuracy in fire power, while providing better protection to troops and reducing collateral damage. Conduct of night operations have been more effective and casualty to own troops have been reduced. We have also achieved a qualitative edge in our intelligence collection, collation, analysis and dissemination capabilities.

SP’s: From media reports it appears that the cases of corruption and moral turpitude against all ranks—especially middle level and senior officers—are on the rise. What are the steps being taken to prevent further deterioration of character values?VCOAS: The situation is nowhere near as bad as it has been projected or perceived. Most of the recent reports in the media of alleged cor-ruption have been either totally false or just a few instances of minor aberrant behaviour.

The army has well-established, comprehen-sive and proven internal mechanisms to deter as well as prevent acts of omission or com-mission which could undermine operational effectiveness, discipline, or cause loss or unfair gain to individuals, the organisation or the government. It also boasts of very effective, fair and speedy investigative and justice delivery mechanism which is geared towards the special requirements of a highly disciplined body of men. The mechanism has stood the test of time and is among the best and most effective in the world. Ensuring probity and integrity in all matters is part and parcel of the army’s ethos

and is pursued most vigorously by the entire officer cadre, more so by the senior leadership. I can assure you that the process of internalising the army’s code of ethics and values amongst all ranks as well as strict enforcement of anti-corruption and the deterrent disciplinary mea-sures are being accorded the highest priority that these deserve, led by none other than the Army Chief himself.

SP’s: What direction is the army taking in regard to offensive capability?VCOAS: The Indian Army analyses the threats and challenges being faced in the current and future perspective and adopts its force structures and capabilities accord-ingly. This is pursued with a view to ensuring competitive military advantage in addressing a variety of security challenges and threats, as and when they emerge. In this context, there are plans to upgrade our operational capabilities in the plains and the mountains, including amphibious and maritime opera-

tional contingencies in concert with the other services. These initiatives involve induction of appropriate platforms, weapon systems, organisation structuring and development of military infrastructure in stipulated timelines which are aligned with the nation’s long term military objectives and likely time frames of emergence of visualised security challenges.

SP’s: The challenges faced by India are varied, hence, what are the parameters being kept in mind while structuring the army. Are any radical changes being contemplated? VCOAS: The army and the other two services have come a long way from pursuing the “Budget Driven Approach” for defence planning to following the “Capability and Threat-Based Approach”. This approach has been institution-alised over the past decade. In consonance with this approach, the basic parameters that drive our force structuring is to ensure development and sustenance of holistic military capabilities in a time frame required to successfully mount all types of military missions to deter or defeat military or non-military threats to national security, as well as those which would be essential to support pursuit of military or non-military national security objectives and com-mitments. Since there are lead times involved in the development of desired military capabilities as well as financial implications in sustaining them, the exercise to determine desired military capabilities is not only an intense intellectual activity, but also a seamless systemic process that extends from the nation’s highest strategic establishment down to the planning director-ates of the three services. It remains a multi-disciplinary endeavour that delves into the domains of geo-strategic analysis; developing and analysing of ‘alternate futures’ through scenario building at the national strategic, military strategic, theatre strategic and opera-tional levels; modern forecasting techniques, including technology forecasting; generation and evaluation of strategic and operational options, including the utilisation of quantitative

techniques. The guiding principle in the entire exercise is to develop and sustain the desired military capabilities that are aligned with the time-sensitive national security objectives in a manner that guarantees “desired assurance of success or competitive advantage vis-à-vis likely competitors”; with “acceptable degrees of risk”; and at “affordable costs”.

SP’s: Has our intelligence gathering capabil-ity improved after the Kargil war?VCOAS: Yes, there has been a quantum jump in our human intelligence (HUMINT) and Technical Intelligence (TECHINT) gathering capabilities as well as in the process of their collation, sifting, analysis and dissemination mechanism. Induction of modern technology, especially in terms of a variety of sensors inte-grated with cutting edge communication and information technology enabled services has surely helped the process. There has also been significant progress in establishing coordination and responsive sharing of intelligence among the various intelligence agencies of the country. This process, however, has to be a continuous one, characterised by near continuous reviews and capability enhancements so as to retain assured competitive edge over the designs of our adversaries as well as likely future competitors. Also, in view of enhanced existing and emerg-ing threats of asymmetric warfare, the process needs to be extended so as to seamlessly inte-grate and establish synergy with the provincial and state intelligence agencies.

SP’s: How is the delay in procurement of weapon systems affecting the modernisa-tion process of the army? Does the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) 2008 contem-plate any change in the current procedures?VCOAS: Modernisation of the Indian Army is of utmost importance in order to give it the nec-essary teeth to deal with external threats and internal security challenges. The DPP 2006 radically streamlined the procurement proce-dure and made it very transparent. The same has been in vogue since September 2006 and is currently under review to make it even more effective. Procurement under Capital Head is a long drawn process and has various checks and procedures which consume time. A number of positive steps have been taken by the Ministry of Defence to speed up the procurement process. These include further delegation of financial powers to the Services HQ and disqualification of vendors who conclusively fail at any stage during the trials. I expect the revised procedure to further streamline the process to reinforce the issue of transparency, without compromis-ing on acquisition time and thus, help maintain operational preparedness of the army.

SP’s: Every year the services return some amount of capital budget despite urgent need of modernisation and procurements. How is this contradiction being overcome?VCOAS: In the past, there have been instances of slippage in utilisation of funds allocated for Capital Acquisitions. Though, procurement plans (along with anticipated expenditures) are worked out well in advance, however, keeping in mind the long gestation periods, there are a number of impediments which contribute towards non-fructification of schemes in a par-ticular financial year. With the introduction of various reforms and the DPP 2006, the system has undergone a positive change and the allot-ted funds are now being fully expended. The FY 2006-07 was an exception, when certain pro-posed acquisitions related to the modernisation plans got dropped at the last moment to pre-vent compromises on cost and quality. The sys-tem appears to have somewhat stabilized now with both the Services Headquarter and the environment, coming to terms with the revised modalities for finalising of contracts. Coupled with the above, we have also instituted some additional cost and time cutting measures to expedite timely utilisation of allocated funds. These are making the General Staff Qualitative Requirements in a manner so as to attract a larger vendor response and enhancing the del-egated financial powers for capital expenditure by the VCOAS. SP

Lt General Milan Naidu flanked by Lt General V.K. Kapoor, Editor, SP’s Land Forces, and Lt General Naresh Chand, the Group Technical Editor

MIND IS THE FIRST DEFENCE.

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Tanks were first developed during World War I to break the deadlock of trench warfare. These gradually evolved to assume the former role of

the cavalry on the battlefield—to either out-flank or dislocate the opponent with fast move-ment, or to penetrate defenses by concentrating on the opponent’s weakest sectors. Tank devel-opment soon led to the development of other armoured vehicles, both wheeled and tracked, for carrying infantry, self-propelled artillery, anti-tank guns and anti-aircraft guns. Thus, tank warfare came to be termed armoured warfare. Gradually, with increasing mechanisa-tion of combat elements, the term armoured warfare gave way to mechanised warfare.

Advances in Tank technologyThe main battle tank (MBT) continues to be an important element of a country’s war wag-ing capability as is evident from the fact that all nations are improving and upgrading their tanks with the latest technologies. The current effort is to improve upon the basic characteris-tics of the MBTs, including protection, mobil-ity, firepower and communications and night fighting capabilities whose high points are:

• Protection: Armour protection is achieved from the use of rolled homo-geneous armour with the addition of explosive reactive armour (ERA). Some tanks have active protection systems which “actively” detect and destroy the warhead before the explosive in the ammunition is detonated.

• Mobility: Advances in power train tech-nology allow even heavy AFVs to boast excellent tactical mobility, though strategic mobility through airlift remains a thorny problem.

• Firepower: Most of the modern tanks have larger guns of 120 mm or 125 mm bore which can fire both types of conventional munitions, that is, kinetic and chemical energy rounds, such as the armour piercing fin stabilised discarding sabot (APFSDS) and high explosive anti-tank (HEAT). In many cases the APFSDS ammunition uses depleted uranium pen-etrators for greater effect. Additionally most tank guns today can fire anti-tank guided missiles through the same gun barrel.

• Communications: All current MBTs are upgrading their communications to ensure secure voice and data communications and automatic location of own units and the enemy to provide real time “situational awareness” which is a prime requirement of the future battlefield.

• Nightfighting Capability: This vital capability is fulfilled by providing thermal imagers which provide day and night detec-tion and recognition up to a range of 5 km. The gunners and commanders sights are integrated with laser range finder, Global Positioning System (GPS)-based true north finder and a powerful on-board computer which enables fire control and connectivity to battle management system.

A Worldwide Survey Israel: The 65-tonne, Merkava 4 MBT entered full production in 2001 and began operational training with the Israel Defence Force in July 2003. The first battalion of Merkava Mk 4 tanks entered service in 2004. It has a new all-electric turret developed by Elbit and sub-sidiary El-Op. Only one hatch is installed in the turret, the commander’s hatch. The improved gun can fire higher power munitions including new 120 mm high-penetration projectiles and guided shells and has been developed by Israel Military Industries. A video thermal shroud on the gun reduces bending of the barrel resulting from environmental and firing conditions. It also has an internally operated 60 mm mortar system developed by Soltam Ltd. The mortar can fire explosive and illumination rounds to a range of 2,700 m. The tank is protected against a range of threats, including air-launched precision-guided missiles and advanced and top-attack anti-tank weapons. Automatic fire detec-tion and suppression has been installed. The underside of the hull has been fit-ted with additional armour protec-tion against mines.

Russia: The T-90S tank is the latest in the T-series of Russian tanks and represents an increase in firepower, mobility and protection. Manufactured by Uralvagonzavod in Nizhnyi Tagil, Russia, the T-90S entered service with the Russian Army in 1992. It is also in service with the Indian Army. The tanks are fitted with the Shtora self-protection system and Catherine thermal imagers from Thales of France and Peleng of Belarus. The T-90S armament includes one 125 mm 2A46M smoothbore gun, stabilised in two axes and fitted with a thermal sleeve. It can fire a variety of ammuni-tion including Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot (APDS), HEAT, and high explosive fragmentation (HE-FRAG) as well as shrapnel projectiles with time fuzes. It can also fire the

9M119 Refleks (NATO designation AT-11 Sniper) anti-tank guided missile. The system is intended to engage tanks fitted with ERA as well as low-flying air targets such as helicopters, at a range of up to 5 km. The missile system fires either the 9M119 or 9M119M missiles which have semi-automatic laser beam riding guid-ance and a hollow charge warhead. The tank is protected by both conventional armour-plating and ERA. The tank also has a infrared jammer, laser warning system, grenade discharging system and a computerised control system. It is also fitted with nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protection equipment. USA: No new tank has been developed but the Abrams MBT manufactured by General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) has under-gone a number of upgrades. The first M1 tank was produced in 1978, the M1A1 in 1985 and the M1A2 in 1986. The M1A2 System

Enhancement Package contains an embedded version of

the US Army’s Force XXI command and con-trol architecture; new Raytheon Commander’s Independent Thermal Viewer with second generation thermal imager; commander’s display for digital colour terrain maps; DRS Technologies second generation thermal imaging gunner’s sight with increased range; driver’s integrated display and thermal man-agement system.

The fire enhancement package also includes an eye safe laser rangefinder, north-find-ing module and precision lightweight global positioning receiver which provide targeting solutions for the new Far Target Locate (FTL) function. FTL gives accurate targeting data to a range of 8,000 m with a Circular Error of Probability of less than 35 m.

Propulsion system includes a Honeywell AGT 1500 gas turbine engine and the Allison X-1100-3B transmission which provides four forward and two reverse gears. The US Army has selected Honeywell International Engines and Systems and General Electric to develop a new LV100-5 gas turbine engine for the M1A2. The new engine is lighter and smaller with rapid acceleration, quieter running and no visible exhaust. Germany: The Leopard 2 MBT has been developed by Krauss-Maffei AG, now Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, of Munchen, Germany. The Leopard 2 is a successor to the successful Leopard 1 and was first produced in 1979. It is in service with the armies of Austria, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, Sweden and Spain, with over 3,200 produced. This tank has undergone a number of upgrades. The Leopard 2A6 includes a longer L55 120 mm gun, with a calibre length 55 which results in a greater portion of the available energy in the barrel being converted into projectile velocity, thereby increasing the range and armour penetration. The gun fires effectively up to 5,000 m. It also has an auxiliary engine, improved mine protec-tion and an air-conditioning system. The pri-mary sight has an integrated laser rangefinder and a thermal sight, which are both linked to the tank’s fire control computer. The maxi-mum range of the laser rangefinder is less than 10,000 m with accuracy to within 20 m. The hybrid navigation system of the tank consists of a GPS and an inertial navigation system.

The engine is the MTU MB 873 diesel engine, providing 1,100 kW (1,500 shp), with a Renk HSWL 354 gear and break system. An enhanced version of the Euro Power Pack, with a 1,210 kW (1,650 shp) MTU MT883 engine, has been tried out on the Leopard 2. UK: Challenger 2 is an advanced MBT built by BAE Systems Land Systems (formerly Vickers Defence Systems, then Alvis Vickers Ltd). Challenger 2 is in service with the British Army and with the Royal Army of Oman. Challenger 2 is equipped with an L30, 120 mm rifled tank gun from BAE Land Systems (formerly RO Defence). In January 2004, BAE Land Systems was awarded a contract to develop a new smoothbore 120 mm gun for the British Army Challenger tanks. Under the contract, a Challenger 2 has been armed with the Rheinmetall L55 smoothbore gun, as fitted on the Leopard 2A6 tank, and began firing trials in January 2006.

The tank fitted with the L 30 gun has capacity for 50 120 mm projectiles, including APFSDS, High-Explosive Squash Head (HESH) or smoke rounds. The L30 gun can also fire the Depleted Uranium (DU) round with a stick charge propellant. The turret is protected with second generation Chobham armour. A NBC protection system is located in the turret bustle. France: The Leclerc MBT, built by Giat Industries, is operational with the French Army and the armed forces of Abu Dhabi of the UAE. The Leclerc was first operational with the French Army in 1992 and with UAE in

Mechanised Warfare

LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR

The 65-tonne, Merkava 4 MBT entered full production in 2001 and began operational training with the Israel Defence Force in July 2003

Advances & DevelopmentsAll nations are upgrading the main battle tanks with latest technologies to improve basic characteristics, like protection, mobility, firepower and communications, and nightfighting capabilitiesU

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1995. Leclerc Mark 2 tanks, with improved software and engine control system, entered production in 1998.

The Leclerc is fitted with the FINDERS (Fast Information, Navigation, Decision and Reporting System) battlefield management sys-tem, developed by Nexter Systems. It includes a colour map display which shows the positions of the host tank, allied and hostile forces and designated targets and can be used for route and mission planning. The 120 mm 52-calibre smoothbore gun is fitted with a thermal sleeve and muzzle reference system. It is capable of firing APFSDS and HEAT rounds at the rate of 12 rounds per minute. The aiming system is entirely electrical for improved acceleration. The digital fire control system allows the gun-ner or commander to select six different targets to be engaged in just over 30 seconds.South Korea: The K1 has been operational in the RoK Army since 1986 and is known as the Republic of Korea Indigenous Tank (ROKIT). Following early design work based on US M1 technology, the K1 tank was designed and produced by Korea. The manoeuvrability of the tank is optimised for the varied geographical features of Korea, which include mountainous terrain, jungle, paddy fields and swamp. The K1A1 is an upgraded version of the K1 MBT. The main gun is a 105 mm rifled high-velocity cannon with a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun. The commander’s station is equipped with a 50-calibre machine gun and the loader’s sta-tion with a 7.62 mm machine gun.

The Raytheon Gunner’s Primary Sight Subsystem is stabilised in two axes and includes a thermal imager and laser rangefinder. The gunner’s ballistic computer automatically downloads crosswind data, vehicle cant, azi-muth tracking rate and range. The gunner manually inputs data for air pressure, air tem-perature, barrel wear, barrel droop and ammu-nition type. It is equipped with a turbo-charged 1,200 hp MTU MB 871 diesel engine providing a power to weight ratio of 23.5 hp/t.China: China has developed the Type 98 MBT which has a crew of three personnel, a combat weight of 50 metric tonnes. The appearance is similar to the Russian T-72 tank. The main armament is a 125 mm smooth bore main gun which is fitted with a thermal sleeve and a fume extractor. The ammunition fired includes APFSDS and HE–fragmentation rounds. It can also fire a laser guided missile from its 125 mm, 50 calibre smooth bore gun to a maximum range of 5 km. It is powered by Model WD 396 V8 turbo-charged diesel of 1,200 bhp. Pakistan: Pakistan is producing the Al Khalid with the help of China’s NORINCO industries and is similar to China’s tanks. Its general configuration is that of the T-72 and is armed with a 125 mm smooth bore main gun which can fire APFSDS, HEAT and HE- FRAG rounds. It has a laser range finder interfaced with the gunners sight. It is powered by a compact 1,200 hp opposed piston two-stroke diesel engine imported from Ukraine. Under the terms of the agreement, Ukranian Malyshev tank plant will supply the Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT) with the tank engines for produc-tion of the tank at the HIT facility.

Pakistan has also acquired 320 T-80UD tanks from Ukraine with deliveries having been completed between 1997 and 1999. The T-80UD carries the 9M119 Refleks (NATO desig-nation AT-11 Sniper) anti-tank guided missile system which is fired from the 125 mm main gun. The range of the missile is up to 4,000 m. The system is intended to engage tanks fitted with ERA as well as low-flying air targets such as helicopters, at a range of up to 5 km. The 125 mm smoothbore gun with thermal sleeve, can fire between six and eight rounds/minute. India: India started developing the Arjun tank more than 30 years ago. At present, the Indian Army is still conducting trials with a squadron of Arjun tanks out of the 124 ordered by it. In the meanwhile, 310 T-90S tanks had been ordered from Russia. Of these, 124 fully assem-bled tanks were directly imported from Russia and 186 kits were imported for assembly in India. The first indigenously assembled T-90S rolled out from the Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF), Avadi on January 7, 2004. These tanks

have now been operationalised. Additional 347, T-90S tanks have been negotiated for induction into the service which will bring the total to 647 T-90S tanks.

A programme has simultaneously been launched to modernise the T-72 M1, Ajeya, MBTs. Around 1,700 T-72 M1s have been manufactured under license at HVF, Avadi. The T-72 M1 modernisation programme under

Project Rhino will extend the service life of the MBT by 20 years, enhance their accuracy and give a night fighting capability through a thermal imager integrated with the tank’s fire control system. The T-72 tanks are additionally being equipped with ERA for better protec-tion, along with a laser warning system and new, frequency hopping, tank radios sets from Tadiran. A new power pack is also under con-

sideration, especially with heavy ERA packages that are being strapped on. However, the mod-ernisation of the T-72 is way behind schedule due to complicated procurement procedures exacerbated by delayed decision making.

Reportedly, the T-90 and the improved T-72 M1 tanks will constitute India’s armoured might in the future till a new MBT is chosen or designed indigenously. SP

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Dyneema® HB50:Less weight can

save lives.

AH-64D Apache LongbowThe only combat helicopter in service with the ability to rapidly detect, clas-sify, prioritise and engage stationary or moving enemy targets at standoff ranges in nearly all weather environ-ments. Capable of performing across the spectrum of military operations:

• Peacekeeping / Enforcement• Reconnaissance / Security• Escort / Force Protection• Close Combat Attack• Defeat Air Defense• Deep Attack

V-22 Osprey

Boeing’s rotorcraft unravelledIndustr y

Apache Longbow Features

• Static mast main rotor• Ballistic tolerance to 23mm•Twin Independent drive engines• Nitrogen-inerting crash resistant fuel cells• Advanced Sensors• Fire control radar• Radar frequency interferometer• Air-to-air missiles• 30 mm cannon• Hellfire/Fire-and-Forget missiles• Intuitive cockpits• Advanced targeting sight• Crashworthy structure• 70mm rockets• Aux fuel tanks• Digital platform• Integrated electronic maintenance

Only rotorcraft capable of land-ing on, operating in and taking off from water, the Chinook is a multi-mission, heavy-lift trans-

port helicopter. Its primary mission is to move troops, artillery, ammunition, fuel, water, barrier materials, supplies and equip-ment on the battlefield. Its secondary mis-sions include medical evacuation, disaster relief, search and rescue, aircraft recovery, fire fighting, parachute drops, heavy con-struction and civil development.

H-47 Chinook

Tandem Rotorcraft AdvantagesIncreased Lift• All power used for lift• No power wasted for anti-torque controlIncreased stability in high winds• Excellent control under any wind

conditions• No critical wind direction for approach

and hoverEnhanced Landing Ability• Faster landing approach and deceleration• Less susceptible to enemy observation

and fire

Smaller Rotor Diameter• Capability of landing/unloading in normally

unsuitable terrainEasier Loading/Unloading Capability• Lack of tail-boom allows greater access to

cabin area• Position of rear landing gear permits

steady hover during loading/unloadingUnrestricted Water Operations• Load/unload with rotors turning• Rotor shutdown/startup routineIncreased Center of Gravity Envelope

• Less critical loading factorLowest Downwash of Large Helicopters• Allows for unrestricted activity beneath

aircraft• Greater safety for ground crews working

beneath aircraftTriple Hooks• Independent operation: single, tandem, or

all threeHigh Altitude Operations• Not restricted by loss of tail rotor control• Unrestricted rear ramp access on any terrain

Know the Chinook • Water Operations: Unrestricted

water operations up to sea state 2• Downwash Impact• Chinook Triple Cargo Hook System• Chinook High Altitude All Terrain

Performance Capability• Internal High Altitude Transport

Capability

International FMS• The US Navy (USN) is “Executive Agency” and “Lead Service” for all variants of V-22• Currently six countries are in discussions with USN for MV-22• First proposed FMS contract award FY10• Initial procurement considerations for the six countries equate to approximately 72

aircraft• Challenges:

- Increased domestic requirements emerging at the same time as international- Production capability of Bell Boeing as they ramp-up for first multi-year contract- Common configuration offered in an effort jointly support Performance Based

Logistics (PBL) and cost avoidance for all users

The V-22 Osprey was the first aircraft designed to meet the needs of all four US armed services. In partnership with Bell Helicopter Textron, Boeing Helicopters built the revolutionary new tiltrotor aircraft that takes off and lands vertically like a helicopter. Once airborne, its blades can be rotated

to convert the aircraft to a turboprop airplane capable of high-speed, high-altitude flight. Boeing was assigned responsibility for the fuselage, all subsystems, digital avionics and fly-by-wire flight-control systems.

The 30-tonne aircraft can transport assault troops and cargo, undertake com-bat search and rescue and fleet logistic support, and provide long-range transpor-tation for special operations. It is available in three configurations for the US Joint Services Operational Requirements: the CV-22 for long-range special operations missions for the USAF’s Special Operations Command; the MV-22 for combat assault and assault support for the US Marine Corps; and the HV-22 for combat search and rescue, special warfare, and fleet logistic support.

Defensive Guns• Deployed

- Ramp Mounted Weapon System

- 7.62mm• In development

- Interim Weapon System

- 7.62 mm mini-gun- Modular, retractable

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A visit to the Boeing Mesa, Arizona facility afforded Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal a close look at the company’s rotorcraft—the AH-64D Apache Longbow, the H-47 Chinook and the V-22 Osprey. Combat helicopter AH-64D Apache Longbow features fully integrated avionics and weapons plus a state-of-the-art modem that transmits real-time, secure, digitised battlefield information to air and ground forces. Considered a key element in nation-building, the Chinook has served as the prime mover for the US Army and other military forces for decades. Besides principal missions like transport of troops, artillery, ammunitions and other resources on the battlefield, its secondary missions include medical evacuation, aircraft recovery, fire fighting, parachute drops, heavy construction, civil development, disaster relief, and search and rescue. The Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey is a tiltrotor aircraft that takes off and lands like a helicopter. Once airborne, its engine nacelles can be rotated to convert the aircraft to a turboprop airplane capable of high-speed, high-altitude flight.

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In Memor y

ld soldiers never die, it used to be said, they just fade away. When a sovereign or head of state ceremo-nially presents a Field Marshal’s baton to a soldier, he is conferring

the highest honour a nation can bestow on one of its valorous warriors. Ironically, since Field Marshals are “created” for life, they never retire. They do, however, die.

In the passing away of Field Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw, MC, the nation has lost not just a courageous soldier and a leader of great distinction, but a bold and upright son of India. The Gurkhali nom de guerre “Sam Bahadur” bestowed on him was a token of the tremendous respect and affection in which he was held by his comrades-in-arms, as well as of his personal courage for which he received a battlefield Military Cross during the Burma campaign.

When Indian forces liberated Bangladesh, taking 93,000 Pakistani combatants prisoner, it was indubitably one of the most comprehensive victories in India’s long history. The architect, undoubtedly, was Sam Manekshaw, who had the graciousness and strength of character to assign credit for this feat of arms to his Commanders-in-Chief and other subordinates. But of equal

significance, in many ways, was Manekshaw’s conduct during a period of grave national crisis from April to December 1971, and the tact and firmness with which he guided the political leadership.

Blessed with the gift of sparkling wit and often wicked good humour, Sam had just the right blend of soldierly bearing and suave man-ners to make him an idol for officers and jawans alike. With his bristling moustache and twin-kling eye, he was a hugely popular raconteur, and an immediate hit with the ladies because of the courtesy and attention he invariably showed them.

No man could have served his nation better, in word deed and action. A national icon, and hero of his times, the Field Marshal’s life con-tains many lessons, not just for soldiers but also for ordinary Indians, which one hopes will be studied and emulated.

After his death in the battle of Trafalgar on October 21, 1805, Vice Admiral Lord Nelson’s mortal remains were carried home by ship.

The state funeral accorded to this British hero on January 9, 1806 in St Paul’s cathedral was attended by members of the royal family, min-isters, admirals, generals, 10,000 troops and almost all of London.

Present at Field Marshal Manekshaw’s funeral, held in distant Connoor, were students of the Defence Services Staff College, a lone Minister of State and a solitary Vice Chief of Army Staff from New Delhi.

O tempora o mores. SP

The writer is former Chief of the Naval Staff.

Requiem For A Field MarshalIn the passing away of Field Marshal S.H.F.J. Manekshaw, MC, the nation has lost not just a courageous soldier and a leader of great distinction, but a bold and upright son of IndiaADMIRAL (RETD) ARUN PRAKASH

A Hero & A Role Model

While the country remembers war heroes decorated for gallantry, few military leaders have fired the imagination of the nation like Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw did. Credit perhaps goes to the aura of legend around the man who led the Indian Army to its most decisive

victory in the force’s long and illustrious history. Part of the legend is due to his dapper personality and his ability to get in and out of trouble. It is a sad commentary on our nation that he is remembered not as much for leading the army to a magnificent victory than for the professional advice he rendered to the political leadership of the day.

Barring a few, most Indian war leaders or Generals who have captured the imagination of the countrymen landed on the loosing side of the battle. Porus, Maharana Pratap, Prithviraj Chauhan are some examples. Sam Bahadur is an exception who led the land forces in not only a decisive victory but also captained the side in a lightening campaign which saw the capture and surrender of an unbeliev-able 90,000 troops. Above all, it saw the birth of a new nation. Under his leadership, the Indian Army did not behave as the conquering army but remained a disciplined liberating force.

True he cannot be credited with winning the war single-handedly. His outstanding leadership and strategic vision will, however, continue to inspire the coming generations.

Well played Sam and well led.We salute a hero and a role model.

—Air Chief Marshal (Retd) S.P. Tyagi, former Chief of the Air Staff

Region

Kabul Attack Opens Can of Worms Post the July 7 suicide bomber attack on the Indian mission in Kabul, Delhi needs to ponder over the larger strategic issues which arise from the dangerous developments in AfghanistanLT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR

Suicide bombing has been frequently used as a weapon by insurgents and terrorists, including the Taliban, to spread mayhem and destruction. On

July 7, a suicide bomber attack of the Indian Embassy in Kabul killed 41 people, including Indian Defence Attaché Brigadier R.D. Mehta,

Press Councellor V. Venkateswara Rao and two Indo-Tibetan Border Police personnel who were guarding the embassy. What makes this attack more significant is that it spe-cifically targeted the Indian Embassy which amounts to an act of war on India.

The Taliban in Afghanistan are known to

harbour ill-feelings about India’s assistance in the reconstruction of Afghanistan. What, however, is of import is the nature of the attack. The explosive, the method and the timing of the attack—all point to impec-cable planning and adequate resources, logistics afforded essentially by an intel-ligence agency or a well-established terror outfit, or ideally, both in collusion. In fact, the last possibility has been zeroed in by Afghanistan’s officials who vouch it is the handiwork of Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and the Taliban.

Refuting allegations of the ISI’s involve-ment, Pakistan’s Prime Minister Syed Yousuf Raza Gilani said, “Both Pakistan and Afghanistan are fighting terrorism. Why should Pakistan destabilise Afghanistan? It is in our interest to have a stable Afghanistan. We want stability in the region. We our-selves are a victim of terrorism and extrem-ism.” Rather trite, the statement from the newly elected Prime Minister of Pakistan sounds rehearsed and overlooks the fact that under the present circumstances in Pakistan, no one knows who is ruling the country. At the best of times, the ISI and the Pakistan Army have been accused of being a state within a state.

India needs to ponder over the larger strategic issues which arise from the dan-

gerous developments in Afghanistan which has historically provided the corridor and the approach through which India has been invaded in the past. Can India live with a Taliban government in Afghanistan and a radicalised Pakistan? Have we analysed the impact of such a happening on the Central and South Asian region? Similarly, what could be the impact on India and the region if NATO were to pull out of Afghanistan? How should we secure our vulnerable west-ern flank? Is this the appropriate moment to deal firmly with the Taliban and join the international community in control-ling our neighbourhood or are we going to, as usual, wait for someone else to pull our chestnuts out of the fire. Manoj Joshi writing in Mail Today states: “It has been clear for a millennium that developments in Afghanistan play a decisive role in the secu-rity of India, but the rulers of Delhi—Hindu or Muslim—repeatedly failed to understand this. Ironically, 2008 marks one full mil-lennium since Mahmud Ghazni defeated Jayapala of Gandhara and began his forays into India. And then in succeeding centu-ries, from Afghanistan, or through it, came Muhammad Ghori, Tamer Lane, Babur, Ahmad Shah Abdali, Nadir Shah.”

The Afghanistan–Pakistan region is fast becoming a portent of disaster. SP

“Ever since its inception, SP’s has enjoyed a long and illustrious relationship with Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw.

SP’s founder, the late Shri S.P. Baranwal, during his frequent interactions with the Field Marshal, was greeted with unstinted and warm support. We, at SP’s, will always remember ‘Sam Bahadur’ as an officer and a gentleman.”

— Jayant Baranwal, Managing Director, SP Guide Publications

“To all of us, Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw

was a larger-than-life presence, almost the picture-book soldier—decorated,

dashing, articulate and, above all, the architect of Bangladesh.

He was an exceedingly charismatic commander, a God-given touch.”

— General Shankar Roychowdhury, Former Chief of the Army Staff

MARTYRED: Indian Defence Attaché Brigadier R.D. Mehta’s last journey

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Eurosatory derives its name from the display at Satory Military Camp, near Versailles, home to a French Army Experimental unit. Military attaches of

all nations were invited once in a year to wit-ness the armament on display by French manu-facturers. With the arrival of North American and West European manufacturers in 1994, the exhibition acquired an international status. Eurosatory is organised under the auspices of the Minister of Defence who inaugurates the exhibition, invites and welcomes the senior defence officials and foreign official delegations.

The 9th Eurosatory ExhibitionSince its inception, Eurosatory has emerged the leading international exhibition for land-based defence and security systems that essentially present a blue print for shaping the future defence industry. This year, from June 16 to 20, the Paris-Norde Villepente Exhibition Centre was the venue for the

9th Eurosatory Exhibition dedicated to Land and AirLand Armament and Security Systems. Elaborating on the theme “Shaping Tomorrow’s Defence”, a series of technologi-cal clusters were created that linked leading defence companies in specific sectors, includ-ing ‘training and simulation’, ‘Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs)’, ‘night vision’, ‘equipment for future soldier’ and ‘embedded electronics’.

Touted as the largest gathering of experts, services and technologies, besides political and military decision-makers, the exhibition had more than 500 pieces of military equipment on display in static and dynamic mode. Among the many highlights was the Homeland Defence Concept that brought together more than 200 experts for discussions on border control, civil military cooperation in emergency situations and defence against asymmetric threats.

Hogging the spotlight were innovations by major industrial groups and medium- and

small-sized firms which specialise in the defence sector. Technological advances in the field of security and protection of soldiers and instal-lations, embedded electronics, a variety of land combat systems, UAVs and UGVs and opera-tional logistics were the high points.

Exhibitors & ParticipantsA total of 1,210 exhibitors from 52 coun-tries, including India, participated at the event that recorded over 52,000 visitors from 145 countries. The list of dignitaries included 117 official delegations from 75 countries, comprising 460 VIPs and 251 Eurosatory guests. The VIPs included 12 ministers and vice-ministers, 10 secretaries of state, 12

national armaments directors and 17 chiefs of staff. NATO and the European Union were well represented at the exhibition, even as 600 journalists covered the event and 52 international defence journals were on dis-play. June 18 was designated ‘India Day’.

Eurosatory 2008 proved an effective plat-form to assess the weapons and technology on offer, to appreciate the trend of develop-ment of weapon systems of the future and for exchange of views. It also gave an opportuni-ty to defence scientists to assess the technolo-gies available for product improvement and to extend the life of legacy systems which no country can afford to discard easily. SP

Innovation Hogs the SpotlightA team from SP’s, led by Publisher and Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal, participated in 2008 Eurosatory Exhibition dedicated to Land and Airland Armaments

www.spguidepublications.com

Show Repor t

Industry Highlights

Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd (IAI) presented its Innovative Net Centric Laser Guided Weapon Systems and Operational Concept. IAI/MBT Missiles Division presented its family of laser guided weap-ons and introduced an advanced operational concept for network-centric laser guided warfare.

The Nexter Group’s weapon systems, such as the 105 LGI light towed gun and the modernised Leclerc and AMX-10 tanks were prominently displayed.

Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd displayed the newly dubbed ASPRO Family (Armored Shield Protection), including the ASPRO-H, hybrid add-on armour and the ASPRO-P lightweight, modular and combat proven passive add-on armour. Rafael also released its complete air and missile defence system of systems solution.

Sagem Défense Sécurité (SAFRAN Group) and L3 Communications (Communication Systems-West) have signed a deal to develop a new networked tactical information system for air-land targeting, designed RT-SAATS (Real Time – Situational Awareness Airborne Targeting System). RT-SAATS com-plies with NATO interoperability standards, linking ground soldiers and aircraft in inter-allied and inter-service operations.

Thales presented its Integrated Combat Identification Solutions for air and ground forces. Based on standardised IFF systems, the Thales concept allows aircraft to identify the position of friendly ground forces and prevent fratricide air strikes. Thales also unveiled its Integrated Combat Identification Solutions.

Thales Australia and Panhard announced the signing of an MoU for the Bushmaster Family of Vehicles in France. With over 470 units delivered to date, Bushmaster is a combat proven, highly protected and mobile utility vehicle deployed with Australian forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, and Dutch forces in Afghanistan.

Eurocopter displayed the Tiger combat helicopter and NH90 tactical transport helicopter, both of which are in service with several European nations as well as Australia.

General Dynamics European Land Systems displayed for the first time three new vehicle systems: DONAR, a new generation, air deployable, autonomous and remotely operated 155 mm artillery system jointly developed with Krauss-Maffei Wegmann; the Piranha III High Protection vehicle; and the Rapidly Emplaced Bridge System.

Daimler AG presented its new Mercedes-Benz Zetros that will be offered in a three-axle cab-behind-engine truck version (Zetros 2733 A 6x6) and a two-axle version (Zetros 1833 A 4x4).

Panhard and Sagem Défense Sécurité (SAFRAN Group) have together developed the WASP (Weapon under Armour for Self-Protection), a remotely-controlled self-defence turret equipped with a light machine gun coupled with an observation and infra-red sight.

Thales launched its Bushmaster Copperhead Utility Vehicle—or ‘Ute’, to use the Australian slang—a four-wheel drive cab chassis-protected logistic vehicle that can carry a 4,000 kg load on its 9.4m2 tray.

BAE Systems has funded the manufacture of Manned Turret Integrated Programme 2 (MTIP2). Fitted on a British Army warrior infantry fighting vehicle, the MTIP2 will meet the British Army Warrior Fightability Lethality Improvement Programme.

Germany’s Rheinmetall Defence and Krauss-Maffei Wegmann have jointly developed a new Armoured Multi Purpose Vehicle—a family of well protected 4x4 vehicles in the 5 to 9-tonne class.

Singapore Technologies Kinetics launched its 40 mm Low Velocity Air-Burst Munition System. With a range of 500 m, it can be fired from the current 40 mm grenade launcher, like the CIS 40GL.

Raytheon showcased the company’s Laser Area Defence System that utilises the Phalanx platform and combines current solid state laser capability to tackle the threat of mortars and Katyusha type rockets.

FN Herstal of Belgium launched the Special Forces Combat Assualt Rifle (SCAR) family designed around both NATO-standard rifle calibres of 5.56x45mm and 7.62x51mm.

Rheinmetall Defence has developed the NBS based on a combination of Skyshield air defence tech-nology, network of sensors and C4I components. The company’s Lance Modular Turret System can also be integrated into the older systems.

Oshkosh Defence for the first time displayed Lightweight 4x4 and Heavy Load Handling System 8x8 trucks.

Selex Galilleo displayed British Army FV432 AFV fitted with a wide range of advanced systems.

India Day: Perspectives on Partnership

On June 18, the president of GICAT welcomed the official delegations of the Indian Ministry of Defence (MoD), Indian Army, Indian Embassy in Paris and Confederation of the Indian Industry (CII) at an inauguration ceremony that culminated with the signing of an MoU. CII

and GICAT, French Defence Industry for Land Systems, signed the MoU to facilitate defence coopera-tion between the two countries specific to land systems. It will enable industry players from both sides to come together for co-development of defence products. Part of the CII delegation was a team from SP’s, led by Publisher and Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal. The inaugural ceremony was followed by a visit to the Indian and French national pavilions and discussion on joint issues between the Indian delegations and representatives of the French MoD.

In the afternoon, the Indian MoD presented the country’s priority requirement of defence hardware to the exhibitors and visitors. This was followed by a presentation by the Indian DRDO on its efforts in research and priority areas where cooperation in high technology is required. The presentations by India were concluded by the CII and an Indian industry panel which presented their perspective on partnership within the framework of offsets or bilateral cooperation.

1. Raytheon Stinger (above) and Laser-Guided Rocket LGR

2. Thales stand

3. Rafael Samson RCWS-304. Rheinmetall GEFAS, equipped with

Nanuk weapon station

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A CII delegation met French Major General L. Valler, Deputy Chief Of Staff–Global Initiatives (second from left) on June 18. Present on the occasion were (left to right) SP’s Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal, Major General Valler, B.G. Srinivas of Infosys, Ramesh Mulye of CII, France and Philippe Isambert of EADS.

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Place: Elgin Air Force Base, USA. Date: November, 2002. A solid rocket motor vertically launches a 7-inch diameter, 100 pound missile from a

closed breach canister packed in one of the 16 sections in a container without the usual gun or missile launch platforms that we are aware of. The event will be remembered as part of the development process (first test flight) of the most revolutionary artillery system ever con-ceived in the recent years.

Going back to the launch, the deploy-ment of the control surfaces and a pivoting wing was as per the plan. The deployment saw the missile’s programmed ascent-phase

roll and pitch manoeuvre. Protective covers on the forward dome, scoring camera and turbojet inlets were ejected in time as pro-grammed and engine start sequence began as scheduled. The turbo-jet ignition cycle lasted approximately five seconds after launch, and the engine achieved requisite speed as the missile approached apogee. For the next eight minutes, the missile executed programmed manoeuvres demonstrating impressive stabil-ity and validating aerodynamic performance, navigation, auto-pilot performance and design parameters. Subsequent tests were conducted using Laser Radar (LADAR) seeker with auto-matic target recognition (ATR) algorithms and radio data links.

The programme is being executed by Net Fires LLC, a limited liability company, formed jointly by Raytheon Missile Systems and Lockheed Missiles and Fire Control. The sys-tem is known as Non-Line of Sight–Launch System (NLOS–LS). Products under develop-ment include a Precision Attack Missile (PAM), Loitering Attack Missile (LAM) and an autono-mous Container/Launch Unit (C/LU).

ConceptThe project originally conceived as “Rockets in a Box” is referred to in techno-jargon as, “a containerised, platform independent, multi-mission weapon concept”. The NLOS–LS provides rapid response and lethality in pack-ages requiring significantly fewer personnel, decreased logistical support and lower life-cycle costs while increasing survivability compared to contemporary guns and missile artillery. It

enhances situational awareness and surviv-ability of the system by providing stand-off target acquisition, extended range and non line-of-sight engagements.

The system has a highly flexible module for immediate response to enemy’s fire. It can fire multi-mission precision missiles and loitering attack missiles that can be controlled remotely. Both missile types have a GPS-enabled launcher and a command and control system compatible with missile’s fire control system (FCS). Missiles in flight can receive fire missions and orders through FCS or the Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS) for any updates.

For engagement of mobile targets, the mis-sile is fired into a Global Positioning “basket”. On its flight to the target, the missile control is handed over to the forward observers or unmanned sensors, such as Predator type unmanned aerial vehicle. This provides the capability for any interaction with the missile in case there is need for any trajectory correc-tion. Data-link will also enable downloading of images of targets discovered during mis-sile flight. Though both PAM and LAM have significantly different mission profiles, they operate as part of a system that includes a common platform and capability to destroy both moving and stationary land and sea tar-gets, whether hard or soft.

The system is developed as an alternative system to provide artillery support in place of heavy artillery systems. The stress is on obtain-ing accuracy in artillery fire and precluding collateral damage. Its lighter platform provides the system the capability of being transported in transport aircraft and heavy/medium utility helicopters. It has joint service application for the Navy and is included as a weapon module on the US Navy’s Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) and Unmanned Surface Vessel (USV).

Design ConfigurationThe system is designed as a box with 16 sec-tions in a container. 15 sections hold the mis-siles and the last section contains command and control system. The box has its own power system. The missile is fired vertically from the container. Back-blast follows the missile after it is ejected out of the container, thus causing

no impact on any transport launcher on which the container may be mounted or to the crew located near the launch point in case container is kept on the ground. The designers are of the opinion that vertical launch is better from the stand point of tactical deployment as it also enables the system 360 degrees capability of engaging targets in all directions.

The missile system while ejecting from the container does not experience the same high gravity as would an artillery shell travelling at high speed. There is just enough forward thrust to the missile to eject out of the con-tainer and move forward. Once out of the container and on its way to the target, jet-pro-

pulsion takes the missile towards its designated target. It can be re-directed to a different target if operational situation so demands.

Types of MissilesAs mentioned earlier, there are two types of missiles developed so far. These are:-(a) Precision Attack Missile (PAM): It was for-merly developed by Raytheon Corporation. The missile travels at a high speed and is a direct attack missile. It has vertical thrust motor, un-cooled infra-red laser radar and a multi-mode warhead. The PAM can be used for both hard and soft targets. Its characteristics are:

• 7-inch diameter, 117 pound weight• Range 40 to 60 km• Variable thrust solid rocket motor• Dual-mode precision end game seeker• Large multi-mode warhead• In-flight up-dates, re-targeting and image

capabilities

(b) Loitering Attack Missile (LAM): It con-tinues to be developed by both Raytheon and Lockheed Martin. It carries laser detec-tion and ranging (LADAR) seeker, a turbojet motor and wings that open up on launch. The missile has a range of 70 km with a 45 minute loiter time. It is able to loiter over targets of interest, do automatic target rec-ognition and attack targets on its own. Its characteristics are:

• 7-inch diameter, 117 pound weight• Large area search capability using a

LADAR seeker• Automatic Target Recognition (ATR)

• 45 minute cruise with micro turbojet engine• Networks with C/LU and manoeuvre/ con-

trol elements for re-direct, target acquisi-tion and down-linked images

Both types of missiles have onboard data-link. With proper integration with the existing and future combat systems, the missiles can be directed to the target by forward observer, unmanned sensors or “whatever is forward”.

Operational ApplicabilityThis advanced weapon system provides armed forces (Army and Navy) with single system solution to counter the asymmetric threat that exists today in all types of terrain, while sup-

porting troops with precision engagement and minimal collateral damage.

The system will enable Army and Navy to search a large area with a single missile shot for specific target, for identifying exact loca-tion and type of target and for engaging the target when fully identified. The missile (LAM) can also be re-directed to a new target while in flight, if required operationally.

Vertical launch configuration enables deployment in mountainous areas where deployment areas are scarce and conventional gun and rocket systems need to overcome crest clearance problems due to their almost flat trajectories. With this system, our young Gun Position Officers need not run around in a gun position to sort out crest clearance problems.

Vertical launch is always preferred to inclined launch on a warship due to 360 degrees engage-ment capability. Moreover, in case of refurbish-ment of the warship, it is easier to mount a vertical-launch weapon system without major changes in the design configuration.

Current StatusNet Fires LLC was awarded a six year contract for $1.1 billion (Rs 4715 crore) for the System Design and Development phase of NLOS–LS on March 19, 2004. On August 31, 2006, the company received a $54.8 million (Rs 2348 crore) US Navy contract for system design and development of NLOS-LS for the LCV. The US Navy expects to build in excess of 50 LCVs. The system mounted on the warship will pro-vide a wide range of fire support in excess of 40 km and in all directions. SP

Technology

LT GENERAL (RETD) R.S. NAGRA

Platform Independent Precision Engagement SystemIt’s the most revolutionary artillery system ever conceived, with a highly flexible module for firing multi-mission precision missiles and loitering attack missiles that can be controlled remotely

The LAM carries laser detection and ranging seeker The NLOS–LS_being test fired The NLOS–LS being loaded

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The military commander tasked to capture, dominate or sanitise the area—be it the deserts of Iraq or any urban setting where terrorists have

the run of the place—needs information to prepare his men for a vicious day ahead.

Till a few decades back, the way to gather such information was more by patrolling than by any other ground-based means. Today, however, the choices available are more. There exists a plethora of battlefield surveillance systems to enhance what is com-monly referred to as situational awareness. These systems assist commanders to under-take better knowledge-based operations.

But most such ground-based systems come with attendant risks and need deploy-ment of personnel to man them. Besides, there are also logistical problems to face, especially when the terrain is difficult and is either held or dominated by an enemy. In such scenarios, unattended ground sensors can play an invaluable role as they obviate problems related to the nature and reality of the terrain. At the same time they can per-form the task with an increasing degree of reliability and precision.

Deployment of sensors is most suitable along corridors through which combat ele-ments must pass. Such compulsions often arise, as in situations when a force needs to cross or negotiate a major water obstacle but have only limited bridges to cross. One faces a similar kind of situation in the deserts

where major movements, especially those of logistics, are often confined to the few tracks and roads available there. Mountains pose a similar problem too, what with the inevi-table routes of ingress or egress limited to passes that are few and far between. Under such daunting circumstances, it may not be possible to get physical hold of the bridges, maintain surveillance on roads, tracks, or the passes that are so essential for the build-up of forces. The deployment of sensors at such places allows for transmission of infor-mation on movements and act as indicators of critical import to field commanders who need to reposition their resources or take stock of available firepower and resources for ordering engagement.

UGS have been in use in combat zones for quite some time. During the Vietnam War of the 1970s, the Ho Chi Minh Trail was the logistics lifeline of North Vietnamese troops battling the Americans and South Vietnamese. With thick jungles making aerial surveillance difficult, the trail was brought under sensor coverage by the famous Igloo White operation of US Air Force. Naval sen-sors-sonobuoys that were duly modified-were dropped and in some cases placed by inser-tion teams along the trail.

A sensor should be able to detect, locate and identify the enemy’s personnel and equipment. Sensors perform these tasks by taking the acoustic, magnetic, seismic, infra red signatures, or by performing optical

image for identification. Sensors have also to be kitted to communicate the data to a base station. They need to be small and robust and have smart power modules capable of lasting protracted usage under field conditions. The communication of data is critically impor-tant, with satellite-linked connectivity being the best choice.

Acoustic sensors are a commonly used variety. They are used to detect the acoustic signatures of various objects like vehicles, tanks, foot soldiers, all of whom make differ-ent kinds of noises. A set of microphones can pick up these signatures, compare it with a data bank, identify the object, and transmit the data to the base station. By and large, multiple deployments of UGS are resorted to. The mul-tiplicity is on account of the different types of sensors for recognising the varied signatures.

In the case of seismic sensors, the distur-bances caused by movement of various objects are measured by geophones. On the other hand, magnetic sensors rely on the magnetic fields generated by the target for its identifica-tion clues. Infra red sensors essentially sense heat waves emitted by the object. Another kind is the chemical sensors that are being widely tested these days. Optical devices that capture images also form part of the same family.

The basic US sensor system in the 1980s was the REMBASS, which was followed by the I-REMBASS. REMBASS II, which was fielded in 2003, was a superior generation sensor system than the REMBASS. REMBASS II was a much lighter model, far smaller in size and came with a far more efficient power-pack. Equipped with a four-battery power module, it’s capable of functioning for 30 days with a communication load of up to 1000 messages per day.

Many factors and variables affect sensor capabilities. Acoustic sensors’ capabilities are degraded by high wind conditions. Multiple, simultaneous sound emissions also create clutter. Heavy snow, sustained dust storms could bury sensors deep enough to degrade their range. To overcome such problems, arrays consisting of a large number of sen-sors are dropped. These sensors self-activate and are self-contained. They are expendable without jeopardising the functional efficiency of the array. They are also capable of com-municating with each other and the base station. A good example of this type is the US Persistent Surveillance Unattended Ground Sensor Programme. It led to the production

of OmniSense, a smart system that integrated multiple sensor functions to include imaging. Besides, it’s also a networked system with robust communications.

An important aspect of UGS development is its miniaturisation. Miniaturisation aides concealment and reduces the weight of the load to be carried. Sensors need to be deploy-able manually; from the air by helicopters, by unmanned aerial vehicles, by aircraft or by way of canister-packs carried in artillery shells. They also need to be capable of with-standing the shocks of firing and later, land-ing on the ground.

The US forces’ Future Combat System UGS Programme drives the enhancement of sensor capabilities. The development of two basic models is its present focus. While one is for normal tactical use, the other model is being adapted primarily for urban usage. When fully developed, it would be possible for the tactical variant to be airdropped. Besides, there would also be a fusion of seismic, acoustics, magnetic and imaging functionalities. The other type—the urban model—will have the facility of placement by robotic means in its final model. The system is expected to give a more accurate fix of the target, while providing for better data fusion and communication capabilities.

Among the priorities of sensor systems today are its ability for data transmission and fusion, having multiple integrated means for better target identification, availability of larger numbers of sensor nodes for network-ing and the capability to integrate sensors into the overall battlefield surveillance net-work. Sensors today are not just a combat necessity, but are required for peace time bor-der surveillance to thwart unlawful migra-tion and for controlling human trafficking.

As any military commander will agree, the proverbial fog of war never really lifts. Neither is the intelligence available ever adequate. Within these constraints, a military com-mander has to achieve what the Americans term: See First, Understand First, Act First, and Finish Decisively. Without doubt, unat-tended ground sensors are an invaluable aid that make the battlefield more transparent and thereby enable a more decisive response from the commander. SP

The officer is currently Deputy Director General, Public Relations, Army, and

the author of the book Vintage Guns of India.

Sur vei l lance

Unattended ground sensors obviate the problems of logistics and those of the terrain while ensuring better performance in terms of reliability and precision

Superior Edge & Precision

1. & 2. The REMBASS 3. A tactical UGS of the US Army 4. A Scout UGS

A soldier of the US Army receives UGS training

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Future Warfare

As per media reports, the Group of Ministers (GoM) looking into the ongoing parleys on release of Electromagnetic Spectrum

(EMS) by the Ministry of Defense (MoD) have decided to form a Technical Sub- Committee to identify the areas where frequency can be vacated. According to the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), as much as 60 mega hertz (MHz) of unutilised spectrum is under the control of the MoD and thus has asked for 45 MHz for the use of mobile phone service operators. With India adding about seven million mobile subscribers a month, making it one of the world’s fastest growing mobile telephony markets, operators are fight-ing it out for space in the spectrum to develop their services and roll them out in the rural areas. The tentative terms of reference of the above mentioned committee are likely to incorporate establishment proper time lines for layout of network for the armed forces and subsequent release of spectrum.

The world is moving toward new war fight-ing paradigms and the EMS holds the key to successful use of technological advantages by the armed forces, today and tomorrow. Armed forces perceive that the problem of spectrum management would become much more acute along the international borders where strategic installations are located. During pre-hostilities period and operations, it is extremely important that armed forces should have total flexibility in use of frequency and have freedom for opera-tion of communication and non-communica-tion equipment over the entire area. In the light of above, the concept of Defence Interest Zone (DIZ) along India’s international borders and areas of strategic interest in the hinterland, oceanic region and island territories become operationally relevant. This concept was first mooted by the Group on Telecommunication-Spectrum Management Committee in its December 1998 report, for incorporation in the National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP). Most of the advance nations like the US, China, UK, France and Germany have a separate defence band for the armed forces, which is identified from the national security point of view. The 28th Parliamentary Standing Committee on IT chaired by M.M. Pallam Raju, RRM has also endorsed similar views.

Frequency SpectrumTele-communications is recognised the world over as a key factor in development as it plays a vital role in meeting the diverse needs of people and improving their quality of life through inter-linked development of many other sec-tors. Tele-communication technologies rely heavily on radio communications for which radio frequency spectrum is the most funda-mental natural resource, which is limited. It is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, arbi-trarily up to about 3000 GHz, beyond which are infra-red rays, seven colors of white light, ultra violet rays, x-rays, gamma rays and cos-mic rays. Radio waves travel in a straight line with the speed of light, cannot be confined to national boundaries or specific areas and are susceptible to harmful interference. Radio waves have different characteristics in different

frequency bands and are influenced by cosmic noise, solar activities, man made radio noise, geographical terrain and climatic conditions.

Radio frequency spectrum may appear to be extensive but is considerably limited in practical terms and constrained by availability of suit-able technologies for practical applications. It has propagational and operational limitations but it has to cater for astronomical demands for multifarious usage and applications. Rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of radio frequency spectrum is thus an essential feature of spectrum management and in the develop-ment of radio communications infrastructure. Regulation in the fields of radio communica-tions is not necessarily the requirement of the radio regulator or spectrum manager but an essential need of the user, the service provider and the industry.

Spectrum management process is funda-mentally governed by two basic principles. Firstly, radio frequency spectrum and associated geo-stationery satellite orbit are a limited, non-depleting natural resource of international char-acter available to whole mankind and, secondly, radio communications are susceptible to harm-ful interference. Mutual interference among wireless stations imposes limits on radio com-munications. An evaluation of the interference threat to and from a new station is an integral part of radio regulatory mechanisms requiring

an in-depth analysis of technical characteristics of the station and its environment. Increase in the number of stations has a corresponding increasing affect on the pollution of electromag-netic environment, types of services and applica-tions and problems of regulation.

Spectrum management has three dimen-sions, namely, space, time and frequency. Separation of the frequency is used for simul-taneous use of two systems at the same loca-tion. Time-sharing of the frequency in the same area can also be used if two systems are not required to be used at same time. Same frequency can be re-used if two systems are in different geographical areas.

Spectrum allocation in India The EMS management functions in India, including licensing, are performed by the Wireless Planning and Coordination (WPC) Wing of the Ministry of Communications and IT (MoC&IT). NFAP forms the basis for develop-ment, manufacturing and spectrum utilization activities in the country. In pursuance of the New Telecom Policy, 1999, the NFAP-2000 was evolved and made effective from January 2001. At the time of formulation of NFAP-

2000, it was recognized that there will be need to review the NFAP generally every two years in line with the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunications Union in order to cater to newly emerging technologies as well as to ensure equitable and optimum utilization of this scarce resource. Accordingly, NFAP-2000 was revised and new NFAPs were evolved in the years 2002 and 2004. In 2005, a draft plan was formed in May 2005, which had undergone one revision by November 2005. It is learnt that one more revision of the same has been suggested in August 2007.

EMS management EMS management influences the evolution of the mobile communication industry. There are two types of issues regulators have to take into account while considering spectrum manage-ment. First, there is the issue of technical effi-ciency which implies no mutual interference. Availability and use of standard equipment compliant with international standards, use of unauthorized frequency bands, power needs under different frequency bands, available bandwidth under a particular frequency band and the distance it can travel, finding optimal location of antennae to minimize the attenua-tion effects, successful transmission and recep-tion of signals, problem of cross-talk, handling interconnect among differing frequency bands and the general problem of channel radio interference are some the issues that merit attention. Achieving technical efficiency demands engineering solutions.

The second issue that regulators have to deal with in relation to EMS management is that of economic efficiency. Spectrum is a scarce resource. Allocating it among alterna-tive and competing uses involves judgment. Allocating correct amount of spectrum needs to certain uses or classes of uses, assigning usage rights to certain users or group of users, adjusting established policies as tech-nology and markets evolve over time, and pricing the spectrum to generate revenues are some of the economic considerations involved in spectrum management. Few other important non-market objectives like national security, safety and equal access also need to be pursued.

Requirements of armed forcesArmed forces are one of the major users of fre-quency spectrum in the country and the ‘major user’ concept that has worked well for them should thus continue. With the rapid develop-ment of telecommunications in the country, the overall radio communication environment is changing at an unprecedented fast pace. The speed at which new technologies and new telecommunication radio services are being introduced is further complicating the already complex problems of EMS management. The demands of larger frequency bands both for civil and military use are on the increase. However, of late, armed forces are feeling a squeeze on their spectrum allocations. While defence welcomes the growth of telecommuni-cation industry in the country and has a past history of accommodating a number of new value added technologies into the bands allotted

to defence by shifting operations, curtailing the usage of the entire bandwidth of the equipment or reducing the number of channels. Thus in order to retain the total flexibility of operations, it is necessary that a DIZ is created.

Few countries, including India, have not adopted the NATO band for their defence requirements. Due to economy of scales, the equipment of NATO/western countries is most competitive in the world market thus highly cost effective but falls in the non-NATO band. A large part of this overlaps the Indian defence spectrum thereby leading to major conflict between the Indian commercial tele-communication operators with the already occupied defence spectrum. This situation gets further compounded by the fact that Indian defence also buys a sizeable part of their telecommunication equipment, radars and avionics from both NATO and non-NATO countries. These factors result in spectral constraints.

Primacy of EMS for armed forcesAccess to guaranteed and interference-free radio frequencies has been vital to the armed forces for the successful conduct of military operations. Therefore, diminished spectrum access will curtail the effectiveness of their overall capability. It will impact the capacity to efficiently execute the mission. Less spec-trum access yields an increased expenditure of time, funds and other resources to develop, test and field alternative capabilities or work-around which in many cases will be less effec-tive than the capabilities they replace. Loss of spectrum access forces them to expend other resources to compensate or make expendi-tures that do not advance their capabilities. The issue of spectrum stress is also as great during peace as during actual operations as it affects training for war.

The recent explosion in technology associ-ated with the onset of information age will increase the requirement for frequency bands for the armed forces due to following reasons:

• The mobile nature of defence operations. • The introduction of ‘Network Centric

Operations’. • Need to use new technologies like Spread

Spectrum Frequency Hopping techniques to survive in hostile electronic warfare environment.

• Increased density of radio links within smaller geographical areas.

The Spectrum DisputeCharges have been levied that the armed forces have failed to honour their commit-

Key to success in future conflictsThe world is moving toward new war fighting paradigms and Electromagnetic Spectrum holds the key to successful use of technological advantages by the armed forces, today and tomorrow

LT GENERAL (RETD) S.R.R. AIYENGAR

Armed forces are one of the major users of frequency spectrum in the country and the ‘major user’ concept that has worked well for them should thus continue

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ment to vacate 45 MHz of EMS for the use of cellular operators, thus adversely affecting the spread of telecommunications. Cellular operators were banking on the release of this spectrum to expand their networks and add subscribers. Operators like Idea and Aircel have not been able to commence services in many areas, several months after having been issued licences, due to a lack of spec-trum. However, the situation is much more complicated contrary to what has been put across by the cellular operators.

Defence has already coordinated (55+55) MHz for use by mobile operators and 20 MHz for CorDECT operation. Mobile operators have now been pressing hard through MoC&IT for release of another (45+45 MHZ) Defence Spectrum. To compensate the armed forces for putting to disuse their radiating equipment working in this frequency range, MoC&IT had earlier agreed to roll out a secure pan India network for the armed forces. But the MoC&IT has unilaterally decided to complete only the Air Force network based on bandwidth topol-ogy. However, the expert committee has rec-

ommended that optical fibre cable (OFC) based network would be the most secure solution in respect of the armed forces as far as ‘Core’ network is concerned. Access networks at var-ious military stations identified by the armed forces will have to be also based on OFC. Although work on laying of OFC for access network commenced in April/May 2006 but for reasons best known to the MoC&IT, the work in respect of army and navy was stopped in October 2006. This has delayed the whole process by approximately one year.

Another unilateral decision taken recently by the WPC in that representatives from the armed forces who were earlier co-opted as members of Standing Advisory Committee for Frequency allocation (SACFA) have been de-inducted from the committee. It is impor-tant that this unilateral decision of WPC be reversed and that military representatives are made members of SACFA. They can thus comprehensively represent their case at the higher level and also brief the armed forces chiefs on various spectrum issues including the likely commercial viewpoints.

ConclusionIt may appear that keeping a number of fre-quencies in reserve is waste of a resource but it is in fact no different from using firearms with blanks or for target practice. Likewise the use of spectrum by the military in peace-time is not indicative of the total spectrum requirements during operations. Military budgets, however, are not as flexible as those of commercial enterprise. It is very difficult for armed forces to keep up with technology as efficiently as a commercial company. Due to the military specifications of vital systems to ensure their survivability in hostile environ-ments, most equipment is much more expen-sive than its civilian equivalent. Therefore, to upgrade a series of equipment to one with a more efficient bandwidth is cost prohibitive if performed too often. Furthermore, some-times greater bandwidth is required for bet-ter performance of the equipment in battle. For instance radars need greater bandwidth to detect smaller or shielded objects. A solu-tion would be for the armed forces to procure equipment which could be upgraded by inex-

pensive modular replacement or upgrade. It is learnt that a GoM led by Pranab

Mukherjee would look into the dispute between the Defence and Telecom ministries. The appointment of a ‘Technical Sub- Committee’ by the GoM is a logical move in settling the current impasse. A satisfactory solution can be arrived at only through detailed negotia-tions and to adopt a win-win situation where the existing users are not hampered in their operations while the commercial requirements are being met. A fair balance needs to be main-tained on national security issues and com-mercial aspirations, and a continuing process of dialogue can only resolve the issue. The armed forces must continue to be part of all spectrum planning at macro level and ensure that not only the military retain the current suite of spectrum but position itself so as to be able to secure areas of the spectrum required for future development affecting national security. SP

The author was former Commandant of National Defence College, New Delhi,

Defence Services Staff College, Wellington, The Nilgiris, and Military College of

Telecommunication Engineering, Mhow, Madhya Pradesh.

‘Consolidation of networks at advanced stage of implementation’

Inter view

Interacting with SP’s Land Forces, Signal Officer-in-Chief (SO-in-C) S.P. Sree Kumar elaborated on the introduction of new networks to meet growing user requirements apart from the process of modernisation and consolidation of information and communication network of the Indian Army

SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): You have been in chair for more than a year. Which achieve-ments gave you maximum satisfaction?Signal Officer-in-Chief (SO-in-C): On assuming the mantle of the SO-in-C, I had the onus of carrying forward the great work done by my predecessors and also take necessary steps to achieve the vision envisaged by them. When I look back, the past two years have been of great satisfaction. In the past decade, keeping in tune with the rapid development in the field of communication, Corps of Signals has rolled out a number of networks to meet growing user requirements. These networks have been designed and implemented based on operational requirements, and now there is a requirement to consolidate these networks to provide optimum solution for the present day requirements of the Indian Army (IA). In October 2006, I had set a goal of carrying out the consolidation of all the networks fielded in the IA. Process of consolidation of networks is at advanced stage of implementation and with this the Corps of Signals will provide a robust, responsive and fully survivable communication network for the IA.

SP’s: What are the mobile communication needs of the IA and how are these being met?SO-in-C: In modern warfare, mobility is a vital factor. Provisioning of real time and accurate information to and from mobile elements in the battle zone is an operational necessity and is a major factor which will decide outcome of any future warfare. The mobile elements need to have communication equipment which are portable, easy to establish and able to provide real time responsive voice and data services.

SP’s: How do you plan to adapt emerging wireless technologies, like Wi-Fi, WiMAX, WCDMA, for tactical networks in the IA?SO-in-C: Field trials of emerging wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, WiMAX and WCDMA (Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access) are being carried out and validation of these

technologies for use in tactical networks is underway. As you are aware, security and ruggedisation are of prime importance for the communication systems to be employed for tac-tical networks. Technology evaluation and its adaptation to suit requirements of the forces is an ongoing process and we are well on our path to adopt best available technologies in the field of wireless communication for the IA.

SP’s: How do you plan to adapt the legacy sys-tems with future technologies?SO-in-C: With the advent of microelectronics it has been experienced that technology gets obsolete every 18 months. It is very important that any communication system that we field should be future proof. The formulation of Qualitative Requirements for equipment/system being inducted is such that it ensures all legacy systems are interoperable with future technolo-gies. We have dedicated Project Management Organisations who are entrusted with the tasks of ensuring these aspects among others.

SP’s: How far has COTS been able to reduce cost and gestation period of the projects? Is the required technology available within the country?SO-in-C: As I said earlier, technology gets obso-lete every 18 months. The proprietary military communication system of IA has not been able to keep pace with the changes in technology. This has led us to procure COTS equipment with necessary adaptations to meet require-ment of the forces. Needless to say, induction of COTS equipment has reduced gestation period of projects and we are able to induct latest tech-nology-based equipment for use in the army. However, the equipment used for processing security layers for the networks is indigenously manufactured. As regards availability of latest technology within our country, I would say with conviction that a number of Indian firms are now able to provide us equipment compa-rable to global telecom equipment suppliers at much lower cost.

SP’s: What will be the state/role of Electronic Warfare (EW) in the digitised battlefield envi-ronment?SO-in-C: In the digitised battlefield environ-ment, EW has a major role to play. Warfare today has graduated into ‘Information Domain.’ In all future wars, information superi-ority, information ascendancy and information assurance will be the key battle winning fac-tors. Our EW systems should compliment this philosophy.

SP’s: Interoperability is at the level of pro-cesses, systems and personnel. How do you propose to tackle it at the national level and for combined operations with other armies?SO-in-C: Synergy between various elements is a necessity for reliable information support. This requires interoperability at each level. However, achieving full interoperability is a formidable task. The COTS equipment being inducted works on international standardised protocols and, hence, the issue of interoperabil-ity at system level is taken care of. As regards interoperability at national level and combined operations with other armies, there are joint exercises to evaluate the needs and procedures required for interoperability. Feedback is taken from these exercises to incorporate necessary measures to ensure interoperability on need basis. We have taken many steps to achieve interoperability among existing equipment. This is a continuous process which is looked into whenever new equipment is introduced.

SP’s: Is the private industry geared to provide modern hardware and software support in joint ventures with defence PSUs?SO-in-C: Traditionally, the needs of defence services have been supported by defence PSUs. A number of projects have been successfully implemented with joint ventures between defence PSUs and the industry. Since there are two agencies involved whose basic philosophy of functioning is different, it is experienced that there are issues which have scope for improve-

ment. Every private industry has its own work culture and ethos and hence, I cannot for sure say to what extent the private industry is geared up to provide modern hardware and software support in joint ventures with defence PSUs. But serious progress has been made through CII on this subject.

SP’s: How do you propose to apply ‘Green Field’ to current and future projects? SO-in-C: The communication projects of the defence forces are planned and implemented based on the operational requirement. With change in the philosophy of warfare, our networks are also changing from platform centric to network centric. ‘Green Field’, in its true sense, is not applicable to the army’s communication systems because our system is backwardly compatible with legacy system and capable of upgradation to the next generation technology. Even after new projects are fielded, the legacy system remains functional on a parallel basis till such time the system is able to provision reliable service.

SP’s: What’s your message to the Corps?SO-in-C: I would like to compliment all ‘Information Warriors’ for the excellent work being put forth by them. I am glad that the Corps of Signals has kept pace with the develop-ments in the field of modern communication. We have left no stone unturned to provision a robust and reliable information communica-tion technology infrastructure for the IA. The Corps has received wide appreciation for its professionalism and initiative to induct technol-ogy but the journey continues. I would like to inform the Corps that we need to keep ourselves apace with the technological advancement and train ourselves, especially our personnel-below-officer ranks, to understand and operate the sophisticated modern equipment independently. I convey my good wishes to my ‘Information Warriors’ and call upon them to keep the Corps flag fluttering high, living up to the spirit of the Corps motto ‘Teevra Chaukas’. SP

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Attempts have been made from time to time to analyse the reasons for the existence and rise of Left wing extremism. There’s no dearth of

explanations dwelling on the causes of the emergence and sustenance of Left wing extrem-ism in India. Some theories contend that Left wing extremism is the fallout of injustices, deprivations, and oppression suffered by adiva-sis, Dalits, and other traditionally discriminated groups. Many others believe that while the conflict may have its origins in destitution and deprivation, it has been able to strike roots and spread for other reasons as well. The quasi-mafia nature of Left wing extremists and their selfishly-guided motives in matters of money and individual aggrandizement are also factors in this continuing conflict. But regardless of the causes and motives, it cannot be denied - and there’s indeed open acknowledgement - that some Naxals’ demands are legitimate.

Unresponsive governance Failure of successive governments to address the aspirations of the common masses in the most deprived regions of the country could be directly attributed to the emergence of Left wing extremism and its growth to present pro-portions. As such, the onus for the rise in Left wing extremism lies squarely at the doors of inept government machinery. Inefficiency, cor-ruption, exploitation and abuse of government machinery have all been responsible for creat-ing a power vacuum. As a result of the gov-ernment ceding space, Maoist insurgency has taken roots and found legitimacy amongst the deprived and impoverished classes in the coun-try. Betrayed by government’s failure to fulfill their needs and aspirations, taking to the Maoist path has been a natural recourse and alterna-tive for this neglected underclass. In the face of inherent disenchantment with the prevalent system, Left wing extremists have succeeded in mass mobilisation, in gathering support and in thriving upon the grievances of the people.

In remote areas mired in poverty and neglect and with no signs of governance, Maoists have stepped in all too easily to fill in the gap. It’s not surprising to find that in many of these remote areas, no government surveys of any kind have been undertaken till date. As a result, any form of state structure—whether it’s the contractor or a local official—is per-ceived as an exploiter. Taking advantage of these anomalies, the Maoists have reached out to the downtrodden, taking up their issues and fighting for their dignity and rights. In turn, these people have gravitated to the extremists’ ideology, which they think offers hope and

liberation against their centuries old socio-eco-nomic and political deprivation. It also reveals why ideological indoctrination is the strongest among these sections of the society.

Socio-economic & cultural factorsGrowth in the influence of Left wing extrem-ist groups bears a direct correlation to economic deprivation. This explains why it’s the most underdeveloped and neglected areas where extremist groups thrive. It’s in these areas, where the poor and the deprived subsist, that opportunities for economic growth are abysmal. Land reforms remain a neglected area, feudal exploitation continues unabated and the prevalent inequities are a cause of widespread frustration. Obviously, the benefits of economic growth have not filtered down. Rather, in a strangely ironical twist, the poor and deprived sections have been at the receiving end of development and have had to bear all the collateral damage.

Take for instance the government policies on forest reserves. The tribal way of life has been seriously undermined by states that have chosen to exploit forests as a matter of policy. The same economic policies that were adopted, propagated and implemented in the colonial era continue to be pursued in independent India. These policies go against the way of life of the tribals, who perceive land as a commu-nal resource. By the time tribals come around to accepting the necessity of obtaining formal land titles, they have already lost the oppor-tunity to lay claim to lands, which they con-sider rightfully theirs. Besides, tribals also feel severely handicapped in dealing with govern-ment officials granting land titles. But what’s really aggravating is the nature of our eco-nomic policies, which have led to an increased migration of outsiders into tribal areas resulting in encroachment of tribal’s land. Tribals are also often deprived of their land on account of the venality of revenue officers and a corrupt administration. Rampant collusion exists between local officials and the police who are hand in glove with non-tribals unin-terested in tribal welfare.

Under the circumstances, it’s not surpris-ing that all the development projects that have been implemented in these areas have failed to improve the status of the tribal population. Rather, there’s been large displacement of tribals without adequate rehabilitation. The extremists have capitalised on this by trumping up the issue to bolster their ranks. The displace-ment of the tribal populace due to setting up of new industries has proved to be the canon fod-

der for boosting extremists’ ranks. Unfortunately, not only does economic depri-

vation continue inexorably, it has become even more acute in the era of globalisation. Tribals apprehend that the multinationals are out to exploit the mineral wealth of their land and forest without doing them any good in return. For the extremists, the adverse effect of globali-sation on the already deprived comes as fresh opportunity to feed upon the simmering discon-tent. Not only has it become easier for them to point out the failure of the prevalent system, they are also able to convince more and more people to the need for revolutionary change.

The cultural dimension as a factor behind the emergence of Left wing extremism in the country is also important. The prevalent state structure does not accommodate the tribal cultural ethos. In areas where extremists have been the first people to establish contact with the inhabitants, a natural bond has developed between the tribals and the Naxals. While

assuring them of dignity and self respect, extremists also offer assurance of decen-tralised/localised development to the tribals along with the promise of being able to preserve and pursue their cultural traditions freely. As the extremists’ ideology falls well within the cultural and communal ethos of tribal popula-tions, it’s easier for them to aim at revolutionary transformation of the society.

Taking advantage of the prevalent social-economic inequalities along economic, caste and gender lines, Naxals have been promising to free society from all forms of exploitation. The prevalent caste system has come in for vehement criticism by the Naxals who perceive it as more of a class divide. In this context, one can well understand their call to the 125 mil-lion Dalits to join their ranks. At the same time Naxals have also been fighting for a system that ensures equal rights and privileges to all the sections of the society. Putting into practice what they preach, Naxals have ensured that their women cadres are well represented and adequate. It’s the allure of their egalitarian phi-

losophy that has helped Naxals to consolidate and expand their movement even in face of intense factionalisation and splits in their ranks. Popular support for the Naxals in areas they operate continues to grow as the movement keeps getting foot soldiers to join the revolution.

Unparticipatory political set upAs political reforms and participatory grass-roots democracy has been slow to come about, the prevalent political system leaves little space for the common man to aspire for a role in decision making. It appears as if the system is open to perpetuating the existing exploitative structure. Apparently, among the common masses there’s no sense of belongingness to the system. On the contrary, the system propounded by the extremists appears more participatory and inclusive. This naturally attracts the masses towards their ideology as it promises greater say and role for the common man. The extremists’ aim is to put in place a new democratic society and to this end they have been able to convince people that armed struggle is the only way to bring about the necessary changes in society. Their propagan-da states that as vested interests control the levers of power, peaceful methods of resistance would not have the desired results.

Ideology propounded by the extremists The Naxal movement derived strength from the mainsprings of the international communist movement-specially the Chinese variant of it. The dominant strand of this movement has been to eliminate class enemies. One constant feature of this ideology has been the propaga-tion at all points of time that imperialism is headed towards total collapse. It’s the driving force of the movement and helps pin the present wrongs on the evils of the capitalist structure.

Overall, the ideological underpinnings of the Naxalite movement are quite complex and vary from tribalism to communism. The Naxalites themselves see their actions call-ing for the overthrow of the capitalist state through people’s war as the creative applica-tion of Marxism-Leninism-Maoist thought to Indian conditions. Mobilisation of cadres along ideological lines symbolises the strength, commitment and deep-rootedness of the movement. It is because of these ideological underpinnings that Maoist movements have received support and sustenance from various political parties and civilian organisations. The Maoist ideology propagates an alterna-tive system that appears to accommodate socio-cultural, political, economic and political aspirations of each individual. On the other hand, the present state system is perceived to have gone against the way of life of most of the people residing in the remote, inaccessible and underdeveloped regions. In the backdrop of the Maoist political success in Nepal, this factor has gained all the more credence.

Left wing extremists in various regions of India are able to operate and implement their plans efficiently largely on account of their dedication, their organisational set up and their understanding of the micro socio-eco-nomic situation. Add to this the element of popular support they enjoy as well. The move-ment has sustained many ups and downs, and has now assumed greater proportions. The popularity of the Naxal ideology and move-ment’s growth goes to prove the commitment and dedication of its members to the Naxal cause as well as the solidarity and unity of the extremist groups despite differences.

In the light of the Naxal menace, there’s an imperative need to overhaul the government machinery, particularly at the lower levels. It’s the village and block level officials who repre-sent the government at the grassroots. Their selection procedures and training should be put to scrutiny. In this context, the increase in the intake of local people into the paramilitary forces is a welcome step. This effort could be replicated in the recruitment for civil posts as well. While performance based incentives would definitely raise the motivation levels of the officials, an adequate security cover also needs to be ensured for them. SP

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One constant feature of the Naxal ideology has been the propagation at all points of time that imperialism is headed towards total collapse

What sustains the Red Movement?Mobilisation of cadres along ideological lines symbolises the strength, commitment and deep-rootedness of the Naxal movement and explains why it has been receiving support and sustenance from various political parties and civilian organisationsAMIT KUMAR SINGH

3/2008 SP’S LAND FORCES 15

Publisher and Editor-in-ChiefJayant Baranwal

Editor Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor

Assistant Editor Arundhati Das

Senior Technical Group Editor Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand

Contributing EditorAir Marshal (Retd) V.K. Bhatia

Sub-Editor Bipasha Roy

ContributorsIndia General (Retd) V.P. MalikLt General (Retd) Vijay OberoiLt General (Retd) R.S. NagraLt General (Retd) S.R.R. AiyengarAir Marshal (Retd) Vinod PatneyMajor General (Retd) Ashok MehtaMajor General (Retd) G.K. NischolBrigadier (Retd) Gurmeet KanwalBrigadier (Retd) S. MishraRohit Sharma

Europe Andrew Brookes (UK)

USA & Canada Lon Nordeen (USA)Anil R. Pustam (West Indies)

South Africa Helmoed R. Heitman

Chairman & Managing DirectorJayant Baranwal

Admin & CoordinationBharti Sharma

DesignAssociate Art Director: Ratan SonalLayout Designs: Rajkumar Sharma

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News in BriefSpecial cells to counter threat to space assetsDefence Minister A.K. Antony has announced the formation of an Integrated Space Cell under the aegis of the Integrated Defence Services Head Quarters to counter “the grow-ing threat to our space assets”. Addressing the Unified Commanders’ Conference, he said although “we want to utilise space for peace-ful purposes and remain committed to our policy of non-weaponisation of space, offen-sive counter-space systems, like anti-satellite weaponry, new classes of heavy-lift and small boosters and an improved array of Military Space Systems, have emerged in our neigh-bourhood”. Antony said the new cell will act as a single window for integration among the armed forces, the Department of Space and the Indian Space Research Organisation.

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NDA cadets excel in global meet on laws of armed conflictThree young cadets of the National Defence Academy (NDA) have excelled in the inter-national competition on the Laws of Armed Conflict for Military Academies, conducted recently at the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, San Remo, Italy. The Chief of Integrated Staff Committee of tri-services, Lt General H.S. Lidder, congratulated the win-ning team comprising Cadet Harshwardhan Pathak, Cadet Yogender Kathayat and Cadet Ritwik Sankrit, led by Major G. Dogra, for their outstanding performance. Pathak was adjudged the “Second Best Individual Cadet” and Sankrit bagged the “Second Prize” in the team category. A total of 28 academies from 18 countries took part in the competition.

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New offsets policy in DPP 2008Incorporating the significantly new concept of banking in the offset clause which makes it mandatory for foreign companies selling equipment over Rs 300 crore to partially source their requirement from the country, the Centre on July 9 reportedly revised the Defence Procurement Policy (DPP). Aiming to lend momentum to the process of purchases and make India a beneficiary as the country shops worldwide to update and modernise its defence forces, DPP 2008 will govern purchases worth nearly $100 billion (Rs 4,28,292 crore) over the next decade. According to media reports, Defence Minister A.K. Antony, head of the Defence Acquisition Council, cleared the DPP 2008. Government sources said the DPP would be operative from August 1 and incorporates the cumulative experience of the services and the Ministry of Defence over the last two years. Under the concept of banking of offsets—a company executing an order will be able to transfer the value of the work done in India to fulfill the offset requirements of another order. All foreign companies had made this demand though the validity of the banking period sought by them was different. The government has now fixed it at two years.

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Rheinmetall, BAE ink MoU for German Air Force radarRheinmetall Defence and BAE Systems recently signed an MoU to equip the German Air Force Tactical Air Command and Control Service with active long-range radar systems (project ARED). The agreement involves, as the first phase, the equipping of the Tactical Air Command and Control Service with six new systems.

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BAE unveils latest UASBAE Systems has unveiled the latest member of its Unmanned Autonomous System (UAS)

family—Fury. It shares a similar airframe and some vehicle system components with the HERTI reconnaissance and surveillance UAS, which was fielded by the UK last year. Fury is an armed reconnaissance and close air support UAS and features latest generation mission sys-tems avionics, a newly developed stores man-agement system and a proven weapon guidance system. Fury was developed and trialled in partnership with Thales UK’s missile business. It is armed with the new Thales Lightweight Multi-role Missile System, which is small in size and builds on the heritage of combat proven munitions such as Starstreak and Starburst.

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Northrop developing threat-sensing binocularsThe US Department of Defense has funded a programme aimed at developing electronic binoculars that monitor the brain activity of troops and alert the wearer to possible threats. The contract, awarded under the Cognitive Technology Threat Warning System pro-gramme to a Northrop Grumman-led team, will run for one year. The team will be creat-ing a conceptual design of the device with the option to extend the contract for further devel-opment and manufacturing, Northrop says.

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Increasing clamour for European ArmyA Polish member of the European Parliament says the EU needs to develop “hard power” and member states should work together to form a European army. Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Jacek Saryusz-Wolski also wants the European Parliament to have the final say on deployments under the EU flag, the BBC reports. France, which is due to take over the presidency in the coming weeks, say boosting the EU’s military capability will be a key part of its six-month rule. France intends to propose calling upon all EU countries to increase spend-ing on defence to meet a new target of perhaps six per cent of GDP. The plans are likely to prove controversial in many countries, includ-ing the UK, where there is reluctance towards any move to a European army. In Ireland, there are concerns about neutrality, while Germany has expressed concern about any policy that could go beyond a peacekeeping role

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UK MoD administers a slip upThe UK MoD has been accused of a slip up by a government minister over eight helicopters which have cost £422 million (Rs 3,563 crore) but have never been flown. “The MoD’s pro-gramme to make airworthy the eight Chinook Mk3 helicopters, which it acquired in 2001 for special operations work, has been a gold standard cock-up,” alleged Commons Public Accounts Committee Chairman Edward Leigh. “Nearly seven years since they were delivered, the Chinook Mk3s are still languishing in cli-mate-controlled hangers, despite the fact that they are desperately needed in Afghanistan.” In 1995, the MoD ordered 14 Chinook Mk2a helicopters from Boeing. However, after delivery in 2001, there were problems with the avion-ics software and the helicopters fell short of the UK’s military airworthiness standards. As a result, they have never flown operationally. The

MoD says it is confident they will be ready for operation from the end of 2009.

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PARC to develop sensor tape to measure blast impactThe US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has selected Xerox subsidiary Palo Alto Research Center to develop and pro-totype sensor tape to measure the impact of blasts in the battlefield. During the 18-month DARPA programme, PARC will utilise jet-print-ing expertise to develop low-cost technologies and processes for fabricating the tape’s sensors, memory, and control electronics.

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Lockheed Martin to support MLRS launchers

Lockheed Martin has received a $90 million (Rs 384 crore) contract to support US Army and Marine Corps Multiple Launch Rocket System launchers. Lockheed will be responsible for the performance-based specification components of the HIMARS and MLRS M270A1 launch-ers’ fire control systems, as well as the HIMARS launcher-loader module. Responsibilities also include supply, maintenance and related logistics support. Lockheed Martin’s Life Cycle Contractor Support system will support more than 300 launchers through 2010.

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‘Unmanned systems market may slow down over coming decade’The increasing demand for remotely operated systems from the US Department of Defense (DoD) has created a multi-billion dollar defence industry worth more than $2.9 billion (Rs 12,382 crore) last year, according to a report by industry analysts Frost & Sullivan. The firm’s US Unmanned Systems Markets report says the market could reach $3.5 billion (Rs 14,945 crore) in 2016. In the report, Frost & Sullivan says the market is expected to pla-teau in the mid- to long-term as technology matures. According to Frost & Sullivan industry analyst Lindsay Voss, changes in the political sphere and a lack of new unmanned system programmes represent potential roadblocks to continued progress, which will curtail market growth between 2010 and 2016 and will affect companies that depended heavily on the DoD.

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Cluster bomb ban imminentMore than 100 countries have agreed to sign a treaty to ban the use of cluster bombs. The trea-ty will outlaw all current designs and require the destruction of stockpiles within eight years. Expected to be signed in December, the draft declares that a signatory nation “undertakes never under any circumstances to use cluster munitions” nor “develop, produce, otherwise acquire, stockpile, retain or transfer to anyone, directly or indirectly, cluster munitions”. SP GUIDE

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