sprouting in storage : impact and control · 5. 45 days at 22°c 6. 13 days at 32°c 7. 29 days at...

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Sprouting in Storage: Impact and

Control Nora Olsen

University of Idaho

Kimberly, Idaho, USA

Sprouting in Storage

• Seed age and behavior

– Sprouting and field performance

– Impact of variety/storage

• Dormancy

• Sprout control

– Product and temperature combinations

CRAAQ - Colloque sur la pomme de terre 2016

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Photos courtesy of PVMI

Alpine Russet

Classic Russet Photos courtesy of PVMI

Clearwater Russet

Premier Russet


3

Variety

Dormancy

Processing Quality

Attributes

Dry Rot

Potential

Weight

Loss

Suggested Use

Glucose Mottling Fresh Process

Russet Burbank long mod mod mod low X X

Alturas short mod low low - X

Alpine Russet long low low high-mod mod-low X

Bannock Russet mod mod low mod-low - X X

Blazer Russet mod mod mod-low mod - X

Classic Russet mod mod mod high-mod mod X

Clearwater Russet short low low high mod-low X X

Highland Russet short mod high mod-low mod X

Owyhee Russet mod low low mod mod X X

Premier Russet short low low high high X

Ranger Russet short mod high mod low X

Umatilla Russet mod mod-low high high-mod - X

Western Russet short mod low low low X X

mod = moderate Dormancy: (days after harvest) long >150 days, mod 101-149 days, short <100 days until sprout elongation begins when stored at 7.2°C Glucose: high≥0.1, mod 0.051-0.1, low≤0.05 at ~160 days after harvest when stored at 7.2°C Mottling: is the dark colored flecking that can occur in french fried potatoes, Weight Loss: is classified relative to Russet Burbank (RB), where high ≥ 2x that of RB, mod is 1.1-1.9x RB, and low = RB Weight loss: “-”denotes data not available

Described Dormancy Length Long

≥ 150 days Moderate

101-149 days Short

≤ 100 days

Russet B Bannock R Alturas

Alpine R Blazer R Clearwater R

Classic R Highland R

Owyhee R Premier R

Umatilla R Ranger R

Western R R Norkotah

Dormancy Length (days) = # of days until 80% tubers have one sprout <

5mm (elongation is beginning to occur); Data at 7.2°C


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Knowledge of Dormancy Length • Seed

– Temperature response – Sprouting upon removal – Physiological age – desired size profile

• Selecting for short, mid- or long term storage – Marketing of potatoes

• Proper timing of sprout inhibitors • Change in quality

Temperature and Dormancy

• Higher the storage temperature, shorter the dormancy period

• When warmer temperatures occurred and for how long

– In fall after harvest

– In spring, warming up seed prior to planting


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Variety 5.6 °C 7.2 °C 8.9 °C

R Burbank 175 155 130

Alpine 185 165 140

Classic 155 130 100

Umatilla 145 130 100

Owyhee 140 120 100

Premier 120 100 85

Clearwater 110 90 85

Highland 110 85 80

Ranger 100 85 80

Dormancy Length (days)

38°F & 45°F

Ranger

Russet

38°F & 60°F 38°F

Russet

Burbank

Seed storage treatments: Prior to planting in spring

a) 3.3°C until planting (no aging) b) 3.3°C and 1 month at 7.2°C prior to planting c) 3.3°C and 2 weeks at 15.6°C


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3.3°C & 7.2°C

Ranger

Russet

3.3°C & 15.6°C 3.3°C

Russet

Burbank

Emergence, stem and yield

3.

102 days

at

55°F

Ranger Russet

Russet Burbank

1.

Control

At

39°F

2.

48

days

at

55°F

4.

20 days

at

72°F

5.

45 days

at

72°F

6.

13 days

at

90°F

7.

29 days

at

90°F

Seed storage treatments: Occurred after harvest in fall

After 2 weeks of curing at 12.8°C


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3.

102 days

at

12.8°C

Ranger Russet

Russet Burbank

1.

Control

At

3.9°C

2.

48

days

at

12.8°C

4.

20 days

at

22°C

5.

45 days

at

22°C

6.

13 days

at

32°C

7.

29 days

at

32°C

2008Percent Emergence in Seven Seed Age Treatments of 'Ranger Russet' Potatoes

Days After Planting

20 25 30 35 40

% E

me

rge

nc

e

0

20

40

60

80

100Rang-1

Rang-2

Rang-3

Rang-4

Rang-5

Rang-6

Rang-7

2008Percent Emergence in Seven Seed Age

Treatments of 'Russet Burbank' Potatoes

Days After Planting

20 25 30 35 40

% E

merg

en

ce

0

20

40

60

80

100

RB-1

RB-2

RB-3

RB-4

RB-5

RB-6

RB-7

Russet Burbank Ranger Russet

Percent Emergence


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Warmer Temperature Exposure

Other Impacts on Dormancy Variety Inherent dormancy Temperature • Pre-harvest conditions

– Growing season, stress, temperature, maturity

• Post-harvest conditions – Temperature- level, duration, fluctuation – Light– affects morphology of emerging sprouts – Exogenous products


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Shepody

Sprouting at 3.3°C storage

0

20

40

60

80

100

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220Days after Harvest

Perc

en

t S

pro

uti

ng

99-00

00-01

Linear 99-00Linear 00-01

Ranger Russet Sprouting at 3.3°C storage

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Days after Harvest

Pe

rce

nt

Sp

rou

tin

g

99-00

00-01

Linear 99-00Linear 00-01


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Old

Ideal

Young

Shepody

@ 3.3°C

R.Burbank

@ 3.3°C

T

Seed Age and Performance Pe

rfo

rman

ce

T

Age

Physiological age

Performance Cultivar


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Importance of Sprout Control

Minimize weight loss

Minimize physical and processing quality changes

Maintain quality

Fresh market- no visible sprout

Seed potatoes

Storage Management - temperature, air flow


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Variety 5.6 °C 7.2 °C 8.9 °C

R Burbank 175 155 130

Alpine 185 165 140

Classic 155 130 100

Umatilla 145 130 100

Owyhee 140 120 100

Premier 120 100 85

Clearwater 110 90 85

Highland 110 85 80

Ranger 100 85 80

Dormancy Length (days)

Mean Dormancy Length (days) for Russet Burbank Year 5.6°C 7.2°C 8.9°C

99-00 175 145 135

00-01 175 155 135

01-02 175 155 135

02-03 175 150 130

03-04 175 165 150

04-05 180 170 135

05-06 180 170 135

06-07 170 155 140

07-08 180 155 130

08-09 185 155 130

+/- 15 +/- 20 +/- 20


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Sprout Control Options • Variety selection

• Low storage temperatures

• Product application – In-field

– In-storage

– Spray application at packing shed for fresh market

Major Sprout Control Products in the US

• Chlorpropham (CIPC)

• Maleic hydrazide (MH) – field applied

• Diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN; Amplify)

• Dimethylnaphthalene (DMN; 1,4-sight)

• 3-decen-2-one (SmartBlock)

• Clove oil (Biox C; Sprout Torch)- organic

• *Mint oil or other essential oils- organic


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Sprout Control Programs • CIPC based

– Thermal (forced air storage; recirculation) and/or spray application

– May have other products in mix or sequence; reduced rates

• No CIPC – Sole or multiple product programs

– Organic or non-CIPC markets

– Seed potato options

• Product for sprout control and to blacken eyes for retail fresh market – Thermal or spray

CIPC • In-storage (1° sprout inhibitor used)

• apply as thermal fog – temperature, method of application and equipment are applicator dependent

• initial application early, before pile settles, after wound healing

• depending upon cultivar, temperature and duration in storage, typically apply 15 to 25 ppm; retreat only if necessary (~10-15 ppm)

• Packing sheds

– Spray (EC) formulation applied to washed potatoes


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Maleic Hydrazide applied in field

July

Non-registered compound

Russet Burbank

Late MH + CIPC Early

MH

+ CIPC


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Maleic hydrazide

• Effective for severely retarding sprout growth

• Extend dormancy break by approximately 30 days

• Timing important

• Good for aggressive sprouting varieties

• Effective sprout control programs

– Alone

– MH-30 followed by CIPC or other sprout inhibitor in storage


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Naphthalene based products

• Diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) – Typically, thermally applied in combination with

CIPC

• Dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) – Thermally applied alone or with CIPC program

– Aerosol canisters for shipping containers

– Thermal application to seed (30 days before planting)

3-decen-2-one (SmartBlock) Long carbon chain ketone- (3-decen-2-one)

Identified and patented by Dr. Rick Knowles of Washington State University

Registered in US and Canada in 2013 by AMVAC Chemical Corp

Chemically synthesized food additive but identical to naturally occurring substances found in food

Generally Regarded As Safe (FEMA)


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3-decen-2-one – Apply thermally

• Apply at visual initiation of sprouting most effective

• Can apply earlier prior to visual and control sprouting

• Advanced sprouting- damage sprouts. – Long-term sprout control with 1 to 3 applications depending upon storage

temperatures and variety

– Higher storage temperatures; aggressive sprouting varieties may need additional applications

– Blackens eyes; damage immediately observed; odor

– Integrate into effective sprout control programs that may include CIPC, MH, others


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Clove Oil • Distilled from Syzygium aromaticum plant

• Active ingredient is eugenol

• Organic approved in US

• Apply thermally; EC Spray

• Mode of action: physically damages sprout

Untreated CIPC Clove oil 90 ppm

Essential Oils: Clove Oil; Mint Oil

• Effective for sprout control

• Reapplication is necessary for long-term control

– 50 to 100 ppm each treatment

– Dependent upon variety and storage temperature

– ~2 to 6 week intervals

• Blackens eyes; Odor • Effective sprout control programs

– Alone (organic approved)

– MH plus clove oil (no CIPC)

– CIPC plus clove oil= true mix or sequence Days after harvest

206 235 266 297

Sp

rou

t le

ng

th (

cm

/tu

ber)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

PeppermintSpearmintUntreatedCIPC


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Spearmint Peppermint Untreated CIPC

Russet Burbank after 9 months in 7.2°C storage

(8 applications of mint oil)

Taste difference

3-decen-2-one (SmartBlock) and clove oil on sprout control

• Variety: Chipeta; Temperature: 8.9°C

• 3 applications of either clove oil or 3-decen-2-one at ~ same time


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Current Major Sprout Control Options

Variety selection and cooler temperatures Maleic Hydrazide – field application; 30 day longer dormancy; slow sprout

growth

CIPC – highly effective

DMN and DIPN – mild sprout suppressants; use in combination with CIPC

Clove oil- organic; mix with CIPC; blackens sprouts

3-decen-2-one – alone or in combination with others. Blackens sprouts

• Development of integrated programs

• New chemistries

CIPC Stewardship

~ Global Priority


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6/12/09

Untreated 2.5 ppm 10 ppm 5 ppm

Seed Exposure to CIPC


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Swabbing for CIPC residues (ppm)

Treated Bins

Pre- application

September

After application

December

After cleaning

August

Bin 1 Both years prior 18 240 3

Bin 2 Both years prior 35 1,100 3

Bin 3 Both years prior 19 320 2

Bin4 Only 1 year prior 10 210 4


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Variety

Dormancy

Processing Quality

Attributes

Dry Rot

Potential

Weight

Loss

Suggested Use

Glucose Mottling Fresh Process

Russet Burbank long mod mod mod low X X

Alturas short mod low low - X

Alpine Russet long low low high-mod mod-low X

Bannock Russet mod mod low mod-low - X X

Blazer Russet mod mod mod-low mod - X

Classic Russet mod mod mod high-mod mod X

Clearwater Russet short low low high mod-low X X

Highland Russet short mod high mod-low mod X

Owyhee Russet mod low low mod mod X X

Premier Russet short low low high high X

Ranger Russet short mod high mod low X

Umatilla Russet mod mod-low high high-mod - X

Western Russet short mod low low low X X

mod = moderate Dormancy: (days after harvest) long >150 days, mod 101-149 days, short <100 days until sprout elongation begins when stored at 7.2°C Glucose: high≥0.1, mod 0.051-0.1, low≤0.05 at ~160 days after harvest when stored at 7.2°C Mottling: is the dark colored flecking that can occur in french fried potatoes, Weight Loss: is classified relative to Russet Burbank (RB), where high ≥ 2x that of RB, mod is 1.1-1.9x RB, and low = RB Weight loss: “-”denotes data not available

Sprouting in Storage: Impact and Control

• Variety

• Market sector

• Field and Storage Conditions

• Control Options

• Quality Maintenance


sprouting in storage : impact and control · 5. 45 days at 22°c 6. 13 days at 32°c 7. 29 days at...

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