January | February 2013

Spray-dried plasma from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic salmon parrs

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

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Volume 16 / Issue 1 / January-February 2013 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2012 / All rights reserved

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Since the late 1970s,Atlantic salmonaquaculture has grown into a globalindustry that annually produces over1.4milliontonnesofsalmonwithan

estimatedvalueofUS$7,812millionaccordingto2012FAOstatistics.Thegrowthofsalmonaquaculturehasbeenaccompaniedbyacon-tinuousimprovement infeedformulationandtechnologytomaximizegrowthandsurvivalofsalmonatdifferentstagesofdevelopment.Thesearchfornewandalternativefeedingredientsandformulationscontinuesinordertoensuresustainabilityofthisindustry.

A major challenge for the aquaculturefeed production industry is to identify andvalidate stable, predictable and high qual-ity sources of alternative proteins for themanufacture of aqua feeds. In this context,any satisfactory alternative feed ingredientmust be able to supply comparable nutri-tional value at a competitive cost. Globalrecognitionthatterrestrialanimalby-productmeals, especially non-ruminant blood mealsand blood products, represent the largestand largely untapped safe source of animalprotein available within the internationalaquafeedindustry.

Despite the fact that blood meal andbloodproductshavebeenshowntobecost-effectivenutrientsourcesforfarmedfishandshrimp,itwasestimatedthatlessthanfiveper-centoftotalglobalmanufacturedaquafeeds(21million tonnes in2005)containedbloodmeal (2–5% average dietary inclusion level).Bloodmeal ismainlyusedasacost-effectivesourceofhighlydigestibleanimalprotein,asa

fishmeal replacer, and as apelletcolouringagent.

On a nutritional basis,bloodmealswith thehigh-est digestibility are gener-allythosewhichhavebeenspray dried. Spray-driedproteins are subjected tolessheatdamageanddena-turingoftheproteinduringthe drying process com-pared to traditional ren-deredorring-driedproteins.Aquaculture feed manu-facturers that use bloodmeal and blood productsin their feeds are mainlyconcentrated in Asia andNorth and South America,whereas European feedproducers are using non-ruminant blood productsmainly in marine fish feedbecause it is now legallyaccepted by EU regulation(Tacon,2005).

Spray dried-plasma as a feed ingredient

Spray-dried blood, redblood cells (haemoglobin)and plasma proteins havelongbeenrecognizedashighquality feed ingredients forswine, cattle and poultry.Spray-dried plasma (SDP) isa feed ingredient composed

Spray-dried plasmafrom porcine blood in diets for Atlantic salmon parrs

Figure 1: Final size distribution in body weight (BW) of Atlantic salmon fed diets containing graded levels of spray dried plasma (SDD)

by Enric Gisbert PhD, Research Scientist, IRTA-San Carlos de la Rápita, Spain and Javier Polo PhD, APC Europe SA, Granollers, Spain

18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2013

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January-February 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19

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ofadiversemixtureof functionalproteinsandother biologically important components. SDPhas an excellent amino acid profile with high(99%)digestibilityofaminoacids(Bureauetal.,1999)andithasbeennotedinmultiplepublica-tionsthatitimprovesanimalgrowth,feedintakeand feed efficiency. In addition, SDP has beenrecommendedforinclusioninanimaldietsasasource of immunological support due to theirhigh levels of globulin proteins (Campbell etal.,2010).Althoughbloodproductshavemanygoodqualities, there is scarce literatureontheeffects of dietary SDP inclusion in fish feeds(JohnsonandSummerfelt,2000).

Effects of SDP on Atlantic salmon smolts

Inarecentstudy,weevaluatedthe inclu-sion of SDP derived from porcine blood(AP820P;APCEurope,SA)asafeedingredi-ent in commercial feeds for Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar) parr and its effect on growthperformance,feedutilization,organisationandfunctionality of the digestive system andhaematological parameters. SDP was incor-poratedintodietsatincreasinglevels(0,3,6and9%)andwaspreparedbydispersingitinolive oil and then spraying it on commercialsalmon feed (Skretting T2 Select, Skretting).Diets were named SDP0, SDP3, SDP6 orSDP9consideringtheinclusionlevelsofSDPinexperimentalfeeds.

Thequantityofoilneededtodissolvethehighest level (9%)of SDPwas alsoused forincorporating lower levels of SDP in all theexperimental feeds. This strategy assuredthat diets were isolipidic (31%), althoughthey did not have similar levels of dietaryproteins(rangedfrom43.3%inSDP0dietto50.1%inSDP9diet).Thisvariationinproteincontent of diets did not invalidate the pos-sible results of this study, since the dietaryprotein levels testedwerehigher than thosegenerallyrecommendedforthisspeciesatthisdevelopmentalstage(Bendiksenetal.,2003).Different studies have reported that dietaryprotein levels higher than 39-40 percent donotaffectgrowthperformanceinthisspeciesatthetesteddietarylipidlevel.

Evaluating SDP effect Diets were tested in triplicate in Atlantic

salmonparr (45.4±5.76 g) for a periodof86days(0gsalinity/l,12.5ºC,12hL:12hD),then fishwere smoltifiedandkept inmarinewater(35gsalinity/l,16ºC,18hL:6hD)fortwoweeksinaIRTAMAR®recirculationunit.Fishwerefedfourtimesperday(0830,1200,1600and2000h)withautomaticfeederssetatthefeedratioof0.9%ofstockedbiomass.The feed ratio was periodically adjusted bymeans of intermediate samplings for weightandgrowthperformance.

The effect of SDP in salmon was evalu-

atedbybiological,histologicalandbiochemicalparameters, such as growth, survival, feedconversionratio(FCR),proteinefficiencyratio(PER), organisation of the intestinal mucosa,proximate body composition, haematocrit,serumproteinprofileandbloodcellcount.Inaddition, smoltification success was assessedbyevaluatingfishsurvival,aswellas,thehisto-logicalorganisationofgillfilamentsandplasmaosmolalityandelectrolytecomposition.

Weight and sizeAt the endof the trial, themeanweight

of salmon fed different diets was similar(92.8-98.5 g) regardless of the SDP levelincorporatedonthefeed.However,thesizedistribution of individual body weight wassignificantly affected by the diet. Size het-erogeneity is a common feature in salmonidfarming that affects the overall performanceoftherearingprocess.

The results of the hierarchical size effectaretheestablishmentofagroupofdominantfish that do not allow smaller (subordinate)ones to feed normally. Therefore, underconditions promoting hierarchy formation,thelargestfishatthebeginningareexpectedtogetthelargestshareofthefeed,growthefastestandhavethehighestweightattheendoftheproductionprocess.

Under the present experimental condi-tions,salmonfedSDP6hadthemosthomo-

18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2013 January-February 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19

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geneous distribution in body weight amongthe tested diets. Thus, fish fed SDP6 had ahigher proportion of fish within the modeof the population (81-120 g), and a lowerproportionoffishbelongingtosmaller(40-80g)or larger (121-170g) sizeclasses incom-parisontothecontrolgroup.Thesametrendwasobservedwhendatawereexpressed instandardlengthorusingtheFulton’sconditionfactor.These findings areof practical impor-tance since the improved size distributionmight reduce the tasksof size selectiondur-ing processing, and also diminish hierarchicaldominancesituationsthatultimatelymaximizethe harvested biomass and reduce the costassociatedwithgrowingfishtoharvestsize.

Survival and FCRAllfishfromdifferentexperimentalgroups

were able to successfully osmoregulate andkeep their hydromineral equilibrium of theirbody fluids after smoltification, as data onplasma osmolality and electrolyte contentindicated.Althoughtherewerenodifferencesin survival among salmon fed different diets,parrfeddietscontainingSDPshowedaslight,butnot significant,higher survivalafter smol-tification incomparisontothecontrolgroup(SDP0),whichmaybeduetothehigherpro-portionofsmall-sizedparrintheSDP0group.

TheenhancednutritionsuppliedbySDPindietsalsoimprovedFCRandPER;salmonoidsfedSDP3andSDP6dietshadthelowestFCRand highest PER values, respectively. Theseresults indicated that the nitrogen contentfrom these diets was much more efficientlyusedbyfish.Growthperformanceandproxi-mate biochemical composition of fish weresimilar among dietary groups, although fishfed SDP3 and SDP6 consumed less feed incomparisontothecontroldiet.Thereductionin feed consumption and high PER coupledwith the high digestibility of SDP may alsoresultinlessnitrogenwasteintheeffluentsofaquaculturefacilities,whichisconsideredakeyelementforthelong-termsustainabilityoftheaquacultureindustry.

Digestion and intestinal mucosa Functionality of the digestive system was

notaffectedbydiets,asfishhadsimilaractiv-ity levels of pancreatic and intestinal diges-tive enzymes. However, fish fed SDP9 hadincreasednumberofgobletcellsintheintes-tinalmucosa,butheightof intestinal villiwasnot modified in this group. The major func-tion of intestinal goblet cells and their mainsecretory products, mucins, is the formationofmucuslayerswhichserveasthe‘frontline’fortheinnatehostdefensemechanism.Thesemucus layers play key roles in the establish-mentofthecommensal intestinalmicrobiotaandprotectionfromcolonisationandinvasionby the pathogenic microbiota. Thus, thereportedhigherabundanceof goblet cells in

theintestinalmucosaoffishfedtheSDP9diet may be linked to the ability of SDPto support the immune-competence ofthe fish. This hypothesis needs furtherresearchinordertobevalidated,althoughprevious studies on other fish speciesseemtosupportthisidea.

The nutrition provides by SDP hasbeenreportedtoimproveimmunecom-petenceinshrimp(RussellandCampbell,2008),eel(JensenandNielsen,2003)andintroutchallengedbyYersiniaruckeri,thatinadditionoftheconsistentresultsinter-restrialanimals, indicatetheimproveper-formanceoftheseanimalsunderstressedfarmingconditions.

ConclusionsSDP is an excellent ingredient for

Atlanticsalmonparrandsmoltdietssinceitisahighlydigestibleproteinsourcethatimproved feed and protein efficiencyratiosandpromotedamorehomogene-ous distribution of body weight in thetestedpopulation.TheSDP9dietresult-ed in an increase in goblet cell numberin the intestinalmucosa,which supportsthe idea that SDPmay provide supportto the innate host defense mechanismof the gut. Based upon the FCR andPER results of this study, the optimaldietaryinclusionlevelofSDPindietsforAtlanticsalmonparrwascalculatedtobe4.1 percent. Research is being currentlyconducted on the use of SDP in dietsfor marine fish species, in particular forgilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), andthepreliminaryresultsarereallyencour-aging andwithin the same line to thoseobtainedinAtlanticsalmon.

References

APCInc(2003).EvaluationofBIOFEND®(spray-driedplasma)ongrowthandsurvivalofrainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)challengedwithYersiniaruckeri.DiscoveriesTechBriefs,Volume6,2pages.February2003,APCInc., Iowa, IA50010,USA(www.americanprotein.com/products/biofend/images/Discoveries621803.pdf).

Bendiksen,E.A.,O.K.Berg,M.Jobling,A.MArnesenandK.Masoval.2003.Digestibility,growthandnutrientutilisationofAtlanticsalmonparr(Salmo salarL.)inrelationtotemperature,feedfatcontentandoilsource.Aquaculture224:283-299.

Bureau,D.P.,A.M.Harris,andC.Y.Cho.1999.Apparentdigestibilityofrenderedanimalproteiningredientsforrainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus mykiss).Aquaculture180:345-358.

Campbell,J.M.,J.Polo,L.E.RussellandJ.D.Crenshaw.2010.Reviewofspray-driedplasma'simpactonintestinalbarrierfunction.LivestockScience133:239-241.

Jensen,S.andM.Nielsen.(2003).EffectofAPCplasmaadditivesoneelsbeingintroducedtoredheaddisease.PosterpaperpresentedatAquacultureEurope2003,8-12August2003,Trondheim.

Johnson,J.A.andR.C.Summerfelt.2000.Spray-driedbloodcellsasapartialreplacementforfishmealindietsforrainbowtroutOncorhynchus mykiss.J.WorldAquac.Soc.31:96-104.

Russell,L.andJ.M.Campbell.(2000).Trialsshowpromiseforspray-driedplasmaproteininshrimpfeeds.TheGlobalAquacultureAdvocate,3(6):42-43.

Tacon,A.G.J.2005.TheCurrentandPotentialuseofBloodproductsandBloodmealinAquafeeds.ReportPreparedForEuropeanAnimalProteinAssociation,53.

Figure 2: Broken analysis of food conversion (FCR) and protein efficiency rates (PER) from Atlantic salmon fed different diets containing graded levels of spray-dried plasma (SDP). The value within the inner rectangle indicates the estimated level of SDP inclusion in diets considering the results of the used methodology.

20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2013

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diet. A dispensable amino acid is one thatcanbesynthesizedbytheanimalinquanti-ties sufficient for maximal growth. Mostsimple - stomach animals, including catfishrequire the same 10 indispensable aminoacids.

Justification for chicken viscera as a replacement for fishmeal

Fishmeal is themost important compo-nent in fish feedmaking. Fishmeal contains60-80 percent protein of excellent quality,which is highly palatable to fish. Since fish-meal is a good source of essential aminoacids, it is often used to supplement feedscontaining plant proteins. Fishmeal is also

rich in energy, minerals and essential fattyacids.Itisusedatlevelsupto50percentincatfishfryfeeds,upto12percentincatfishfingerling feeds and from 0-8 percent ingrow-outfishfeeds.

Fishmealremainsthemajordietarypro-tein source in fish feed but escalatingcost, uncertainty unavailability and lesserquantity has necessitated the use of otherproteinsourcestoreducefeedcostwithoutcompromising growth. Therefore, effortshave long been directed to find alternateprotein sources of good quality which arelessexpensiveand readily availableas sub-stitutesforfishmealcomponent inpracticaldiets.

A chief and readily available sourceof high quality animal protein is chickenviscera which are considered as a wastein the poultry industry. In the poultryprocessing industry, viscera accounts fornearly 30 percent of the byproducts.Fishmealisamajorproteinsourceinaqua-feed especially for carnivorous species.Increasing demand, unstable supplies andhighpricesof fishmealwiththeexpansionof aquaculture have made it necessaryto search for alternative protein sources.Moreover, price of fishmeal is often high.It is necessary to replace fishmeal withcheaperproteinsources.

Plantprotein sources suchasdefatted

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Chicken viscera for fish feed formulation

Profitable aquafeed moisture control

The shrimp feed industry in China– an overview

Spray-dried plasma– from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic

salmon parrs

Volume 16 I s sue 1 2 013 - J anuary | f ebruary

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