spotted wing drosophila / brown marmorated stink...
TRANSCRIPT
Spotted Wing Drosophila / Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Patrick ByersRegional Horticulture Specialist
Grant BoltonDoctoral student
Spotted Wing Drosophila(a vinegar fruit fly)
Significance
Unlike other fruit flies, SWD attacks sound ripening fruit, also attacks some vegetables
Once eggs laid in fruit, no longer able to control with pesticides
Short lifecycle and overlapping generations make spray timing difficult
Requires sprays near harvest time
Requires multiple sprays which can lead to pesticide resistance
How to identify SWD
Serrated egg-laying structure
(ovipositor)
MALEFEMALEFlies with no dots on wings could be:
SWD females Native Drosophila
species
Need to detect presence of ovipositor
Ovipositing female SWD. Source: E. Beers, Washington State Univ.
1 female = 300 eggs150 females = 45,000 eggs22,500 females = almost 7 million eggs
The “1-2-3” IPM Approach for SWD
This and other SWD articles available at: http://ipm.missouri.edu/ipcm/ and http://www.LU-IPM.net
(1) Monitoring
How to make a trap to monitor for SWD
14 gauge solid core wire
Melt 3/16” diameter holes in side of cup using a soldering iron
DON’T USE STICKY CARD!
1 quart deli-type container
Yeast bait recipe: ½ tablespoon active
dry yeast, 2 tablespoons sugar, 6
oz. water
Yeast / sugar bait: effective at trapping SWD
Traps indicate presence of SWD; but they do not indicate level of infestation (egg-laying in fruit)
Number of flies captures are not predicting potential for infestation
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5/27/2014 6/27/2014 7/27/2014 8/27/2014 9/27/2014 10/27/2014
SWD females
SWD males
Seasonal SWD captures in 2014St. Peters, MO
SWD
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r tr
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ee
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SWD males
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kSeasonal SWD captures in 2014Columbia, MO
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kSeasonal SWD captures in 2014Marshall, MO
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9005
/20
/201
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/20
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/20
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/20
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/20
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/20
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/7/2
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/28
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Columbia
St. Peters
Marshall
Carver
SWD
pe
r tr
ap/w
ee
kSeasonal SWD captures in 2014Four locations (Carver = LU farm in JC)
Monitoring Spotted Wing Drosophila with
Traps and Plant Volatiles
Grant BoltonDoctoral student
Advisors: Bruce Barrett and Jaime PiñeroUniversity of Missouri - Columbia
How many are using traps to monitor for SWD?
How many use a commercial lure?
How many use a homemade lure?
WHY?
Characteristics of a good trap
Easy to use
Cheap/affordable
Catches flies at least one week before infestation
Only catches SWD
Red and
black are
better
attractive
trap colors
An
alternative
‘Zorro’ trap
is red with
black stripe
Common bait is Apple Cider Vinegar or Yeast and Sugar mixture
A good commercial alternative for SWD monitoring is the SWD Pherocon lure (available at Great Lakes IPM)
Other commercial lures are available (e.g., Scentry, AlphaScents)
Fruit Based Lure
Developing an attractive lure based on fruit and leaf odors
Key component is a leaf odor from strawberries
Not only is it attractive to SWD, but it smells better than the commercial lure!
Tested 12
chemicals
individually
and then in
combination
β-cyclocitral (BC)Methyl Isovalerate (MI)Methyl Butyrate (MB)Butyl Acetate (BA)Isopentyl Acetate (IA)Ethyl Hexanoate (EH)Methyl Hexanoate (MH)Ethyl Acetate (EA)Hexyl Acetate (HA)Methyl Butyrate (MB)2-Heptanone (2HN)2-phenylethanol (2PE)
We were getting higher selectivity with fruit
based traps
Field trials coming soon!
Testing all 8 compounds along with commercial lure comparison
Alan T Busby Organic Farm–Jeff City, MO
Update on trapping… Attracticidal
Spheres
Use attractive red sphere with insecticide coating
Coupled with spraying could be effective IPM tool
Removing over-ripe fruit from production areas can minimize SWD egg laying and larval development
Growers in other regions of the country send pickers through fields with one container to collect good fruit and another container to collect over-ripe fruit
Sanitation
http://ucanr.edu
(2) Cultural practices
For brambles, thin the plant row to 3-4 strong canes per square foot. This eliminates weaker shoots and opens the canopy
Consider a trellising system that similarly opens the canopy
The above may make plantings less attractive to SWD and will improve insecticide spray coverage
Canopy management
Photo credit: http://www.eandborchards.com
(3) Insecticides
MOST EFFECTIVE INSECTICIDES AGAINST SWD INCLUDE
ORGANOPHOSPHATES (2 OPTIONS LISTED)
CARBAMATES (2 OPTIONS LISTED)
PYREHTROIDS (3 OPTIONS LISTED)
SPINOSYNS (3 OPTIONS LISTED)
ANTHRANILIC DIAMIDE (1 OPTION LISTED)
Choose / use insecticides wisely
Effective and safest options to minimize
impact to non-targets
F = fairG = goodE = excellent
The alternate row middle method involves skipping an alley so that only one side of each plant row is treated.
During the next application, the spray equipment travels down these skipped alleys and treats the previously non-sprayed side of the rows so that, after two temporally separated applications, both sides of each planting row are treated.
Alternate row middle and border sprays provide control of SWD similar to complete spray applications, thereby showing that reduced spray application strategies are important management tools for this pest.
For use with spray equipment
Reduced spray treatments against SWD resulted in higher numbers of natural enemies and lowered input costs.
Reduced spray strategies may be implemented in low-risk situations and perhaps integrated with other non-insecticide pest management tools
Microbial-based insecticide.
Spinosad is a fast-acting, somewhat broad-spectrum material that acts on the insect primarily through ingestion, or by direct contact with a spray droplet or a newly treated surface.
Cost: ca. $ 400 per quart.
Spinosad residues on the leaf surface are be broken down by sunlight. Half-lives for spinosyn A are 1.6 to 16 days depending
on the amount of sunlight receivedEntrust: One of the most effective OMRI-listed products against SWD
Organic (OMRI-listed) options
Pyrethrins are natural-botanical insecticides found in daisy-like Chrysanthemum flowers.
Pyrethrins are contact poisons which quickly penetrate the nerve system of the insect.
Cost: Ca. $510 for 1 gallon
Organic (OMRI-listed) options
Spinetoram is a new chemical in the spinosyn class of insecticides
It is a semi-synthetic spinosyn (not for certified organic production)
Even more effective than Entrust
Delegate: Effective, but not OMRI-listed
How to make insecticide sprays against SWD more effective
All fruit flies have sponging-lapping mouthparts, so they must feed on liquids
Sugar is a phagostimulant (food component that induces sustained feeding )
Add 2 pounds of sugar / 100 gallons water
(5 table spoons / gallon)
Brown MarmoratedStink Bug (BMSB)
Injury Diagnostics in Blueberry
BMSB will feed on blueberries at all stages of fruit development
Feeding on green fruit can result in discoloration at the feeding site (see picture)
Sunken purple/red areas may form around the feeding site
Feeding on mature fruits can cause softening of fruit and necrosis of tissues under the berry skin. In this case, the discoloration at the feeding site is minimal.
Did you get a hard copy of this document?
Available at: http://www.stopbmsb.org
Enhanced pheromone lure: Stink Bug Xtra Combo
Pheromone lure inside
the trap top
Monitoring
Monitoring
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Live BMSB found in
Springfield
Aug. 24th:
1 BMSB nymph
collected near St.
Louis (Ferguson
area) using
sweep nets
Nov
Jul. 25th:
1 BMSB adult found inside
home in St. Louis
Oct. 22nd:
3 BMSB in 1 trap
(Ferguson) +
Live BMSB found in Hillsboro
(10.15) and Tuxton(10.22)
Dec. 15th:
1 BMSB adult found inside home
in Bloomsdale
Sep. 28th:
26 adult BMSB
captured in 2
pheromone-baited traps (Ferguson)
2016
Management
Effective management requires information about the behavior and biology of the pest
1) Proximity to woods is a risk factor for ag crops. Proximity to soybeans has been a risk factor for MD nurseries
2) Management mostly using insecticides, almost no other options (trap cropping / biological control very limited)
3) Like many tough-to-control pests, earlier life stages more susceptible to insecticides, especially true for organic options.
4) Overwintering adults more susceptible than first generation adults
Insecticides
FEWER OPTIONS THAN THOSE AVAILABLE
FOR SWD GIVEN THAT BMSB IS MORE
DIFFICULT TO KILL!
Neonicotinoid
Pyrethroid
Carbamate
Carbamate
AZERA® is expected to be one of the most effective OMRI-listed insecticides
Tank mixing with Surround® can provide better prospect of control
Pyrethrins and pyrethrins + kaolin clay (trade mark:
Surround) resulted in knockdown effects on BMSB yielding significantly higher lethality immediately after
4.5-h exposure to dried residues.
Extract of Eucalyptus sp
Grandevo
Venerate
Organic (OMRI-listed) options
Preliminary findings from other researchers:
Combining pheromone lures, pollenless sunflowers(earlier in the season) and sorhgum (later in the season) can attract BMSB away from cash crops.
BMSB need to be killed using insecticides
Attract-and-Kill / Trap Cropping
Thank You!
Questions?