spoken language analysis dina novita wijayanti 2003512008 rombel 1

SPOKEN LANGUAGE ANALYSIS

DINA NOVITA WIJAYANTI

2003512008

ROMBEL 1

INTERPERSONAL CONVERSATION

Alice : Well, Steve. Tell me about yourself. What do you do?Steve : Well, let’s see. I am a student here at college.

Uh… I play soccer for the college, too.Alice : Soccer? that’s great. I love soccer. And what are you studying?Steve : Physical education. I love sports.Alice : Do you live with friends?Steve : Uh, no, I don’t . I live alone.Alice : Do you like the college? Steve : Well, it’s OK. But my business classes are really hard. I have to work

with spreadsheets and data bases. I really worry about that. And now this class uses a different computer.

Alice : I have an idea. Why don’t you come to my house tomorrow and meet my grandson? He is a computer whiz.

Source : Dynamic textbookpage 64

Source : Dynamic textbookpage 64

Publisher : AMECCPublisher : AMECC

Steve : Oh. . . No, I . . . Uh . . . have to study.Alice : Oh come on. Tomorrow night at seven thirty? 610 13th Avenue.Steve : Are you sure? Alice : Of course. See you tomorrow evening.Steve : Thanks a lot.

FEATURES OF SPOKEN LANGUAGEFEATURES OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE

1.Spontaneity

1.Spontaneity

2.Interactivity

2.Interactivity

3.Interpersonality

3.Interpersonality

4.Coherence

4.Coherence

5.Relevance

5.Relevance

6.Negotiation

6.Negotiation

7.Macrostructures

7.Macrostructures

1.SPONTANEITY You don’t think when you speak, you do something , make mistake (repetitions ) etc.

UTTERANCE THE ANALYSIS OF SPONTANEITY

Alice : Well, Steve. Tell me about yourself. What do you do?

“Tell me “ belongs to chunk

Steve : Well, let’s see. I am a student here at

college. Uh… I play soccer for the

college, too.

“ let’s see” belongs to chunk “Uh” belongs to filled pause

Alice : Soccer? that’s great. I love soccer.

And what are you studying?

“ that’s great” belongs to chunk

Steve : Physical education. I love sports.

Alice : Do you live with friends?


Steve : Uh, no, I don’t . I live alone. “ uh “ belongs to filled pause

Alice : Do you like the college?

Steve : Well, it’s OK. But my business

classes are really hard. I have

to work with spreadsheets and

data bases. I really worry

about that now this class uses

a different computer.

“ it’s ok” belongs to chunk

Alice : I have an idea. Why don’t you

come to my house tomorrow

and meet my grandson? He is a

computer whiz.

Steve : Oh. . . No, I . . . Uh . . . have

to study.

“No” belongs to small run. “ uh “ belongs to filled pause

Alice : Oh come on. Tomorrow night at seven thirty? 610 13th Avenue.

“Come on” belongs to chunk. “


Steve : Are you sure? “Are you sure?” belongs to chunk

Alice : Of course. See you

tomorrow evening.

“Of course” and “see you” belong to chunk

Steve : Thanks a lot. “Thanks a lot” belongs to chunk

1. Filled pause1. Filled pause

Steve : Well, let’s see. I am a student here at the college. Uh. . . I play soccer for the college too

Steve : Oh. . . No, I . . . Uh . . . have to study.

Steve : Uh, no, I don’t . I live alone.Steve : Uh, no, I don’t . I live alone.

2. repetition= -2. repetition= -

3. False start and backtracking= - 3. False start and backtracking= -

4. Incomplete utterance= -4. Incomplete utterance= -

5. Small run=5. Small run=


6.Tail slot = -6.Tail slot = -

7. chunks7. chunks

Tell me, let’s see, that’s great, it’s ok, come on, are you sure?, of course, see you, thanks a lot

From the conversation, the aspects of spontaneity that found are filled pause (3x), small run (1x), and chunks (9x).Those aspects have represented spontaneity , although not all aspects are fulfilled

From the conversation, the aspects of spontaneity that found are filled pause (3x), small run (1x), and chunks (9x).Those aspects have represented spontaneity , although not all aspects are fulfilled

Comment Comment

2. INTERACTIVITY

The speakers interact by taking turn to speakThe speakers interact by taking turn to speak

Keeping silent when others are speaking

Interrupting at timesInterrupting at times

Signaling their agreement or amusement by grunts, laughs and chuckles.

The speakers interact by taking turn to speak, keeping silent when others are speaking by giving question and answer.The speakers interact by taking turn to speak, keeping silent when others are speaking by giving question and answer.

EXAMPLE 1 Alice : Well, Steve. Tell me about yourself. What do you do?Steve : Well, let’s see. I am a student here at college.

Uh… I play soccer for the college, too.

QUESTION

ANSWER

Alice : Do you live with friends?Steve : Uh, no, I don’t . I live alone.

QUESTION

ANSWER

COMMENT The examples show good turn taking. It means that when Alice is

speaking, Steve is keeping silent(listening to what Alice said. In other words, there is no interruption and overlap)

DISCOURSE MARKERSDISCOURSE MARKERS

a) Alice : Well, Steve. Tell me about yourself.

b) Steve : Well, let’s see.

c) Steve : Well, it’s OK

d) Alice : Oh come on

The function: to provide a fairly non committal response to what has just been said.


DISCOURSE MARKERSDISCOURSE MARKERS

Steve: Well, it’s OK. But my business classes are really hard.

Function: to signal that this clarification is going to contrast with what has gone before.

Back-chanelling

to show that other speaker does in order to register that he or she is following the certain speaker’s drift. to show that other speaker does in order to register that he or she is following the certain speaker’s drift.

Example:Alice : Well, Steve. Tell me about yourself. What do you do?

Steve : Well, let’s see. I am a student here at the college.

Comment : “ let’s see “ shows that Steve still follows Alice’s drift

NO THE ANALYSIS OF INTERACTIVITY THE RESULT OF THE ANALYSIS

1 Taking turn to speak V

2 Keep silent when others are speaking V

3 Interrupting at times -

4 Back-chanelling V

5 Overlapping -

6 Discourse markers V

7 Sequences of question-answer V

The examples show good turn taking. It means that when Alice is speaking, Steve is keeping silent(listening to what Alice said. In other words, there is no interruption and overlap). There are some discourse markers to signal the certain speaker intention and to show how he / she is going to say , or has just said , is connected to what went before or what is coming up.

Comment of interactivity

3. INTERPERSONALITY

UTTERANCE THE ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONALITY


Steve : Well, let’s see. I am a student here

at college. Uh… I play soccer for

the college, too.

the word “ college “ is repeated.



the word “ soccer” is repeated

Steve : Physical education. I love sports. The word “ love “ is repeated from previous utterance

Alice : Do you live with friends?


Steve : Uh, no, I don’t . I live alone.

Alice : Do you like the college? The word” college “ is repeated.

Steve : Well, it’s OK. But my

business classes are really

hard. I have to work with

spreadsheets and




In order Steve does not threaten the Alice face( save Alice’s face). Although actually Steve shows dislike but to save the other speaker face, that’ s why he says “Well, it’s OK. But “ belongs to hedge.




computer whiz.

Whiz” belongs to exaggeration because in the common language , the speaker can use the word “expert “ but in the conversation she uses “ whiz” to exaggerate the high ability of certain person. The word” computer “ is repeated.


to study.


“ come on” to show discourse marker appeals the listener


Steve : Are you sure?


tomorrow evening.

Steve : Thanks a lot.

Laughter, chuckles =-

Hedges:

Steve : Well, it’s OK. But my business classes are really hard. I have to work with spreadsheets and data bases.

I really worry about that. And now this class uses a different computer.

=> in order to blunt the force of a disagreement.=> In order Steve does not threaten the Alice face( save Alice’s face).

Vague Language= -

Discourse markers to appeal listener

Ex:


Alice : Oh come on. Tomorrow night at seven thirty? 610 13th Ave

EXAGGERATIONExample : He is a computer whiz.

Common language: He is an expert of computer.

Evaluative language : He is a computer whiz.

The word “ whiz” has same meaning with “expert ” but “whiz” deliberately exaggerates the high ability of certain person.

Repeating other’s wordsSteve : Well, let’s see. I am a student here at


college, too.

COMMENT: the word “ college “ is repeated.

Alice : Soccer? that’s great. I love soccer. And what are you studying?

COMMENT: the word “ soccer” is repeated

Comment

The result shows that the conversation fulfills the aspects of interpersonality such as hedges, discourse marker to appeal listener, exaggeration and repeating other’s words.

4. COHERENCE

UTTERANCE THE ANALYSIS OF COHERENCE


Alice asks to Steve to show solidarity between friends who are long time no see.



college, too.

To show Steve’s response to the previous question and gives additional information that still has a correlation with the previous question.



“ soccer?” to show surprise to the previous information. ”that’s great” to show agreement to the previous information. “I love sport” to show her feeling related to hobby(love) . The word “love” expresses like to something.

The speakers cooperate to ensure that what they say is relevant to what has been said before and to the overall purpose.

The speakers cooperate to ensure that what they say is relevant to what has been said before and to the overall purpose.


Steve : Physical education. I love sports. Answer to the previous question and to show the same feeling with the other speaker (I love sport).

Alice : Do you live with friends? Ask question to Steve which has correlation with the place of living.

Steve : Uh, no, I don’t . I live alone Answer to the previous question.

Alice : Do you like the college? Ask question related to Steve’s feeling of study in his college.







Answer to Alice’s question(to show disagreement). And his feeling related to teaching learning process in his department( he shows his problem that he faced) .





computer whiz.

Give solution by inviting Steve to visit Alice’s house because Steve problem can be overcome with the help of Alice’s grandson.


to study.

Steve refuses to Alice’s invitation by showing disagreement “no”


Alice tries to persuade Steve to visit her house.

Steve : Are you sure? To make sure Alice truly wants to help him


tomorrow evening.

Shows certainty and closing

Steve : Thanks a lot. Shows gratitude because Alice truly wants to help him.

Lexical repetition

Ex: soccer, college, class/ classes, study/ studying.Ex: soccer, college, class/ classes, study/ studying.

Lexical chain

student- study-class-college-physical education- sport- soccer. work- spreadsheets-database-computer-computer whiz

student- study-class-college-physical education- sport- soccer. work- spreadsheets-database-computer-computer whiz

Referring expression

I => me => mygrandson => heI => me => mygrandson => he

Substitution

EX:I have to work with spreadsheets and databases. I really worry about that. EX:I have to work with spreadsheets and databases. I really worry about that.

The word “ that” substitutes “work with spreadsheets and databases”.

Linker

a) I love soccer. And what are you studying ?b) it’s OK. But my business classes are really hard .c) I really worry about that. And now this class uses a different

computer.

a) I love soccer. And what are you studying ?b) it’s OK. But my business classes are really hard .c) I really worry about that. And now this class uses a different

computer.

Topic

Steve activity in college ( Steve’s lecture)Steve activity in college ( Steve’s lecture)

TextureGreeting, asking for Steve’s job, Steve’s department in his college, Steve’s feeling (has studied in the college by showing like / dislike), Steve shows his activities in the classroom and the problem that he faced, Alice gives solution, closing (leave taking)

Greeting, asking for Steve’s job, Steve’s department in his college, Steve’s feeling (has studied in the college by showing like / dislike), Steve shows his activities in the classroom and the problem that he faced, Alice gives solution, closing (leave taking)

Distraction

Alice : Do you live with friends?Steve : Uh, no I don’t . I live alone. It shows why textbook dialogue is like transcribed conversation.

COMMENT

The conversation is coherent (make sense). Because all of the aspects of coherence are fulfilled . Moreover, there is a distraction in order to show why textbook dialogue is like transcribed conversation.

5. RELEVANCE

All the utterances are relevant, and it can be seen from repetitions, lexical chain and key words in the conversation.

REPETITIONSteve : Uh. .. I play soccer for the college ,too.

Alice : Soccer? That’s great. I love soccer.The repetition of the word “ soccer” is important related to relevance in order to maintain the topic.

LEXICAL CHAIN

student- study-class-college-physical education- sport- soccer.student- study-class-college-physical education- sport- soccer.

KEY WORDSKEY WORDS

SoccerSportSoccerSport

6. NEGOTIATION

Interpersonal negotiationFeeling / mood

Alice : Do you like the college? Steve : Well, it’s OK. But my business classes are really hard. I have to work with spreadsheets and data bases. I really worry about that. And now this class uses a different computer.

Alice : I have an idea. Why don’t you come to my house tomorrow and meet my grandson? He is a computer

whiz.Steve : Oh. . . No, I . . . Uh . . . have to study.

Interpersonal negotiationFeeling / mood

Steve : Are you sure? Alice : Of course.

Interpersonal negotiation is important to show the speaker’s agreement or

disagreement.

Logico-semantic negotiation content

Alice : Well, Steve. Tell me about yourself. What do you do?Steve : Well, let’s see. I am a student here at college.

Alice : Soccer? that’s great. I love soccer. And what are you studying?Steve : Physical education. I love sports.

COMMENT

I find 3 interpersonal negotiation and 2 logico-semantic in the conversation. It means that it doesn’t only focus in content but also in feeling.

7. MACROSRUCTURE

No Turn Adjacency pair

1. Alice What do you do?( question)

Steve I am a student here at college.(answer)

2. Alice What are you studying ?(question)

Steve Physical education.(answer)

3. Alice Do you live with friends?(question)

Steve Uh, no , I don’t. I live alone.(answer)

4. Alice Why don’t you come to my house tomorrow and meet my grandson?(offer)

Steve Oh… no, I .. . Uh … have to study.(rejection)

5. Alice Are you sure?(question)

Steve Of course(answer)

SPEECH FUNCTION

UTTERANCE SPEECH FUNCTION


Ask a question related to job.



college, too.

response(answer) the question



show surprise and agreement , and ask a question

Steve : Physical education. I love sports. Response the question

Alice : Do you live with friends? Ask a question

Steve : Uh, no, I don’t . I live alone. Response the question

Alice : Do you like the college? Ask a question








Answer the question by showing his opinion show a problem faced in the lecture




computer whiz.

Give opinion (suggestion) to solve the problem by giving invitation


to study.

Refuse the suggestion(invitation)


Persuade the certain speaker to come


Steve : Are you sure? Ask a question for certainty


tomorrow evening.

Response it and leave taking(closing)

Steve : Thanks a lot. shows gratitude(closing)

It tends that the certain speaker is more dominant that the other. From the conversation, I see that Steve is more dominant than Alice because Steve tends to give more information while Alice tends to receive information by asking something.

Clause an exchange in interpersonal meaningIf a certain speaker gives some information(statement). It means that the other speaker receives the information and he demands information (question)

STORY SEQUENCES

A temporal location is simply present ( at the time of speaking)

The participants include between friends who have close relationship.

Sequence of events: tell me, play, work with, come to The evaluation=> The use of word “ whiz” deliberately exaggerates the

ability of certain person.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

ASPECT COMMENT

1.SPONTANEITY From the conversation, the aspects of spontaneity that found are filled pause (3x), small run (1x), and chunks (9x).Those aspects have represented spontaneity , although not all aspects are fulfilled

2.INTERACTIVITY The examples show good turn taking. It means that when Alice is speaking, Steve is keeping silent(listening to what Alice said. In other words, there is no interruption and overlap). There are some discourse markers to signal the certain speaker intention and to show how he / she is going to say , or has just said , is connected to what went before or what is coming up.

ASPECT COMMENT

3. INTERPERSONALITY The result shows that the conversation fulfills the aspects of interpersonality such as hedges, discourse marker to appeal listener, exaggeration and repeating other’s words.

4.COHERENCE The conversation is coherent (make sense). Because all of the aspects of coherence are fulfilled . Moreover, there is a distraction in order to show why textbook dialogue is like transcribed conversation.

5.RELEVANCE All the utterances are relevant, and it can be seen from repetitions, lexical chain and key words in the conversation.

6.NEGOTIATION I find 3 interpersonal negotiation and 2 logico-semantic in the conversation. It means that it doesn’t only focus in content but also in feeling.

ASPECT COMMENT

7.MACROSTRUCTURE It tends that the certain speaker is more dominant that the other. From the conversation, I see that Steve is more dominant than Alice because Steve tends to give more information while Alice tends to receive information by asking something.

ASPECT PROBLEM

1.Opening and Closing In the conversation is not well form OPENING Alice : Well, Steve. Tell me about yourself. What do you do? it is not well form , it should be change by giving greetingCLOSINGAlice : See you tomorrowSteve: Thank you It is not appropriate answer

2.Macrostructure Steve is more dominant than Alice because Steve tends to give more information while Alice tends to receive information by asking something. That’s why , I would like to add the conversation ( Alice also gives information to Steve, while Steve receives the information to Alice in order the position of Steve is not too dominant from the other speaker).

Aspects for Improving

ASPECT PROBLEM

3.backchanelling There is no problem related to backchanelling but in this case I would like to add the back-channeling in the text in order the text shows that the listener does in order to register that he or she is following the speaker’s drift.

4. Negotiation By adding the interpersonal negotiation in order to show the speakers’ attitudes for showing agreement and disagreement .

Alice: Hi. . . Steve. How’s life? Nice to meet you here.Steve: Oh… hi Alice. I’m fine What a surprise! Nice to meet you too. By the way, what are you doing here?Alice: I have just had a lecture.Steve: Oh… I see. . . What is your department?Alice : Well, I take French department.Steve: Wow. . . Amazing ! So, you can speak French fluently, can’t you?Alice : Yeah . . . Mmm. . . Just a little bit. Well, Steve. Tell me about yourself. What do you do?Steve: Well, let’s see. I am a student here at the college. Uh . . . I play soccer for the college ,too.Alice: Soccer? Aha . . . That’s great. I love soccer.

IMPROVED CONVERSATION

Steve : You do, don’t you?Alice : Yeah . . . Why not? Hmm… well, Steve. What are you studying?Steve: Mmm… because I love sport, so I take physical educationAlice : Aha. . . It’s incredible. By the way, do you like the college? Don’t you?Steve : Well , it’s ok. But my business classes are really hard. I I I have to work with spreadsheets and data bases. I really worry about that. And now this class uses a different computer.Alice: You do, don’t you?Steve: Yeah. . . I do. How about you? Do you like the college?Alice : (chuckles)yeah… sort of. Uh. . . Steve, I have an idea to solve your problem. Why don’t you come to my house tomorrow and meet my grandson? He is a computer whiz.Steve: Oh . . . no, but I I I have to study.Alice :Oh come on . Tomorrow night at seven thirty? 610 13th Avenue.

Steve : Are you sure?Alice : Of course you know I always wait for your coming. So, you will come to my house tomorrow or…Steve: Surely, I’ll come. OK. See you tomorrow, bye…bye.Alice : See you too. Bye. . . Bye.

The aspects of spoken language after improvement

OPENING : Alice: Hi. . . Steve. How’s life? Nice to meet you here.Steve: Oh… hi Alice. What a surprise! Nice to meet you too. CLOSINGSteve: I see. See you tomorrow, bye. . . bye.Alice : See you too. Bye. . . Bye.

OPENING : Alice: Hi. . . Steve. How’s life? Nice to meet you here.Steve: Oh… hi Alice. What a surprise! Nice to meet you too. CLOSINGSteve: I see. See you tomorrow, bye. . . bye.Alice : See you too. Bye. . . Bye.

Alice: Hi. . . Steve. How’s life? Nice to meet you here.Steve: Oh… hi Alice. I’m fine What a surprise! Nice to meet you too. By the way, what are you doing here?Alice: I have just had a lecture.Steve: Oh… I see. . . What is your department?Alice : Well, I take French department.Steve: Wow. . . Amazing ! So, you can speak French fluently, can’t you?Alice : Yeah . . . Mmm. . . Just a little bit. Well, Steve. Tell me about yourself. What do you do?

Steve: Yeah. . . I do. How about you? Do you like the college?Alice : (chuckles)yeah… sort… of.

MACROSTRUCTURE

The position of Steve is not too dominant than the other speaker after giving improvement in the conversation.

Back-channeling

Steve: Oh… I see. . . What is your department?

Alice : Yeah . . . Mmm. . . Just a little bit.

Steve :Mmm… because I love sport, so I take physical education.

Alice: Soccer? Aha . . . That’s great. I love soccer.

Steve: Mmm… because I love sport, so I take physical education.

Alice : Aha. . . It’s incredible.

INTERPERSONAL NEGOTIATION AFTER IMPROVEMENT

Alice: Soccer? Aha . . . That’s great. I love soccer.Steve : You do, don’t you?

Steve :I have to work with spreadsheets and data bases.Alice: You do, don’t you?Steve: Yeah. . . I do.

Steve: Yeah. . . I do. How about you? Do you like the college?Alice : (chuckles)yeah… sort of.

Spontaneity

TAIL SLOT

Alice : Of course you know I always wait for your coming.

So, you will come to my house tomorrow or…QUESTION TAG

Steve :So, you can speak with foreigners, can’t you?Alice :By the way, do you like the college? Don’t you?REPETITION

Steve : Well , it’s ok. But my business classes are really hard. I I I have to work with spreadsheets and data bases. I really worry about that. And now this class uses a different computer.

Steve: Oh . . . no,, but I I I have to study.

RUNS : ONE CLAUSE, ONE PHRASE AT A TIME CONSTRUCTION

Alice :Of course you know I always wait for your coming. SMALL RUN

Surely, ok, why not?, amazing

CHUNKS

by the way, how’s life, nice to meet you, how about you?, see you, sounds great, just a little bit, why not?.

Spontaneity

INTERACTIVITY

DISCOURSE MARKER

Alice : Yeah . . . Mmm. . . Just a little bit. Well, Steve. Tell me about yourself.

Alice : Yeah . . . Why not? Hmm… well, Steve. What are you studying?

Steve: Yeah. . . I do.



INTERPERSONALITY

EXAGGERATION

Alice: Hi. . . Steve. How’s life? Nice to meet you here.Steve: Oh… hi Alice. What a surprise!

Alice : Well, I take English department.Steve: Wow. . . Amazing !

Steve: Mmm… because I love sport, so I take physical educationAlice : Aha. . It’s incredible.

INTERPERSONALITY

VAGUE LANGUAGE

Steve: Yeah. . . I do. How about you? Do you like the college?

Alice : (chuckles)yeah… sort of.

INTERPERSONALITY

CHUCKLE

Alice : (chuckles)yeah… sort of. Uh. . . Steve, I have an idea to solve your problem. MARKER THAT APPEAL TO THE LISTENER

Alice : Of course you know I always wait for your coming.

COHERENCE

REFERRING EXPRESSIONYOU=> YOUR

MACROSTRUCTURE

No Turn Adjacency pair

1 Alice Hi. . . Steve.

Steve Oh… hi Alice2 Alice How’s life?

Steve I’m fine

3 Alice Nice to meet you

Steve Nice to meet you too

4 Alice See you tomorrow

Steve See you too

5 Alice Bye… bye.

Steve Bye… bye.

CONCLUSION

After I have improved the conversation, it shows as the followings. it flows better than before It is smoother than before. It is more natural than beforeIt is more sophisticated

After I have improved the conversation, it shows as the followings. it flows better than before It is smoother than before. It is more natural than beforeIt is more sophisticated

Thank You

spoken language analysis dina novita wijayanti 2003512008 rombel 1

Documents

thats great

tomorrow night

aspects of spontaneity

computer whiz

different computer

small run

physical education

business classes