Pramila: Please remember that the party is at7. Let's start here at 6. Let there beno delay.(ð§Kd Ôè[ª-ÞœÙ-å-õ¸Ú. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁ. ÎJÙæ¨Ú¨ñóŸªõªë¶-ô¢ë¯Ù. Îõú£uÙ àµóµ³uë]ªl.)

Lakshmi: Let us remind Sneha of it too. Let'scall her and tell her that she neednot worry about conveyance. We'llpick her up on our way to the party.(›úoÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªìÙ Ð Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªhà¶ë¯lÙ. êŸìÚÛª ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Óö°îµü‹xö° ÍE ÎÙëÁ-üŒì í£è•-ë]lE àµñªë¯Ù.÷ªìÙ ð§KdÚ¨ îµü™xå-í£±pè[ª ë¯Jö˺ êŸììªÚÛ«è¯ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒë¯Ù.)

conveyance = ÚÛû¶y-óŸªûËÂq = ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙcar, bike, scooter, cycle ö°Ùæ¨N. The company provides conveyance to themanager.(û¶-á-ôÂÚÛª ÚÛÙšíF ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ ÚÛLp-ú£ªhÙC–ÍÙç¶ ÚÛÙšíF Ú¥ô¢ª Ïú£ªhÙC.)

Pramila: OK. We must, not waste any moretime now. We must buy some pre-sent for the bride and the groom. Wemust have our faces done up too.(ÏÙ¸ÚÙ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.÷ªìÙ ÚÛ«è¯ šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.)

Have our faces done up = ٠ìªìoÞ¥Ú¥ÙA-÷Ù-êŸÙÞ¥ ÚÛEí‡Ù-à¶-ö°Þ¥ ඛú facial.facial - šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ – šíÆ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù.

Lakshmi: I need not have the facial. I had itjust yesterday.

(û¦Ú¨-í£±pè[ª šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ ÍÚÛ\-¸ôxë]ª. Eìoû¶à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÛªû¦o.)

Pramila: We have go to the bank or the ATMtoo. We have to draw some money.(÷ªìÙ ò°uÙÚÂ-ÚÛª-Þ¥F, Ôæ©-Ó-îªڨޥF îµü‹xL.è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÁ-î¦L.)

ATM ÍÙç¶ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯ – Automated TellerMachine - Bank card Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ# è[ñªs Bú£ª-ÚÛª-û¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª Ñìo machine.

draw money = Banks ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ ìªÙ# è[ñªsBú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù = withdraw.

Lakshmi: We need not. I've enough cash.(ÍÚÛ\¸ôxë]ª. û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙC è[ñªs.)

Pramila: Then we had better hurry up.Lakshmi: Need I get money now or do you

have it?(û¶E-í£±pè[ª è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-î¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯? ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªsú£J-ð¼-꟪Ù-ë]Ù-æ°î¦?)

Pramila: I think the money I've should beenough. You needn't bring any.(û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs ú£J-ð¼-î¦L. F÷±Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-ì-÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ªö¶!)

Lakshmi: We must not spend much timethere. We have to get back to makeother arrangements.

(÷ªìÙ ÍÚÛ\è[ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙè[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ÏêŸô¢í£ìªõª àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨ êŸyô¢Þ¥ AJT ô¦î¦L.)

I. ÷ªìÙ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛ« let ÚÛª Ñìo NNëÅ] Íô¦nõª, Ñí£-óµ«Þ¥õêÁ Ñìo sentences ìª Óö° reportà¶óŸ«ö˺ àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. î¦æ¨E ÷ªôÁ-þ§J ÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ Þœªô¢ªhà¶ú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù.1) Let ÍÙç¶ ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ôëµjû¦ ú£«#Ù-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨/ú£«àŸì à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨/ ví£A-ð§-ë]-ìÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù– Íí£±pè[ªreport ö˺ suggest î¦è[ê¦Ù.Hema: Let's go home.Report: Hema suggests/ suggested that we(should) go home.2) Let ìª Ôëµjû¦ àŸô¢uÚÛª í‡õªí£± Ï÷yè¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù.Íí£±pè[ª call/ urge êÁ report - à¶þ§hÙ.Leader: Let's all be united.

(÷ªìÙ ÍÙê¦ ÔÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°Ù.)The leader called/ urged the followers tobe united.

Reporting verb calls/ urges ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ presenttense ÑÙè•àŸªa.3) ÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a ÖÚÛ Îác. ë¯E Í÷ªõª ÷ªì à¶êŸªö˺xö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-÷àŸªa. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ must ÷ú£ªhÙC.

Kumar: Why should I do it? Let the companydo it.(û¶ûµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª à¶óŸ«L? ÚÛÙšíF à¶óŸ«L.)

a) Kumar asks why he should do it and saysthat the company has to do it/ must do it (It isfor the company to do it.).b) Kumar asked why he should do it and saidthat the company had to do it.Kumar said it wasn't his business and that itwas for the company to do it.4) ÖÚÁ\-þ§J let ìª command (Îác)ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ should/ must/ haveto/ has to/ had to ÷ú£ªhÙC.Rajesh: Let them finish the work by 10.

(í£C ÚÛö°x î¦üŒ‰x í£E í£²Jh à¶óŸ«L.)a) Rajesh orders that they should finish thework by 10.b) Rajesh ordered that they should/ must/ had

to finish the work by 10.5) Let ìª ÖÚÛ ÍòÅ¡u-ô¢nì (request) ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù.Prasad: Vinod let me have some money

please.(NûËÁë û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ú£h è[ñªs Ï÷±y.)

Prasad requested Vinod to let him havesome money/ requested Vinod for somemoney.

6) Let êÁ Eô¢x¤ÛuÙ êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hÙ. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺not care, not mind ÷ú£ªhÙC.

Satish: He may report to the police.Rajesh: Let him.

When Satish said he might report to thepolice, Rajesh said he didn't mind/ he didn'tcare.

Let ìª ÷ªìÙ conversation ö˺ î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõªÏN.

II. ÷ªìÙ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ÙC: Must,should, have to, has to Ñìo direct speechreport à¶ú‡ì-í£±pè[ª past tense reporting verbÍô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. ÏC NCÅÞ¥, Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù÷õxûËÁ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ.Kesav: I must go now - Direct speech.

Kesav said he had to go then - Report(Reporting verb- past).

Íô³ê¶ must not ÍE direct speech ö˺ ÖÚÛ í£Eà¶óŸª-ÚÛ«è[ë]E ø‹øŒyêŸ E›ùëÅ]Ù Ñìo-í£±pè[ª report ö˺,reported verb past tense Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© must notìª must not Þ¥û¶ ÑÙàŸªê¦Ù. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ wasn't/weren't to + 1st RDW î¦è[ê¦Ù. Reporting verbpresent tense Íô³ê¶ ú£÷ª›úu ö¶ë]ª. Verb formìª÷«ô¢aÙ.1) Pran: Why don't you come with me?

Syam: No. I must not leave office now.(û¶E-í£±pè[ª Îíƈú£ª ÷CL ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – ÏÚÛ\è[ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª Íû¶C E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-â¶-þ¼hÙC.)

Report: Reporting verb -past tense.

Pran wanted syam to go

with him.Syam said he would n't as he must notleave office then/ as he was not to leaveoffice then.

2) Ramesh: May I know why you stoppedme?

(ììªo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Îð§ôÁ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷à¦a?)Policeman: You must not cross the road

against the red light.(·ôèÂ-öµjæËÀ îµõª-Þœª-꟪-ìo-í£±pè[ª ôÁè ë¯å-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – Eù‡ë]lÄÙ.)

Report (Past reporting verb):

Ramesh wanted to know why the policemanhad stopped him.The policeman said that he must not cross/was not to cross the road against the redlight.

3) Principal: Students must not be late toclasses.

Report: (Past reporting verb)- The Principalsaid/ ruled that the students must not be/ werenot to be late to classes.ÍÙç¶ ÖÚÛ E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-⶛ú Íô¢nÙêÁ must notî¦è…ê¶, ÍC report ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ must not Þ¥û¶ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ÷«ô¢aÙ.ÏÚÛ need Nù£óŸªÙ àŸ«ë¯lÙ. Need ÚÛª ë¯ë¯í£± must

Íû¶ Íô¢n ÑÙC.Need I do it now itself? = Must I do it nowitself? = û¶ìC Ïí£±pè¶ àµóŸ«uö°?Need ìª report ö˺ past formö˺ must ö°Þ¥û¶had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ.Naresh: Need I do it now? DEÚ¨ report:Naresh asked if he had to do it then. Need not (need ìª not êÁ– à¶óŸ«Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ùö¶ë]ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª), report ö˺ pasttense reporting verb Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© need not Íû¶

ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ would-n't have to (would nothave to) ÍE ÷«ô¢a-÷àŸªa.ö¶ë¯ did not have to ÚÛ«è¯î¦è[-÷àŸªa.a) Ganesh: How longhave I to wait?

(ÓÙêŸ ›úí£± ÑÙè¯L?)Mahesh: You need

not wait.Report: Ganesh wanted to know how long he

had to wait.Mahesh told him he need not wait/ Wouldnot have to wait/ did not have to wait.

b) Sridhar: Need I pay any money now?(Ïí£±pè[ª è[ñªs àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯?)

Sri Ram: You need not pay a single paisanow.

(ìª÷±y ÖÚÛ šíjú£ ÚÛ«è¯ àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.)Report:Sridhar wanted to know if he had to pay anymoney then. Sri Ram told him that need notpay a single paisa then/ did not have/ did notneed to pay a single paisa then.ÏO must not, need, need not ìª reportingverb past tense êÁ report ඛúåí£±pè[ª Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁî¦Lqì Nù£-óŸ«õª.

Now let us try to report a part of the con-versation at the beginning of the lesson (seetable)...

M. SURESAN

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë -1

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 201

Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Report (Spoken form)Direct SpeechReporting Verb (Present) Reporting Verb (Past)

Pramila: Let's remember that theparty is at 7. Let's start by6. Let there be no delay.

Lakshmi: Let's remind Sneha of ittoo. Let's call her and tellher that she need notworry about conveyance.We'll pick her up on ourway to the party.

Pramila: OK. We must not waste anymore time now. We mustbuy some present for thebride and the groom. Wemust have our faces doneup too.

Pramila reminds Lakshmithat the party is at 7 andsuggests that they (should)start by 6. She wants nodelay.

Lakshmi suggests they(should) remind Sneha of ittoo. She suggests that they(should) call her and tellher that she need notworry about conveyance.They will pick her up ontheir way to the party.

Pramila agrees and saysthey must not waste anymore time then. They mustbuy some present for thebride and the groom. Theymust have their faces doneup too.

Pramila reminded Lakshmithat the party was at 7 andsuggested that they(should) start by 6. Shewanted no delay.

Lakshmi suggested thatthey (should) remindSneha of it too. She sug-gested that they (should)call her and tell her thatshe need not/ did not haveto worry about con-veyance. They would pickher up on their way to theparty.

Pramila agreed and saidthat they must not waste/were not to waste anymore time then. They hadto buy some present forthe bride and the groom.They had to have theirfaces done up too.

(suggest/ sugested êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« should + 1st RDWÞ¥E/ ÖÚÛ\ 1st RDW Þ¥F ÷ú£ªhÙC.)

Óí£±pèµí£±pè[ª LET?Óí£±pèµí£±pè[ª LET?Óí£±pèµí£±pè[ª LET?Óí£±pèµí£±pè[ª LET?Óí£±pèµí£±pè[ª LET?

Let us remind Sneha of it too...

GENERAL INTELLIGENCE

1. If PALAM could be given the code no 43,what code no can be given to SAN-TACRUZ ?

A) 123 B) 120 C) 85 D) 75

2. If diamond is called gold, gold is calledsilver, silver is called ruby and ruby iscalled emerald, which is the cheapestjewel ?

A) Diamond B) Silver

C) Ruby D) Gold

3. If water is called blue, blue is called red,red is called white, white is called sky,sky is called rain, rain is called green andgreen is called air, which of the followingis the colour milk?

A) White B) Sky

C) Air D) Green

4. Find the missing number ?

A) 69 B) 93 C) 99 D) none of these

5. Find the missing number ?

A) 8 B) 10 C) 12 D) 20

(Directions 6 to 7) choose the best alterna-

tive as the answer.

6. A hospital always has a

A) Nurse B) Bed

C) Doctor D) Telephone

7. A hill always has

A) Trees B) Animals

C) Snow D) Height

8. Five boys took part in race. Rakesh fin-ished before Manoj but behind Gajanan.Ashok finished before Sanjeev butbehind Manoj. Who won the race ?

A) Rakesh B) Gajanan

C) Manoj D) Ashok

9. Gopal is facing east. He turns 100o in theclock wise direction and then 145o in theanti clock wise direction. Which directionis he facing now ?

A) East B) North

C) North to East D) South to West

10. Rahul goes to 30 meters North, thenturns right and walks 40 meters thenagain turns right and walks 20 meters,than again turns right and walks 40meters. How many meters is he from hisoriginal position ?

A) 0 B) 10 C) 20 D) 40

11. A direction pole was situated on thecrossing. Due to an accident the poleturns in such a manner that the pointerwhich was showing east, started show-ing south. One traveller went to thewrong direction thinking it to be the

west. In what direction was he actuallytravelling?

A) South B) North

C) East D) West

12. One evening before sunset two friendsSham and Ram were talking to eachother face to face. If Ram's shadow wasexactly to his right side which directionwas Sham facing ?

A) West B) North

C) South D) Data in adequate

13. Abdul ranked ninth from the top andthirty eighth from the bottom in a class.How many students are there in theclass

A) 46 B) 47 C) 48 D) 45

14. In a class of 60, where girls are twicethat of boys, Kunal ranked seventeenthfrom the top. If there are 9 girls ahead ofkunal, how many boys are after him inthe rank ?

A) 5 B) 7 C) 9 D) 12

15. A bus for Pune leaves for every 30 min-utes from a bustand in Mumbai. Enquiryclerk told a passenger that the bus hadalready left 10 minutes ago and the nextbus will leave at 9.35 am. At what timedid the enquiry clerk give this informa-tion to the passenger ?

A) 8.55 am B) 9.05 am

C) 9.10 am D) 9.15am

16. A monkey climbs 30 feet at the begin-ning of each hour and rests for a whilewhen, he slips back 20 feet before heagain starts climbing at the beginningof the next hour. If he begins at 9.00 am,at what time will he first touch a flag at120 feet from the ground ?

A) 5.00pm B) 6.00pm

C) 7.00pm D) None of

these

17. Find the missing number ?

A) 60 B) 50

C) 25 D) None of these

18. I was born August 11. Mohan is youngerthen me by 11 days. This year, indepen-dence day falls on Monday. On what daywill Mohan's birthday fall this year ?

A) Monday B) Wednesday

C) Sunday D) Can't say

19. If Ram is richer then Shyam but not sorich as mohan then Sham is ?

A) Poorer than Ram

B) Richer than Mohan

C) Poorer than Mohan

D) Richer than Ram

20. 5 bags A, B, C, D and E are Lying in pileone above the other if A is above B, C isabove D but below E and D is above A,which bag is in middle ?

A) A B) B C) D D) E

21. 3,10,29,74, ?

A) 128 B) 120 C) 1270 D) 173

22. 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ?

A) 42 B) 40 C) 36 D) 44

23. If 123 stands for 987, than 234 standsfor ?

A) 876 B) 786 C) 785 D) 867

24. If LADY is coded as 11-0-3-24, how willMAN be coded ?

A) 13-1-14 B) 12-0-13

C) 12-0-14 D) 13-0-14

25. If I am sixth in the queue from either andhow many persons are in the queue?

A) 12 B) 10 C) 13 D) 11

26. If 10th of a month falls three days pre-ceding Sunday on what day will 22nd ofthe month fall?

A) Tuesday B) Friday

C) Wednesday D) Thursday

27. Raju's Birthday is on the third Thursdayof the month which begins on Mondaywhat is the birth date of Raju ?

A) 15 B) 16 C)25 D) Non of these

28. If Rahul finds that he is 12th from theright in a line of boys and 14th from theleft, how many boys should be added tothe lines so that there are 28 boys in theline ?

A) 12 B) 13 C) 14

D) 20

29. A bus for Delhi leaves everythirty minutes from a busstand. An enquiry clerk told apassenger that the bus hadalready left ten minutes ago

and the next bus willleave at 9.35a.m. At whattime did the enquiryclerk give the informa-tion to the passenger ?

A) 9.10 a.m B) 8.55 a.m

C) 9.08 a.m D) 9.15 a. m

30. One morning after sunrise, Gangadarwas standing facing a pole.The shadowof the pole fell exactly to his right, whichdirection was he facing?

A) East B) South

C) West D) Data inadequate

31. In an examination Raj got more marksthan Moti but not as many as meena.Meena got more marks than Ganeshand Rupali, Ganesh got less marks thanMoti but his marks are not the lowest inthe group. Who is second in ascendingorder of marks ?

A) Meena B) Ganesh

C) Raj D) Cannot be determined

(Directions 32-36) Read the following

information carefully and answer the ques-

tions given below:

1. There is a group of six persons A, B, C,

D, E and F from a family. They are

Psychologist, Manager lawyer, Jeweller,

Doctor and Engineer.

2. The doctor is the grandfather of F, who is

a Psychologist .

3. The Manager 'D' is married to A

4. C, the jeweller is married to the lawyer.

5. B is the mother of F and E ,

32. what is the profession of the E

A) Doctor B) Manager

C) Psychologist D) None of these

33. How is A related to E

A) Brother B) Uncle

C) Father D) Grandfather

34. How many male members are there inthe family

A) One B) Three

C) Four D) Can't determined

35. what is the profession of A

A) Doctor B) Lawyer

C) Manager D) None of these

36. Which of the following is one of thepairs of coupe in the family

A) AB B) AC

C) AD D) None of these

. DIRECTIONS (37-41) : Notice carefully

the following series and answer the ques-

tions based on them.

A G L 2 0 K WC 3 R M N P D 4 H S T Y OE

6 Q U N F B K V 8

37. Which is the seventh letter from yourright ?

A) H B) Q C) T D) None of the above

38. If the first half is written in the reverseorder then which number / letter will bethird from the right to the 21st letterfrom your right ?

A) P B) U C) L D) W

39. Which amongst the following will be 5thfrom the 12th from the left if every sec-ond position is removed beginningfrom 2 ?

A) M B) V C) S

D) 3 E) None of these

40. One day immediately after sunrise,Gandadhar was standing in front of apole.The shadow of the pole was fallingexactly to his right. Which direction washe facing ?

A) East B) South

C) West D) Date inadequate

E) None of these

R R BKASEEM JAGATI

(ô¢àŸô³êŸ šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺E Ú¥úˆîªq ú£dè†ú£J\öËÀ èµj·ôÚÛdôÂ)

6 ?

5

3

15 9 89

7

3

5

4 50

18

8

1

4

6

9 9

12

16

16

20

?

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë II

1) A 2) C 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) D

8) B 9) C 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) A

14) D 15) D 16) C 17) C 18) A 19) C

20) C 21) D 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) D

26)C 27) D 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) B

32) D 33) D 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) C

38) C 39) E 40) A .

KEY

3 5 46 10 812 20 169 15 ?

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 22 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Vikas: (Do you) fancy eating something?

(àüÁjØ√ AØ√-©-†’çü∆?) fancy = É≠ædç/É≠æd-°æ-úøôç.

Conversational English ™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË ¢√∞¡x†’v°æ¨¡o-©-úÕ-Íí--ô°æ¤p-úø’ Do you/ would you- (question

v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’) ´C-™‰--ߪ’-´îª’a. °j†brackets ™ (Do you) îª÷°œ† Nüµ¿çí¬.eg:

a) Mind waiting for sometime =

Do/Would you mind waiting for sometime?

Mind = Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωçb) Like some coffee =

Do/would you like some coffee?

(´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡xûÓí¬F,Åçûª serious conversation é¬-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬F, É™« Do

you/ would you ´C-™‰Æœ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçúø-ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË¢√∞¡xûÓ -´’-† ≤ƒEo-£œ«-û√uEoèπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.)Suhas: Yea. I do feel like it. You do too, don't

you? And how about some real good

coffee to go with it?

(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ AØ√-©ØË -ÖçC. Fèπÿ\ú≈ éπü∆?ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’ç* 鬰∂‘ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?)

´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ do, does and did †’ í∫’-Jç-*ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-©-†’ -´’®Ó≤ƒ-J -ØÁ-´’®Ω’-¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç.1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, sing, etc)†’not ûÓí¬F, question ûÓé¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ do ´Ææ’hçü¿F,II Regular Doing Word (goes, comes, sings,

etc) †’ not ûÓé¬F question -ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’does ´Ææ’hç-ü¿F, Past Doing Word (came, went,

sang) †’ not ûÓ é¬F question ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’did ´Ææ’hç--C -Å-E -ûÁ--©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. Å®·ûË do, does, did

†’ not ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, question 鬆-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç – ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.I do know him well - Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’. ÉC ques-

tion é¬ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ do know Åçô’Ø√oç. ÉC ûª°æ¤pé¬ü¿’– Ø√éπ-ûª†’ ûÁ©’Ææ’ (-ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú--´ô-¢Ë’çöÀ?) ÅØËN≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫öÀdí¬ ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. I know him well

ņôç éπØ√o I do know him well Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç. She does sing well (She sings well)

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ She does sing well Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’éπ*aûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç.Å™«Íí I did see him yesterday Åçõ‰ (I saw him

yesterday) ؈’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-úÕ-E îª÷¨»-†E í∫öÀdí¬(Emphasis ûÓ) îÁ°æpôç. ÉN O’ conversation ™practice îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç. -É-™«-îËÊÆhO’ ¶µ«≠æ effectiveí¬ Öçô’çC.Vikas: Sure. Suggest a good place

where we get real good stuff

(éπ*aûªçí¬. ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘üÌJÍé àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* îÓô’ îÁ°æ¤p) (Real good stuff- Eïçí¬ ´’†èπ◊†îËaô’x ´’ç*í¬ ÖçúË ´Ææ’h´¤.)

(Ééπ\úø °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘. ´’S í∫’®Ω’hîËÆæ’hØ√oç. öÀ°∂œØ˛ English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç/Ö§ƒ-£æ…®√-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô– Snack/ refreshment.

´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË Some thing to eat; Any thing

to eat? Åçö«®Ω’. Any eats? Let's have some

eats ÅE èπÿú≈ informal í¬ Åçö«®Ω’.Suhas: Nikhil often says that Cafe 'Shadruchi'

is the place for good eats and coffee.

Shall we go there?

(Cafe 'Shadruchi' ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…-®√-©èπÿ,coffee éÀ ÆæÈ®j† îÓô’ (The place) ÅEE"™¸ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åçô’ç-ö«úø’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ¢Á∞«l´÷? Cafe' - pronunciation -

éπu°∂ß’ – éπu bank ™ ba ™«í∫ = °∂ææ©-£æ…-®Ω-¨»©. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Íé°∂ˇ ÅE pronounce

îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’ – ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.)Vikas: That suits me fine. Let's go

(Ø√éÀ-≠æd¢Ë’. ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.)Suhas: Well, What does Nikhil say about our

trip to Tirupathi and other places in

South India? (Do you) Know any thing

about what he is doing about it?

(ÅC ÆæÍ®. ´’†ç A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ Éûª®Ω îÓôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. -Ç -N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* -E-"-™¸ à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?)

Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he

says. He is in touch, he has told me,

with the travel agency which his uncle

runs.

(ÅüËç Ææ´’Ææu é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’. ¢√∞¡x -Åçèπ◊-™¸-†úÕÊ° -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ï-FqûÓ Ææçv°æ-C-Ææ’h- - -†o-ô’xîÁ§ƒpúø’.)

Be in touch - Ææç•çüµ¿ç °ô’d-éÓ-´ôç/ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ Öçúøôç/ Contact ™ Öçúøôç.

Suhas: When did he say he would confirm

things?

(ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷-© í∫’-Jç-* éπ*aûªçí¬ -á°æ¤p-úø’ --îÁ-•’-û√-†-Ø√o-úø’.)Confirm - éπØ˛°∂梒 – °∂æ-¢’ – bird ™ ™«í¬.-

Vikas: He expects to have everything planned

by this weekend, he says. That'll give us

enough time for preparation.

(Ñ ¢√®√çû√EéÀ -§ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’ôç °æ‹®Ωh-´¤--ûª’ç-ü¿EÅØ√oúø’. ´’†èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω--´y-ö«-EéÀ Ææ-J-°æ-ú≈Æ洒ߪ’ç Öçô’çC.)

Suhas: What were the places we would be vis-

iting, did he say?

(´’†ç ¢Á∞Ï -v°æ-üË-¨»--© -N-´®√--™‰¢Á’i-Ø√ îÁ§ƒp-ú≈?)Vikas: I don't exactly remember. Any way, he

will be meeting us this evening.

(Ø√èπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ í∫’®Ω’h ™‰ü¿’. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ¢√úø’´’†Lo ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.)

´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ Direct Speech -†’ report

îËߪ’ôç îª÷-¨»ç.– Reporting verb †’ present

tense, past tense -™ -á-™« -J-§Ú®˝d -îË-ߪ÷-™ -îª÷--¨»çéπ-ü∆.É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îªü¿-´-¶-ßË’-N ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ

a) Nagesh: So, you are going to do

MBA.

(Å®·ûË †’´¤y -áç-G-à îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´-†o-´÷ô).

Rajesh: Yes. I am (Å´¤†’.)Nagesh: Have you talked to your dad

about it? (Ç N≠æߪ’ç O’Ø√†oí¬JûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈¢√?)

Rajesh: Yes. I have (´÷ö«x-ú≈†’.)Nagesh: What does he say?

(Çߪ’-ØË- ’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?)Rajesh: He says he prefers my doing MCA to

doing MBA.

( ؈’ MBA éπØ√o MCA îËߪ’ôç better

ÅE -Ç-ߪ’-†ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.)Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Rajesh ûª† Course N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«x-úø-ôç í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç. Å®·Ø√ Nagesh Åûª--úÕ-E -à-´’-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’? What does he say? ÅE. (Ééπ\úø does say ) (=says) present tense ™Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Å™«Íí Rajesh ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oí∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo èπÿú≈ He says ÅE pres-

ent tense ™ îÁ°æpôç --O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉCEnglish ™ î√™« Ææ®Ωy≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. -É-™« -Å-†-ôç ûª°æ¤pé¬ü¿’. B) Sunder: Does the Principal know about

your excursion programme?

(O’ N£æ…-®Ω-ߪ÷vûª í∫’-Jç-* O’ -v°œ-Eq°æ-™¸èπ◊

ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)Sumanth: He does (ûÁ©’Ææ’.)Sundar: What does he say about it?

(-ü∆-Eí∫’-Jç-* -Ç-ߪ’-† à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?)

Sumanth: He has given us permission but

wants us to be careful during the

journeys.

( Çߪ’† ´÷èπ◊ -Å-†’- ’-A Éî√aúø’. é¬-F

v°æߪ÷-ù«™x ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçúø-´’-Ø√oúø’).(ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç– éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.)

Ñ conversation ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆ-üËçöÀ?Principal -à´’-Ø√o®Ω’– í∫ûªç– Å®·Ø√ English ™What does he say - Present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«ÍíHe wants us ÅE ´’S present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. É-C´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. Spoken

English™ É™« past conversation report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ present tense ¢√úË≤ƒhç. ÉC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬practice îËÊÆh ´’† English Åçü¿çí¬, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬Öçô’çC.C) Kumar: I (have) asked my mother to come,

but she says she will not come.

(-ØË-†’ ´÷ Å´’t-†’ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’. é¬F®√†-çC (®√†ç-öçC– ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈É™«Íí Åçö«ç éπü∆)

Ñ sentence 'I have asked my mother... not

come; Kumar ¢√∞¡x´’tûÓ á°æ¤púÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ-† ûª®Ω-¢√ûª¢√∞¡x´’t ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ report îËÆæ’hØ√o, she says ņôçí∫´’-Eç-î√L. ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ É™« îÁ§ÒpaKesav: I asked my mother to come. But she

said she would not come.

d) Sampath: Did you see the doctor?

(ú≈éπd-Jo Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-¢√?)Shanmukh: I did. He says the disease is not

serious.

(éπ-L¨»†’. ÉC Åçûª Bv´-¢Á’iç-üËO’ é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ / é¬ü¿-Ø√oúø’.)

ÉC (Past event †’ Present ™ report îËߪ’ôç)î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç.Now look at the following part of the con-

versation at the beginning of the passage.

Suhas: Well, what does Nikhil say about our

trip to Tirupathi and other places in

South India? What is he doing about it?

Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he

says. He is in touch, he has told with the

travel agency which his uncle runs.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. a) Nikhil ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ E"™¸ à´’-†oD, Suhas ᙫ

Åçô’-Ø√oúø’?What does Nikhil say about...?

Å™«Íí Nikhil í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æߪ’ç Vikas ᙫreport îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?It is not going to be a problem at all, he says.

Says- present tense ™ report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.ÅçûË-é¬ü¿’ ´’†ç report îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ He says ûÓv§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ééπ\úø he says, reported part *´®Ω®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.Å™«Íí, He is in touch, he has told me, with the

travel agency which his uncle runs. ÅØË sen-

tence ™ èπÿ-ú≈ ´÷´‚©’í¬ Å®·ûË he has told me

-¢√éπuç ´·ç-ü¿’ ®√¢√L. é¬F Ééπ\úø ´’üµ¿u™ ´*açCéπü∆. ÉC èπÿú≈ -Ççí∫x--¶µ«-≠æ-ù-™ ÆæÈ®j-†-üË.a) The exams won't be postponed, the princi-

pal says.

b) The students answer was wrong, the

teacher says.

´’†ç Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ω’È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ îÁ°æp-´’çö«ç. -D-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿-ô-îÁ-°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§Ú-´ôç -™‰-ü∆ NE ´’J-*-§Ú-´ôç ´-©x. Å°æ¤púË´’çö«ç. O’ Ê°Í®-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? / O’J-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-*aç-üÁ-°æ¤p-úø-Ø√o®Ω’? É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o©’ Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ.a) What did you say your name was?

Look at the following words of Suhas from

the conversation at the beginning of the les-

son.

i) Suhas: When did he say he would confirm

things?

(Åûª†’ ´’†-èπ◊ -Å-Eo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ éπ*aûªçí¬á°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’?)

ii) Suhas: What were the places we would be

visiting, did he say?

(´’†ç ¢Á∞Ïx Ü∞¡Ÿ à´E îÁ§ƒpúø’?)Å™«Íí When did you say the meeting would

be? (Meeting á°æ¤p-úø’ç-ô’ç-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?) (´’S îÁ°æ¤pÅE)Ñ ´‚úø’ Å稻©÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.1) ´÷´‚©’ Spoken English form ™ äéÓ\-≤ƒ-J

í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-† -Åç-¨»-©-†’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈Present reporting verbs – He/she says,

They feel; they want; he/she wants ™«çöÀ¢√öÀE ¢√úÕûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.

2) Conversation ™ ´’†ç report îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úËHe says, they said, he/she told (some one)

™«çöÀN sentence ´·ç-ü¿’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ sentence

*´®Ω, ´’üµ¿u™ é¬F ®√´îª’a.3) ´’†ç á´-J-ØÁjØ√ à-üÁjØ√ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-

°æ¤púø’What did he say his name was?

™«çöÀ sentence pattern ¢√-úøû√ç.Exercise: Report (aloud) the whole conversa-

tion at the beginning of this lesson, with the

reporting verb in the present as well as in the

past tense.

'Íé-°∂ˇ— é¬-ü¿’ ... 'éπu°∂-ß˝’—

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

202

-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 24 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Sravya: You look gorgeous today. What a

beautiful dress you are in! Who select-

ed it for you?

(-Ñ®Ó-V †’´¤y î√™« Åçü¿çí¬éπ-E-°œÆæ’hØ√o--´¤--. F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!á´®Ω’ ÂÆ-™„é˙d î˨»®Ω’ -DEo?)

gorgeous (Pronunciation: 'í¬ïÆˇ– 'í¬— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊-û√ç) = î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Çéπ-®Ω-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Ö†o. áèπ◊\-´í¬ American usage.)

Lasya: That's my own selection.

(ÅC Ø√ áç°œÍé.) Sravya: This is more beautiful than the one you

wore for Kavya's birthday party.

(é¬-´u °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -§ƒ-KdéÀ †’-´¤y -¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o -vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.)

Lasya: But Navya's dress was the most beauti-

ful that day.

(é¬F Ç®ÓV †´u-vúÁÆˇ ÅEoöx Åçü¿çí¬ÖçC.)

Sravya: And you know she is the tallest of all of

us too. That made her the lovelier than

any other girl there.

(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûª†’ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ §Òúø-´¤éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x -Ç®Ó-V Éûª-®Ω’©çü¿J-éπçõ‰Åçü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿éπ\-úø.)

Lovely= beautiful= Åçü¿-¢Á’i†.Lasya: We have another party coming.

(´’†èπ◊ ûªy®Ω-™-ØË ÉçéÓ §ƒKd ÖçC.)Sravya: Who is giving that and what's the occa-

sion?

(á´-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç àçöÀ?)Lasya: Divya is giving it. She has got the 25th

rank in CAT.

(C´u É≤ÚhçC. Common Admission Test

–(CAT) ™ 25´ ®√uçé˙ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊.)Sravya: I'm not at all surprised. She is the

cleverest girl among our friends who

took the test.

(-Åç-ü¿’-™ -Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ™‰ü¿’. Ç -õ„Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’†v°∂ç-ú˛q Åçü¿-®Óx†÷ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL--¢Áj-çC.)

Lasya: Her brother is even clever than she

(her). Last year he got the 18th rank in

the IIT entrance test.

(Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úø’.í∫-ûËú≈C -â-â-öà -áç-võ„-Ø˛q -õ„Æˇd™ Åûª--úÕéÀ 18´®√uçé˙ ´*açC.)

Sravya: Yea. No other candidate's rank in the

town is so good as his.

(Å´¤†’. Ñ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á·ûªhç™ á´Jéà -Åç-ûª -´’ç-* ®√uçé˙ ®√-™‰-ü¿’.)

Lasya: All of them are quite smart.

Few parents are as lucky as

they, in having such children.

(¢√Rxçöx Åçü¿®Ω÷ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√∞Ïx.Åçûª Åü¿%-≠æd-´ç-ûª’--™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ü∆ü∆-°æ¤ -Öç-úø®Ω’.)

smart= ≤ƒtö¸– ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– Åçü¿-¢Á’i†-ü¿’Ææ’h-™x Çéπ-®Ω-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç. Ééπ\úÕÅ®Ωnç– ûÁL-N-í∫©.Sravya: Her elder sister is brighter than all of

them but no so hardworking,

(¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ߪ’u -Åç-ü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ûÁL-N-í∫©C.é¬F Åçûª éπ≠æd-°æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆC é¬ü¿’.)

Lasya: They're all sure of good careers. That's

a thing to be happy about.

(¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´’ç* Nü∆u, ÖüÓu-í¬©’ ûªü∑¿uç. -Å-C ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.)

í∫ ’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’: °j conversation Åçû√ §ÚLéπ(comparison)© v°æ≤ƒh-´ØË éπü∆. -E-ûªu -@-N-ûªç-™ ´’†ç§Ú©a-èπ◊çú≈ à Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ Öçúø-üË¢Á÷ éπü∆. äéπ´Ææ’h´¤ Ø√ùuûª, üµ¿®Ω†’, ÅüË ûª®Ω-í∫AéÀ -îÁç-C-† Éûª®Ω´Ææ’h´¤© Ø√ùu-ûª, -üµ¿®ΩûÓ, äéπ ´uéÀhí∫’ù«-©’, Ç鬮Ωç,íÌ°æp--ü¿†ç, Éûª®Ω ´uèπ◊h© Ç鬮Ωç, íÌ°æp--ü¿†ç, í∫’ù«-©ûÓ§ÚLa à-C, á´®Ω’ áèπ◊\¢Ó E®√l¥-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ®√´-ô¢Á÷, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰í∫öÀdí¬ ¢√Cç--éÓ- -ô¢Á÷ îËÆæ’hçö«ç éπü∆.

Spoken English ™ Ñ §ÚL-éπ©-†’ -á-™« ´uéπh°æ®Ω’-≤ƒh¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Grammar ™ Å®·ûËDEo Degrees of comparisons Åçö«-®ΩE ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÃ

ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ ´uèπ◊h-©†’ §ÚLaûª®Ω-ûª´’ -¶µ‰-ü∆©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç.These are the comparisons made in the con-

versation at the beginning of this lesson.

1) This (Lasya's today's dress) is more beauti-

ful than the one you wore for Kavya's birth

day party. (ÉC – †’Oy-®ÓV ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o dress

Kavya birthday party éÀ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o -vúÁÆˇ éπØ√oÅçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.)

2) But Navya's dress was the most beautiful

that day= Å®·ûË Ç®ÓV Åçü¿J -vúÁÆˇ™x -†-´u -vúÁÆˇÅûªuçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.

3) ... She is the tallest of all of us too.

(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Òúø-´¤.)4) That made her lovelier than any other girl

ÅC -Ç-¢Á’-†’ Éûª-®Ω’© éπØ√o Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçúË™« îËÆœçC.5) She is the cleverest girl among our friends

who took the test. (Ç -õ„-Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† -v°∂ç-ú˛qÅçü¿-J™ Ç¢Á’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢ÁjçC).

6) Her Brother is even cleverer than she.

Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁL¢Áj†¢√úø’. 7) No other candidate's rank in the town is so

(as) good as his.

Ü®Óx à Éûª®Ω ŶµºuJn ®√uçé˙ èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕ ®√uçéπçûª´’ç*C é¬ü¿’.

8) Few Parents are as lucky as they.

Åçûª Åü¿%-≠æd-´ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Öçúø®Ω’.9) Her elder sister is brighter than all of them

but not so hard working.

¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢ÁjçC é¬F Åçûªv¨¡´’-°æ-úËC é¬ü¿’.

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ Comparisons: §Ú©aôç English™´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’. -Åç-õ‰ ´‚úø’ degrees ™ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.

1) Positive degree 2) Comparative degree

3) Superlative degree

(Degrees of comparison adjectives èπ◊, adverbs

èπÿ Öçö«®·. Adjectives – ´Ææ’h-´¤--©’, ´uèπ◊-©’, v°æüË-¨»-©’, ïçûª’-´¤-©’, -¢Á·-ü¿-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©†’ ûÁLÊ°´÷ô©’.) eg: Tall, short, fine, beautiful, good, bad etc.

O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®·†, Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ ÅE,Ö†o ÅE, Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. tall = §Òúø-¢Áj†,á-ûÁkh-†, short = §ÒöÀdí¬ Ö†o, fine = Çéπ-®Ω-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i†, etc)

Adverbs Åçõ‰, verb -îËÊÆ °æ†’©’ ᙫ ïJ-í¬®· ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç- ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ – äéπí∫’ùç à¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ ÖçC ÅE ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’èπÿú≈ adverbs.)

Look at the following.a) No other actor is so tall as Amitabh

Bachchan. (à Éûª®Ω †ô’úø÷ ÅN’-û√-•-îªaØ˛ Åçûª§Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’.) Ééπ\úø We are comparing all

other actors with Amitabh - §ÚLa á´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈Amitabh Åçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬-ü¿’ ÅE Åçô’Ø√oç – Not

so tall as ÅE – Ééπ\úø tall positive degree.

b) Amitabh is taller than any other actor/all

other actors. (ÅN’-û√¶¸ à Éûª®Ω †ô’-úÕ/-N’-í∫û√Åçü¿®Ω’ †ô’-©-éπØ√o §Ò-úø-´¤.)

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ we are comparing all other actors

with Amitabh. ¢√∞¡-éπØ√o Éûª†’ §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç.– Amitabh is taller than - Ééπ\úø taller, compar-

ative degree.

1) Amitabh is the tallest of all actors - Åçü¿®Ω’†ô’--™x Amitabh Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤. Ééπ\úø we are

comparing all other actors with Amitabh - ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J™ Éûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úøtallest superlative degree. ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 1) *´®Ω +est, +st í¬F´ÊÆh ÅCsuperlative degree.

a) tallest, highest, shortest, slightest, etc. ÉN

est *´®Ω ´îËa superlative degree forms.

b) finest, simplest, nicest, etc- ÉN *´®Ω 'st' ´îËasuperlative degree forms.

c) YûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ *´®Ω Y

BÊÆÆœ, iest éπL°œûË superlative form Å´¤-ûª’çC.healthiest (healthy); wealthiest,(wealthy)

costliest (costly) etc.

d) fulûÓ Åçûª- ’ßË’u ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀéÀ, ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿®Ω

most îËJÊÆh superlative form Å´¤-ûª’çC.i) beautiful - most beautiful (superlative)

ii) skilful - most skilful (superlative)

iii) pitiful - most pitiful ( superlative )

e) éÌEo Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈, ´·çü¿’ most îË®Ωaôç´©x superlative ´Ææ’hçC.(Interested - most inter-

ested; jealous - most jealous)

COMPARATIVE DEGREE*´®Ω, -er, -r, -ier í¬F ´·çü¿’ more í¬F ´ÊÆh ÅCcomparative Å´¤-ûª’çC.i) Superlative form îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ 'est' éπLÊ° ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀéÃ, comparative form îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ 'er'

éπ©’°æ¤û√ç.

Superlative tallest highest

Comparative taller higher

b) 'st' éπL°œ superlative form îËÊÆ ´÷ô-©-Eo-çöÀéÃ,'-r ' éπ-L°œ comparative form îË≤ƒhç.

Superlative finest simplest nicest

Comparative simpler finer nicer

c) YûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, Y BÊÆÆœiestûÓ superlative form îËÊÆ ™«í¬ØË, ier éπL°œcomparative form îË≤ƒhç.

Superlative healthiest costliest

Comparative healthier costlier

d) -fulûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’ °æü∆-©èπÿ, most ´·ç-ü¿’°öÀdsuperlative form îËÊÆ °æü∆-©--Eoç-öÀéÃ, more ´·ç-ü¿’¢√úÕûË, comparative form Å´¤-ûª’çC.

Superlative Comparative

most beautiful more beautiful

most interested more interested

î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.´’†ç à degree ¢√úÕ-Ø√ äéπõ‰ Å®Ωnç ®√¢√L.Positive Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ ÅE, comparative Åçõ‰é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ÅF, superlative Åçõ‰ ÅEoç-öÀ-éπØ√oáèπ◊\´ ÅF ņ’-éÓ-´ôç î√-™« °ü¿l -§Ò-®Ω-§ƒô’.Ñ degrees of comparison ´‚úÕçöx, degree

- positive Å®·Ø√, comparative Å®·Ø√, superla-

tive Å®·Ø√ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å™« äéπõ‰ Å®·-†-°æ¤púË´’†ç correct í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†ô’d. Å®·ûË ´’†ç posi-

tive degree™ îÁ§ƒp™, comparative ™ îÁ§ƒp™,superlative™ îÁ§ƒp™ ´’† áç°œ-éπ†’ •öÀd, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ:a) He is the tallest boy in the class (Superlative)

= - é¬xÆˇ Åçü¿-J--™ Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.b) He is taller than any other boy/ all other boys,

in the class (comparative) = é¬xÆˇ™ à Éûª®Ω/Éûª®Ω boys Åçü¿-J éπØ√o Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.

c) No other boy in the class as so as tall as he

(positive) = é¬xÆˇ™ ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ Åûª-†çûª§Ò-úø- ¤ é¬ü¿’.

ÅEo degrees Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’.ÅçûË.

îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’...ÅçûË!

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

203

DIRECT SPEECHREPORT (Spoken )

Reporting Verb Present tense Reporting Verb Past tense

Lakshmi says she need not have the

facial. She had it done the day before.

Pramila says they have to go to the

bank or the ATM too as they have to

draw some money.

Lakshmi says that they need not, as

she has enough cash.

Pramila suggests they had better hurry

up.

Lakshmi wants to know if she has to

get the money now or if she has it.

Pramila says she thinks the money she

has should be enough and that

Lakshmi need not get any.

Lakshmi says that they must not spend

much time there as they have to get

back to make other arrangements.

Lakshmi: I need not

have the facial. I had it

done just yesterday.

Pramila: We have to

go to the bank or the

ATM too. we have to

draw some money.

Lakshmi: We need

not. I have enough

cash.

Pramila: Then we had

better hurry up.

Lakshmi: Need I get

money now or do you

have it?

Pramila: I think the

money I have should

be enough. You need

not get any.

Lakshmi: We must not

spend much time

there. We have to get

back to make other

arrangements.

Lakshmi said she need not/ did not

need to have the facial. She had

had it done the day before.

Pramila said they had to go to

the bank or the ATM as they

had to draw some money.

Lakshmi said that they need

not/ did not need to, as she had

enough cash.

Pramila suggested they had

better hurry up.

Lakshmi wanted to know if she

had to get the money then or if

she had it.

Pramila said she thought the

money she had should be

enough and that Lakshmi need

not/ did not need to get any

money.

Lakshmi said that they must

not spend much time there as

they had to get back to make

other arrangements.

Answer to Exercise under lesson No 201

Sundar: I feel that the food here is better thanthat in any other restaurant in thisarea. What do you think? (Ð vð§ÙêŸÙö˺ Ñìo ÏêŸô¢ ·ôþ§d-·ôÙåx ÚÛÙç¶ÏÚÛ\è[ íÆ£õô¢Ù ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o.ìªî¶y÷ªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦oîËÂ?)

Madan: You're right. This is the best eateryaround here.

(ìª÷±y àµí‡pÙC Eá! Ð àŸªåªd-í£-ÚÛ\õ Ïë¶ ÷ªÙ#C.)Sundar: The worst of all is the eatery next to

the post office. You get sick onceyou eat any thing there.(Î ð¼þ§d-íƈú£ª í£ÚÛ\ì ÑìoC ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛÙç¶ ÍëÅ]-÷ª-iÙC. ÖÚÛ-þ§J ÍÚÛ\è[ Ôëµjû¦AÙç¶ î¦Ù꟪ö¶!)

sick = áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù – ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ Ð Íô¢nÙêÁî¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ sick = î¦ÙA Íó¶ªuåªxÞ¥ÑÙè[è[Ù ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íô¢nÙ ÑÙC. I am sick of these movies.(Ð ú‡E-÷«-õÙ-ç¶û¶ û¦ÚÛª î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªuåªx ÑÙC.) Once you eat there you get sick.(ÍÚÛ\è[ AÙç¶ î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªu-åªxÙ-åªÙC.)

Madan: No, I don't agree there. There areother restaurants which are worsethan that one.(Î Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ û¶ìª Öí£±p-ÚÁìª. ÍÚÛ\è[ ÑìoÏÙÚ•Eo íÆ£õ-ô¢-ø‹-õõª ë¯E-ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥Ñû¦oô³.)

Sundar: But I can tell you this. As no otherplace are idlis so (as) bad as at thatplace.(Ú¥F ÖÚÛæ¨ ÷«vêŸÙ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª. ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-ìoÙêŸ àµêŸhÞ¥ Ïè†xõª ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è¯ ÑÙè[÷±.)

Madan: That is true, perhaps. OK. How goodis the novel which you finished yes-terday? (ÍC Eá! ú£¸ô! Eìo ìª÷±y í£²Jh à¶ú‡ìì÷õ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)

Sundar: It's easily the best I have read inyears.(Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC-Nì ì÷-õö˺x Ïë¶ Þ•í£pC.)

Madan: Is it better than the one I gave youlast week? (û¶ìª FÚÛª ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù Ï#aì ì÷õ ÚÛû¦oÚÛ«è¯ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)

Sundar: I told you, no other novel I have readin years is so good as this one.(àµð§pìªÞ¥! Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC-Nì Ô ì÷õ ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙêŸ Þ•í£pÞ¥ ö¶ë]E.)

Madan: My grand father reads these novels,a lot of them.(÷« ê¦êŸÞ¥ô¢ª Ð ì÷õõª à¦ö° àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª.)

Sundar: I remember your telling me that hewas ill. How is he? Any improve-ment?(ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙë]E ìª÷±y àµí‡pìåªxÞœªô¢ªh. Ïí£±p-èµö° Ñû¦oô¢ª? Ôiû¦îµªô¢ª·ÞjÙë¯?)

Madan: No, unfortunately. He is worse thanbefore.(ö¶ë]ª, ë]ªô¢-ë]'-ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh ÏÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ªÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ ÑÙC.)

Sundar: I'm sorry to hear that. Hope he willrecover soon.(Nì-æ°-EÚ¨ ò°ëÅ]Þ¥ ÑÙC. êŸyô¢ö˺ÚÁõªÚÛªÙæ°ô¢E ÎPþ§h!)

Madan: So do we. (÷´ Íö°¸Þ ÎP-ú£ªhû¦oÙ.)Sundar: OK. See you. Time that I were at

home.(ÚÛõªë¯lÙ! Ïí£p-æ¨¸Ú ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè¯-Lqìî¦è…E.)(Îõ-ú£u-iÙC)

OK. See you = ÚÛõªë¯lÙ. Madan: Bye

ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙadjectives ÚÛª, adverbsÚÛª comparative,superlative Óö° formà¶þ§h àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìoC–

COMPARATIVE: Ú•Eoí£ë¯õ #÷ô¢ – ier à¶Ja,

÷ªJ-Ú•-Eo-æ¨Ú¨ – er à¶Ja, y êÁ ÍÙêŸ-÷ªó¶ªu ÷«å-õÚÛª,y ñë]ªõª – ier à¶Ja, ÏÙÚ•Eo ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª moreà¶Ja comparative degree form à¶þ§hÙ.

SUPERLATIVE: -ier à¶Ja comparative formඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – iest , – er à¶Ja comparative formඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – est , –r à¶Ja comparative formඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª -st, more ÷³Ùë]ª à¶Ja compara-tive form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª most à¶Ja superlative

degree form à¶þ§h-÷ªF êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ ÚÛë¯.Íô³ê¶ Ð êµÞœ-õÚÛª àµÙë]E adjectives ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo

Ñû¦oô³. î¦æ¨Ú¨ comparatives, superlativesform à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Ô EñÙëÅ]ìõ« í£E-Ú¨-ô¦÷±. î¦æ¨comparatives, superlatives irregular Þ¥ formÍ÷±-ê¦ô³. ÍN–

Positive Comparative SuperlativeGood, Well better bestBad, ill worse worstevil worse worstmuch, many more most

You can see these irregular comparatives andsuperlatives in the conversation at the begin-ning of this lesson: Oå-Eoæ¨ Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª Ð les-son vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡Ùö˺ àŸ«è[-÷àŸªa.1) I feel that the food here is better that in any

other restaurant (better - comparative ofgood)

2) This is the best eatery around here. (best -superlative of good).

3) The worst of all is the eaterie next to thepost office. (worst - superlative of bad).

4) There are other restaurants which are

worse than that one. (worse - comparativeof bad).

5) Is it better than the one I gave you lastweek? (better - comparative of good).

6) Unfortunately he is worse than before.(worse - comparative of ill).

ill = áñªsÞ¥ Ñìo. worse - áñªs/ î¦uCÅ ÓÚÛª\îµjì, ÷³C-Jì)

7) His condition was the worst the day beforeyesterday.(ÎóŸªì í£J-ú‡nA îµ³ìo ò°Þ¥ ¤©é¨Ù-#ÙC.)worst - superlative of ill.

Ïí£±pè[ª Ð Ú¨ÙC sentences àŸ«è[Ùè….a) India is the largest democracy in the world.Ð î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ largest - superlative degree Íô¢nÙ:ví£í£ÙàŸÙ îµ³êŸhÙö˺ òÅ°ô¢ê ÍA-šíë]l ví£â°-þ§y÷ªuÙ.Ïë¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÏÙÚÁ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥: a) India is the largest of all democracies in theworld/ India is the largest democracy of all inthe world ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íì-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ ÍEoæ¨ ÚÛû¦osimplest form, India is the largest democracyin the world Íû¶C. Superlative degree ö˺ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª sentencestructure.India is the largest democracy in the world.a) India (subject) + is (verb) + the + largest

(superlative) + democracy.b) The Elephant is the strongest animal in the

world.(subject + is (verb) + the + strongest(superlative) + animal).

Superlative ö˺ sentence structure à¦ö° sim-ple. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁî¦LqÙ-ë]ö°x superlative ÷³Ùë]ª theô¦î¦õE..Comparative degree ö˺ Íë¶ meaning êÁ–a) India is larger than any other democracy inthe world.comparative ö˺ structurea) India (subject) + is (verb) + larger (compar-

ative) + than any other + democracy in theworld.

b) The Elephant is stronger than any otheranimal in the world.

ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ šíj structure ö˺û¶ ÑÙè¯L.Positive:No other animal in the world is so (as) strongas the Elephant.Structure - ÏÚÛ\è[ No other êÁ begin Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè… – No other (sub) + verb + so + (positive degree)+ as the Elephant.b) No other democracy in the world is as (so)large as India.No other + subject + is (verb) + as (so) + (pos-itive degree) + as India.

M. SURESAN

ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 27 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë -2

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 204

Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

The worst of all is the eatery next tothe post office.

ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛû¦o Íë¶ ÍëÅ yìÙ!ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛû¦o Íë¶ ÍëÅ yìÙ!ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛû¦o Íë¶ ÍëÅ yìÙ!ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛû¦o Íë¶ ÍëÅ yìÙ!ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛû¦o Íë¶ ÍëÅ yìÙ!

ví£øŒo: 1. An unused old temple was given to

Mother Theresa ÍE IX Class English text

book (page no. 45) ö˺ àŸC-î¦ìª. ÏÚÛ\è[ unused

ÚÛª ñë]ªõª disused ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè….2. Idioms with backgrounds book Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙç¶ú£«#ÙàŸÙè….

– ÷ªëÅ]ª-ÚÛôÂ, êµû¦Láî¦ñª: 1. à¦ö° ÷ªÙ# ví£øŒo. Íô³ê¶ disused

Íû¶ë¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ correct.

Unused ÍÙç¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ/Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Íú£õª î¦è[EÍE Íô¢nÙ. An unused

old temple ÍÙç¶ Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Ïí£±pè[« î¦è[Eí£±ô¦-êŸì ë¶î¦-õóŸªÙ ÍEÍô¢nÙ. Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè… ÍÙå«ÑÙè[ë]ª ÚÛë¯. Íö° Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ î¦è[-ÚÛÙö˺ ÑÙè…,Î êŸô¦yêŸ Ô Ú¥ô¢éÙêÁÍô³û¦ ð§è[ªñè[f Þœªè… ÍEOªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì sentence ö˺

òÅ°÷Ù. Íö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°÷Ù Ïà¶aC disused. Ú¥ñæ¨dunused Íû¶C ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. Disused ÍÙç¶Ïí£±pè[ª î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺-ö¶E, ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª (ÞœêŸÙö˺) Ñìo ÍE.Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè…û¶ Mother Theresa Ú¨à¦aô¢ª ÍEÍô¢nÙ.2. Idioms with background book - 1) Oxford

Etymological Dictionary 2) Cambridge

Publications öËºì« ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-꟪ÙC.ví£øŒo: Ð ÷´è[ª î¦Ú¥u-õÚÛª êµõªÞœª Íô¢nÙ àµí£pÙè….

1. For that to happen.

2. Planning Commission deputy chair-

man Monteksingh Ahluwalia on satur-

day regretted that poverty reduction

was not achieved to the desired extent

during the years of planned develop-

ment.

3. Pointing out that the growth process

should have been more inclusive.

– ÖÚÛ ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªè[ª, Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙáî¦ñª: 1. for that to happen = ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶.e.g. I want to buy a car. For that to happen I

need money.

(û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦õE ÑÙC. ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶è[ñªs-Ú¥-î¦L.)

2. ...that poverty reduction was not achieved

to the desired extent during the years

planned development.

(ví£é°RÚ¥ñë]lÄ ÍÙç¶ ÷ªì í£ÙàŸ-÷ô¢ ví£é°-RÚÛ ví£Ú¥ô¢ÙÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¦ö˺x ›íë]JÚÛÙ êŸÞœª_-ë]õ ÷ªìÙ ÎPÙ-#-ìÙêŸ áô¢-Þœ-ö¶ë]ª.)3. Pointing out that the growth rate should

have been more inclusive.

(ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ví£vÚ¨óŸª ÏÙÚ¥ú£h Nú£h'-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¯-LqÙC.)

1) Eá-¸ÚÙ-vë]ÚÛ ÚÛé°ö˺xE Ô ÚÛé°ÙÞ¥ö˺x 70S ·ôjò˺-âɺ-÷³õª ÑÙæ°ô³?Ó) iæ˺-Ú¥Ù-vè…óŸ«, Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙG) J-êŸ-¸ô-éª-÷±õª, ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷u-â°-õÚÛÙú‡) iæ˺-Ú¥Ù-vè…óŸ«, J-êŸ-¸ô-éª-÷±õªè…) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ, ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷uâ°õÚÛÙ

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4) ÖÚÛ ð§M-ší-šíkdè øŒ'ÙÜ-ö°-EÚ¨ ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù Ñìoè…Ó-ûËÂÓ òÅ°Þ¥Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?Ó) ·ôÚ¥ûË G) ÷³uæ°ûË ú‡) ú‡þ§ZûË è…) Öší-ô¦ûËÂ

5) NªóŸ«-ú‡úÖI (¤ÛóŸª-ÚÛ-ô¢é–I) NòÅ¡-á-ìö˺ ví£ëÇ]÷ª ë]øŒ-ö˺E Ô Ñí£-ë]-øŒö˺ ú£÷ª-â°-BóŸª vÚÁ-âɺ-÷³õ÷ªëÅ]u NE-÷ªóŸªÙ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC?Ó) Lð¼d-æ©ûË G) âµjÞÁ-æ©ûË ú‡) ð§"æ©ûË è…) è…ð¼x-æ¨ûËÂ

6) Eá-¸ÚÙ-vë]ÚÛ ÚÛé-¸ÚÙ-vë]Ùö˺ ÑÙè¶ vÚ•÷«-æ¨ûË Eô¦t-éÙ-ö˺E ví£÷«-é°Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?Ó) ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-þ¼îª G) ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-çµjèÂú‡) ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-šújè è…) ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-õúÃ

7) ÚÛé-àŸ-vÚÛÙ-ö˺E Ô ë]øŒö˺ è…Ó-ûËÂÓ ví£A-ÚÛ'A áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC?Ó) S G) G1

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9) è…Ó-ûËÂ-Óšíj îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]æ¨ ÓÚÂq–¸ô vÚ¨ú£d-ö˺-vÞœíƈ í£J-øÉÁ-ëÅ]-ììª Eô¢y-Ù-#ì ø‹ú£Y-î¶-êŸhõª–Ó) î¦åqûËÂ, vÚ¨ÚÂG) ô•â°-LÙè vðƧÙÚ¨xûËÂ, NL\ûËÂqú‡) ÏJyûË à¦ô¦_íÆÃè…) všíÆè[-JÚ Oªù£ôÂ

10) ÍêŸu-CÅ-ÚÛÙÞ¥ ÚÛªÙè[-M-ÚÛ-ô¢é àµÙCì vÚÁ-âɺ-÷³õªÚÛé-N-òÅ¡-á-ì-ö˺E Ô ë]øŒö˺ ÚÛEí‡-þ§hô³?Ó) ví£ëÇ]÷ª ë]øŒ G) ÷ªëÅ]uú£n ë]øŒú‡) àŸõì ë]øŒ è…) ÍÙêŸu -ë]øŒ

11) èµjåô¦ vÚÛ÷«-EÚ¨ àµÙCì vèÁþ¼-íƇö° ö°Ùæ¨ Ú©å-Ú¥õö°ö°-áõvÞœÙëÇ]ªõª, ÷«MpÄ->-óŸªûË û¦RÚÛ ÚÛé°ö˺xÑÙè¶ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛ-iì ð§L-æ©ûË vÚÁâɺ÷³õìª îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]å ÞœªJhÙ-#ì ø‹ú£Y-î¶êŸh Ó÷ô¢ª?Ó) ô¢«Ú¥ôÂd G) ò°LsóŸ«F ú‡) šíÆxNªÙÞ è…) ÷³õxôÂ

12) è…Ó-ûËÂÓ î¦uú£Ù ÓÙêŸ?Ó) 2 nm G) 20nm ú‡) 200nm è…) 200Ao

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15) ÚÛéÙ-ö˺E Ô òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ ·ôjò˺-âɺ-÷ªöËÀ ÎôÂ-Ó-ûËÂÓ(rRNA) ú£Ùø™x-ù£é, ·ôjò˺-âɺ÷³ Ñí£-ví£-÷«-é°õEô¦téÙ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC?Ó) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ G) ÚÛé-vë]÷uÙ ú‡) iæ˺-Ú¥Ù-vè…óŸ« è…) ¸ÚÙvë]-Ú¥ÙøŒÙ

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17) øŒ‰vÚÛ-ÚÛ-é°õ ÍvÞœ-òÅ°-ÞœÙö˺ ÑÙè¶ ÎvÚÁ-âɺ-÷³ìªÔô¢pJචÚÛé-òŰޜٖÓ) šíô¦-Ú©q-âɺ÷³ G) ·ôjò˺-âɺ÷³ú‡) šúÙvæ˺-âɺ÷³ è…) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ

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19) úˆdô¦-ô³è ú£Ùø™x-ù£é, Nù£-E-ô¢«t-õ-ìö˺ ð§ö˹_û¶ ÚÛé-òŰޜٖÓ) ìªìªí£± ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷uâ°õÚÛÙG) Þœô¢ªÚÛª ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷uâ°õÚÛÙú‡) ¸ÚÙvë]-Ú¥ÙøŒÙè…) ÔD-Ú¥ë]ª

20) ø˜jL-ÚÛõª, ÚÛø‹òÅ°ö˺x ú£«¤Ût-û¦-R-ÚÛõ Í÷ª-JÚÛ 9+2 ö°Þ¥ÑÙç¶ šúÙvæ¨-óµ«öËÀ (ê¦ô¢-÷ê ¸ÚÙvë¯-õª)ö˺ Óö°ÑÙåªÙC?Ó) 9+2 G) 9+0 ú‡) 9+3 è…) 3+9

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22) šúÙvåöËÀ ÏûËÂú‡d-å«uæËÀ ÎíÆà všíÆùà î¦åô ÎÚ¥y-ÚÛ-õaôÂÔ ìÞœ-ô¢Ùö˺ ÑÙC?Ó) ÚÁöËÀÚÛê¦ G) ÷³Ùò°ô³ ú‡) ÚÁ# è…) òÅ¡ª÷-û¶-øŒyôÂ

23) û¶ù£-ìöËÀ ñ«uôÁ ÎíÆà ÔE÷ªöËÀ âµE-æ¨Ú Jþ¼-·ôqúÃ Ô ìÞœ-ô¢Ùö˺ ÑÙC?Ó) ÚÛô¦oöËÀ G) í£±é¶ ú‡) ì«uèÅ…Mx è…) Aô¢ª-÷-ìÙ-êŸ-í£±ô¢Ù

24) ÏÙè…-óŸªûË ö°uÚ JšúôÂa ÏûËÂú‡d-å«uæËÀÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC?Ó) òÅ˺ð§öËÀ G) èµv-è[«ûË ú‡) àµûµjo è…) ô¦Ù<

25) ÏÙå-¸ôo-ù£-ìöËÀ šúÙåô íÆ£ô âµE-æ¨ÙÞÂÏÙ>-F-JÙÞ ÍÙè ñóµ«-çµ-Ú¥o-õ@(ICGEB) ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC?Ó) ì«uèÅ…Mx G) ì«uóŸ«ôÂ\ ú‡) òµÙÞœª-üŒŠô¢ª è…) àµûµjo

26) í‡Ùè¯-GÅ-÷'-ClÄö˺ ú£ÙòÅ¡-NÙචîµjí£-K-ê¦uõ ÍëÅ]u-óŸª-û¦Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?Ó) ·ôjû¦-õ@ G) çµô¢-æ°-õ@ ú‡) væ°÷ª-æ°-õ@ è…) æ°Jp-è¯-õ@

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29) ANªÙ-Þœ-ö°õ ÍëÅ]u-óŸªìÙ–Ó) šúæ°-õ@ G) ·ÚjôÁ-çµ-ô¦-õ@ ú‡) šï°ô¢p-æ°-õ@ è…) ÏÚ¨h-óŸ«-õ@

30) ñ-ô¢«-í£ÚÛêŸ (polymorphism)ìª ví£ë]-JzÙà¶ÚÛé°Ù-Þ¥õª ÔN?Ó) ·ôjò˺-âɺ-÷³õª G) šúÙvæ˺-âɺ-÷³õªú‡) öµjþ¼-âɺ-÷³õª è…) è…Ú¨d-óµ«-âɺ-÷³õª

31) Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨ö˺ CyBóŸª öµjþ¼-âɺ-÷³-õªÞ¥ î¶æ¨Eí£J-Þœé¨þ§hô¢ª?Ó) ø™ù£-í£-ë¯ô¢n Eô¦t-é°õª G) ú£yóŸªÙ òÅ¡¤ÛÚÛ ðƧÞÁ-þ¼-îªõªú‡) @ô¢g-J-Ú¨h-ÚÛõª è…) šíj÷Fo

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34) ò°uÚ©d-J-óŸ«ìª îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]å ÞœªJhÙ-#ì ø‹ú£Y-î¶êŸh–Ó) ô¦ñ-ôÂd-Ú G) â°ûË ¸ôú‡) ùˆx\è…ûËÂ, ÿ§\yûË è…) M÷-ûËÂ-ÚÂ

35) ·ôÙè[ª ûµõõ ÷óŸª-ú£ª-öËºí£± PøŒ‰-÷±õ ÍëÅ]u-óŸª-û¦EoÔ÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?Ó) @E-óŸ«-õ@ G) Eóµ«-û¦-æ°-õ@ú‡) Ïæ¨-óŸ«-õ@ è…) šíè…-óŸ«-væ¨ÚÂq

36) í£ô¦u-÷-ô¢é ú‡nA-Þœ-꟪-õìª ÍGÅ-÷'-ClÄ-à¶ú‡ ÷«ì-÷-â°A÷ªìª-Þœ-è[ìª îµªô¢ª-Þœª-í£-Jචø‹ú£YÙ–Ó) óŸ´âµ-EÚÂq G) óŸ´ëǵ-EÚÂq ú‡) óŸ´šíÆ-EÚÂq è…) ÔD-Ú¥ë]ª

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38) ·ôÙè[ª ö¶ë¯ ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛÙç¶ ÓÚÛª\÷ ð§M-ší-šíkd-èÂõªú£ÙMìÙ àµÙC Ôô¢pè¶ ú£ÙÚ¨xù£g Eô¦t-é°Eo Ô÷ªÙ-

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39) ÍiûËÁ Î÷«xö˺x ÏNªûËÁ Î÷«xõªÔN?

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KEY

ú‡. JÚÛ'ù£g

Vî¦õ@

--´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 29 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Nagesh: Hi Mangesh, what are you doing in

this Travel kit shop? (Are you) buying

a bag?

(Ñ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ éÀ-ö¸ -≥ƒ°ˇ™ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?¶«uí˚ à´’Ø√o éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√?)

Mangesh: That's right

(Å´¤†’)Nagesh: You've bags and suitcases of all

sizes, shapes and colours here. (Is)

none to your liking?

(Ééπ\úø ÅEo ÂÆj-V©÷, Çé¬-®√©’, ®Ωçí∫’©÷Ö†o -¶«uí∫’-©’, Ææ÷-ö¸ÍéÆæ’-©’ ÖØ√o®· éπ∫ü∆.FÍéO †îªa-™‰ü∆?)

(To your liking = Fèπ◊ †*açC) Look at this one = ÉC îª÷úø’

Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. I

want a smaller bag than this.

(Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† -¶«uí˚ éπØ√o ÉC °ü¿lC.Ø√èπ◊ Éçûªéπçõ‰ *†oC 鬢√L )

Nagesh: That One may be the size you want.

(ÅC Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† -ÂÆj-ñ¸ Å-¢Ìy-a)Mangesh: No that's smaller than the one I

want.

(™‰ü¿’. ÅC Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ *†oC)

Nagesh: See if this suits you?

( -ÉC Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-üË-¢Á÷ -îª÷-úø’)Mangesh: Yes. That's exactly what I want.

(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ é¬¢√-Lqç-ü¿üË.)Nagesh: This looks fine, but look at the price

tag here. It says it is Rs. 500/-

(î√© ¶«í∫’ç-CC é¬-F üµ¿®Ω îª÷-úø’ 500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’)

Mangesh: Oh, my! that's more than its worth.

(Ŷs! -Éü¿çûª îËߪ’ü¿’.) (More than its worth = ü∆E N©’´Åçûª îËߪ’ü¿’.)

Nagesh: Let's look for something less expen-

sive.

(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω’†oüË´’Ø√o ÖçüË¢Á÷îª÷ü∆lç.)

Mangesh: This is the least expensive of all the

bags this size here. Let's bargain.

See if we can get it for Rs 400. It is

not worth more than that.

(Ééπ\-úø’†o Ç ÂÆj-ñ¸ -¶«uí˚--™x ÉüË Åûªuçûªûªèπ◊\´. 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ -´Ææ’hç-üË-¢Á÷ -îª÷-ü∆lç. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ -áèπ◊\-´ îËߪ’--ü¿’)

Nagesh: You are right. Let's ask if for

Rs 400.

(†’- y-†o-C -¶«í∫’ç-C. 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-éÀ≤ƒhúË¢Á÷ Åúø’-í∫’ü∆ç)

Mangesh: Let's try

(-v°æ-ߪ’-ûªoç -îË-ü∆lç.)-í∫-ûª lesson ™ adjectives of compari-

son í∫’-J-ç-* éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oçéπü∆? ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ûª®Ω’-í∫’©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA-éπ~ùç @Nûªç™îËÆæ÷hØË Öçö«ç. -ü∆-EéÀ ´’† conversation (Spoken

English) ™ v§ƒüµ∆†uç î√™« áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†çîÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo correct í¬ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ, 3degrees of comparison ™ ¢√éπuE®√tùç ᙫÖçô’çüÓ í∫-ûª lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ü∆Eo ´’®Ó ≤ƒJèπ◊x°æhçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç:a) Superlative:

The Elephant is the largest land animal.

¶µº÷îª-®Ω ïçûª’- ¤™x à†’í∫’ ÅA-°-ü¿lC.ÉC superlative. Éçü¿’™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) î√-™« simple.

The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+the+superlative

adjective+...

b) The elephant is larger than any other land

animal / all other land animals.

(¶µº÷îª®Ω ïçûª’- ¤™x à†’í∫’ N’í∫û√ à ïçûª’´¤-©éπç-õ‰ /- ÅEo Éûª®Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ °ü¿lC).

The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+comparative

adjective (larger)+than any other (singular) /

than all other (plural)+...

c) Positive: No other land animal is so (as) large

as the elephant

(à Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷îª®Ω ïçûª’´‹ à†’-í∫çûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’)Word order: No other+Subject (animal) +verb

+so/as + positive adjective+as+the (subject)

ÉO ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Å®·ûË ´’†ç îËÊÆ §ÚLéπ -©’ -á°æ¤p-úø’ èπÿú≈ Éçûª simple (Ææ®Ω-∞¡ç)í¬, direct í¬Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Éçé¬ ÆæçéÀx-≠æd (complex ) -¢Á’i-† §Ú-L-éπ©’ èπÿú≈ îËÆæ’hçö«ç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Ñ lesson

¢Á·ü¿öx Nagesh, Mangesh conversation îª÷ü∆lç.a) Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want.

(ÉC- Ø√-é¬\-´-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC)Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Mangesh

§Ú©’Ææ’h†oC È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ -Å-N ûª†-é¬\-´-©-Æœ† bag, ûª†’ îª÷Ææ’h†o bag.

b) Mangesh: That's smaller than the one I

want.

(Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπç-õ‰ ÅC *†oC)Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆? È®çöÀ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLéπ.ûª†-é¬\-´-LqçC. ûª†èπ◊ -Å-éπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’-†oC.c) Mangesh: Oh, my! That's more than its

worth.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ bag üµ¿®Ωèπ◊, ü∆E N©’- èπ◊Åçõ‰ È®çöÀ ´’üµËu §ÚLéπ.

d) Mangesh: It is not worth more than that.

ÉC èπÿú≈ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ, bag N©’- èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u Ö†o §ÚLéπ - ûÁ-LÊ° ¢√éπuç.

e) Nagesh: Let's look for something less

expensive.

Ééπ\-úø èπÿ-ú≈ Ñ bag èπÿ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ §ÚLéπ.

É™« ´’†ç È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §Ú-©’Ææ’hçö«ç. Åô’-´ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ degree of comparison

†’ •öÀd word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) èπÿú≈´÷®Ω’ûª’çô’çC. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çöÀ éπØ√o áèπ◊\´§ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ÖçúË sentence word order èπÿ, È®çöÀE´÷vûª¢Ë’ compare îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Öç-úË sentence word

order èπÿ î√-™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC.1) È®çöÀéπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’superlative degree ™E adjective

´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ®√¢√L.eg: a) The elephant is the biggest of

all land animals / the biggest

land animal.

b) Hyderabad is the largest city in

A.P.

(A.P. ™ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ÅA-°ü¿l †í∫®Ωç)C) He is the most popular actor on the

Telugu screen.

(ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω O’ü¿ Åûª-úø’ Åûªuçûª v°æñ«-Gµ- ÷†ç- Ö-†o †ô’úø’)

鬕öÀd superlative adjective ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ the

ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ.2) Å™«Íí È®çöÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤úø’ com-

parative adjective -ûª®Ω-¢√ûª than any other / than

all other ûª°æpèπ◊ç-ú≈ ®√-¢√L. than any other Å®·ûËÇ ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, singular number; Than all

other Å®·ûË -Ç -ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, plural number

Å´¤-û√®·.a) The Prime Minister is more powerful than

any other minister / all other ministers.

(-É-ûª®Ω ´’çvûª’--©ç-ü¿-J éπç-õ‰ èπÿú≈ -v°æ-üµ∆-†-´’ç-vAéÀÇCµ-鬮Ωç -áèπ◊\- )

b) The Pacific is deeper than any other ocean /

all other oceans in the world.

(Éûª®Ω ´’£æ…Ææ´·-vü∆© éπç-õ‰ Pacific ™-ûÁj-†C)c) He is older than any other members / all

other members of the family.

(èπ◊ô’ç-•- Ææ-¶µº’u-©ç-ü¿-J-™-†÷ -Å-ûª--úø’ - -ߪ’Ææ’-™

°-ü¿l)Positive: Positive degree ™ ´÷-ö«xúË-ô°æ¤púø’ No

other ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ç ûª®Ω-¢√ûª Positive adjec-

tive ´·çü¿’ so/as é¬F, positive adjective ûª®Ω-¢√ûª

as ´≤ƒh®·.a) No other tree here is so (as) tall as the

coconut tree there.

(Ééπ\-úø’†o à îÁô’d èπÿú≈ Ç éÌ•s-J-îÁôdç-ûª §Òúø’-í∫’-é¬ü¿’)

b) No other metal is so (as) bright as gold.

(à Éûª®Ω ™£æ«´‚ •çí¬-®Ω-´’çûª v°æé¬-¨¡-´çûªçé¬ü¿’)

c) No other student in the class is as (so) good

at the subject as Janaki

(class ™ Éûª®Ω Nü∆u-®Ω’n-™„-´®Ω÷ Ç subject ™ ñ«†-éπçûª ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬-ü¿’.)

Ñ patterns (¢√é¬u© †´‚-Ø√©’) Ñ ´‚úø’degrees ™ °j† îª÷°œ†õ‰x Öçú≈L. É™« È®çúÕ-öÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç– superlative, comparative. ÑÈ®çúø’ degrees ™ sentences ™ not ®√ü¿’. pos-

itive degree ™ sentence – no other ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤-ûª’çC.(Å®·ûË, ÅEo-öÀ-éπØ√o... é¬ü¿’, ÅØË superlative

Öçô’çC. ü∆E Ææçí∫A ûªy®Ω-™ØË îª÷≤ƒhç.)É°æ¤púø’ in the conversation at the beginning of

the lesson -™« È®çöÀ-F §Ú™«aç ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’î√© ´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稡ç. È®çöÀ-ØË/-É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤úø’ superlative degree Öçúøü¿’. Positive,

Comparative ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçö«®·.1) This is bigger than the one I want.

(Ø√é¬\-´-Lq-† -ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ÉC °ü¿lC) – Comparative (bigger)

DEéÀ positive degree: The one I want is not as

(so) big as this.

DEéÀ superlative Öçúøü¿’. -Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ´îËa lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç.

Exercise: Practise the following aloud. Make

sentences using the following words, using the

degree given in brackets.

eg: Mt Everest - high peak in the world.

(comparative) (Mt-Mount- °æ®Ωy-û√© Ê°®Ωx-´·çü¿’¢√úøû√ç) (Peak- Pê®Ωç)Ans: Mt Everest is higher than any other peak

in the world.

1) This diamond necklace - costly jewel in the

shop - (superlative)

2) Kashmir - cold - state in India (Positive)

3) This - good song - the movie (superlative)

4) Rentachintala - hot place- A.P. (comparative)

5) December - cold month. (Positive)

6) Andhra Pradesh- big state South India

(comparative)

Answers:

1) This diamond necklace is the costliest jewel

in the shop.

(Ñ ≥ƒ°ˇ™ Ñ ´vñ«© necklace ÅûªuçûªêK-üÁj-†C) (Superlative degree)

2) No other state in India is as (so) cold as

Kashmir.

(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æZç- é¬Qt®˝ Åçûª îªL--í¬ Öç-úø-ü¿’) (positive degree)

3) This is the best song in the movie.

(Ç *vûªç™ ÉC Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp §ƒô– superlative

degree.)

4) Rentachintala is hotter than any other place /

all other places in A.P.

(Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ È®çô-*ç-ûª© Éûª®Ω à v°æüË-¨»-E-éπç-õ‰/Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o ¢ËúÕ v°æü˨¡ç)

5) No other month is so (as) cold as December.

(à (Éûª®Ω) ØÁ™« December Åçûª îªL-é¬ü¿’)6) Andhra Pradesh is bigger than any other

state/ all other states in South India.

(ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç™ Éûª®Ω à ®√≠æZç/Éûª®Ω ®√≥ƒZ-©-éπç-õ‰-Çç-vüµ¿-v°æ-üË--¨¸ °ü¿lC)

that's more than its worth

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

205

1. How to pronounce the words? Is there

any rule please.

b) Occasion, situation - what is the differ-

ence between these words? ( give some

examples). öÀ. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, Í®°æ™„xi) Any good English - English dictionary will

give you the symbols of pronunciation -

refer to it.

ii) Situation = °æJ-ÆœnA.äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Ö-†o /-ï-®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†© éπ©-®·éπ.

A difficult situation = éÀx-≠æd°æJ-ÆœnA; financial situation

= ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnA political sit-

uation = ®√ï-éÃߪ’ °æJ-ÆœnA.Occasion = Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç –

Ééπ\úø Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©’, °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© éπç-õ‰ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀv§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´. °j† situation ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«xoccasion ¢√úøôç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ éπü∆.

I have met him on two or three occasions =

ÅûªEo ؈’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.a) On the last occasion that I met him, he

was in a difficult situation = ÅûªEo ؈’ -Éç-ûªèπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Åûª†’ î√-™« éÀx-≠æd°æJ-Æœn-A™ ÖØ√o-úø’.

b) She was able to manage the situation

= Ç °æJ-Æœn-AE Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ -îªéπ\-C-ü¿lí∫--©’í∫’-ûª’ç-C.

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 31 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Laxman: Hi Suman, do you know Bhavan is in

town?

(¶µº´Ø˛ Ü-∞x-éÌ-î√aúø’ (ÖØ√oúø’) ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)Suman: Oh, is he? when did he come?

(Å´¤Ø√? á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√aúø’?)Laxman: Yesterday. He won the first round of

the badminton match.

(E†o -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛ - ÷u-î˝™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ -®ıç-ú˛ÈíL-î√úø’.)

Suman: That's no surprise to me. I knew he

would win. He is certainly a better

player than his rival in this round.

(ÅüËç Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø’ Èí©’-≤ƒh-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ñ ®ıç-ú˛™ -ûª-† v°æûªu-Jn-éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Çô-í¬úø’)

(rival=È®j´™¸= v°æûªuJn, §ÚöÃ-ü∆-®Ω’)Laxman: I was sure of that too. Mind you,

Bhavan is taller than Sravan, that

rival of his. That certainly is an advan-

tage in badminton

(؈÷ Å™«ØË -Å-†’èπ◊-Ø√o. ÉçéÓöÀ í∫’®Ω’hç-éÓ. ¶µº- -Ø˛, ûª†- v°æûªuJn -v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ §Ò-úø-´¤. -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛™ ÅC (§Ò-úø-´¤) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË N≠æߪ’ç.)

Advantage = Åú≈y-Ed-ñ¸–'ú≈y— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-é¬J. ´’†èπ◊ ¢Ë’©’ éπ-L-Tç-îËC. Mind you = í∫’®Ω’h ûÁaéÓ/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ, (ñ«ví∫ûªh ÅEèπÿú≈)Suman: Moreover, Bhavan's movements are

quicker than Sravan's.

(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Sravan éπü¿-L-éπ-© -éπç-õ‰Bhavan éπü¿-L-éπ©’ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ Öçö«®·.)

Laxman: Let's see how he is going to fare in

the next match. (ûª®√y--ûª --´÷u-î˝™ ᙫîË≤ƒhúÓ îª÷ü∆lç.)

fare = îËߪ’-ôç/-Ç-úøôç ™«çöÀN. How did you fare in the exam yesterday?

(E†o †’´¤y exam ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?) How did he fare in the debate contest last

week?

(Åûª†’ debate (´éπh %ûªy) §ÚöÙ ᙫ îË »úø’?)Suman: He has good chances of winning that

too.

(ÅC èπÿú≈ ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ¶«í¬ØËÖØ√o®·.)

Laxman: OK. When are you taking your mom

to Delhi?

(O’ Å´’t†’ -úµÕ-Mx á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?)

Suman: This Wednesday.

(Ñ •’üµ¿-¢√®Ωç)Laxman: Have you booked the tick-

ets?

(-öÀÈé-ô’x -•’é˙ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?)Suman: Yes, by the AP Express.

(Å´¤†’. à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ™) Laxman: That's good. That's faster than the

special train you thought of going by.

(´’ç* °æEî˨»´¤. †’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊†oÂÆp-≠æ-™¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛ éπç-õ‰ ÉC ¢Ëí∫-çí¬-¢Á-∞¡Ÿ--ûª’ç-C.)

Suman: It is. This is more comfortable than that

too.

(ÉC ü∆E éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ææ’êçí¬ Öçô’çC)Laxman:This is certainly better than that in

every respect. When are you return-

ing?

(à Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷ÆœØ√, Ç ÂÆp-≠æ-™¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛éπçõ‰- à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ´’ç*C. á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)

Suman: I will return in a week. My mother's

stay there will be longer.

(؈’ ¢√®√-E-éπ-™«x AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh†’. Å´’t Åéπ\úø

áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’çô’çC.)Laxman: OK. A happy time in Delhi to you and

your mom.

(†’´¤y, O’ Å´÷t Åéπ\úø Ææ®Ωü∆í¬ í∫úø-§ƒ-©E Ø√ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o.)

Suman: Thank you.

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. È®ç-úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ´‚úø’ degrees

(positive, comparative and superlative)

Öçö«®·. Ç degrees ™E sentences ™, Word

order ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈,È®ç-úÕçöÀE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLa†°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’ÅE èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.Now look at the following sentences from the

conversation between Laxman and Suman at

the beginning of the lesson:

1) He is certainly a better player than his rival.

(Åûª-úÕ v°æûªuJn éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) (better- comparative degree of good- Ééπ\úø§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’– Bhavan, Sravan ´’üµ¿u)(Better- comparative degree)

2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan =

v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ §Ò-úø- ¤.

(comparison only between two) (taller- compar-

ative degree)

3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than

Sravan's.

(v¨¡´ù˝ éπü¿-L-éπ-© éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ éπü¿-L-éπ©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬Öçö«®·) (quicker - comparative)

4) That (AP Express) is faster than the special

train. (special train éπç-õ‰ AP Express ¢Ëí∫-´ç-ûª-¢Á’içC– comparison only between two) (faster-

comparative)

5) This is certainly better than that = ÉC ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ (comparison only between two)

6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.

(-Ø√éπç-õ‰, ´÷ Å´’t áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV-©’ç-ô’çC– com-

parison only between two.

Longer - comparative)

È®ç-úÕçöÀ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, superlative, comparative, posi-

tive ™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ)ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™§ÚLéπ È®ç--úÕç-öÀ ´’üµ¿uØË.1) §ÚLéπ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿uØË Å®·-†-

°æ¤púø’, superlative degree Öçúøü¿’.2) È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ comparative

degree, positive degree word order èπÿ È®ç-úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’

comparative, superlative word order èπÿî√™«ûËú≈ -Öçô’çC.

džçü˛, Å´’®˝ ÅØË Éü¿l-JE §Ú™«a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ.1) Å°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’.2) Comparative ™ sentence èπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’ džçü˛,

sentence èπ◊ *´®Ω Å´’®˝ ´ÊÆh, positive degree

™ Ñ ´®ΩÆæ ´÷J Å´’®˝ sentenceèπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’,džçü˛ sentence èπ◊ *´-®Ω- -´≤ƒh®·.

3) Comparative ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, positive ™ not

´Ææ’hçC. comparative ™ not Öçõ‰ positive ™not ®√ü¿’.

Comparative:

Anand is shorter than Amar.

(Å-´’®˝ éπç-õ‰ -Ç-†ç-ü˛ §ÒöÀd)Positive:

Amar is not so (as) short as Anand.

(Å- ’®˝, -Ç-†ç-ü˛ Åçûª §ÒöÀdé¬ü¿’.)comparative ™, positive ™ Amar, Anand posi-

tion ´÷®Ωôç, comparative ™ ™‰E not – positive

™ ®√´ôç îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. positive ™ ´÷´‚-©’í¬

´·çü¿’ so (as), ûª®√yûª as ´≤ƒh®·. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕÉçé¬:Hema is taller than Kshema. (Íé~´’- éπç-õ‰ Ê£«´’§Ò-úø-´¤) (Taller - comparative degree) - Ééπ\úø

§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË, É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ superlative

Öçúøü¿’. DEéÀ positive degree: Kshema is not so

(as) tall as Hema.

(Kshema, Ê£«-´’ -Åç-ûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’) comparison

only between two (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’§ÚLéπ):Comparative:

Sunder is cleverer than Sukumar

(Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝ éπç-õ‰ Ææ’çü¿®˝ ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’)Positive:

Sukumar is not so (as) clever as Sundar

(Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝, Ææ’çü¿-®Ωçûª ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’ é¬úø’.)Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ ´·êu -N-≠æ-ߪ÷©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:

1) Comparative ™, Sundar ´·çü¿’, Sukumar

*´®√ ÖØ√o®·. ÅüË positive™, ¢√öÀ ≤ƒnØ√©’û√®Ω’-´÷-È®j, Sukumar ´·çü¿÷, Sundar *´-®Ω -´-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆.

2) Comparative ™ not ™‰ü¿’, positive ™ not ÖçCéπü∆.

ÉçéÓ example îª÷ü∆lç:Comparative:

Vijayawada is hotter than Hyderabad .

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛ -éπç-õ‰, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ¢ËúÁ-èπ◊\´)(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ´·çü¿÷, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ *´®Ω. Not ™‰ü¿’)Positive:

Hyderabad is not so (as) hot as Vijayawada.

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’)(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ´·ç-ü¿’, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø *´®Ω; Not ÖçC)

Let's now try to change the comparative degree

statements in the conversion between Laxman

and Suman, at the beginning of this lesson into

positive degree statements:

Exercise:

Practise the following aloud in English:

Sankar: ´’† question papers ÅEoöx ÉC -Å-A éπ-≠ædçí¬ ÖçC éπü∆? (éπ≠ædç = tough) - superlative ¢√úøçúÕ)

Omkar: é¬ü¿’ ÉC §Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper Åçûª éπ≠ædçé¬ü¿’. (§Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper=the paper last time/

the last exam paper.)

Sankar: Å®·Ø√ éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J Ø√ marks éπç-õ‰ Fmarks- áèπ◊\-´ . (éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J–last time )

ª Omkar: Å®·Ø√, -Ñ≤ƒJ Ø√ marks , í∫-ûª≤ƒ-J-Åç-ûª ¶«í¬ Öç-ö«-ߪ’-†o †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’.(†´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’ =I am not sure).Sankar: -Ñ college ¢Á·ûªhç ™„éπa®Ω®˝q-™ -O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝-

íÌ°æp.-Omkar:- O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝ èπÿú≈ íÌÊ°p, é¬F †’´y-†oô’d ´÷

™„éπa®Ω®˝ Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬úø’.Sankar: ؈’ Tuition -BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-†’.

á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡x-´’ç-ö«´¤?Omkar: O’ lecturer ü¿í∫_®ΩÍé ¢Á∞¡Ÿx.Answer: Sankar: Isn't this the toughest of all our ques-

tion papers?Omkar: No. This is not as (so) tough as the

paper last time.Sankar: But your marks were higher than mine

last time.Omkar: But I am not sure that my marks this

time will be as good as my marks lasttime.

Sankar: Your lecturer is the best/greatest (ofall) in the college.

Omkar: Your lecturer is good too, but not so(as) good as our lecturer.

Sankar: I want to take tution. who do you wantme/to go to/suggest that I go to?

Omkar: Go to your lecturer.

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

206

COMPARATIVE

1) He is certainly a better player than his

rival.

2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan.

3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than

Sravan's.

4) AP Express is faster than the special train.

5) This certainly is better than that.

6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.

POSITIVE

His rival is not so (as) good a player as he (is)

Sravan is not so (as) tall as Bhavan

Sravan's movements are not so (as) quick as

Bhavan's

The special train is not so (as) fast as the AP

Express.

That certainly is not so (as) good as this.

Mine (Ø√C) will not be so (as) long as mother's stay.

--¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 2 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Vasanth: Hi Hemanth, how was the match yes-

terday?

(E†oöÀ ´÷u-î˝ à-¢Á’iç-C?)-Hemanth: We did play well. We did win too, but

our game was not better than last

sunday's game.

(¢Ë’ç ¶«í¬ØË Çú≈ç, ÈíLî√ç èπÿú≈.Å®·ûË E†o ´÷ Çô §Ú®·† ÇC-¢√®ΩçÇô-éπç-õ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ™‰ü¿’.)

Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ äéπ-≤ƒJ îÁ§ƒpç. ´’Sx îÁ°æ¤hØ√oç.í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Not ™‰†-°æ¤púø÷, question 鬆-°æ¤púø÷èπÿú≈, did ¢√úøû√ç, °j¢√-é¬u-™x-™«. Å™« ¢√úÕûË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo é¬Ææh í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œp--†ôx-´¤-ûª’çC.I did meet him yesterday =

-ØË-†’ -E-†o -Å--ûª-úÕ-E éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o.(É™«çöÀ expressions O’ conversation ™practice îËߪ’çúÕ.)

Vasanth: Why do you say so?

(áçü¿’-éπ™« Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?)Hemanth: Our score this time were not more

than that last time. Moreover the

wickets we took are not more than

those we took last time.

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’.-Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç -BÆæ’èπ◊-†oN-Èé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J N-Èé--ôx éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´é¬ü¿’)

Vasanth: Why so?

(áçü¿’-´©x Å™«?)Hemanth: We made a few changes in the

team. We had Kiran and Charan in

place of Mahesh and Satish, but

they were no

greater than

Mahesh and

Satish.

(¢Ë’ç öÃç ™éÌEo ´÷®Ω’p©’-î˨»ç. -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ,Ææ-B-≠ˇ •ü¿’©’, -éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ -©-†’ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ O∞¡Ÿx íÌ°æpí¬™‰®Ω’)

Vasanth: What about the pitch?

(°œ-î˝ á™« ÖçC?)(Pitch= È®çúø’ -¢Áj°æ¤-™« NÈé-ôx ´’üµ¿u -°æ*aéπ Åçûªí¬™‰E ¶µ«í∫ç)

Hemanth: The pitch this time was not faster

than the pitch last time. That's why

we took a spinner in place of a pace

bowler.

(°œ-î˝ Ñ≤ƒJ fast bowling èπ◊ Åçûª ņ’-í∫’ùçí¬ -™‰-ü¿’. Åçü¿’Íé ¢Ë’ç, ã fast

bowler •ü¿’©’. ã spin bowler †’BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç)

(pace bowler = fast bowler.

In place of = •ü¿’-©’í¬/≤ƒn†ç™.In place of Suresh we have Harish = Ææ’Í®-≠ˇ≤ƒn†ç™ £æ«K≠ˇ ÖØ√oúø’)

Vasanth: What about the next match?

(ûª®√y-ûª -Ç-ô Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?-)Hemanth: We may play the team from

Warangal, but we take it easy. The

Warangal team is no more a prob-

lem for us than yesterday's team.

(´îËa-≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç- ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç ûÓ ÇúÌa.Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç ü∆Eo ûËL-í¬_ØË BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oç. E†oöÀ öÃç éπç-õ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç°ü¿l Ææ´’ÊÆuç é¬ü¿’.)

Vasanth: I appreciate your confidence.

(F N¨»y-≤ƒEo -Å-Gµ-†ç-CÆæ’h-Ø√o.)Hemanth: Our Captain is more confident than I

(am)=

(Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ captain Éçé¬ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓÖØ√oúø’.)

Vasanth: Best of luck then. Bye.

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË (´‚úø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ é¬èπ◊çú≈) §Ú©aôç ᙫíÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’

1) Superlative Öçúøü¿’. 2) Comparative ™ not ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ positive ™ not

´Ææ’hçC.3) compare îËÆæ’h†o ´Ææ’h-´¤© positions ´·çü¿’èπÿ

¢Á†éπèπÿ û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ last

lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆!É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ:

a) Ooty is not cooler than Kodaikanal.

(-Ü-öÃ, éÌ-úÁjÈé-Ø√-™¸ éπçõ‰ xE v°æü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’) Ééπ\úø 1) adjective cooler - degree - compara-

tive.

2) comparison (§ÚLéπ) È®ç-úÕçöÀéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. 鬕öÀdsuperlative Öçúøü¿’.

Å®·ûË í∫-ûª lessons ™-E examples ™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, °jsentences ™ comparative ´·çü¿’ not ®√´ôçí∫ ’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰, Ñ ¶µ«¢√Eo, positive ™ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ not ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. positive îª÷ü∆lç.Kodaikanal is at least as cool as Ooty =

éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπFÆæç (at least) Ü-öà Åçûª- xí¬Öçô’çC.

Study this:

Comparative

Ü-öÃ, éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπç-õ‰ x-EC é¬ü¿’.Positive

éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ (éπFÆæç) Ü--öà Åçûª x-í¬ Öçô’çC.A, B éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’, Åçõ‰ B (éπFÆæç) A ûÓ Ææ´÷-†- ’E éπü∆?– É™« comparative †’ç* positive éÀ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø comparative ™ not Öç-C,鬕öÀd positive ™ not ®√ü¿’.b) Comparative:

Chandra is not taller than Tara =

û√®Ω éπçõ‰ îªçvü¿ §Ò-úø-´¤-é¬ü¿’.Positive:

Tara is (at least) as tall as Chandra.

At least î√-™« ≤ƒ®Ω’x ´C-™‰-Ææ’hçö«ç– ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: Positive degree adjective

´·çü¿’ so/as, positive degree ûª®√yûª as ®√´ôçûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆?Å®·ûË, positive degree ™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púË, ü∆-E´·çü¿’ so é¬E,/as é¬E- ¢√úøû√ç. positive degree

™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ü∆-E ´·çü¿’, as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.So ¢√úøç.a) He is not so/as tall as his brother-

ÉC positive degree. Éçü¿’™ not ÖçC. 鬕öÀdtall ´·çü¿’, so é¬F as é¬F ¢√úøû√ç.

b) He is as clever as his brother-

ÉD positive degree. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ not é¬F, no

é¬F ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’- ©x clever ´·çü¿’ as ´÷vûª¢Ë’¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç, so ¢√úø-ôç- ™‰ü¿’. ÉC î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i†N≠æߪ’ç.Now let us study the following sentences

from the conversation between Vasanth and

Hemanth at the beginning of this lesson.

1) Hemanth: Our game yesterday was no bet-

ter than last sunday's

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô éπçõ‰ E†o´÷ Çõ‰ç ¢Á’®Ω’-í¬_-™‰ü¿’.)(no better - no + comparative)

Positive: Last Sunday's game was (at least) as

good as our game yesterday =

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô èπÿú≈ E†o ´÷Çôçûª ¶«í¬ ÖçC (éπFÆæç)

2) Our score this time was not higher than that

last time.

(not + comparative - Ñ ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’)

Positive: Our score last time was (at least) as

high as our score this time.

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝, Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ÅçûË.)

3) The wickets we took this time were not

more than the wickets we took last time.

(not more - not + more (comparative))

Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç-- BÆæ’èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ NÈé-ôxéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç 鬴¤.

Many (positive) - more (comparative) -

most (superlative)

Positive: The wickets we took last time were

(at least) as many as we took this

time.

(¢Ë’ç éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x, éÀç-ü¿--öÀ≤ƒ-JBÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-ØËo – áèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’.)

4) They were no greater than Kiran and

Charan.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx – ¢Ë’ç éÌûªhí¬ BÆæ’èπ◊-†o¢√∞¡Ÿx, éÀ®Ω-ù˝, --Ω-ù˝éπç-õ‰ íÌ°æp Çô-í¬∞Ïxç é¬®Ω’).Ééπ\úø äéπ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a – -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ, Ææ-B-≠ˇ, -éÀ®Ω-ù˝, --Ω-ù˝ – Éçûª ´’çCE îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, ÉC È®çúø’N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u §ÚLéπ ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’-çü¿-E.Å®·ûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-LqçC– Ééπ\úø à äéπ\-JØÓ, N’í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JûÓ §Ú©aôç ™‰ü¿’. ´’Ê£«-≠ˇ,Ææ-B-≠ˇ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω’ 1st set. -éÀ®Ω-ù˝, --Ω-ù˝ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω÷2nd set. Ééπ\úø comparison Ñ È®çúø’ sets of

players èπ◊. 鬕öÀd, DEo È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u§ÚL-éπ-í¬ØË BÆæ’éÓ¢√L.

Positive: Kiran and Charan were (atleast) as

great as they.

(éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝-©’ éπ-FÆæç -¢√-∞¡xç-ûª íÌ°æp-¢√-∞Ïx)5) The pitch this time was not faster than the

pitch last time (not faster - not + compara-

tive)

Positive: The pitch last time was (at least) as

fast as the pitch this time

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J °œ-î˝ èπÿú≈ Ñ≤ƒJ °œ-î˝ Åçûª¢Ëí∫--¢Á’içüË)

6) The Warangal team is no more a problem

for us than yesterday's team.

(no more a problem - no + comparative)

Much (positive) - more (comparative) - most

(superlative) (´÷èπ◊ ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç E†oöÀ -öÃç éπçõ‰áèπ◊\´ Ææ´’Ææu- é¬ü¿’)Positive: Yesterday's team was (at least) as

much a problem for us as the waran-

gal team

(E†oöÀ -öÃç, ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç Åçûª Ææ´’ÊÆu´÷èπ◊ = ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’) – Åçõ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’ ÅE.

7) Our captain is more confident than I (am) -

Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ captain áèπ◊\´ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ -ÖØ√oúø’ –comparative, not ™‰èπ◊çú≈, 鬕öÀd Positive ™not ´Ææ’hçC.

Positive: I am not so (as) confident as our

captain.

(؈’ ´÷ captain Åçûª N¨»y-Ææç-í¬-™‰†’.)Exercise: Practise the following aloud in

English

Pramada: F --vúÁÆˇ áçûª ¶«´¤ç-üÓ!Vasudha: F --vúÁÆˇ éπçõ‰ °ü¿l -àç ¶«í¬-™‰-ü¿’™‰.Pramada: éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ø√ --vúÁÆˇ F --vúÁÆˇ Åçûª Çéπ-®Ω-ùÃ-

ߪ’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ÂÆ-©éπ-Ø˛ F ÂÆ-©éπ-Ø˛

Åçûª-Ææ-Jí¬_ (proper) ™‰ü¿’. é¬E Ø√ --vúÁÆˇ F ü∆-E éπçõ‰ êK-üÁ-èπ◊\-´. Åçü¿’Í鶫üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o.

Vasudha: Å™«çöÀN ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√-®·™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊.Å®·ûË, Ééπ\-úø’†o ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J -vúÁÆæ’-™x FüËî√-™«- Åç-ü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿-E ØËE-°æp-öÀéà ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

Pramada: N†-ö«-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. é¬E ÅCEïç é¬ü¿’.

Vasudha: Éçûª- E-ñ«-®·--Bí¬ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ™‰†’.Answer:

Pramada: How beautiful your dress is!

Vasudha: (It is) not more beautiful than yours.

Pramada: Certainly my dress is not as/so

attractive as yours. My selection is

not so as proper as yours, but my

dress is more expensive than yours.

That makes me sad.

Vasudha: Such things happen. Don't worry.

But I still feel that yours is the best

of the dresses of all those/ the peo-

ple here.

Pramada: Good to hear that, but it is not true.

Vasudha: I have never been so (as) truthful /

honest as I am now.

I appreciate your confidence

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

207

v°æ ¡o. 'Æœçõ„é˙q— Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å©ç-é¬-®√-™‰Ø√?¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’--ñ‰-ߪ’ç-úÕ.

à¢Á’iØ√ v°æûËuéπ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√oߪ÷?èπ~◊ùoçí¬, Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.

– áÆˇ. ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü.˛

Syntax Åçõ‰ Å©ç-é¬-®√©’ é¬ü¿’.Syntax Åçõ‰ English ™E ¢√é¬u-

™xE ´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ (order of words - à ´÷ô´·çü¿÷, à ´÷ô ûª®√yûª ®√¢√L)†’ í∫’-Jç-*-†E•ç-üµ¿-†©’. É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπÿ ÉEo lessons ™†÷ -ûÁ-L-°œç-C ÉüËéπü∆? OöÀE í∫’Jç-* English story books,

Magazines ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*, Newspapers

(English), °ü¿l † -©©’ ™«çöÀN îªü¿- ôç ´©xEnglish ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC.

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Dhananjai: So, which school did you put your

son in, finally?

(*´-®Ωèπ◊ O’ ¢√-úÕ-E -à school ™ -îË-Jpç-î√-´¤?)

Lokeswar: In the Ambit Public School.

Dhananjai: Congrats. How could you ever

get him admission in that school?

It is one of the best schools in the

state.

(Ç Ææ÷\--™x -Å-úÕt-≠æ-Ø˛ ᙫ Ææ秃-Cç--î√-´¤? ®√≠æZç-™ -Ö-†o -Ö-ûªh-´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x -Å-üÌéπ-öÀ.)

Lokeswar: And one of the most expensive

too. My son has been selected in

the selection test. Very few admis-

sion tests he has taken are as

tough as this.

(Å´¤†’. Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™xèπÿú≈ -Å-üÌéπöÀ. ´÷¢√úø’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~™áç°œ-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’. -¢√úø’ ®√Æœ† °æK-éπ~™xéÌEo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Éçûª éπ-≠æd-¢Á’i-†N.)

Dhananjai: (Do) you mean he has taken as

number of admission tests?

(Åçõ‰ -O’ -Å-¶«s®· î√-™« v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~©’®√¨»-úøØ√ -F -Ö-üËl-¨¡uç?)

Lokeswar: What do you think? I have had five

transfers in the past nine years.

With every transfer he had to be

put in a new school, and that

meant an admission test.

(à-´’-†’èπ◊ç-ô’--Ø√o-´¤? Ñ -ûÌ-N’t-üË∞¡x-™Ø√èπ◊ -Å®·-ü¿’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x •CM Å®·çC.v°æA≤ƒ-K éÌûªh -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™ îË®√aLq ´îËaC.

Åçõ‰ v°æA-≤ƒK ã v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-Kéπ~ ®√ÊÆ-¢√-úø’)Dhananjai: How good is he at studies?

(O’ ¢√úø’ á--™« îªü¿’- ¤-û√úø’?)Lokeswar: Quite bright, I must say. Certainly

brighter than most other students

his age or class. He has had no

difficulty getting admission in the

best schools.

(ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úøØË ÅØ√L. ¢√úÕ- ûª®Ωí∫-A,

¢√-úÕ ´ßª’-Ææ’q- ¢√-∞¡x™ î√-™« -´’çCéπçõ‰ûÁL--¢Áj†-¢√úË. -Ñ é¬®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª’u-ûªh´’§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç §Òçü¿-í∫-Lí¬úø’)

Dhananjai: I see that. That he got a seat in

Ambit school shows that. Wish

him all the best.

(Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª÷ØË ÖçC. Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™Æ‘-ô’ ®√´-ô¢Ë’ -Å-ûª-ØËç-ö ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C).

Lokeswar: Tomorrow is his birthday. How

about attending it?

( Í®°æ¤ ¢√úÕ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -´≤ƒh´¤ éπü∆.)

Dhananjai: Tomorrow? I should very much

like to, but tomorrow is a friday.

On fridays, I am busier than most

other days. I'll try to come, but

don't look for me. Anyway, many

happy returns of the day.

(Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-©ØË ÖçC, é¬F Í®°æ¤ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç. -N’-T-L-†®Ó-V--©-ûÓ -§Ú-LÊÆ-h ؈’ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√-®√©’ î√™«- G-@. Å®·-

Ø√ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. - é¬-F -Ø√éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úÌü¿’l. É™«çöÀ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V-©’ î√-™« -ï®Ω’°æ¤éÓ-¢√©EéÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)Lokeswar: Thank you.

Compare sentences (a) and (b) below:a) Kolkata is the largest city in India

( ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-†-í∫®Ωç éÓ™ -éπû√)- superlative degree.b) Bangalore is one of the largest cities in

India.

(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x- ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ) –– superlative.a), b) È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ superlative ™ ÖØ√o®·. Å®·ûË(a) ™ the largest Åçô’Ø√oç – Åçõ‰ éÓ™ -éπû√ ÅEo†í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC -Å-E -Å®Ωnç.(b) ™ Bangalore is one of the largest Åçô’Ø√oç– Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™E (Åûªuçûª) °ü¿l-†-í∫-®√™x -¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’äéπöÀ Åçô’Ø√oç. The best, the largest, the tallest, etc.

É™«çöÀ¢√öÀéÀ comparatives, positive ᙫ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.

One of the best (Åûªuçûª ¢Ë’-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ-™ äéπöÀ),One of the largest (Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-¢√-öÀ™ äéπöÀ),ņo-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀéÀ Positive, Comparative ᙫÖçö«ßÁ÷ É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷ü∆lç. é¬F äéπ ´·êuN≠æߪ’ç– §ÚL-éπ©’ °æJ-Q-Lç-îªôç, îÁ°æpôç (´Ææ’h- ¤©÷, uèπ◊h©ûª®Ω-ûª ’ ¶µ‰ü∆©’)- Éç-Tx-≠æfl™ ÆæçéÀx-≠ædç (Complex)í¬ -Öç-ô’ç-C. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Å-™« Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç´÷´‚©’í¬ ´÷ö«xúË, ®√ÊÆ ûÁ©’í∫’™ Superlative,

Comparatives èπ◊ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ °æü∆©’ ™‰ ¤ éπü∆.Öü∆: Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸™ -Ö-†o †í∫-®√™x £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛

°ü¿lC (Superlative), N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√© éπçõ‰ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ °ü¿lC (Comparative), à †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’. ÅE ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™-Åç-ö«ç. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. Three degrees ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç '°ü¿lC— -Å-ØË -´÷-ô-ØË Åçô’Ø√oç. -Éç-Tx-≠æfl™™«, big, bigger,

biggest ÅE äÍé ´÷ôèπ◊ degree E •öÀd ´‚úø’®Ω÷§ƒ©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Öç-úø-´¤ éπü∆. Åûªuçûª °ü¿lC, ÅA°ü¿l ÅØË ´÷ô© ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùçé¬ü¿’. ÅD é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -áEo ®Ω鬩 §ÚL-éπ-©’Ø√o, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÓ ´÷ô éπ-*a-ûªçí¬ -¢√-úø’û√ç. é¬F ¢√éπuç É™« Öçú≈L ÅØË E•ç-üµ¿-†©’

ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -™‰- ¤. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ -Ççí∫x¶µ«-≠æ-™ î√™« -E-•ç-üµ¿-†-©’ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’-éπE à ®Ωéπç §ÚL-éπ†’ à degree ™á™« îÁ§ƒp-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

Now look at the following sen-tences from the conversation atthe beginning of the lesson

1) It is one of the best schools in the state.

(®√≠æZç™E Öûªh´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x ÉC äéπöÀ)–superlative

2) And one of the most expensive too.

(Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x èπÿú≈ äéπöÀ)3) Very few admission tests... are as tough as

this (positive)

4) He is certainly brighter than most other stu-

dents of his class or age (comparative)

5) ... I am busier tomorrow than on most other

days. (comparative).

É°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 §ÚLéπ© -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç:(-õ‰-•’-™¸ 1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)

É°æ¤púø’ ´’† Ææ-ç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù™E degrees transfor-

mation to other degrees îª÷ü∆lç.

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC...

a) The + superlative ÅE ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ compara-

tive ™ than any other / all other ´Ææ’hçC.Positive ™ No other ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº- ’´¤-ûª’çC.-

b) One of the + superlative ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ compar-

ative ™ than most other ´Ææ’hçC. Very few

ûÓ Positive v§ƒ®Ω綵º- ’´¤-ûª’çC. very few ûÓv§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº- ’ßË’u positive- ™ as + positive + as

´÷vûª-¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. so + positive + as ®√ü¿’.

Carefully observe the following conver-

sation between Satish and Naresh

Satish: This is one of the greatest movies I've

seen recently.

Naresh: I agree. Very few recent movies are

as great as this.

Satish: The photography in the movie is better

than that in most other recent movies.

Naresh: But the songs in the movie

are not sweeter than the

songs in 'Kalalu'.

Satish: (Do) you mean that songs in

'Kalalu' are sweeter than the

songs in the movie.

Naresh: I Don't mean that. The songs in

'Kalalu' are as sweet as the songs in

this.

Satish: You are one of the best singers in our

College. I do not have the knowledge

of music you have / my knowledge of

music is not so (as) good as yours.

Naresh: Very few songs are as good as

'Vasantaragam' in 'Kalalu' It is a mov-

ing song.

Satish: True. I like it too.-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

-v°æ-¨¡o-: This diversity is seen not onlyamong the plants belonging to dif-ferent groups but also thosebelonging to the same group.

°j ¢√éπuç™ is ûª®√yûª seen Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’. present continuous ™verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷-§ƒEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-

´î√a?-ûÁ-©°æí∫--©®Ω’?áç. ü∆L-Ø√-ߪ·úø’, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç

ï-¢√-•’: Ééπ\úø seen ÅØËC present continuoustense é¬ü¿’. present simple / present indefinite.present continuous tense ™ verb form-

am seeing / is seeing / are seeing.

is seen-ÉC present simple, passive voice-îª÷úø-•-úø’-ûÓçC ÅØË Å®Ωnç™.This diversity is seen = Ñ ¢ÁjNüµ¿uçîª÷úø•úø’ûª’çC (Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îª÷≤ƒhç ÅE)is seen- is (be form) + seen ( verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷°æçÅçõ‰ past participle) - voice, passive.

I Type

Superlative: Kolkata is the largest

city in India.

Comparative: Kolkata is larger than

any other city / all other cities in India.

Positive: No other city in India is

so (as) large as Kolkata.

Superlative: éÓ™¸éπû√ ÅEo †í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC

Comparative: N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√-©- éπçõ‰

éÓ™¸éπû√ °ü¿lC (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™)

Positive: à Éûª®Ω †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ éÓ™¸éπû√

Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬-ü¿’.

II Type

Bangalore is one of the largest cities in

India.

Bangalore is larger than most other

cities in India.

Very few cities in India are

as large as Bangalore.

--Å-ûªuç-ûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ

î√™« †í∫-®√-©- éπç-õ‰ ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ °ü¿lC

à éÌCl †í∫-®√-™ ¶„çí∫∞¡⁄®Ωçûª °ü¿lN

(-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™)

208

Table- 1

Comparative

It is better than most other

schools in the state.

... and more expensive than

most other schools.

This is tougher than most other

tests.

He is certainly brighter than most

other students. (lesson ™E sen-

tence)

I am busier tomorrow than on

most other days. (lesson ™Esentence)

Superlative

It is one of the best schools in the

state. (lesson ™ É*a† sentence)

... and one of the most expensive

too. (lesson ™ É*a† sentence)

This is one of the toughest tests.

He is certainly one of the brightest

students.

Tomorrow is one of the days I am

the busiest on.

Positive

1) Very few schools in the

state are as good as this.

2) Very few schools are as

expensive as this.

3) Very few admission tests

are as tough as this. (les-

son ™E sentence)

4) Very few students are as

bright as he (is).

5) On very few days am I as

busy as I am tomorrow.

What do you think?

M. SURESAN

Tarun: Hi Saran, you are not the earliest toclass, are you?

(Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ class èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´*açC†’´¤y é¬ü¿’-í∫ü∆?)

Saran: Sarika and some others were earlierthan me. I was not later than they(were)/them by more than ten min-utes.

(≤ƒJéπ, ÉçéÌç-ü¿®Ω’ Ø√éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’´î√a®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ؈’ °æC EN’-≥ƒ©éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ç©Ææuç é¬ü¿’.)

Tarun: Sarika isn't always the earliest tocome?(á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿®Ω ´îËa ¢√∞¡x™ ≤ƒJéπÖçô’ç-C-éπü∆?)

Saran: No, she isn't. In fact, she is notamong those who are the earliest.

(é¬ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ ´îËa-¢√-∞¡x™x ÅÆæ-™«¢Á’Öçúøü¿’.)

Tarun: You were thinking of buying a bike.You had better buy now. It is on saleat a discountand is cheaperthan before.

(†’¢ËyüÓ bikeéÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆.É°æ¤púË é̆ôç´’ç*C. Discount ™ Å´·t-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰É°æ¤púø’ éπ.)

Saran: It is not the cheapest now.It is going to be cheaperstill. I'll wait for anothermonth.

(É°æ¤púø’ Åçûª ûªèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’. Éçé¬ îª´-éπ-´-¶-ûÓçC. ÉçéÓ ØÁ™«-í∫’û√.)

Tarun: Yes. Some other brands will then beas cheap as this or even cheaper.

(Å´¤ØËx. ´’J-éÌEo company © bikesÉçûª -í¬_†÷ Öçö«®·, Éçé¬ îª´-í¬_†÷Öçö«®·.)

Saran: Moreover some other matters aremore important for me than the bikenow.

(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ bike éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i†N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®· Ø√èπ◊.)

Tarun: (So) you mean a bike has the leastpriority now.

(Åçõ‰ F v§ƒ´·-ë«u稻™x bike *´-J-ü¿ç-ö«¢√?)

Saran: There are other more important mat-ters.

(ÅE é¬ü¿’. é¬E Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®·.)

Tarun: When you decide to buy just let meknow. I know the dealer. We can getsome concession.

(†’´¤y éÌØ√-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰®·. Ø√éÓ dealer ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’†èπ◊é¬Ææh ûªT_ç°æ¤ üµ¿®Ω-éÌ-Ææ’hçC.)

Saran: Thank you.

You observe that the conversation abovehas mostly negative sentences. There are,among them, superlatives, comparativesand positives too. Now before we studythem look at the following sentences.

a) Madanapalle is not the coolest place in A.P= Adjective - the coolest - degree superla-tive - Å®·ûË Ñ sentence ™ superlative´·çü¿’ not í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ñ sentence Å®Ωnç:Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x Åûªuçûª xE v°æü˨¡çé¬ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆.Åçõ‰, ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x éÌEo Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o x-E-C-é¬ü¿’ ÅE– ÉC comparative.

Madanapalle is not cooler than some otherplaces in A.P.

DEéÀ positive:

Some other places in A.P. are as cool asMadanpalle = -á.°œ.™ éÌEoîÓô’x ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„xÅçûª x-EN.

b) That is not the tallest tree in the garden.

(Ç ûÓô™-E ÅEo îÁôx™ ÅC áèπ◊\´ §Òúø-¢ÁjçCé¬ü¿’)– not the tallest (not + superlative)

The tree is not taller than some other treesin the garden.

(Ç ûÓô™ N’í∫û√ éÌEo îÁôx-éπØ√o ÉC §Òúø-¢ÁjçCé¬ü¿’)not taller than someother - comparative.

Some other trees in

the garden are as tall

as the tree.

(ûÓô-™E éÌEo îÁô’x, Ç îÁôdçûª§Òúø´¤Ø√o®·.)

c) Some other novels are as good as'You only live Twice'

(éÌEo Éûª®Ω novels, 'you only liveTwice' Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·)As good as - degree - positive

DEéÀ comparative

"you only live Twice" is not better than some

other novels ('You only live Twice' éÌEo Éûª®Ωnovels éπçõ‰ Åçûª ¶«Ííç Öçúøü¿’).

superlative

'You only live Twice' is not the best novels.

(You only live Twice' ÅEo-öÀ™ Öûªh- ’-¢Á’i†novel é¬ü¿’)

Now look at the following sentences from

the conversation at the beginning of the

lesson.

1) You are not the earliest to the class.

2) Sarika and some others were earlier than

me.

3) It is cheaper than before.

4) Sarika is not always the earliest to come.

5) It is not the cheapest now.

6) Some other brands are going to be as

cheap as this or even cheaper.

7) Moreover some other matters are more

important for me than the bike now.

8) ... the bike has the least priority now?

9) there are other more important matters.

All the sentences above are more or less

the same pattern. Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†çîª÷Æœ† not the best/ greatest, etc èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N. OöÀéÀ other degrees îª÷ü∆lç.

äéπ ´·êu-N-≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: É™« äéπdegree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç ãexercise í¬ practice îËߪ’ôç ´©x confusionûª°æp Spoken English improve é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’regular í¬ Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-®Ω-†’-éÓçúÕ, Å°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÃd, à degree ™á™« îÁ§ƒp™ O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. English Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø™«x ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´·êuç. É´Fo¢√ôçûªô Å¢Ë ûÁL-Æœ-§Ú-û√®·. îªü¿-´ôç ´©xèπÿú≈ ÉçTx≠ˇ ´Ææ’hçC.

Now study the following conversation:

Sindhu: Congrats Rahul, your team won thematch yesterday. You played thebest of all. You scored more runsthan any other member of your team.

(-E-†o O’ team ÈíL-*çC. Åçü¿-J™†’´¤y ¶«í¬ Çú≈´¤. N’í∫-û√-¢√-∞¡x-éπØ√o†’¢Áy-èπ◊\´ °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’ B¨»´¤.)

Rahul: Unfortunately, I could not bowl aswell as Ganesh. He took more wick-ets than I did.

(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠æd- - »ûª÷h Ganesh Åçûª ¶«í¬bowl îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ø√éπçõ‰ Åûª-ØÁ-èπ◊\´ wickets BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)

Sindhu: Your captain played the worst of all.His single digit score shows that.

(Åçü¿®Óx Åüµ∆y-†çí¬ ÇúÕçC O’ Èé°dØË.ÅûªE äéπ ÅçÈé score ü∆EéÀ û√®√\ùç)

Rahul: He hasn't been in form of late.Otherwise he plays better than mostof us.

(Åûª-F- ’üµ¿u Åçûª form ™ ™‰úø’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰´÷™ î√™«-´’çC éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ¶«í¬ Çúø-û√úø’.)

Sindhu: But he didn't play so well in the earli-er match either.

(é¬F Åûª†’ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ match™†÷ Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆)

Rahul: That's true. But once he regains form,very few of us can play as well as he.

(Eï¢Ë’. é¬E ´’Sx form ™ éÌî√a-úøçõ‰´÷vûªç ´÷™ à éÌCl-´’çüÓ Åûª-†çûª¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫©ç)

Sindhu: Wish him the best.

Look at the following sentences from theconversation above:

1) You played the best of all.

2) You scored more runs than any other mem-ber of your team.

3) ... I could not bowl as well as Ganesh.

4) He took more wickets than I did.

5) Your captain played the worst of all.

6) ... he plays better than most of us.

7) But he didn't play so well in the earliermatch either.

8) ... very few of us can play as well as he.

°j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈ §ÚL-éπ-©’-Ø√o®·éπü∆– ÅFo ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©†’ í∫’JçîË. Å®·ûË Ñsentences ™ ´Ææ’h-´¤©/ ´uèπ◊h© í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†÷,≤ƒ´’-®√nu-©†÷ é¬éπ ´uèπ◊h© °æEB®Ω’†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-´’E í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. äÍé °æEE Éü¿l®Ω÷,Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´uèπ◊h©’, äéπ-J-éπçõ‰ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’¶«í¬ î˨»®√, ûªèπ◊\´ î˨»®√ ÅØËC §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç.Åçõ‰ ÉC comparison of adverbs, compari-son of adjectives é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ degrees ofcomparison, adjectives Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈, adverbsèπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†çstudy îËÆœçC comparison of adjectives.Ééπ´·çü¿’ ´’†ç °æJ-Q-Lç-îËC, degrees of com-parison of adverbs.

(adverb Åçõ‰, verb ûÁLÊ° °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçCÅE ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç)You played the best of all - Ééπ\úø verb,played = Çú≈´¤. Ç Çúøôç ᙫ ïJ-TçC?Answer: the best. 鬕öÀd best ÅØËC Ééπ\úøadverb.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 6 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

It is cheaper than before

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 209-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

positive

1. Some others are as earlyto class as you.

2. I was not early as Sarikaand some others.

3. It was not as cheap beforeas it is now.

4. Some others are alwaysas early as Sarika.

5. It is not as cheap as it wasearlier.

6. Some other brands aregoing to be as cheap asthis. (É*a† sentence)

7. The bike is not as impor-tant for me as some othermatters.

8. No other matter has as lit-tle priority as the bike.

9. Some other matters are asimportant as this.

comparative

You are not earlier than someothers to class.

Sarika and some others wereearlier than me. (É*a† sentence)

It is cheaper than before (É*a†sentence)

Sarika is not always earlier thansome others.

It is not cheaper now than before.

This is not going to be cheaperthan some other brands.

Some other matters are moreimportant for me than the bikenow. (É*a† sentence)

The bike has less priority thanany other matter

There are other more importantmatters than this. (É*a† sen-tence)

superlative

You are not the earliest toclass. (É*a† sentence)

I was not the earliest.

No superlative.

Sarika is not always the ear-liest. (É*a† sentence)

It is not the cheapest now.(É*a† sentence)

This is not going to be thecheapest of brands.

The bike is not among/ notone of the most importantmatters for me.

The bike has the least prior-ity now. (É*a† sentence)

This is not the most impor-tant matter.

[little (positive) - less (comparative) - least (superlative)]

Komal: Visal, doesn't Ramana speak Englishthe best of all of us in the class?

(Class ™ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ English ¶«í¬´÷ö«x-úËC Ramana éπü∆)

Vishal: Yes; he does. (Å´¤†’)Komal: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?)

Why so = áçü¿’-éπ™«?; Why not? = áçü¿’èπ◊é¬ü¿’? Ñ expressions conversation ™î√™« common. O’®Ω÷ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ.

Vishal: From the beginning he has studied inEnglish medium, that too, in verygood schools. Moreover, he readsmore than any one of us.

(¢Á·ü¿-öÀ†’ç* Åûªúø’ îªC-NçC Englishmedium ™, ÅD ´’ç* English medi-um schools ™, ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-éπçõ‰Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.)

That too = ÅC èπÿú≈.

Komal: What does heread? Howmuch does heread?

(àç îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’? áçûªîªü¿’-´¤-û√-úøç-ö«´¤?)

Vishal: For one thing, he reads the Englishnews paper daily. He reads too, a lotof fiction in English. He reads quiteoften English news magazines too.

(äéπ-õ‰-N’-ôçõ‰ ®ÓW English newspaperîªü¿’- ¤-û√úø’. Éçé¬ English †´-©©’, éπü∑∆-E-éπ©÷ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. ûª®Ωîª÷ English newsmagazines èπÿú≈ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.)

fiction = °∂œéπØ˛ – '°∂œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç –éπ©p†– éπLpç-*† éπü∑¿©’ – novels († -©©’),short stories (éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’) ™«çöÀN.

Komal: (Do) you mean he speaks English so

well because of his reading?

(Åçõ‰ †’´y-ØËC Å™« îªü¿-´ôç ´©xØËEnglish Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøç-ö«¢√?)

Vishal: Exactly. Reading English helps youmore than a thorough study of gram-mar.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ví¬´’®˝èπ~◊ùoçí¬ Å¶µºu-Æœç-îªôç éπçõ‰, îªü¿- ôçáèπ◊\´í¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.)

thorough = ü∑¿®Ó = èπ~◊ùo-¢Á’i†Komal: The language of the English newspa-

pers is difficult to understand, isn't it?

How then does it help?

(English newspapers English Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠ædçí¬ Öçô’çC. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅüÁ™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC?)

Vishal: Ramana says he began with shortnews items, and then went on tonews stories.

(¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô *†o ¢√®√hç-¨»-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*, Ç ûª®√yûª °ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√®Ωh© reports

îªC-¢√-†E ®Ω´’ù ÅØ√oúø’)

Komal: He certainly works harder than any of

us. At the same time he plays games

better than us too. Remember he

scored higher than any other member

of our team in the last match.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åûªúø’ ´’†-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’-°æ-úø-û√úø’. Å™«Íí games ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†-éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ¢Á’®Ω’Íí. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ match ™´’† team ™ Éûª®Ω players éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬score î˨»úø’).

Vishal: Here he is. Let's spend some timewith him.

(ÉCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Åûª-úÕûÓí∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç)

í∫-ûª lesson ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, degrees of

comparison äéπ\ adjectives Íé é¬ü¿’, adverbs

èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E. Adverbs Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. verb, subject îËÊÆ °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Çverb îËÊÆ °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ™«çöÀ N´-®√-©†’ûÁLÊ°-´÷ô adverb.

He plays well. Ééπ\úø verb - plays. ᙫÇúø-û√úø’? ÅØË verb (ûÁLÊ° °æE)éÀ v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÊÆh,Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç well éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE well, adverb

Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéπ sentence ™ äéπ ´÷ô îËÊÆ °æEE•öÀd, ÅC noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., OöÀ™xàC ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-î√Lq Öçô’çC.This is a fast train.

Ééπ\úø ᙫçöÀ train? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊, fast train ÅØËCï¢√•’. 鬕öÀd fast, adjective.

A Cheetah runs fast.

(*®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æ®Ω’-Èí-ûª’h-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø runs,

verb. How does it run? ÅØË question èπ◊ fast,

answer 鬕öÀd fast ÅØËC adverb. Åçõ‰ –1) ᙫçöÀ, ᙫç-öÀC (äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ) ÅØË

v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ ´îËa-´÷ô Adjective.

2) °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ answer í¬ ´îËa´÷ô Adverb.

Ñ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰degrees of comparison á°æ¤púø’ Adjectives èπÿ,á°æ¤púø’ adverbs èπÿ ÅØËC Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.

a) Australia plays best of all teams in the world.

(v°æ°æç-îªç-™E ÅEo ïôx™ ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ïô’dÅûªuçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø’-ûª’çC.)í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– Ééπ\úø 'best'- adverb, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰,plays ÅØË verb °æEE ᙫíÓ N´-J-≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd.(Note: Superlative degree of the adjective

´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈-©E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.Å®·ûË superlative degree of the adverb

´·çü¿’ the Åçûª °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕûË ´’ç*üË,¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.)°j sentence ™ adverb, superlative degree

™ ÖçC éπü∆? ÉC superlative of 'well'. É°æ¤úø’ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ.

b) Tendulkar plays better than any other/ all

other players = õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ à Éûª®Ω player/

N’í∫û√ players éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Çúø-û√úø’.Ééπ\úø better, comparative degree of well

c) No other player hits the ball so/ as well as

Dhoni= ÉçÍé Éûª®Ω player èπÿú≈ üµÓE Åçûª¶«í¬ ball †’ éÌôdúø’. Ééπ\úø adverb, well-

positive.

good= ´’ç* (adjective) better (comparative)

well= ¶«í¬ (adverb) best (superlative)

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A Adjective Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰,adverb Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰.1) Tendulkar bats better than Sehwag.

(ÉC Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË §ÚLéπ – Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’– ÉCcomparative degree) DEéÀ superlative

Öçúø-ü¿’-éπü∆. Positive ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’,Tendulkar, Sehwag Ê°®Ω’x û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·;not ´Ææ’hçC.Sehwag does not bat (bats + not = does

not bat) so (as) well as Tendulkar

2) Bret Lee does not bowl faster than Shoaib

Akthar- comparative degree. (Bret Lee,

Shoaib Akthar Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ bowl îËߪ’úø’) –§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµËu, not ÖçC. DEéÀ superlative

™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. Positive ™ not ®√ü¿’, subjects

Lee, Akthar © positions û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·.Positive: Shoaib Akthar bowls (at least) as

fast as Bret Lee. (Shoaib Akthar éπFÆæç Bret

Lee Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ bowl îË≤ƒhúø’)Adverb degree ´îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’, do, does, did ©Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L.Eg: 1) Steve played more matches than Mark.

(Mark éπçõ‰ Steve áèπ◊\´ matches Çú≈úø’)– ÉC comparative. verb - played. DEo pos-

itive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, played + not = did not

play Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ positive.

Mark did not play as/ so many games as

Steve. (Steve ÇúÕ-†Eo games Mark Çúø-™‰ü¿’)2) Krishna reads faster than Ravi

(®Ω-N éπçõ‰ éπ%≠æg ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’)

– ÉC Comparative. verb - reads. DEo pos-

itive èπ◊ ´÷JÊÆh, not ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – reads + not = does not

read.

Positive degree: Ravi does not read so/ asfast as Krishna. (Krishna Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ®ΩNîªü¿- úø’)

3) Kites fly faster than crows.

(é¬èπ◊© éπçõ‰ í∫ü¿l©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ áí∫’-®Ω’-û√®·)Comparative. verb - fly. Comparative ™not ™‰ü¿’. Positive ™ ´Ææ’hçC. verb - fly. fly+ not = do not fly.

Positive: Crows do not fly so/ as fast askites.

Now look at the following sentences from theconversation at the beginning of the lesson.

1) Doesn't Ramana speak English the best ofall of us in the class? (superlative degree ofthe adverb)

2) He reads more than any of us.

(comparative degree)

3) Reading English helps you more than astudy of grammar (comparative)

4) He certainly works harder than any of us.(comparative)

5) At the same time, he plays games betterthan us too. (comparative)

6) He scored higher than any other member ofour team. (comparative)

Exercise: OöÀéÀ Éûª®Ω degrees practise îËߪ’çúÕ.Answer:

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 8 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Why so?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 210-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

superlative

1. Doesn't Ramana speakEnglish the best of all of us?(É*a† sentence)

2. Of all of us he reads the most.

3. No superlative.

4. He certainly works hardest ofall of us.

5. Of all of us, he plays gamesbest.

6. He scored highest of all of us.

comparative

Doesn't Ramana speakEnglish better than any ofus?

He reads more than any ofus. (É*a† sentence)

Reading helps us more thana study of grammar. (É*a†sentence)

He certainly works harder thanany of us. (É*a† sentence)

He plays games better thanus too. (É*a† sentence)

He scored higher than anyother member of our team.

positive

Does any of us speakEnglish so well asRamana?

None of us reads as muchas he (reads/ does)

A study of grammar doesn'thelp us so much as/ asmuch as reading.

None of us work as/ sohard as he, certainly.

We don't play games sowell as/ as well as he.

No other member of ourteam scored so/ as high ashe.

Adjective Å®·Ø√, adverb Å®·Ø√, äéπ degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A äéπõ‰.

positive

1. Adjective

No other team in the world isso/ as good as Australia.

Adverb

No other team in the worldplays so/ as well as Australia.

2. Adjective

Very few teams in the worldare as good as Australia.

Adverb

Very few teams in the worldplay as well as Australia.

comparative

Australia is better than any(all) other team (teams) inthe world.

Australia plays better thanany other team/ all otherteams in the world.

Australia is better than mostother teams in the world.

Australia plays better thanmost other teams in theworld.

superlative

Australia is the best teamin the world.

Australia plays best of allteams in the world.

Australia is one of the bestteams in the world.

No proper superlative.

Chandan: Of the two who do you find the

better- Sekhar or Srikar?

(Ç Éü¿l-J™, Åçõ‰ ¨Ïê®˝, Xéπ-®˝™ á´®Ω’¢Á’®Ω’-í∫ç-ö«´¤?/ á´®Ω’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-E-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?)

Santhan: Difficult to say. Each has his

virtues and defects. Srikar is the

more intelligent but Sekhar is the

more industrious.

(îÁ°æpôç éπ≠ædç. Éü¿l-J™ éÌEo ´’ç*í∫’ù«©÷ ÖØ√o®·, éÌEo üÓ≥ƒ©÷ÖØ√o®·.)

Virtue = ´îª÷u– '´— bird ™ '•— ™« ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç– Å®Ωnç – Ææ’í∫’ùç. Gandhi was a

man of virtue = í¬çDµ Ææ’í∫’-ù«©’ éπL-T† ´uéÀh.Chandan: And who is the more suitable for

this job then?

(Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† °æEéÀá´®Ω’ ûªT-†-¢√®Ω’?)

Santhan: Certainly Sekhar. He doesn't com-

plain about the work.

(¨ÏêÍ®. °æE N≠æߪ’ç™ complain

îËߪ’úø’.)Chandan: Has he to be

trained?

(ÅûªEÍé´’Ø√oPéπ~ùÉ¢√y™«?)

Santhan: I don't think

so. He has

two years' experience in the field.

(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ņ’-éÓ†’. Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™Åûª-EéÀ È®çúË∞¡x ņ’-¶µº´ç ÖçC.)

Chandan: How good is he at the job?

(Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç áçûª ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’?)

Santhan: He is as good as or even better

than any employee we have.

(É°æ¤púø’ ´’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o ÖüÓu-í∫’-©ç-ûª-é¬F,Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-é¬F ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uçÖ†o-¢√úø’.)

Good = ´’ç* – Éü¿-Ææ©’ Å®Ωnç. é¬F ûÁ©’-í∫’™'´’ç*—-™«-í¬ØË, 'good' èπÿú≈ î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™xàü¿-®·Ø√ ã N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ íÌ°æp/ Ææ´’-®Ω’n-™„j†/≤ƒ´’®Ωn u-´·-†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

good actor = ´’ç* †ô’úø’– DE Å®Ωnç íÌ°æp†ô’-úøE. ÅçûË-í¬F ´’ç* í∫’ùçí∫© †ô’úø’ ÅEé¬ü¿’ éπü∆.

good at something = àüÁjØ√ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫©/¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ†.

He is good at maths = Åûª-EéÀ maths

¶«í¬ ´îª’a.

Chandan: Then let's appoint him. The soon-

er, the better. We've a lot of pend-

ing work.

(Å®·ûË ÅûªúËo Eߪ’-N’ü∆lç. áçûªûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË, Åçûª ´’ç*C. °æE ¶«í¬Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·çC.)

pending = °æ‹Jh-é¬E/ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷-Lq†

Santhan: What about the pay?

(´’J @ûªç Ææçí∫A?)

Chandan: Let's pay him more than what he

gets now in his present job?

(É°æ¤púø’ ÅûªE job ™ §Òçü¿’-ûª’†oü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-Nü∆lç).

Santhan: How much more? (áçûÁ-èπ◊\´?)

Chandan: Say Rs. 200/- (È®çúø’´çü¿-Lü∆lç.)

Say = îÁ°æpôç – ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç.

Ééπ\úø Say Åçõ‰ – ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

Santhan: We're going to appoint him. Better

sooner than later. I'll send the

appointment order today itself.

(ÅûªEo appoint îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ç îËÊÆ-üËüÓûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh †ßª’ç. Ñ®Óñ‰ appoint-

ment order °æç°æ¤û√)Chandan: O.K. Go ahead. (ÆæÍ®, é¬F.)

Go ahead = é¬F/ é¬E´¤y/ Ææ´’t-Aç-îªôç.Ram: I want to tell you something.

(Fèπ◊ ØËØÓ-N-≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)Sam: Go ahead. (é¬F/ îÁ°æp-®·ûË).ÉC English ™ common. O’®Ω÷ practice

îËߪ’çúÕ.

Comparative degree (adjective/ adverb)

Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ¢√úÕûË ´’† con-

versation î√™« Åçü¿çí¬, effective (v°æ¶µ«´çéπ©’-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆ-C)í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd Comparative

degree ¢√úø-ôç™ ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ´’†Spoken English ™ ¢√úøü∆ç:

a) The Giraffe is taller than any other landanimal. Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷îª®Ω ïçûª’- ¤© éπç-õ‰ Giraffe§Òúø’í∫’.Giraffe = 'ï—®√°∂ˇ – 'ï— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.Ééπ\úø §ÚLéπ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u.taller - comparative. taller ûª®√yûª than anyother (singular)/ than all other (plural) é¬E´Ææ’hçC éπü∆.

b) The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant =à†’í∫’ éπç-õ‰ Giraffe §Òúø’í∫’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈taller (comparative) ûª®√yûª than ´Ææ’hçC. ÉCèπÿú≈ comparative. Å®·ûË §ÚLéπ È®çúÕçöÀ´’üµËu. °j sentences (a), (b) ©™ i) compar-ative ûª®√yûª than ´≤ÚhçC. ii) comparative´·çü¿’ the ™‰ü¿’.

Now compare sentences (A) and (B) below:

Comparative †’ sentence B ™ ™«í¬ conver-

sation ™ î√™« ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ:1) Of the two girls, the one in the red dress is

the more beautiful = Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·™x, red

dress ™ Ö†o Å´÷t®· áèπ◊\´ Åçü¿çí¬ÖçC. (Comparative ûª®√yûª than ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀdcomparative ´·çü¿’, the.)

2) Between Bangalore and Hyderabad,Bangalore is the cooler =

Bangalore is cooler than Hyderabad.

3) Of (between) his two sons, the elder is thestronger = ÅûªE éÌúø’èπ◊Lü¿l®Óx °ü¿l-¢√úø’ •©-´ç-ûª’úø’. (The elder is the stronger of histwo sons ÅE èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa).

4) Pranav: How does he compare with hisfather?

ÅûªE ûªçvúÕûÓ Åûª-ØÁoç-ûª-´®Ωèπÿ §Ú©a-´îª’a? (Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ ûª† ûªçvúøçûªíÌ°æp-¢√ú≈? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.)

Sourav: The father is certainly the better.

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ûªçvúÕ éÌúø’-éπ\çõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.(Ééπ\úø - better - comparative.Better ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’† better´·çü¿’ the.)

Ééπ\úø compare ¢√úÕ† B®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.How does this car compare with imported

cars? = NüËQ cars ûÓ DØÁoç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-´îª’a? Åçûª íÌ°æpü∆? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Compare

É™« ¢√úøôç practice îËߪ’çúÕ.How does this CM compare with his pred-

ecessor? = Ñ ´·êu-´’ç-vAE ûª†èπ◊ ´·çü¿’†o´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-´îª’a?predecessor (v°‘úø-ÂÆÆæ/ v°úÕ-ÂÆÆæ. 'v°‘—E/ 'v°—EØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) = äéπ °æü¿N/ ≤ƒn†ç™ äéπ-JéÀ´·çü¿’†o ¢√∞¡x†’ predecessor Åçö«ç.eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the prede-

cessor of Rajasekhara Reddy = ®√ï-¨Ï-ê-®˝-È®úÕf´·çü¿J ´·êu-´’çvA îªçvü¿-¶«-•’-Ø√-ߪ·úø’.Predecessor X Successor (ûª®√yûª ´*a†¢√∞¡Ÿx – °æü¿-N™/ ≤ƒn†ç™)eg: YSR is the successor of Chandrababu

Naidu

5) Janaki: Is Rekha as good at dancing as

Suma?

(Rekha, Suma Åçûª ¶«í¬ dance

îËÆæ’hçü∆?)Devaki: No, Suma certainly dances the

better.

(é¬ü¿’, Æ撢˒, Í®ê éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’hçC)Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ better (comparative) ´·çü¿’,the ´Ææ’hçC.

Now look at the following sentences from theconversation at the beginning of the lesson:

1) Of the two, who do you find the better,

Sekhar or Srikar?

(Whom do you find the better? ÅØ√-©E éÌçü¿-®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. é¬F whom É™«çöÀîÓôx old fash-

ioned - É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-õ‰xü¿’)better - comparative ûª®√yûª than ™‰ü¿’ –鬕öÀd, better ´·çü¿’ the.

Å™«Íí conversation ™E éÀçC sentences ™comparative ´·çü¿’ the îª÷úøçúÕ– compara-

tive ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’-´©x.

2) Who is the more suitable for this job?

3) The sooner, the better =

áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË Åçûª ´’ç*C.É°æ¤púø’ sentence 3) ™«çöÀ comparative

sentences îª÷ü∆lç: Ééπ\úø, È®çúø’ compar-

atives °æéπ\ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. È®çúÕçöÀ´·çü¿÷ the ®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ.

a) The taller a player is, the better can he

play = véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’úø’ áçûª §Òúø’-ÈíjûË Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-©úø’.É™«çöÀ sentences, conversation ™practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

b) Prasad: How did our team play yester-

day?

(E†o ´’† team ᙫ ÇúÕçC?)

Pramod: The less we talk about it, the

better.

(ü∆E í∫’Jç* áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª-´’ç-*C – less -

comparative of little)

c) The higher a place, the colder it is =

äéπ v°æü˨¡ç áçûª á-ûÁj h-†-üÁjûË (Ææ´·-vü¿-´’ôd熒ç*) Åçûª xí¬ Öçô’çC.

d) The longer you walk, the healthier you

become =

†’´¤y áçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ †úÕÊÆh, Åçûª Ç®Ó-í∫u-´ç-ûª’-úÕ-´-´¤-û√´¤. =

†úÕ-*-†-éÌDl Ç®Óí∫uç áèπ◊\´.

Ñ English proverbs (≤ƒ¢Á’-ûª©’) îª÷úøçúÕ:

a) The nearer the temple, the farther

from god.

í∫’úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-®·† éÌDl, üË´¤-úÕéÀ ü¿÷®Ωç.Åçõ‰ í∫’úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx, á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√¢Á∞Ôx-a™‰ ÅE ÅÆæ©’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, Åçûª¶µºéÀh ™‰éπ-§Ú- a ÅE.

farther - comparative of far.

far = ü¿÷®Ω-¢Á’i†

b) The more you eat, the less you wish

to eat; the more you earn, the more

you wish to earn =

áèπ◊\´ A†o-éÌDl ûªèπ◊\´ AØ√-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC,áèπ◊\´ Ææ秃-Cç-*-†-éÌDl, Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´Ææ秃-Cç-î√-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC. (ÅçûË éπü∆!éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ† ûª®√yûª A†™‰ç. ÅüË úø•’s´Ææ÷h Öçü¿†’-éÓçúÕ, Ç, î√™‰x ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´÷? Éçé¬ é¬¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çö«ç)

c) The more, the merrier =

áçûª ´’çü¿-®·ûË, Åçûª Ææ®Ωü∆.

(°j ´‚úø’ English proverbs; O’conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ.)

ÉO comparative uses.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 10 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

He is as good as ..-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 211-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

Sentence A

The Giraffe is tallerthan the Elephant =à†’í∫’ éπØ√o Giraffe§Òúø’í∫’.

iii) Sentence A ™comparative ûª®√yûªthan ÖçC.

iv) Comparative´·çü¿’ the ™‰ü¿’.

v) Sentence subject,Giraffe ûÓ beginÅ®·çC.

Sentence B

Of (between) the Giraffeand the Elephant, theGiraffe is the taller =Giraffe, à†’í∫’, Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ Giraffe §Òúø’í∫’.

Sentence B ™ com-parative ûª®√yûª than™‰ü¿’.Comparative ´·çü¿’'the' ÖçC.Sentence, Of(between) ûÓ beginÅ®·çC.

i) È®çúø’ sentences ™†÷, degree, comparative

ii) È®çúø’ sentences ¶µ«´ç äéπõ‰, îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç ûËú≈, ÅçûË.

Prakash: What's wrong with you, Chum? Youappear run down nowadays.

(àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? Ñ ´’üµ¿u †’´¤yF®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπ∞¡-ûª°œp éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.)

Chum= ØËÆæhç. ´’†èπ◊ î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-úÁj†ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’.They are chums= ¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« v°œßª’-N’-vûª’©’.Chummy= î√™« ÊÆo£æ«çí∫©.He is chummy with the CM=

Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ î√™« ≤ƒEo-£œ«ûªuç/ÊÆo£æ«ç ÖçC.be run down= F®Ω-Æœç-îªôç.He is run down= Åûªúø’ F®Ω-Ææçí¬, EÊÆh-ïçí¬ÖØ√oúø’.É´Fo conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´îËa ´÷ô©’.¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ O’ Spoken English ™¢√úøçúÕ.

Prasad: Certainly I am not in the best ofhealth. I wish to see a doctor. Whodo you suggest? Is Dr KushalamOK?(Eï¢Ë’. ؈çûª Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ ™‰†’.Doctor †’ éπ©¢√©†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. àDoctor †’ éπ©-¢√©çö«´¤? Dr èπ◊¨¡©ç´’ç* ¢Ájü¿’u-úËØ√?)

Prakash: He is certainly OK. He is among thebetter doctors in the town. I knowhim well. Shall I take you to him?

(Ç -ú≈éπd®˝ ´’ç*-¢√úË. ´’† Ü∞x¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† -ú≈éπd®Ωx-™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπ\úø’. Åûªúø’Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’ E†’o BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á--∞¡Ø√?)

Prasad: When shall we see him then? Thisevening?

(Å®·ûË á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’ü∆lç Çߪ’-††’?Ñ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-ü∆l´÷?)

Prakash: Why not? This evening is as goodas any other time.

(áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’? á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’.)í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. This evening is as good as any other time=

Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç, Éûª®Ω Ææ´’--ߪ÷-™«xÍí ´’ç*üË.Åçõ‰ Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª-¢Á’iØ√ ´’ç*üË/ Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç¢Á∞«lç/ Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª¢Ë’ ¢Á∞«lç– ÉC O’ conver-sation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. üËFo ¢√®·-ü∆-¢Ë-ßÁ·ü¿’l ņ-ö«-E-éÀ™« ņçúÕ=Now is as good as any other time=

á°æ¤púÓ •ü¿’©’, É°æ¤púË îËÊÆ-ßÁ·-aí¬! ÅEPrasad: He appears to have good practice.

(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ î√™« ´’ç* practiceÖ†o-ô’dçC)

Prakash: What do you think? He has morepractice than any M.S. or M.D. Heis better at diagnosist than manyMDs.

(M.S, M.D. Ö†o doctors éπçõ‰Çߪ’-†èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ practice ÖçC. î√™«-´’çC MDs éπØ√o Çߪ’† ®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù-™î√™« ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’)

M.S. M.D. Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? MBBS ûª®√yûªSurgery/ Medicine Degrees.

Diagnosis= ®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù-Diagnosists - ®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù- îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx

Prasad: Then let's see him this evening.When is the best time?

Å®·ûË Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Çߪ’-††’ éπ©’ü∆lç.á°æ¤úø’ ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç?

best time= ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç= right time.

Prakash: We start at my place at 5. We cansee him at 6.(´÷ ÉçöÀ †’ç* Å®·ü¿’ í∫çô-©èπ◊¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. Ç®Ω’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ Çߪ’-††’éπ©’ü∆lç.)

Prasad: That's OK. Then I will be here at 5.(ÆæÍ®. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ âCç-öÀéÀ Ééπ\úø’çö«)

Degrees of comparison, äéπ grammar exer-cise í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Åçõ‰ äÍé sentence †’ ´‚úø’degrees ™ practice îËߪ’ôç é¬èπ◊çú≈ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd à degree, N’í∫û√ È®çúø’ degrees ûÓÆæç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ ¢√ú≈™, °j conversation™ study îËߪ’çúÕ. Lesson No. 210 ™ èπÿú≈ ÉüËpractice î˨»ç éπü∆. ´’†ç express îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊†o idea ´’†èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ àdegree ¢√ú≈L ÅØËC ´’†Íé ûªúø’-ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE´’† ¶µ«´ç Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ ´’†ç îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç èπÿú≈Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçô’çC. Å™« Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ à degree ¢√ú≈-©-ØËC, Ç™-*ç-îª-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ´’†èπ◊ ûªúø’-ûª’çC. Ñ les-son ™ ¢√úÕ† comparisons îª÷úøçúÕ.

Now look at the fol-lowing sentencesfrom the conversa-tion at the beginningof the lesson.

1) I am not in the bestof health, certainly.

(English ™ É™«çöÀexpressions î√™«ûª´÷≥ƒ Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀE N†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç äéπöÀ, usage ™ ¢√öÀ-èπ◊çúË Å®Ωnç ¢Ë®Ω’.)Ñ sentence ØË BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. ÉC N†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç: Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç Åûª’u-ûªh-´’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’é¬F, °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’ ÅE. Å®·ûË DE ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç,usage ™ 'Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç àç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’— ÅE. ãN≠æߪ’ç °æôx ´’†-èπ◊†o ´uA-Í®-éπûª†’ É™« ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰≤ƒhç. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ É™«çöÀ sentences ™ é¬Ææh´uçí∫uç èπÿú≈ Ææ’p¥J-Ææ’hçC. ´’J-éÌEo sentencesÉ™«ç-öÀ¢Ë îª÷ü∆lç.a) Suraj: What do you think of our hockey

team?

(´’† £æ…éà öÃç í∫’Jç* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’çàN’öÀ?)

Neeraj: Well, it is not the greatest teamin the world.

(Ñ sentence N†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîËÅ®Ωnç– Åûª’u-ûªh´’ ïôx™ äéπöÀ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√,°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. ÅÆæ---©’ -Å®Ωnç: ´’ç* ïõ‰dçé¬ü¿E, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æEéÀ®√E-ü¿E.)

b) She is not the most beautiful girl here, is she?

Ç¢Á’ °ü¿l Åçü¿-í∫ûËhç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? – ÉDÅÆæ-©®Ωnç. é¬F ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç Åçü¿®ÓxÅçü¿-í∫ûÁh é¬ü¿’, é¬F Åçü¿-í∫ûËh, ÅE– ÉCÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

2) He is among the better doctors in the town.Ñ °æôd-ùç-™E ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† doctors ™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπ\úø’. Åçõ‰ Éûªúø’ best doctor é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.é¬E Åçûª BÆœ-§ƒ-Ȯߪ’uü¿í∫_-¢√úËç é¬ü¿’ (Åçõ‰ Ñ°æôd-ùç-™E doctors †’, ´’ç*, °æE-éÀ-®√E ÅEÈ®çúø’ ûÁí∫-©’í¬ N¶µº->ÊÆh, Éûªúø’ ´’ç* ûÁí∫-™ÍéîË®Ω-û√úø’ ÅE)a) AP is among the bigger states in the

country.

ü˨¡ç™ °ü¿lN ņ-ü¿í∫_ ®√≥ƒZ™x -á.°œ.äéπ-ôE.

b) He is among the more popular actors on

the Telugu screen -

ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ áèπ◊\´ v°æñ«-Gµ- ÷-†- ·†o†ô’úø’ = °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’, ´’ç* †ô’úË ÅE.

3) He has more practice than any MS or MD =

à MS/ MD éπØ√o Åûª-E-Èé-èπ◊\´ practice ÖçC.More practice - ÉC comparative degree.

≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ comparative ûª®√yûª than any

other é¬F than all other é¬F ®√¢√L, È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’. é¬F Ñ Â°jsentence ™ than any MS or MD Åçô’Ø√oç– any ûª®√yûª other ™‰ü¿’. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ:Though, he is in the 7th class, he can speak

English better than any 10th class student =

Åûªúø’ 7th class Å®·Ø√, 10th class ¢√∞¡xéπç-õ‰English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’.Dçöx èπÿú≈ other ™‰ü¿’. Any other/ all other,äÍé ûÁí∫èπ◊ îÁçC† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú™‰a-ô-°æ¤púË¢√úøû√ç.°j sentence ™ 7th class student †’, 10thclass student ûÓ= Åçõ‰ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ®Ω鬩 N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE other ®√ü¿’. Å™«Íí,He has more practice than any MS/ MDÅçõ‰, Åûªúø’ MS/ MD é¬ü¿’ ÅE, Öûªh MBBSÅE Å®Ωnç.

a) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any

MS/ MD = MS, MD ©’†o doctors éπçõ‰Dr. Kushalam èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ practice ÖçC.(Åçõ‰ Dr. Kushalam MS/ MD é¬úø’ ÅE.)

b) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any

other MS/ MD = Éûª®Ω MS/ MD © éπçõ‰ ÅûªúÕpractice áèπ◊\´. (Åçõ‰ Dr. Kushalam èπÿú≈MS/ MD ÅE Å®Ωnç.)

c) A Chief Minister is more influential than any

Union Minister -

à Íéçvü¿-´’ç-vA-éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ Chief Minister áèπ◊\´°æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ Ö†o-¢√úø’.(Chief Minister, Union Minister äÍé ûÁí∫ é¬ü¿’.Åçü¿’-éπE any ûª®√yûª, other ™‰ü¿’.)

d) The Home Minister is more powerful than

any other minister = Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©éπçõ‰Home Minister ¨¡éÀh-´’ç-ûª’úø’. Home Minister,

Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’©÷ äÍé ûÁí∫ – Åçü¿’-éπE any other.

e) Shoiab Akthar is faster than any Australian

bowler. any other ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, Shoiab Akthar

Australian é¬úø’.f) Bret Lee is faster than any other Australian

bowler=

Éûª®Ω Australians éπçõ‰ Bret Lee, Fast. Any

other ÅØ√oç 鬕öÀd, Bret Lee èπÿú≈ Australian.

g) No Australian plays like Laxman.

h) No other Australian plays like Ponting.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Laxman, Australian é¬úø’, 鬕öÀdno other ņç, no ÅE Åçö«ç. Ponting

(sentence h) Australian. Åçü¿’-éπE, no other

Åçö«ç.i) Åûªúø’ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i-† †ô’© éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-îª

-í∫-©úø’ (Åçõ‰ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ωçí¬ Åûª†’ †ô’úø’ é¬úø’)=He acts better than any professional actor.

(Any other é¬ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i††ô’úø’ é¬ü¿’). ÉD Any/ no ûª®√yûª other

¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ´îËa Å®Ωnç.O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ á°æ¤úø÷ äÍé ûÁí∫ ¢√∞¡x†’/¢√öÀE §Ú©a®Ω’ éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ any/ noûª®√yûª other, ¢√úø-éπçúÕ.

4) Now is as good as any other time=

á°æ¤púÓ îËÊÆ •ü¿’©’ É°æ¤púË îËßÁ·îª’a éπü∆ ÅE.(N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷©’ áçûª ´’ç*¢Ó, É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Åçûª´’ç*üË ÅE.) ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo éÀçC-N-üµ¿çí¬ îÁ§Òpa.Now is the best time/ Now is better than anyother time/ no other time is so (as) good as now.

Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç ¢√úÕ† expressions ÅFo dailyconversation ™ ¢√úø-ü¿-T-†¢Ë. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 12 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ à -úÕ-vU?-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 212-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

Practise the following aloud in English.

Pratiksha: E†o match ™ -v°æ-ûª÷u-≠æ î√™« ¶«í¬ÇúÕçC éπü∆?

Niriksha: ûª†’ regular player é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√,regular players éπçõ‰ î√™« ¶«í¬ÇúÕçC.

Pratiksha: Å´-ûªL team captain í∫’Jç* FÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç àN’öÀ?

Niriksha: ûª†’ ´’ç* player ÅE ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.

(not/ neverûÓ superlative ¢√úøçúÕ)Pratiksha: -Ç-¢Á’-†’ ´’K ûªèπ◊\-´-îËÆœ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊.

¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† players ™ -Ç-¢Á’ -äéπ®Ω’.Niriksha: àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ûª†çûª íÌ°æp captain àç

é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?Pratiksha: Å™« ņèπ◊. Ç¢Á’ captaincy ™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx

ÈíL-*† games ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’.Niriksha: OK. äéπ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?Pratiksha: É°æ¤púË éπü∆ Ç¢Á’ ´’ç* player é¬ü¿E

ÅØ√o´¤.Niriksha: àüÓ ûª´÷-≥ƒ-éπ-Ø√o-†’™‰. Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰

Ø√éÀ≠æd¢Ë’.Pratiksha: á°æ¤púÓ áçü¿’èπ◊, É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«lç.

AnswerPratiksha: Pratyusha played very well in the

match yesterday. Didn't she?Niriksha: She is not a regular player, but she

played better than any regularplayer.

Pratiksha: What's your opinion of the captainof the opposite team?

Niriksha: I never thought her the best ofplayers.

Pratiksha: Don't undermine her so much. Sheis certainly among the better play-ers.

Niriksha: Whatever it is, she is certainly notthe greatest of captains, is she?

Pratiksha: Don't say that. The games theteam has won under her captaincyare not a few.

Niriksha: OK. Shall we meet her once?Pratiksha: You've just said she isn't a great

player.Niriksha: I was just joking. I do like her.Pratiksha: Why any other time? Let's meet

her now. Now is as good as anyother time.

Bharat: Sarat, Vasanth has yet to come. He islate most of the days.

(¨¡®Ωû˝, ´Ææçû˝ Éçé¬ ®√™‰ü¿’. ¢√úø’ áèπ◊\´®ÓV©’ Ç©-Ææuç-í¬ØË ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’)

Sarat: Yesterday he was even later than theday before.

(¢Á·†oöÀ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ E†o Éçé¬ Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC)

Bharat: Isn't he the last to come to class mostof the days?

(áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’ Åçü¿-J™ Ç©-Ææuçí¬(*´®Ωí¬) ´îËaü¿ûª-ØË-éπü∆?)

Sarat: That he is. I don't know what his prob-lem is.

(Åûª-†çûË. ÅûªE Ææ´’-ÊÆuçö ûÁL-ߪ’úø癉ü¿’)

(That he is = Å´¤†’, Åûª-†çûË. That he is -ÅØËC èπÿú≈ conversational)

Bharat: I think his mother is ill most of thetime and delays packing his lunch.

(¢√∞¡x-´’tèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í∫’ç-úø-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.Åûª-úÕéÀ carrier ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’ôç Ç©-Ææu-´’- ¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«)

Sarat: Hasn't he a sister? She can help hismother.

(Åûª-úÕéÀ sister ÖçC éπü∆? Ç¢Á’ ¢√∞¡x-´’tèπ◊Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø-´îª’a.)

Bharat: Is she his elder or younger? I thinkshe is younger than he and she goesto school too.

(Ç¢Á’ ÅûªúÕ Åé¬\, îÁ™„x™«? îÁ™„x-©-†’-èπ◊çö«,ûª†’ èπÿú≈ Ææ÷\©’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûÓçC)

Sarat: That's a pity.

Bharat: To add to all this, his dad is most ofthe time on camp. His poor mom hasto take care of everything.

(Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ ûÓúø’, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o áèπ◊\´Æ洒ߪ’ç camps ™ Öçö«úø’. ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’tÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq ´Ææ’hçC.)

To add to all this = OöÀéÀ ûÓúø’/ OôEo-öÀéÀ ûÓúø’Sarat: What's her present condition?

(Ç¢Á’ v°æÆæ’hûª °æJ-Æœn-ûËçöÀ?)Bharat: He told me yesterday she was much

better than before.

(´·çü¿’-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E E†oØË Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’)Sarat: That's something. (ÅC-éÌçûª †ßª’¢Ë’)Bharat: She is under the treatment of the

foremost doctor of the townDr.Vaidyanath. Still she isn't all right.

(†í∫-®Ωç™ ÅA íÌ°æp doctor ¢Ájü¿u-Ø√ü∑˛Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. Å®·ûË Ç¢Á’èπ◊¶«í∫- ôç ™‰ü¿’)

Sarat: Yea, I have heard about him. Is heexpensive?

(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† í∫’Jç* NØ√o†’. î√™«êK-üÁj† ú≈éπd®√?)

Bharat: No, not at all. He doesn't chargemore than the lesser doctors in thecity.

(àç é¬ü¿’. Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬E (´÷´‚©’)doctors éπçõ‰ Çߪ’† fees áèπ◊\¢Ëçé¬ü¿’.)

Sarat: Let's hope she will recover complete-ly soon.

(ûªy®Ω-™ØË Ç¢Á’ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-ô’ç-ü¿EÇPü∆lç.)

´’†ç comparatives, superlatives í∫’Jç* í∫ûªlesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o points èπ◊x°æhçí¬.1) Among + comparative degree - é¬Ææh

¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† é¬Ææh áèπ◊\-¢Áj†, etc N≠æߪ’ç ÅØË Å®Ωnç.eg: She is among the clever students ofthe class =

class ™ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† students ™ Ç Å´÷t®·ÖçC – ÅE Å®Ωnç.

2) not the + superlative = Åçûª íÌÊ°pç-é¬ü¿’.a) Hari is not the best in our team, is he?

´’† team ™ £æ«J Åçûª íÌ°æp player é¬ü¿’.b) certainly Sudhakar is not the worst of

our friends.

´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’™x Ææ’üµ∆-éπ®˝ î√™« ´’ç*-¢√úø’ÅØË Å®Ωnç.

3) Comparative + than + any éÃ, comparative+ than + any other éà ûËú≈:´’†ç §Ú©’-Ææ’h†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ äÍé ûÁí∫èπ◊îÁçC†¢ÁjûË than any other, ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ûÁí∫-©èπ◊îÁçCûË than any Åçö«ç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.1) Sunayana is cleverer than any other girl

in her class.

(Ææ’†-ߪ’† ûª† class ™ N’í∫û√ Å´÷t-®·©éπçõ‰ ûÁLN í∫©C)

(Ææ’†-ߪ’†, Éûª®Ω Å´÷t-®·©÷ äÍé class ¢√∞¡Ÿx)2) A Cheetah is faster than any tiger.

(à °ü¿l-°æ¤L éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ *®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫ç éπ©C– Ééπ\úø Cheetah, tiger ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ûÁí∫-©N –Åçü¿’-éπE than any Åçö«ç)

ÉD ´’†ç spoken English èπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫°æúËNüµ¿çí¬ degrees of comparison í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çC. Now look at the following sentences.

a) The train arrived late this morning =

Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç wõ„jØ˛ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´*açC.b) The match began later than the time fixed

= ´÷uî˝ EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç éπçõ‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC.

c) He was the last to come to class yester-day= Åûªúø’ E†o é¬xÆˇ èπ◊ Åçü¿-J™ Ç©Ææuç(*´-®Ω)í¬ ´î√aúø’

Late (positive), later (comparative) – ÑÈ®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o time/ ã EKgûªÆ洒ߪ’ç ü∆öÀ† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-û√®· éπü∆.

(late = Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i†/ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ = ņ’-èπ◊†oÆ洒ߪ’ç ü∆öÀ†;later = (§ÚL-éπ™) ü∆öÀ† Ææ´’-ߪ÷E éπçõ‰áèπ◊\´ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i†/ Ç©-Ææuçí¬)

É°æ¤púÕC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. í∫ûªç™ àüÁjØ√ Ç©ÆæuçÅ´úøç Åçõ‰, ÅC v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-®·-†õ‰x éπü∆?¢Á·†o ï®Ω-í¬-LqçC E†o ïJ-Tç-ü¿çõ‰, ÅC Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊(Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ) ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ ïJ-T-†õ‰x éπü∆.I got the news late =

Ç ¢√®Ωh Ø√èπ◊ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ûÁL-ÆœçC.(Åçü¿’-´©x †≠ædç, Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç éπLT ÖçúÌa)The news came late =

¢√®Ωh Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´*açC.°∂æLûªç, †≠ædç, Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç 鬢Ìa.Å®·ûË ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ.a) Late news = Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ÅçC† ¢√®Ωh ÅE.

Åçõ‰ û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh. Å™«Íí,b) My information is later than his =

ÅûªúÕ ´ü¿l Ö†o Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç éπçõ‰ Ø√ ´ü¿lÖ†oC Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC – Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ éÌçîÁç´·çüË ïJ-T-†ô’x – Åçõ‰ û√ñ« Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç.

´’†ç à news paper †’ áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úøû√ç?latenews ÉîËa newspaper †’ éπü∆ – Åçõ‰ û√ñ«Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÉîËa news paper †’.

ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ–a) old news (§ƒûªC, Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† ¢√®Ωh)b) late news (û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh – Åçõ‰ éÌûªhí¬ ûÁL-Æœ†

¢√®Ωh)c) later reports contradict the earlier reports

of the incident = Ç °∂æ’ô† í∫’Jç* ´*a†É°æpöÀ ¢√®Ωh©’, Åçü¿’-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´*a† ¢√®Ωh-©èπ◊´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ (N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬) ÖØ√o®·.contradict (é¬çvô-úÕé˙d. 'é¬ç— ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ 'úÕ—Eáèπ◊\-´í¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = ´uA-Í®-éÀç-îªôç.incident = °∂æ’ô†

d) later, comparative éπü∆ – É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ.My shirt is of later cut than yours = F shirt

éπçõ‰ Ø√ shirt fashion ûª®√y-ûªC. (Åçõ‰ Ø√shirt fashion éÌûªhC, F shirt éπçõ‰. cut =

fashion)

latest - ÉC late èπ◊ superlative. Åçõ‰, É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ (Till now) ´*a† ¢√öÀ™ * -JC – Åçõ‰Åûªuçûª û√ñ«, Åüµ¿’-Ø√-ûª† ÅE. ´’†ç ´÷´‚©’í¬¢√úË ´÷õ‰ éπü∆.

latest fashion - Ñ ´’üµËu ´*a† fashion – DEûª®√yûª Éçé¬ àD ®√™‰ü¿’.

latest news éπúø-°æöÀ ¢√®Ωh (¢√®Ωh©’ – ûÁ©’-í∫’™)

latest score (cricket) ™ éπúø-°æöÀ score - Åçõ‰É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ äéπ ïô’d îËÆœ† °æ®Ω’-í∫’©÷, éÓ™p-®·†wickets.

latest developments É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJT† °æJ -ù«-´÷™x éπúø-°æöÀC– Åçõ‰ éÌûªh °æJ-ù«´’ç.

latest techniques = (É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ éπúø-°æöÀ) éÌûªh °æü¿l¥A

É°æ¤púø’ last N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç. latest, É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ïJ-T† time ™ *´J Å®·ûË, last, äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤©véπ´’ç™/ ´’†’-≠æfl© véπ´’ç™ *´-JC/ *´-J-¢√®Ω’

a) Kumar is the last to come =

Åçü¿-J™ *´®Ω ´*a-†-¢√úø’ èπ◊´÷®˝.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – Ééπ\úø time èπ◊ é¬ü¿’ v§ƒüµ∆†uç,´*a† ¢√∞¡x ´®Ω-Ææèπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç.

b) This is the last book written by the author=

Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª *´J °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC.

°æ-öÀdéπ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ.

Older, elder - ÉN È®çúø÷, old èπ◊ comparatives.

OöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç.Old - ´·ÆæL, §ƒûª-•-úÕ†. ´·ÆæL ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ

´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊, ïçûª’-´¤©èπÿ, îÁôxèπÿ; §ƒûªÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´Ææ’h-´¤©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç.

Older - ÉC èπÿú≈, §ÚLéπ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´·ÆæLÅØË/ áèπ◊\´ ´ßª’Ææ’†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπÿ, ïçûª’-´¤-©èπÿ, îÁôxèπÿ; §ƒûªÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

Elder - áèπ◊\´í¬ ´’†’-≠æfl-©Íé ¢√úøû√ç, Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø÷ ïçûª’-´¤-©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç.

1) Older - äÍé èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçü¿E¢√J ´ßª’-Ææ’q©’§Ú©a-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

a) Mahatma Gandhi was older than Nehru

(´’£æ…-û√t-í¬çDµ, ØÁv£æfi éπçõ‰ °ü¿l – äÍéèπ◊ô’ç•ç é¬ü¿’)

b) He is older than

any other per-

son in the vil-

lage =

Ç ví¬´’ç-™EN’í∫-û√-¢√∞¡x éπçõ‰Åûª†’ °ü¿l. (äÍéèπ◊ô’ç•ç é¬ü¿’)

2) elder - ÉC äÍé èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√J´ßª’-Ææ’q©’ §Ú©a-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

a) Sri Rama was Laxmana's elder.

(®√´·úø’, ©éπ~ t-ù’úÕ éπçõ‰ °ü¿l – äÍéèπ◊ô’ç•ç)

Å®·ûË elder ¢√úË B®Ω’ ´·êuç.elder than é¬F, elder to é¬F ņçb) Bhima was Arjuna's elder - É™« ¢√ú≈L

elder †’.c) My uncle is my mother's elder -

´÷ Å´’t-éπØ√o ´÷ ´÷´’-°ü¿l. (My uncle is elder than my mother.

My uncle is elder to my mother -

Ñ È®çúø÷ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’)Å®·ûË American English ™ He is my older

brother, She is my older sister ņôçÆæ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 14 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Bhima was Arjuna's elder -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 213-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

Last

1) This is the last book of the author

(Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª*´J °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC – DE ûª®√yûªÇߪ’† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’)

2) This is the last of the series (Ç ´®ΩÆæ véπ´’ç™ÉC * -JC – DE ûª®√yûª ÉçÍéD ™‰ü¿’)

3) The last wicket fall at 313. (*´J Çô-í¬úø’ 313°æ®Ω’-í∫’© ü¿í∫_®Ω Å´¤-ô-ߪ÷uúø’– Innings ´·T-ÆœçC)(Å®·ûË, last Åçõ‰ §Ú®·† ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿ-ú≈ ÖçCéπü∆– last week/ last year ™™«. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L)

Latest

This is the latest book of the author.

(Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ®√Æœ† ¢√öÀ™*´-J-CC/ DE ûª®√yûª Éçé¬ ®√ߪ’-´îª’a)

This is the latest in the series

(Ç ´®Ω-Ææ-véπ- ’ç™ ÉC éÌûªhC)

The latest wicket to fall is that of Sehwag.

(É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† Çô™ éÌûªhí¬ out Å®·çCSehwag (Éçé¬ Çú≈Lq†¢√∞¡ŸxØ√o®Ω’)

Sampath: Why are people so crazy about

imported stuff? They are proud of

possessing them.

(Imported ´Ææ’h-´¤-©çõ‰ Åçûª ¢Á÷ñ‰çöÀ -ï-Ø√-EéÀ ÅN Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« í∫®Ωyçí¬Öçö«®Ω’.)

imported Éç§Ú-öÀú˛ – Cí∫’- ’-ûÁj†, Åçõ‰ NüËQ(foreign). crazy vÈé-ß’> – °œ*a-¢Á÷V.

Sanath: (Do) you mean imported TVs,

imported cars, imported watches etc.

(†’´y-ØËC NüËQé¬®Ω’x, öÃO©’, ¢√’´Èíj®√ í∫’Jçî√?)

Sampath: Yea. I am sure our country goods

are as good as the so called

imported ones. Moreover, I think,

the so called imported goods are

not suitable for Indian conditions.

(´’† ÆæyüËP Ææ®Ωèπ◊, NüËQ Ææ®Ω-éπçûª´’ç*üË ÅE Ø√ †´’téπç. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈,Ñ NüËQ Ææ®Ωèπ◊©’ ´’†-ü˨¡ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©èπ◊ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ Öçúø´¤.)

So called = ÅØË (ņ-•úË)The so called honest man = Eñ«--ߪ’Béπ©-¢√-úÕí¬ Å†-•-úË-¢√úø’ – Åçõ‰ ÅûªE Eñ«--ߪ’B´’†ç †´’túøç ™‰ü¿’.

Sanath: No, no. They are definitely superior

to Indian goods. Our technology is

inferior to theirs, and naturally the

quality is inferior too.

(ÅüËçé¬ü¿’. NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ´’† ´Ææ’h-´¤© éπçõ‰ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj-†¢Ë. ´’†≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ ØÁj°æ¤ùuç, ¢√∞¡x ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´®Ωéπç, Åçü¿’-éπE Ææ£æ«-ïç-í¬ØË ´’† ´Ææ’h´¤Ø√ùuûª NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© Ø√ùuûª éπçõ‰èπÿú≈ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë)

Sampath: Whether a thing is inferior or supe-

rior depends on its adaptability to

the situation of its use, doesn't it? If

that's the case, Indians goods are

as good as, even better than for-

eign ones.

(äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ íÌ°æpü∆, --ûªèπ◊\-´-ü∆ ÅØËCü∆Eo -´’-†ç --¢√-úË °æ-JÆœn-ûª’-©èπ◊ -Å-†’í∫’-ù-¢Á’iç-ü∆ é¬-ü∆ -Å-ØË-ü∆-Eo •öÀd éπü∆Öçô’çC? Å™« BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ûªßª÷®ΩßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤©’, NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤©ÍéçBÆœ-§Ú´¤, Éçé¬ ¢Ë’™„j†N èπÿú≈.)

adaptibility °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©èπ◊ ņ’í∫’-ùçí¬ ÖçúËÆæy¶µ«´ç.

Sanath: Look here. I have been a dealer in

electronic goods and appliances for

far longer than you. I am senior to

you in the field. Our goods are not

half as durable as imported ones.

(îª÷úø’ Ñ electronic ´Ææ’h-´¤©, °æJ-éπ-®√© NvÍé-ûªí¬ ؈’ Féπçõ‰ î√™« áèπ◊\´é¬©çí¬ ÖØ√o†’. ؈’ Féπçõ‰ Ñ®Ωçí∫ç™ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç Ö†o-¢√-úÕE.NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© ´’Eo-éπ™ ´’† ´Ææ’h-´¤©´’Eoéπ Ææí∫ç èπÿú≈ Öçúøü¿’.)

Appliances = Å°æx-ߪ’-Eq-ñ ¸ – '°æ— ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = °æJ-éπ-®√©’ (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬) í∫%£æ«Ù-°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. Durability = ´’Eoéπ

Sampath: I do admit I am your junior, but I still

feel that the prices of imported

goods are unreasonable.

(Féπçõ‰ Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ ûªèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´çÖ†o ¢√úÕ-†E -Åç-Uéπ-J≤ƒh. é¬F NüËQ´Ææ’h- ¤© üµ¿®Ω©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´.)

unreasonable = Ææ•-•’-é¬-†çûª áèπ◊\´

Sanath: You pay for quality; that's all. But I

think wrist watches are among the

lesser imported items.

(Ø√ùu-ûªèπ◊ ê®Ω’a °úø-û√´¤. ÅçûË éπü∆.Å®·ûË Øˆ-†’-éÓ-´ôç, ûªèπ◊\-´èπ◊ Cí∫’-´’-ûªßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤™x wrist watches äéπôE)

Our study of comparative in spoken English

continues. éÌEo éÌEo comparatives usage

´÷´‚©’ éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Öçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™xäéπöÀ elder, older - OöÀ N≠æߪ’ç ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀlesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ Å™«ç-öÀN ´’J-éÌEocomparatives ÖØ√o®·. ÅN superior inferior,

senior and junior. Oô-®√n©’ ´’†çü¿®Ωèπÿ ûÁL-Æœ-†¢Ëéπü∆; Å®·ûË ÉN comparatives Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà OöÀûª®√yûª than ®√ü¿’. To ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.

Superior: Ø√ùu-ûª™, Ææy¶µ«- ç™ ÉçÍé-üÁjØ√ ´’ç*í∫’ùç™ N’í∫-û√-¢√öÀéπçõ‰/- N’-í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xéπçõ‰ íÌ°æp-C/-íÌ°æp ÅE.a) This camera is superior to that because of

its extra features =

Ñ camera èπ◊†o Åü¿-†°æ¤ ≤˘éπ-®√u© ´©x, Çcamera éπçõ‰ ÉC íÌ°æpC.

b) The camera work in Hollywood movies is

superior to that in Indian movies =

£æ…L- ¤ú˛ *vû√™x îµ√ߪ÷-ví∫-£æ«ùç ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’*vû√™x éπçõ‰ ¢Ë’©’í¬ Öçô’çC.

Inferior = ûªèπ◊\´ ®Ωéπç

a) Indian bowling strength is inferior to

Australian bowling strength =

Australian bowling °æöÀ- ’-éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωûª bowling

°æöÀ´’ ûªèπ◊\´.

b) In speed and mileage Indian cars are infe-

rior to japanese cars =

¢Ëí∫ç, mileage N≠æ-ߪ÷™x Japanese cars

éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ cars BÆœ-éπõ‰d.

senior = ´ßª’-Ææ’™, ņ’-¶µº- ç™ (à ®Ωçí∫ç-™-ØÁj†)°ü¿l/ áèπ◊\´.

a) He was senior to me/ my senior at school

by a year =

school ™ Åûªúø’ Ø√éπçõ‰ °j class ™ ÖçúË-¢√úø’.

b) She is senior to me in age by a year =

Ç¢Á’ Ø√éπçõ‰ äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °ü¿l (´ßª’-Ææ’™)

c) NT Rama Rao was senior to Jaggaiah as a

movie actor =

†ô’-úÕí¬ NTR èπ◊ ïí∫_ߪ’u éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç.

Junior. Senior èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – ´ßª’-Ææ’™ *†o,ņ’-¶µº´ç ûªèπ◊\´.

a) Sehwag is junior to Kumble =

èπ◊綉x éπçõ‰ Sehwag cricket ņ’-¶µº´ç ûªèπ◊\´b) Though we are classmates, he is junior to

me in age.

(¢Ë’ç äÍé class Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´ßª’-Ææ’™ Åûª†’*-†o.)

Now look at the following sentences from

the conversation:

1) They are definitely superior to Indian

goods.

2) Our technology is inferior to theirs and nat-

urally the quality is inferior too.

3) I am senior to you in the field.

4) I do admit I am junior to you.

°j sentences ÅEoçöx, superior, inferior,

senior, junior - Ñ comparatives ûª®√yûª than

é¬èπ◊çú≈ to ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Ñ columns ™ èπÿú≈ little, few

©†’ í∫’Jç* îªJaçî√ç éπü∆. ¢√öÀ comparatives

Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îªJaçî√ç, äéπ\-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç.

Little, uncountables ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd, ü∆EéÀcomparative Å®·† less, superlative Å®·†least †’ èπÿú≈ uncountables ûÓØË ¢√ú≈L.

a) The milk in this glass is less than the milk in

that glass =

Ç glass ™ §ƒ©’ Ñ glass ™ §ƒ©éπçõ‰ûªèπ◊\´.

b) Of the three glasses,

this glass has the

least milk =

Ç ´‚úø’ glasses ™, Ñglass ™ ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ûªèπ◊\´ §ƒ©’-Ø√o®·.

Less, countables ûÓèπÿú≈, ´·êuçí¬ 'no' ûÓ,

ûªèπ◊\´é¬èπ◊çú≈/ ûªèπ◊\´é¬E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.

a) The book has been translated into no less

than twenty languages =

-Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç 20 éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\- -é¬E ¶µ«≠æ-™xéÀ ņ’-¢√-ü¿-¢Á’içC.

(-ü∆--ü∆°æ¤ 20 -¶µ«-≠æ-™xéÀ)

b) The movie has been released in no less

than thirty theatres =

Ç *vûªç 30éÀ ûªèπ◊\-´-é¬E ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-∞¡x™ Núø’-ü¿-™„jçC.

(-ü∆-ü∆-°æ¤ 30 Æœ-E-´÷£æ…-∞¡x-™)

Little èπ◊ comparative, less. Little †’uncountables ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd less †’countables ûÓ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’, fewer ´÷vûª¢Ë’¢√ú≈-©E éÌçü¿-®Ωç-ö«®Ω’.

eg: I tried to contact him no fewer than ten

times

(à °æC-≤ƒ®Óx/ °æC-≤ƒ-®Ωxèπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-EûÓ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’.)

Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’ spoken English ™ counta-

bles èπ◊ èπÿú≈ less, fewer °ü¿l ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

I gave him no less than a hundred books/

no fewer than a hundred books.

Åûª-úÕéÀ ؈’ à ´çü¿ °æ¤Ææh-鬙/ ´çü¿èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´é¬èπ◊çú≈ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Éî√a†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ less,fewer éÀ ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøôç ´÷´‚-™„jçC.less ¢√úøôç °ü¿l ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. (Å®·ûË fewer

´÷vûªç uncountables èπ◊ ¢√úøç).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 16 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

I have few friends here-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 214-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESANLITTLE

á°æ¤púø÷ uncounta-

bles (™„éπ\-°--ôdE¢√öÀ)ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.(little rice/ sugar/

milk, etc)

Little = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’There is little milk in

the glass =

glass™ §ƒ©’ ™‰-´¤(ü∆ü∆°æ¤)

A little = àüÓ éÌçûª/Ææy©pçThe Patient had a

little milk in the

morning = ®ÓT--§Ò-ü¿’l-†éÌ-Eo -§ƒ-©’ -û√í¬-úø’

Very little = î√-™«-éÌCl. The patient

had very little food

yesterday = ®ÓT E†oî√™« ûªèπ◊\´ ǣ慮ΩçBÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’.

The little = Ö†oÇ éÌCl =The patient threw

up the little food she

had taken =

®ÓT BÆæ’èπ◊†o Ç éÌClÇ£æ…-®√Eo ¢√çA îËÆæ’-èπ◊çC.

FEW

á°æ¤púø÷ countables

(™„éπ\°õ‰d-¢√öÀ)ûÓ¢√úøû√ç.(few books/

friends/ boys)

Few = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰´¤/™‰®Ω’I have few friends

here = Ééπ\úø Ø√èπ◊ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ™‰®Ω’(ü∆ü∆°æ¤)

A few = à¢Ó éÌEo/éÌçûª´’çCA few friends of

mine are coming

today = Ø√ friends

™ É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_-®Ì-Ææ’h-Ø√o-K-®Ó-V.

Very few = î√-™«-éÌ-Eo/ éÌ-Cl-´’ç-CVery few know this

secret = î√-™« -éÌCl´’çCÍé Ñ ®Ω£æ«ÆæuçûÁ©’Ææ’.

The few = Ö†o ÇéÌ-Eo / éÌCl ´’çD.The few that

passed got very

low marks =

pass Å®·† Ç éÌCl´’çD ûªèπ◊\´´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.

positive comparative superlative

little less least

few fewer fewest

Jayanth: Hi Anant, good to see you thoughafter such a long time. How goeslife? (£æ…ß’ ņçû˝, î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√y-ûª-®·Ø√ E†’o îª÷úøôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC.àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?)

Ananth: Getting on. How is it with you?(àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?)

Jayanth: As usual. (´÷´‚™‰)Ananth: How is Vasanth? Long since I met

him. (´Ææçû˝ ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? îª÷Æœî√™«-é¬-©-¢Á’içC.)

Jayanth: Not in the best of circumstances, Imust say. (ÅûªúÕ °æJ-ÆœnA ÅçûËç¶«í¬™‰ü¿ØË îÁ§ƒpL )

Ananth: Why? what is wrong? (àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç)Jayanth: He has had losses in business. His

partners have cheated him. But heis facing all this very bravely. A less-er man than he would have gonemad. (¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ †≥ƒd©’ ´î√a®·.ÅûªúÕ ¶µ«í∫-≤ƒy-´·-©-ûª-úÕE ´·çî√®Ω’. é¬EÉçûª ïJ-TØ√ üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª-úÕ-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÂÆkn®Ωuç Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË, ѧƒ-öÀéÀ °œ*a-¢√-∞¡x-®·-§Ú-ßË’-¢√®Ω’.)

Ananth: Sorry to hear that. But one thing. Heis too trusting and too risking. Thatsometimes lands him in trouble.(N†-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. Å®·ûË äéπöÀ.Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ ÅAí¬ †´·t-û√úø’; ÅAí¬ûÁT-≤ƒhúø’. Åü¿-ûªEo *èπ◊\™x °æúË-Ææ’hçC.)

Trusting= †¢Ë’t Ææy¶µ«- ç-éπ©;risking= ûÁTç-îªôç, -JÆˇ\ BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç.Land somebody in trouble= *èπ◊\™x°æúË-ߪ’ôç

Jayanth: I agree with you there.

(Ç N≠æߪ’ç ؈ç-U-éπ-J≤ƒh.)Ananth: I wish to see him.

(¢√úÕE îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)Jayanth: It is too early. You wait for an hour.

He will then have returned from hismorning walk. (É°æ¤púø’ ´’K °çü¿-™«úËÅ´¤-ûª’çC. ã í∫çô Çí∫’. Å°æp-öÀéÀ´÷Joçí˚ ¢√é˙ †’ç* AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’.)

Ananth: Does he still continue his morningwalk? (Éçé¬ ´÷Joçí˚ ¢√é˙èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª÷ØËÖØ√oú≈?)

Jayanth: He does. That keeps him healthy.(Å´¤†’. ÅC ¢√úÕE Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ Öç-ûÓçC.)

Ananth: (Do) you suggest that I wait foranother hour to see him. I'm afraidthat's too long. I have work at 9.30.I think I'll see him tomorrow.(¢√úÕE îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ††’o ´’®Ó í∫çô¢Ë*-îª÷-úø-´’ç-ö«¢√? ÅC ´’K áèπ◊\´Ææ´’-ߪ’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ø√èπ◊ûÌN’t-C-†o-®Ωèπ◊ °æ†’çC. Í®°æ¤ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)

Jayanth: I leave it to you, but I'm not sure ofhis programme tomorrow. He maybe out of town, and return only onfriday. (F É≠ædç ´’J. é¬E Í®°æûªEv§Úví¬¢’ àN’ö Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-Mü¿’. Í®°æ¤ Ü∞xÖçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§Úû˨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπÿ ®√éπ-§Ú-´îª’a)

Ananth: That'll be too late for me to see him. Ithink I'll wait and see him today.Won't you come with me? (Å°æp-öÀéÀ´’K Ç©Ææu¢Á’i-§Ú-ûª’çC. Ñ®ÓV ÇT, ¢√úÕEîª÷ü∆l- ’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. †’´¤y- Ø√ûÓ®√¢√)

Jayanth: I will, of course. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´≤ƒh)Ananth: OK. Let's in the meantime watch the

TV. (-ÆæÍ®. Ñ´’üµ¿u é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ öÀ.N. îª÷ü∆lç.)´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ îª÷ÆœçC - little èπ◊ Éûª®Ω degrees- little (positive), less (comparative), least(superlative). Å®·ûË little èπ◊ È®çúÓ, (ÉçéÓ) com-parative èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÅC lesser. Less, lesser -Ñ È®çúø÷ little èπ◊ comparatives Å®·Ø√, ¢√öÀÅ®Ωnç, use ™ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC.Less Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉçéÓü∆EûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ûªèπ◊\-¢Áj† ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ less ¢√úøû√ç.a) She has less jewellery than her sister (has)

= Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o †í∫©’, Ç¢Á’ ≤Úü¿J †í∫© éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´.b) He gets less income from his job than from

his rents= Åûª-úÕéÀ ÅüÁl©´©x ´îËa Çü∆-ߪ÷-E-éπçõ‰,ÖüÓuí∫ç ´©x ´îËaÇü∆ߪ’ç ûªèπ◊\´.

Lesser Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÓ-ü∆-Eéπçõ‰ûªèπ◊\´ ÅE Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà less¢√úË îÓô™«x lesser ¢√úøç.≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-éπçõ‰ûªèπ◊\´ •©ç/v°æA¶µº/¨¡éÀh, -¢Á·-ü¿-™„j-† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

Look at the following.a) The pen can't be Rs 15/- It'd be much less=

Ç pen 15 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©’ç-úøü¿’. ¶«í¬ ûªèπ◊\¢ËÖçô’çC. ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç less,lesser È®çúÕç-öÀéà ֆo°æpöÀéà less ¢√úÕ-†çûª ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ lesser ¢√úøç.

b) They originally demanded Rs. 50,000/- butfinally settled for a lesser sum= ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿ô50,000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©úÕ-TØ√, *´-®Ωèπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-î√®Ω’.

ÉüË ¶µ«´ç, less ¢√úÕûË É™« îÁ•’û√ç.c) They originally ... , accepted a sum less

than that.

(b) ™ a lesser sum = (c) ™ a sum lessthan ... ûËú≈ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’, lesser ûª®√yûªsum ÅØË noun ®√´ôç – É™« lesser ûª®√yûªáèπ◊\-´í¬ noun ´Ææ’hçC. Eg: A lesser player,A lesser degree (ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊), A lesser offense (Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ØË®Ωç), etc.

A lesser player than Tendulkar could not havescored so many centuries=

Tendulkar éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ v°æA¶µº éπL-T† cricketer,ÅEo centuries îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ é¬úø’.Åçõ‰ lesser †’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ äéπ noun (Ê°®Ω’xûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç) ´·çü¿’ ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Á·ûªhç(amount), v§ƒ´·êuç (importance), °æJ-´÷ùç(size) Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.a) The growing pollution, and, to a lesser

degree, the scarcity of drinking water, arethe cause of the trouble= °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o鬩’≠æuç, ü∆Eéπçõ‰ é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊, ´’ç*-FöÀéÌ®Ωûª, ¶«üµ¿-©èπ◊ 鬮Ω-ù«©’.

b) Though a city of lesser size and populationthan Kolkata, Mumbai has greater promi-nence= éÓ™ -éπû√ éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ïØ√¶µ«, °æJ- ÷-ùç-éπ© †í∫-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´·ç¶„j v§ƒ´·êuçáèπ◊\´.

c) A lesser leader than Gandhi would haveyielded to the British= í¬çDµéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ íÌ°æpØ√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ British ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ™ÔçÍí-¢√úø’.

d) He is involved in the crime to a lesser or

greater extent= Ç ØË®Ωç™ éÌüÓl, í̧Úp OúÕ§ƒvûª èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

extent= ´®Ωèπ◊/ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊= degree.

e) This is the lesser of the two evils = È®çúø÷îÁúË, Å®·ûË ÉC È®çúÕç-öÀ™ ûªèπ◊\´ îÁúø’.

f) He is among the lesser known actors of

Bollywood= Åçûªí¬ Ê°®Ω’-§Òç-ü¿E ¶«M-´¤ú˛†ô’™x Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.

g) A lesser man than he would have gone

mad = Åûª-úÕéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ (ÂÆkn®Ωuç, etc) ¢√∞¡x-®·ûË,°œ*a ¢√∞¡x-®·-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞Ïx.

ÉD lesser Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. O’ conversation ™practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Look at the following sentence from theconversation at the beginning of the lesson.

1) He is too trusting and too risking

2) It is too early

3) I'm afraid that's too long

4) That'll be too late

Look at the use of too in the sentences above.

too Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, ÅA/ ÅAí¬ ÅE. ÅAí¬ Åçõ‰ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬, ¢Á÷û√ü¿’èπ◊ N’ç* ÅEéπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúø’ °∂æL-û√©’ éπ©-í∫-´-îªaE.1) He is too trusting and risking = Åûªúø’ (Éûª-®Ω’-

©†’) ÅAí¬ †´·t-û√úø’. ü∆E-´©x ü¿’≠æp¥-Lûªç –ÅûªE partners ÅûªEo ´·çîË-ߪ’ôç. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ too risking = ´’K áèπ◊\´ ûÁTç°æ¤ –v°æ´÷ü¿çûÓ èπÿúø’-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo (risk †’)èπÿú≈ ûÁTç* îËߪ’ôç. – Éûª†’ ÉC ´’K îË≤ƒhúø’– °∂æLûªç, †≠ædç

2) It is too early = ´’K °çü¿-™«úÁ – Åçü¿’-´©x °æEï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.

Prem: I want to go to bank urgently. I am

starting. (Bank èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL. •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’Ø√o)

Syam: It is too early - (´’K ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤– Bank ûÁJ* Öçúøü¿’/ †’´¤y áèπ◊\- -ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë* Öçú≈Lq ´Ææ’hçC.)

a) Reaching the station at 3.30 for a train

that arrives at 5.00 is too early = 5 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´îËa train éÓÆæç, 3.30Íé station èπ◊ îË®Ω’-éÓ-´ôç ´’K ´·çü¿Í® ¢Á∞¡xôç Å´¤-ûª’çC.

b) If 3.30 is too early, 5.30 is too late. 3.30

éÀ ´’K ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡ôç Å®·ûË, 5.30 éÀ ´îËa•çúÕ-éÓÆæç 5.30 èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ôç Åû√u-©Ææuç (•çúÕûª°œp-§Ú-ûª’çC– v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’™‰ç.)

3) I'm afraid that it is too long = ÅC ´’Káèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-Ê°¢Á÷ ÅE-°œ-≤Úhç-C-Ø√èπ◊. (°æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’N≠æ-N’çîËçûªÊÆ°æ¤)a) He stayed here too long = Åûª-E-éπ\úø ´’K

áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√oúø’. (Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤çúøôç ´©x°∂æL-û√©’ îÁúø’. ÅûªE ÖüËl-¨¡´‚ îÁúø’é¬-´îª’a/Åûª-EéÀ, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ éπL-TçC)

Very, too- Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπöÀ鬴¤ – Å®Ωnç™ é¬F,use ™ é¬F.Very Åçõ‰ î√™«/ áèπ◊\´ ÅE ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÃûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’-´©x Åçûª îÁúø’/ †≠ædç ™‰ü¿’.Too Åçõ‰ ´’K/ ÅA ÅE.a) The train is very late = Train î√™«

Eü∆-†çí¬/ ØÁ´’t-Cí¬ §ÚûÓçC. ´’†ç í∫´’uçîË®Ωôç (î√™«) Ç©Ææuç 鬴a, °∂æLûªçü¿éπ\-´îª’a.

b) Train is too slow = Train ´’K/ ÅAEü∆-†çí¬ ¢Á∞hçC. ´’†ç îËÍ®-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ, v°æߪ÷ù°∂æLûªç ü¿éπ\ü¿’.

c) The doctor was called in very late =

Doctor †’ î√™« Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °œL-î√®Ω’. (N’ç*§Ú™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh-®·Ø√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ©Gµç*çC)

d) The doctor was called in too late =

Doctor †’ ´’K Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °œL-î√®Ω’. (Å°æp-öÀÍéN’ç*-§Ú-®·çC. v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC.Doctor îËûª’©’ èπÿú≈ ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 18 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

That'll be too late-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 215-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù M. SURESAN

EXERCISE

Sumithra: Ñ <®Ω ᙫ ÖçC? E†oØË éÌØ√o.Suchithra: Ñ <®Ω °æô’d (silk) †’´¤y Åçûª-èπ◊-

´·çü¿’ é̆o <®Ω °æô’d-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´Ø√ùu-¢Á’içC. Å®·ûË ü∆E ï-KéÀ D†çûªØ√ùu-ûª-™‰ü¿’.

(ïK = brocade - v¶ÔÈé-ß’ú˛ – 'Èéß’— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)

Sumithra: Å®·ûË ÉC ü∆E-éπçõ‰ êK-üÁjçC.Suchithra: Ñ È®çúø’ Ææç´-ûªq-®√™x †’´¤y -á-E-N’-C

°æô’d <®Ω-©-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ é̆’ç-úø-´¤-éπü∆?Sumithra: ņ’-èπ◊çö«.Suchithra: áç°œéπ FüËØ√,- -¢ËÍ®-´-J Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√

BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?Sumithra: ´÷ ´C††’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ñ

N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ø√éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº- -´·çC.

Suchithra: Selection î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.-Sumithra: üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’.

ANSWER

Sumithra: How is this sari? I bought it yes-

terday.

Suchithra: The silk/ texture (ØËûª) of this sari is

superior to that of the sari you

bought earlier, but its brocade is

inferior to that of the earlier sari.

Sumithra: But this is costlier than that.

Suchithra: You must have bought not less

than/ no fewer than eight saris in

the last two years. Isn't that so?

Sumithra: I think so.

Suchithra: Is the selection yours, or do you

take any one's help?

Sumithra: I take my sister-in-law's help. She

is senior to me in these matters.

Suchithra: The selection is really good.

Sumithra: Thank you.

Govind: Aravind, where did you get the infor-

mation from?

(Å®Ω-Nçü˛, Fèπ◊ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç*´*açC?)

Aravind: Which information (do) you mean?

(à Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç í∫’Jç* Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?)Govind: That there will be a hike in the

allowances to employees.

(ÖüÓu-í∫’© ¶µºû√u™x °ç°æ¤-ü¿©Öçô’çü¿E)

Aravind: I had it from Gopal. You know he is

in a key position in the finance min-

istry

(íÓ§ƒ™¸ îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√èπ◊. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬,Åûª†’ finance ministry ™ éééπ °æü¿-N™ ÖØ√o-úøE.)

Key = éé-éπ-¢Á’i†; position = ´÷´‚©’ Å®ΩnçîÓô’. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç °æü¿N.

Govind: Yea, I know. He is really in a good

position in the IAS. I think of all of us

he enjoys the highest official status.

(Å´¤†’, ûÁ©’Ææ’. IAS ™ Åûª†’ ´’ç*°æü¿-N™ ÖØ√oúø’. ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ Åûª’u-†oûªÅCµ-é¬-Jéπ ÆœnA™ ÖØ√o-úø-ûª†’.)

Aravind: He hasn't earned much, though. He

is too honest for that. Others in sim-

ilar or even in lower positions are

much richer than he.

(Å®·Ø√ ÅûªØËç Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’, ´’J.Åûª-E-™«çöÀ °æü¿-´¤™x, Åûª-E-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´°æü¿-´¤™x Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx Åûª-E-éπçõ‰ üµ¿E-èπ◊-©’í¬ÖØ√o®Ω’.)

He hasn't earned much, though - Ñv°æßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Though he is in a

good position, he hasn't earned much =

He is in a good position, he hasn't earned

much, though. Though, Ééπ\úø *´®Ω®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. ´’ç* position ™ ÖØ√oúø’,Å®·Ø√ àç Ææ秃-Cç-îª-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. ÉC ´’ç*conversational expression. O’ conversa-

tion ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.Govind: He has more power than money.

(Åûª-EéÀ úø•’s-éπç-õ‰, ÅCµ-鬮Ωç, °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕáèπ◊\´.)

Aravind: That way Mukund is the best of the

lot. He is very wealthy but has little

else. Unfortunately he is more

wealthy than healthy.

(Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷ÊÆh ´·èπ◊çüË Åçü¿-J™´’ç* ÆœnA™ ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª†’ Ææç°æ-†’oúËé¬E úø•’s ûª°æp Åûª-E-éÀç-Íéç-™‰ü¿’.ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠æd -´-¨»ûª’h Åûª-EéÀ Ç®Óí∫uçéπç-õ‰úø¶„s-èπ◊\´.)

Govind: Life's like that. It isn't an unmixed

blessing for any. Look at koteswar.

He has more fame than happiness

or money.

(@Nûªç ÅçûË. Åçü¿-JéÀ ÅFo Öçúø´¤.éÓõ‰-¨¡y®˝ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷úø’. ¢√úÕéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æç,-úø-•’s éπç-õ‰ ë«uA -á-èπ◊\´.)

Life's like that = @Nûªç ÅçûË. (ÅüË @Nûªç– ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’d ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.)unmixed blessing - ÉC @N-û√Eo í∫’Jç*îÁÊ°p N≠æߪ’ç – @N-ûªç™ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´’†èπ◊ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEoîËa N≠æߪ’ç Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’d àD °æ‹Jhí¬ Å´’-®Ωü¿’.

Aravind: You and I just get on. We are not

starving. That's enough for us, isn't

it? Sekhar is all the time busy mak-

ing money. God knows when he

finds the time to enjoy what he gets.

I'd rather do with less money than

put myself to such trouble.

(†’´‹y ؈÷ Å™« ØÁô’d-éÌ-Ææ’hØ√oç. Ê°ü¿-¢√∞¡xç 鬴·.ÅC î√©’ éπü∆? Sekhar á°æ¤púø÷ úø•’s Ææ秃-ü¿-†™ í∫úø’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. Ææ秃-Cç-*† úø•’s ņ’-¶µº-Nç-îª-ö«-EÍé BJ-éπ-™‰-ü¿-ûª-EéÀ. Åçûª trouble °æ-úø-ôçéπç-õ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ úø•’sûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EÍé É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’ ؈’)

get on = Å™« í∫úÕ-Ê°≤ƒhç. we are not starv-

ing = ´’†ç °æÆæ’h-©’ç-úøôç ™‰ü¿’ – Åçõ‰Ê°ü¿©ç é¬-´· ÅE. üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÕE é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ØËØËçHü¿-¢√-úÕ-E-鬆’, ÅE í∫öÀdí¬ Å†-ö«-EéÀ, English

™ I am not starving Åçö«ç. ÉC O’ con-

versation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. starve =

°æÆæ’hç-úøôç; fast = äéπ-§Òü¿’l/ Ö°æ-¢√ÆæçÖçúøôç.I'd do = I would be satisfied

Govind: Yes, That's true.

Look at the following sentences:

a) Gopal is richer than Gokul (Gokul éπçõ‰Gopal üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’úø’)

b) Gopal is more rich than handsome - (Gopal

üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÁj-†çûª, Åçü¿-í¬úø’ é¬úø’ = íÓ§ƒ-™¸èπ◊Åçü¿çéπç-õ‰ úø¶„s-èπ◊\´)(a) ™ rich éÀ comparative í¬ richer ¢√ú≈ç.(b) ™ more rich ÅØ√oç.(a) ™ Éü¿l-J-èπ◊†o äÍé í∫’ù«Eo (rich) §Ú™«aç.Åéπ\úø richer ÅE regular comparative

¢√ú≈ç.(b) ™ äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«©’ §Ú™«aç éπü∆.(b) ™™« äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ í∫’ù«-©†’§ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o í∫’ùç-´·çü¿’ more

¢√úøû√ç – Åéπ\úø regular comparative ®√ü¿’.i) She is more clever than beautiful = Ç¢Á’èπ◊Åçü¿ç-éπç-õ‰ ûÁL-¢Á-èπ◊\´. (äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’í∫’ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE more clever

Åçö«ç, cleverer ÅE ņç.)ii) Kumar is more good than intelligent =

Kumar èπ◊ ûÁL-N-éπçõ‰ ´’ç*ûª†ç áèπ◊\´.(äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç –Åçü¿’-éπE better ¢√úøç; more good Åçö«ç.)

Now look at the following sentences from

the conversation at the beginning of the

lesson.

1) He has more power than money = Åûª-EéÀúø•’s-éπç-õ‰ £æ«Ùü∆- ©x ÅCµ-鬮Ωç áèπ◊\´

2) He (Mukund) is more wealthy than healthy

= ´·èπ◊ç-ü˛èπ◊ Ç®Óí∫uç éπç-õ‰ Ææç°æü¿ áèπ◊\´.(í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: wealthier ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. more

wealthy Åçô’Ø√oç. áçü¿’-éπE? äÍé ´uéÀhèπ◊†oÈ®çúø’ ©éπ~-ù«©’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç– Åçü¿’-éπE wealthy,

healthy èπ◊†o regular comparatives - wealth-

ier, healthier ®√´¤.)3) He has more fame than happiness or

money. Åûª-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æç, úø•’séπç-õ‰ ë«uAáèπ◊\´. äéπ-JÍé Ö†o äéπ í∫’ùç N’í∫û√ í∫’ù«-©-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÅE îÁ°æpôç – 鬕öÀd more fame

than Åçö«çÉ°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç.1) î√™«-´’ç-C-èπ◊†o äÍé í∫’ù«Eo §ÚLÊÆh regular

comparative form ¢√úøû√ç.

eg: The elephant is stronger than any otherland animal. Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷îª®Ω ïçûª’- ¤©éπç-õ‰ à†’í∫’•©-¢Á’içC. Ééπ\úø î√™« ïçûª’-´¤©èπ◊†o äÍéí∫’ù«Eo – strong - §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – 鬕öÀdstronger.

2) äÍé ´uéÀhéÀ/ äéπ-ü∆-EÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«©’§ÚLÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’ more ¢√úøû√ç, regular com-parative forms Ö†o ¢√öÀéÀ èπÿú≈.

eg: The elephant is more strong than fast.à†’-í∫’èπ◊ (äÍé ïçûª’-´¤èπ◊) Ö†o È®çúø’©éπ~-ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – 鬕öÀd, more strongÅçô’Ø√oç.

So that is the differ-

ence between the

regular comparative

form, and more +

adjective form. Some

more examples.

a) This building is more

strong than beautiful

= Ñ ¢Ë’úø Åçü¿çí¬éπçõ‰ •©çí¬ ÖçC. (stronger é¬ü¿’)

b) He is more smart than good = ÅûªEéÀ´’ç*ûª†ç éπçõ‰ ûÁLN áèπ◊\´. (smarter é¬ü¿’.)

Now study this sentence from the conver-sation:

I'd (I would) rather do with less money than

put myself to such a trouble = Åçûª v¨¡´’°æúËéπçõ‰ûªèπ◊\´ úø•’sûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√†’ ؈’.Ñ sentence ™ rather ... than èπÿú≈ äéπ ®Ωéπçí¬§ÚL-éπ†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆. Ééπ\úø rather ... than

´’† áç°œéπ (choice) †’ ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

a) I'd rather die than tell a lie

(Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ°æpúøç-éπçõ‰ î√´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√éÀ≠ædç)

b) Our Indian movie heroes rather dance

in the movies than act = ´’† ÆœE-´÷™x£‘«®Ó©’ †öÀç-îªôç éπçõ‰ dance áèπ◊\´îË≤ƒh®Ω’.

c) It is better to call them dancers rather

than actors = ¢√∞¡x†’ actors ņ-ôç-éπçõ‰dancers ņôç †ßª’ç. (É™«çöÀîÓôx than

•ü¿’©’ rather than áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.)

d) Rather than get into a crowded bus,

why not walk?/ why don't you walk? =

Åçûª ï†ç Ö†o bus áéπ\úøç éπçõ‰ †úø-´ôç¢Ë’©’ éπü∆?

e) I decided to be jobless rather than do

such a job = Å™«çöÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç îËߪ’-úøç-éπçõ‰ÖüÓuí∫ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-ö«-EÍé E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o.(E®Ω’-üÓu-Tí¬ Öçú≈-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o.)

É™« rather than ´’†ç äéπ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† compar-

ative í¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ´·êuçí¬ à Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰EÈ®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú™‰a-ô-°æ¤púø’ rather than

¢√úøû√ç.

f) Rather than talk all the time, why don't

you do some work? = Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ ´÷ö«x-úË-éπç-õ‰ àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? (´÷ô-™«°œ °æE-îÁ®·u ÅE).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 20 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

He is more smart than good-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 216-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

EXERCISE

Practise the following aloud in English:

Gandharv: Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™Ô\-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ? ®√vA 12í∫çô-©-®·çC.

Kinnera: Ø√èπ◊ Í®°æ¤ Exam ÖçC.Gandharv: É™« Evü¿-§Ú-íÌ-ô’d-èπ◊E ®√vûªçû√ ¢Ë’™Ô\ØË

•ü¿’©’ °æí∫©’ time waste îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈îªü¿-¢Ì-a-éπü∆?

Kinnera: ÅC Eï¢Ë’. é¬F àç îËߪ’†’? ؈’Å°æq-®Ω-™«í¬ 鬆’. ûª†’ v¨¡´’-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. ûª† Ææy¶µ«´ç, (by

nature) éπ≠æd-°æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-éπçõ‰ clever

í¬ Öçúøôç.Gandharv: ؈-ØË-üËç-ôçõ‰, †’´¤y ®√vA •ü¿’©’

°æí∫©’ îªü¿-¢Ì-a-éπü∆ ÅE.Kinnera: Ø√èπ◊ °æí∫-©’-éπçõ‰ ®√vA îªü¿-´-ô¢Ë’ É≠ædç.Gandharv: Ø√éÓ friend ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úø÷ clever

student. Å®·ûË §ƒ°æç Ö†o-¢√-úËç-é¬ü¿’.

Kinnera: Åçõ‰ Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-´¤-†oçûª úø•’s-™‰ü¿’.Gandharv: Å´¤†’.Kinnera: @Nûªç Å™«ØË Öçô’çC.

ANSWER

Gandharv: Why are you awake so late at

night? It is 12 midnight.

Kinnera: I have an exam tomorrow.

Gandharv: Rather than lose sleep by keeping

awake late at night, you can study

during the day without wasting time.

Kinnera: That's true. But what can I do? I

am not like Apsara. It doesn't mat-

ter even if she doesn't work. By

nature she is more clever than

hard working.

Gandharv: What I mean is rather than study at

night, you can study during the day.

Kinnera: I'd rather study at night than dur-

ing the day.

Gandharv: I have a friend. He is clever too.

But he is not rich.

Kinnera: That means he is more clever

than rich.

Gandharv: Yea.

Kinnera: Life's like that.

Pramod: Vinod, this book doesn't give all the

information about the tourist spots in

A.P.

(Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™E °æ®Ωu-ôéπÆæn™«© °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´yôç ™‰ü¿’.)

(Tourist = °æ®Ωu-ô-èπ◊©’. Spot= îÓ-ô’)Vinod: This booklet appears to better. In fewer

pages, it gives complete information

about the matter.

(Ñ *†o°æ¤Ææhéπç ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ éπE°œ-≤ÚhçC. ûªèπ◊\´ Ê°-@-™x °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®ΩçÉ≤ÚhçC) (Booklet= *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç)

Pramod: Let me have a look at it. My sister is

returning from the states. She wants

full details of all the tourist spots in the

state. She wants to make full use of

this trip to see all the spots.

(†ØÓo-≤ƒJ îª÷úøF. ´÷ -ÆœÆæd®˝ ÊÆdö¸q †’ç*AJ-íÌ-≤ÚhçC. Ñ °æ®Ωu-ôéπ Ææn™«© N´®√-©’¢Á·ûªhç ûª†èπ◊ 鬢√-©ç-öçC. Ñ≤ƒJ ´*a-†-

°æ¤púø’, ¢√öÀ-†-Eo-öÀE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ ûª† v°æߪ÷-ù«-Eo °æ‹Jhí¬ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÌç-öçC.)

Vinod: Why don't you consult a travel agency?

They can help your sister plan a perfect

holiday.

(†’¢Óy -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à--ñ„-FqE Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?¢√∞¡x-®·ûË O’ ÆœÆæd®˝ ÂÆ-©-´¤ °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωgçí¬ -§ƒx-Ø˛îËߪ’-ôç™ ûÓúøp-úø-í∫-©®Ω’.) Holiday- ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– ÂÆ-©´¤. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç– ÂÆ©-´¤™x ´’† N£æ…-®√©’, Ææ®Ω-ü∆©’.

Pramod: That's a good idea. She said I was

free to plan it any way I liked. I will

approach the Vihar Travel Agency.

They are known to give correct infor-

mation.

(ÅC ´’ç* Ç™-îªØË, Ø√ É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’x§ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ Öçü¿EîÁ°œpçC. ؈’ -N-£æ…®˝ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à--ñ„-Fq ¢√∞¡xü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«h†’. ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´’-î√®Ωç É≤ƒh-®ΩØËÊ°®Ω’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊çC.)

approach (Å—v§Úî˝ – v§Ò—ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡xôç/ÆæO’-°œç-îªôç/Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓ®Ωôç.

Vinod: Where is this Vihar Travel Agency?

(áéπ\úø’çD -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ï-Fq?)

Pramod: It is in the round building next to

Chitramahal

(*vûª´’£æ«™¸ °æéπ\† í∫’çvúøöÀ ¢Ë’úø™ ÖçC)Vinod: Are you going now?

(É°æ¤p--úø’ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?)Pramod: Yea, I am.

Vinod: The road from here to it is straight.

(Ééπ\-úÕ -†’ç-* -Å-éπ\-úøéÀ ®Ó-ú˛ A†oí¬ ÖçC)Pramod: I Will go direct from here.

(Ééπ\-úÕ-†’ç* A†oí¬ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o)

í∫ûª éÌEo lessons -†’ç-* degrees of comparison

îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç í∫ü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo ÇÆæ-éÀh -éπ®ΩN≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îª÷ü∆lç:

Look at the following sentences from the con-

versation at the beginning of the lesson:

1) It gives Complete information.

2) She wants full details of all the tourist spots

in the state.

3) She wants to make full use of this trip to see

all the places.

4) They can help your sister plan a perfect

holiday.

5) She said I was free to plan it any way I liked.

6) The road from here to it is straight.

7) I will go direct from here.

Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ™- éÌEo adjectives èπ◊ degrees of com-

parison Öç-úø´¤. °j† Åç-úø®˝-™„j-Ø˛ îËÆœ† -´÷ô-©-FoÅ™«ç-öÀ¢Ë. ¢√öÀéÀ comparative, superlatives

Öçúø ¤. Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀE comparative, superlative

©™ ¢√úøç. 鬮Ω-ù«©’ îª÷ü∆lç.1) It gives complete information:

Ééπ\úø complete Åçõ‰ °æ‹Jh. àüÁjØ√ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç°æ‹Jhí¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Öçúøü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬F äéπN≠æߪ’ç, ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç éπçõ‰ °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçúøôç ÅØË°æJ-ÆœnA Öçúøü¿’.This glass is more complete than that glass-

ÉC Å®Ωnç ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç éπü∆. Öçõ‰ a) È®çúø÷ °æ‹Jhí¬ EçúÕ Öçö«®·. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰) b) äéπöÀ EçúÕ Öçúøôç, ÉçéÓöÀ Eçúø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç

Å-¢Ìa. ÅçûË-é¬E äéπ glass ÉçéÓ glass éπçõ‰°æ‹Jhí¬ Öçúøôç Å®Ωn-®Ω-£œ«ûªç.

a) é¬-•-öÀd – Both the glasses are complete

Åçö«ç. b) Å®·ûË– This glass is complete but that glass

isn't Åçö«ç. so, complete has no degrees of

comparison.

2) she wants full details of.....:

Complete ™«Íí full èπ◊ èπÿú≈ degrees of compar-

ison Öçúø´¤ éπü∆. full Åçõ‰ EçúÕ-§Ú-®·†, ÅE éπü∆.Öçõ‰, EçúÕ -Öçô’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ EçúÕ-†ô’x é¬ü¿’ ÅçûË.(fuller, fullest, ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ ¢√úøç) Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’Åéπ\-úø-éπ\úø îªü¿’- ¤-ûª’çö«ç, Nçô’çö«ç; I promise you my fullest cooperation/ You shall

have my fullest cooperation= O’èπ◊ Ø√ °æ‹Jh Ææ£æ«-鬮Ωç Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø fullest ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. full Åçõ‰î√©’ éπü∆. °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æ‹Jhé¬ü¿’.ÅçûËé¬E áèπ◊\´ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÖçC/-ûª-èπ◊\´ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÖçCņç.4) They can help you plan a perfect holiday:

ÅEoNüµ∆© ¶«í∫’†o/ à üÓ≠æ´‚ ™‰E N£æ…-®√©’ §ƒx-Ø˛-îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ôç-™ ûÓúøp-úø-í∫-©®Ω’.-Perfect= °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i†; à üÓ≠æ´‚ ™‰E (fault-less,

good in every way)

Perfect èπ◊ èπÿú≈ more perfect, most perfect

™«çöÀ degrees Öçúø-´E O’®Ω’ -Ü-£œ«ç--éÓ-í∫-©®Ω’.àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤/ á´-È®jØ√ Öçõ‰ perfect í¬ Öçö«®Ω’,à üÓ≥ƒ©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈, °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-ûªûÓ. üÓ≠æç Åçô÷ Öçõ‰¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ÅO imperfect (üÓ≠æ-´·-†o) Åç-ûË é¬F äéπ®Ω’ÉçéÌ-éπJ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ó, ûªèπ◊\¢Ó Öç-úø-™‰®Ω’ éπü∆.Sita, Lord Sri Rama's wife, was a perfect

woman = °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i† ( à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† üÓ≠æç ™‰E) Æ‘Y.(Ééπ\úø she was more perfect than other women

ņç. she was perfect; some other women were

perfect too, others were not perfect.)

5) She said I was free to plan it anyway I

liked:

Free = Ææyûªçvûªç/ ÊÆyîªa- Ö-†o°j† îÁ°œp† N’í∫û√ ´÷ô--™«x free èπ◊, freer, freest

ÅE degrees of comparison ¢√úøç. á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ÊÆyîªa ¥Öçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx free. -™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ -¢√-∞¡Ÿx free é¬®Ω’.Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ™‰ü¿’. Åçõ‰ ÊÆyîªa ¥èπ◊ éÌEo

°æJ-N’-ûª’-©’ç-úÌa. Åçü¿’-éπEéÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a.Kumar is free to a

greater degree than

Kesav. Íé-¨¡-¢˛ éπç-õ‰ èπ◊´÷-®˝èπ◊áèπ◊\´ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ÖçC.(Å°æ¤púø°æ¤púø’ Kumar has

more freedom in these matter than Kesav- É™«îÁ°æpôç ¢√-úø’éπ™ ÖçC. 鬕öÀd Åü¿çûª ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. é¬Efreer, freest ´÷vûªç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ spoken English

™ N-E°œç-îª--´¤.6) Straight:

ÉC èπÿú≈ °j´÷-ô--™«xí¬ØË. Åçõ‰ DEéÀ èπÿú≈ degrees

Öçúø´¤. straight= A†o-í¬/--ØË-®Ω’í¬. Öçõ‰ straight (A†o)í¬Öçô’çC, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË -Öç-úø-ü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬F, äéπ--ü∆E-éπçõ‰ÉçéÓöÀ A†oí¬, Ø訽Ւ ÖçúË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.鬕öÀd straighter/ more straight, straightest/ most

straight ™«çöÀ expressions Öçúø´¤.7) Direct:

ÉC èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Give me a direct answer= A†oE/Ö†oC Ö†oô’d (úÌçéπ A®Ω’-í∫’úø’ ™‰E) Ææ´÷-üµ∆†çÉ´¤y. Öçõ‰ direct, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ indirect ÅçûË. More

direct, most direct Öçúø´¤.8) Correct (ÆæÈ®j†):A thing is correct or incorrect. äéπ\öÀ Ææ--J-Å´¤-ûª’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æp-´¤-ûª’çC ÅçûË. More correct,

most correct Öçúø´¤ éπü∆.His answer is more correct than yours... Åûª-úÕ --ï-¢√-•’ F Ç-†q®˝ éπçõ‰ éπÈ®é˙d. É™« îÁ°æpôç áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊Ææ••’? Åûª-úÕ -ï-¢√-•’ correct Å®·ûË, F -Ç-†q®˝ ÅüË鬆-°æ¤púø’, ÅC ûª°æ¤p (Wrong/incorrect) Å´¤-ûª’çC,é¬F F -Ç-†q®˝ ûªèπ◊\´ correct, Åûª-úÕ -ï-¢√-•’ áèπ◊\´correct Å´ü¿’.°j† îÁ°œp-†-´Fo èπÿú≈ degrees of comparison ™‰E´÷ô©’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ç í∫’ù«©’, Öçúøôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË Öçö«®·, ™‰èπ◊ç--õ‰ -Öç-úø´¤ Åç-ûË. ¢√öÀ™ áèπ◊\´,ûªèπ◊\-´-©’ç-úø´¤. Geometrical figures N≠æ-ߪ’癆÷

ÅçûË. Åçõ‰ Circle (´%ûªhç), Square (îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç),Rectangle (D®Ω` îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç), Triangle (vA¶µº’ïç),etc.

í∫’çvúøç (circular/round) í¬ ÖçúËüË circle.

í∫’çvúøçí¬ ™‰EC circle é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd This Circle is

more round than that Circle = Ñ ´%ûªhç, Ç ´%ûªhçéπçõ‰ í∫’çvúøçí¬ ÖçC. Circle í∫’çvúøçí¬ Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûËÉçÈ陫 Öçô’çC? Å™«Íí N’í∫û√ geometric fig-

ures N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈. OöÀ-™ ¢ËöÀéà degrees of

comparison Öçúø´¤.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

--¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 22 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

It gives complete information

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 217-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

-v°æ-¨¡o:I Éç-Tx-≠ˇ --ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫°æ-úË °æ¤Ææhé¬-©-

†’ -ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’.II éÀç-C-¢√-öÀéÀ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -Å®Ωnç -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ?1. I'm enjoying my new job.2. Diana said that she was enjoying her

new job.3. My father isn't very well.4. She said that her father wasn't very well.5. I have to go early.6. Peter said that he had to go early.

-N. X®√-´’-îªç-vü¿-´‚Jh, ûª®Ωxç-°æ‹-úÕ (-ûª÷.-íÓ.->™«x.)

-ï-¢√-•’:i) -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ®√´-ö«-E-éÀ -Ö-°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’: a) Living English structure: By stannard

Allenb) NCERT v°æ-Jç-*† Let's Learn English,

series ™ series No.5 – 11 ii) 1) I'm (= I am) enjoying my new job=

Ø√ éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC(؈’ îªéπ\í¬ Å†’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’)

2) ûª† ÖüÓuí∫ç ûª†’ îªéπ\í¬ Å†’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E(ûª†èπ◊ éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçü¿E)úøߪ÷Ø√ îÁ°œpçC.

3) ´÷ Ø√†o Åçûª èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰®Ω’.4) ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o Åçûª èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰®ΩE Ç¢Á’ îÁ°œpçC.5) ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL6) ûª†’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL ÅE °‘-ô®˝ îÁ§ƒpúø’.--v°æ-¨¡o: 1. vis - a - vis - Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.2. Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ °æEîËÆœ† ÅCµ-é¬J îËÆœ†

ûª°œpü¿ç.3. Ééπ°j Å™«çöÀ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ´’-Sx îË-ߪ’†’.

2, 3 -v°æ-¨¡o-©-†’ --Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -™ -à-N--üµ¿çí¬ -îÁ-•’-û√®Ω’?– Èé. džç-ü¿- π◊-´÷®˝,í¬ü¿-®√úø (ûª÷.íÓ.->™«x)

-ï-¢√-•’:1) vis - a - vis (Oñ«O/ Nï-N–ï, size ™ z ™«í∫)

= ü∆EûÓ §ÚLÊÆh, ü∆E Ææç•ç-üµ¿çí¬.a) What are your job opportunities vis-a-vis

the reservation policy- Ñ reservation © Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç/- ØË-°æ-ü∑¿uç™, FÖüÓu-í¬-´-é¬-¨»-™„™« ÖØ√o®·?

b) India is not vis - a - vis the US= Å-¢Á’-Jé¬ûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Ææç°æ-†o-üË ¡ç é¬ü¿’. -

ii) This the mistake made by/ the lapse of theprevious official/ incumbent. (Incumbent = °æü¿-N™ Ö†o-¢√®Ω’)Incumbent: Pronunciation- ÉØ-éπç-•çö¸

iii) I will not repeat this mistake.

Kavitha: You've been out too long. Where

have you been?

(F´¤ î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ •ßª’-ô’-Ø√o´¤. áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o-Nç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤?)

Sabitha: I am returning from the Cinema. I

have been there to book tickets for

us.

(ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-™¸-Èé-∞«x†’. öÀÈé\ô’x •’é˙ îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ)

Kavitha: Have you got them? For what show

on what day?

(üÌJ-é¬ßª÷/ ûÁî√a¢√? à show à®ÓV?)

Sabitha: Of course I have. With great difficul-

ty I was able to get two seats for the

matinee the day after tomorrow. The

queue was too long.

(ûËéπ-§Ú-´-ô¢Ë’çöÀ? ÅA éπ≠ædç-O’ü¿ á©’xçúÕmatinee éÀ È®çúø’ tickets üÌJ-鬮·.Queue ´’K §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC)

Kavitha: For the matinee? In these dog

days? I think it'll be too hot for us to

go out. The sun could scorch us.

(matinee é¬? Ñ ´’çúø’ ¢ËÆæ-N-™Ø√?Åçûª áçúø™ ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡x™‰ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oØË. áçúø ´’†-Lo ´÷úËa-ßÁ·îª’a)

Scorch (≤ƒ\î˝) = ´÷úËa-ߪ’úøç. In the scorching sun = ´÷úËa áçúø™

Sabitha: I thought so too, but ...

(؈÷ Å™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, é¬F ...)Kavitha: Why didn't you think of the first

show? We shall have had a pleasant

time.

(†’´¤y first show í∫’Jç* áçü¿’-é¬-™-*ç-îª-™‰ü¿’? î√™« £æ…®·í¬ ÖçúËC éπü∆?

Pleasant = Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†Sabitha: It's such a lengthy movie, you know.

If it is the first show, it will be too late

in the night for us to return home

safely.

(ÅC î√™« °ü¿l ÆœE´÷. First show

Å®·ûË ÉçöÀéÀ AJ-T-®√-´úøç Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ´’ç*C (Íé~´’-éπ®Ωç)é¬ü¿’)

Kavitha: We can't bear the heat. How about

giving away the tickets to others?

(Ç áçúø ¶µºJç-‰ç. Ç tickets ÉçÈé-´-J-éπØ√o ÉîËaÊÆh?)

Sabitha: That'd be foolish. I've taken a lot of

trouble to get the tickets. Don't

worry. It's an AC hall.

(ÅC °œ*a-°æE. Ç tickets ûË´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™«v¨¡´’°æ-ú≈f†’. àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Ç hall,

AC hall)

Kavitha: OK. It's too good a movie to miss.

(Å™«Íí. ´’†ç ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-™‰†çûª ´’ç*ÆœE´÷ ÅC)

Very, too èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oçéπü∆. very Åçõ‰ áèπ◊\´, î√™«– Åçü¿’- ©x îÁúø’éπ©-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Too Åçõ‰ ÅA, Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúËï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.a) Ramana is too good - ®Ω´’ù ÅA ´’ç*.

(Åçü¿’-´©x Åûª-EéÀ éπL-ÍíC éÃúË)b) Aruna: Son, how about the girl you saw the

other day? Is she to your liking?

´’†ç ¢Á·†o îª÷Æœ† Å´÷t®· N≠æߪ’ç àçöÀ?Fèπ◊ †*açü∆?Pranav: Mom, don't you think she is too tall

for me?

´’K §Òúø’-í∫-E-°œç-îª-™‰ü∆ Fèπ◊? (Åçõ‰– Ø√ áûª’hèπ◊ûªT-†çûª/ Ø√ ÅçûªØ√o/ Ø√éπçõ‰ áûªhØ√o 鬴a)

c) The car is very expensive -

¶«í¬ êK-üÁjçC. (Å®·Ø√ ´’†ç é̆-´îª’a)d) The car is too expensive -

car ´’K êK-üÁjçC. (Åçü¿’-´©x é̆ç/ é̆-™‰†çûª üµ¿®Ω)

ÉC too èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n™x, ¢√úø’-éπ™x äéπöÀ.Look at the following sentences.

a) The patient is too weak to walk -

®ÓT †úø-´-™‰†çûª •©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖçC.b) The amount with him is too little to buy a

car -

ÅûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s é¬®Ω’ é̆-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´.c) He is walking too slow to catch the train -

Train Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰†çûª Eü∆†çí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.d) He is driving too carelessly to be safe.

Íé~´’ç-鬆çûª E®Ωxéπ~uçí¬ †úÕ-°œÆæ’hØ√oúø’.

°j sentences ™ too ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

... too + adjective (sentences a & b) + infinitiveadverb (sentences c & d)

[a) Adjective Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. í∫’ù«Lo ûÁLÊ°´÷ô©’.

b) Adverbs Åçõ‰ adjectives ûÁLÊ° í∫’ù«©’ à¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ᙫ ÖØ√o®· ÅE; verb ûÁLÊ° °æ†’©’ᙫ, á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-í¬®· ÅE ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’.

c) Infinitive Åçõ‰ to & 1st regular doing word.eg: to go, to see, to sit, etc - Åçõ‰ ¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊/¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ/ ¢Á∞¡xôç; îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊/ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ/îª÷úøôç; èπÿ®Ω’a-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ èπÿ®Óa-´-ú≈-EéÀ/ èπÿ®Óa-´úøç, etc.]

°j† É*a† v°æA sentence ™ v°æA-ü∆-EéÃ, ûÁ©’-í∫’™–™‰†çûª, 鬆çûª – ÅE negative ´≤Úhç-C-éπü∆. ÅCtoo v°æûËu-éπûª.too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive= Ç adjec-tive/ adverb ´©x 鬢√Lq† °æE ï®Ω-í∫-ü¿ØÓ, †≠ædçÖçô’ç-ü¿ØÓ Å®Ωnç.i) He is too poor to continue studies.

¢√úø’ îªü¿’´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-†çûª Ê°ü¿¢√úø’.ii) She is too proud to listen to advice.

Ç¢Á’ Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ©-£æ…†’ N†-†çûª í∫Jy.iii) She cooks too badly to eat.

A†-™‰-†çûª ü∆®Ω’-ùçí¬ ´çúø’-ûª’ç-ü∆¢Á’.iv) She knows too little to teach others.

Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ¶Cµç-îª-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ûÁ©’-≤ƒ-¢Á’èπ◊.Now study the following sentences fromthe conversation at the beginning of thelesson.

1) The Queue was too long.

èπÿu ´’K §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC. (؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ®√™‰-†çûª)2) I think it will be too hot (for us) to go out.

3) It will be too late in the night (for us) to

return home safely.

4) It is too good a movie to miss.

Sentence No (2): ... it will be too hot for us to

go out.

´’†ç •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ Öçô’çC.Sentence No (3): It will be too late in the night

for us to return home safely.

´’†ç Íé~´’çí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ®√™‰-†çûª Ç©Ææuç鬴a ®√vA-°æ‹ô.

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† sentences èπÿ, sen-

tences (2) and (3) éÀ ûËú≈: - for us ÅØËC extra.

i) He is too foolish to understand this.

ÉC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ÅN-¢ËéÀ ¢√úø’.ii) He is too clever for us to cheat.

´’†ç ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úø-ûªúø’.Sentence (i) ™ infinitive ´·çü¿’ for ... ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. Sentence (ii) ™ infinitive

´·çü¿’ for us ÖçC.iii) Hari is too fat to walk fast.

¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úø-´-™‰-†çûª ™«´¤. (Infinitive ´·çü¿’for ... ™‰ü¿’)

iv) Hari is too fat for us to carry.

´’†ç ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª ™«´-ûª†’.(Infinitive ´·çü¿’ for ... ÖçC)

v) ´’†ç B®Ωa-™‰-†çûª Ææ´’Ææu ÅCIt is too difficult a problem for us to solve/

The problem is too difficult for us to solve.

vi) ´’†ç îª÷úø-™‰-†çûª <éπ-öÀí¬ ÖçCIt is too dark for us to see.

vii) ؈’ é̆-™‰-†çûª üµ¿®Ω. The car is too expensive for me to buy.

viii) Ç¢Á’ éπç®∏Ωç N†-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ≤ƒn®·™ ÖçCHer voice is too low for him to hear.

ix) °œ©x©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª éπ≠æd-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’çThis is too difficult for children to understand.

x) Ñ dress Ç¢Á’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª §ƒûªCThis dress is too old for her to wear.

xi) ÉC Ç ´%ü¿’l¥úø’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤This is too heavy for the old man to carry.

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.ûÁ©’-í∫’™– ÉC ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤ Åçõ‰ =ÉC î√™« •®Ω’´¤, ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰†’– ÅE éπü∆.English ™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.a) It is very heavy; I cannot carry it.

It is too heavy for me to carry.

b) The movie is very good; We cannot miss it.

The movie is good for us to miss.

c) The chapter is very important; Nobody can

ignore it.

Ñ chapter î√™« ´·êuç. á´®Ω’èπÿú≈ ü∆EoÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-îª-™‰®Ω’. The chapter is too important for anybody to

ignore it.

d) The problem is very serious; We cannot

neglect it.

Ææ´’Ææu î√™« Bv´çí¬ ÖçC; ´’†ç °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø™‰ç.The problem is too serious for us to neglect.

e) The room is very big; The table is very

small.

í∫üË¢Á÷ î√™« °ü¿lC, table ´÷vûªç î√™« *†oC.(Åçûª °ü¿l í∫CéÀ ûªí∫-†çûª *†oC)

The table is too small for the big room/

The room is too big for the small table.

f) Prakash: Are you attending the party

tomorrow?

†’´¤y Í®°æ¤ party éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’-Ø√o¢√?Subhash: I am too busy.

؈’ î√™« BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o –§ƒKdéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª

Ééπ\úø Subhash's reply í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. I am

too busy ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’ – Åçõ‰, I

am too busy to attend ÅE. Ñ too †’ °jdialogue ™™« ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.

g) Sankar: I'll carry this

box and you carry

that.

ØËF-°õ„d BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.†’´yC BÆæ’éÓ.Vishnu: Oh, that's

too heavy.

ÅC ´’K •®Ω’´¤ – Åçõ‰Øˆ’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª ÅE.Vishnu's response èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– That's too

heavy for me to carry ÅE.h) Prabhakar: Why don't you send Ganesh

for talks?

Ωa-©èπ◊ í∫ù‰-≠ˇ-ØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ °æç°æ-èπÿ-úøü¿’?Sudhakar: He is too innocent.

Åûªúø’ ´’K Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ – Ωa©’é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-†çûª.

Éçé¬ Núø-´’-®Ω* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, He is too innocent

to participate in talks/ to handle talks

Åûªúø’ ûÁL-Ní¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-†çûª/ Ææ´÷-Rç--éÓ-™‰-†çûª Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’.

i) Gowtham: How do I look in this shirt?

ØËF shirt ™ ᙫ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’?/Ñ shirt ᙫ ÖçC?)

Viswam: Isn't that too big for you?

ÅC Fèπ◊ ´’K °ü¿l-Cí¬/ ´ü¿’-©’í¬™‰ü¿÷?

É™« 'too' - question form ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.j) Bhaskar: Is the curry too hot?

Ñ èπÿ®Ω ´’K 鬮Ωçí¬ Öçü∆?hot - ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ¢ËúÕ. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÓöÀ– 鬮Ωç – A†™‰ç.Bhavan: So it is, and the sambar is too

salty.

Å´¤†’ – ≤ƒç¶«®Óx Ö°æ¤p ´’K áèπ◊\´– A†™‰ç

ÉO too Ö°æßÁ÷-í¬©’. É™« 'too' ¢√úø-éπçûÓ ´’†çîÁ§ƒp©†’èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ î√™« short sen-

tences ™ simple í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. conversation

Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

--Ç-C¢√®Ωç 24 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

The car is too expensive-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 218-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

Praful: Are you telling me that you are doingall this just for me?

(Éü¿çû√ Ø√éÓÆæç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†ç-ö«¢√?)Mohan: What then? Why should I go about

places to get your papers moved?

(´’Jç-ÍéçöÀ? F é¬T-û√©’ éπü¿-°æ-ö«-EéÀÅEo-îÓô’x áçü¿’èπ◊ A®Ω-í¬L ØË-†’?)

Praful: Come now, Mohan. You are tooclever not to have any self interest.

(¢Á÷£æ«Ø˛ îª÷úø’. àüÓ ≤ƒy®Ωnç Öçõ‰ØËîËÊÆ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úÕN †’´¤y)

Mohan: You are right. Let me be frank. I dotake this opportunity to meet officersand get their acquaintance.

(†’´yØËC Eï¢Ë’. Ö†o--ü¿’-†oô’d îÁ°æpF.Officers †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ö«-EéÃ, ¢√∞¡xûÓ °æJ-îª-ߪ÷-Eéà DEE ØËØÓ Å´-鬨¡çí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)

frank = ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC •ßª’-ô-°õ‰d/´’†-Ææ’™ àD ü∆-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†oC Ö†oô’xîÁÊ°pߪ’ôç.To tell you frankly/ To be frank I don't like you

Ø√ ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰/ Ö†oC ü∆-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√o – †’´yçõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠ædç ™‰ü¿’.Acquaintance (ÅÈéj y-®·-Ø˛-ôØ˛q. 'éπy— ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)= °æJ-îªßª’ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’/ ´·ê°æJ-îªßª’ç (ÊÆo£æ«ç é¬èπ◊çú≈)/ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’húø’I have acquaintance with him =

ÅûªúÕûÓ Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç ÖçC.He is an acquaintance of mine =

Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’húø’Praful: I appreciate your frankness.

(F´¤ ´’†-Ææ’q-™ØË Â°ô’d-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ •ßª’-öÀéÀîÁ°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)

appreciate Åv°‘-≠œ-ß’ö¸ – 'v°‘— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= ´’ç*-ûª†ç/ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ™«çöÀN Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫ôç/ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç. äéπ Ææ´’-Ææu†’Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç.He doesn't appreciate the seriousness ofthe situation =

°æJ-ÆœnA Bv´ûª†’ Åûªúø’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-õ‰xü¿’Mohan: You are too smart not to miss the

point either. You know I alone can getthings done for you.

(Ç Å稡ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËçûª ûÁLN F-C.Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ °æE Ø√ ´™‰x Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E)

Praful: The dependence is mutual

(Ñ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç ÅØËC °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç.)Mutual (´‚u-Å™¸)– ´‚u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’.The husband and wife have mutualunderstand =

Ç ¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh™x °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω Å -í¬-£æ«† ÖçCMohan: So what now? (Å®·ûË É°æ¤p-úËç-öÀçé¬?)Praful: The officer is too efficient not to

speed up matters.

(N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ é¬EîËa ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uçÖ†o Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ -Ç-ߪ’-†, Åçõ‰ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ûªy®Ωí¬ Å´¤-û√-ߪ’E)

Mohan: We aren't too unlucky there.

(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´’†ç ´’K ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠æd- ç-ûª’©ç é¬-ü¿’)

éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ we discussed the meaningand use of 'too'. Let's know something moreabout 'too'. Look at the following sentences:

He is too strong not to beat his opponent

ÅûªúÕ v°æûªu-JnE ãúÕç-îª-í∫-L-Ííçûª •©-´ç-ûª’-úø-ûª†’´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷ÆœçC:too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive Ö†osentences ™ Å®Ωnç, infinitive èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬´Ææ’hçC éπü∆.a) He is too weak to walk - Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, Ñ

sentence ™ Ö†o infinitive 'to walk' èπ◊´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ É™« ´Ææ’hçC – †úø-´-™‰-†çûª •©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖØ√o-úøE.

b) She is too slow to understand things.Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç infinitive, to understandèπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª (Eü∆†çÇ¢Á’) ÅE ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. ÉC ´’†ç last les-son ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.É°æ¤púø’ Ñ sentence îª÷úøçúÕ.

c) He is too clever not to understand this.Ñ sentence ™ infinitive ´·çü¿’ notÖçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

É™« infinitive ´·çü¿’not ¢√úÕûË, sentenceèπ◊ Å®Ωnç, not infinitiveèπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπçí¬Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰infinitive îÁÊ°pC ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC ÅE. É°æ¤púø’sentence (c) éÀ Å®ΩnçÉ™« ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. Åûªúø’ ÉC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫©ûÁLN Ö†o¢√úË. Åçõ‰ not to understand(Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓE/ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E) èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË/ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫© ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.

He is too clever not to understand thepoint

Ñ N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫© (not to under-stand èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç) ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’. (Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√úËç é¬ü¿’)a) She has had too much of practice not

to play well =

¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-L-Ííçûª practice Ö†o-ü∆-¢Á’èπ◊.(not to play well èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-L-Ííçûª)Compare the following.

i) He is too lazy to pass =

§ƒÆˇ Å´-™‰-†çûª (to pass èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç)•ü¿l¥-éπ-Ææ’h-úø’-¢√úø’.

ii) He is too hard working not to pass.

pass ÅßË’uçûª (not to pass èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç)í¬ v¨¡´’-°æ-úË-¢√-úø-ûª†’.ÉN πÿú≈ §ÚLa îª÷úøçúÕ.

i) She is too careless to observe this =ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îª-™‰-†çûª (to observe èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç) Åñ«-ví∫ûªh ´’E≠œ Ç¢Á’.

ii) She is too keen not to observe this =ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îËçûª (not to observe èπ◊´uA-Í®éπç) ®Ω’-ÈéjçC Ç¢Á’.

Now, take the sentences from the conver-sation at the beginning of the Lesson:

1) You are too clever not to have any selfinterest

2) You are too smart not to miss the pointeither

3) The officer is too efficient not to speed upmatters

4) We aren't too unlucky there

Sentence No.1: Not to have any self-interest

èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬, ≤ƒy®Ωnç Fèπ◊ç-úËçûª ÅE´Ææ’hçC. ≤ƒy®ΩnçûÓ îËÊÆçûª ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úÕ¢Ë †’´¤y. É™« èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.≤ƒy®Ωnç àç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îËÊÆçûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√-úÕN é¬ü¿’ †’´¤y.

No. 2: You are too smart not to miss the point

either = not to miss the point èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç– Å稡ç í∫´’-Eç-îËçûª ûÁLN ÖçC Fèπ◊/Å稡ç í∫´’-Eç-îª-éπ-§Ú-ßË’çûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√-úÕ-N-鬴¤.

No. 3: Not to speed up things èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËÊÆçûª ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Çofficer °æ†’©’ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-í∫© ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uçÖ†o-¢√úø’.(ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª ÅÆæ-´’-®Ω’núø’ é¬úø’)

No.4: We aren't too unlucky there = ´’†ç ´’KÅçûª ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠ædçí¬ (°æE-é¬-†çûª) ™‰ç

'Too' †’ áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úÌîÓa îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆!É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷úøçúÕ.a) The Australian team was too strong for

India

= The Australian bowling was too much forIndia =

¶µ«®Ωû˝ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†çûª •©-¢Á’i† öÃç ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷.ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ¶˜Lçí˚ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†ç-ûªC.

b) The boy is too clever for a boy his age = Çèπ◊v®√úø’ ÅûªE ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’.

c) The old man is too strong for his age = Ç´·Ææ-™«-ߪ’-†èπ◊ Çߪ’† ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† •©çÖçC.

É¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ñ columns ™ØË also (èπÿú≈) ÅØËÅ®ΩnçûÓ too ¢√úøéπç îªJaçî√ç. ÅC-èπÿú≈ ã≤ƒJí∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

Spoken English (British or American) ™ also

éπçõ‰ ÅüË Å®Ωnç (èπÿú≈)ûÓ, too áèπ◊\´ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.Also ¢√úøéπç éÌçîÁç formal. Åçõ‰ serious

speech/ book language ™ áèπ◊\´. ´÷´‚-©’í¬´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ too, é¬èπ◊çõ‰, as well, ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.É¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ sentence *´®Ω ´≤ƒh®·.1) ؈’ ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ ûª´·t-úÕF éπ©’-

Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’=I met him, and his brother too/ I met him

and his brother as well. (I met his brother

also - ÉC äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬ ûªÊ°p – also, sentence

*´®Ω ¢√úøôç.)2) †’´¤y Ç èπ◊Ka 鬢√-©çõ‰ BÆæ’éÓ, ü∆çûÓ §ƒô’

õ‰•’™¸ èπÿú≈ 鬢√-©çõ‰ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ =You take the chair, but you can't take the

table too./ You can't have the table as well

Also ¢√úÕûË, ü∆Eo verb ´·çü¿’-í¬F, 'be' form

´·çü¿’-í¬F ´îËaô’x ¢√úøû√ç.I went to Delhi last month; I also stayed

there for a week.

(؈’ §Ú®·† ØÁ© Delhi ¢ÁR Åéπ\úø ã ¢√®Ωçèπÿú≈ ÖØ√o†’)– also, verb- stayed ´·çü¿’®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

3) The British ruled us for centuries and

robbed us too/ robbed us as well =

vGöÀ≠ˇ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†Lo §ƒLç*, üÓ-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’èπÿú≈.ÉD spoken English™ too (as well) èπ◊ Ö†ov§ƒ´·êuç.

Not ûÓ Å®·ûË ÅÆæ©’ also ®√ØË-®√ü¿’. ÅC ûªÊ°p(äéπ\ not only ... but also sentences ™ ûª°æp).Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ either ¢√úøû√ç.1) Åûªúø÷ ®√™‰ü¿’, ÅûªúÕ ûª´·túø÷ ®√™‰ü¿’.

He hasn't come, his brother hasn't either.

(his brother hasn't come too- ÅE sentence

*´®Ω ®√´îª’a/ as well èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a)2) Ç¢Á’ ®√™‰ü¿’, ®√ -õ‰x-ü¿E §∂ÚØ˛ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ =

She hasn't come; She hasn't phoned either

she won't come.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 26 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

We aren't too unlucky -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 219-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

EXERCISE

Mohan: †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ É≠æd°æ-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’?

Madan: ´’K îªLí¬ ™‰ü¿÷?Mohan: Eï¢Ë’. †’´¤y sweater ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-´¤-éπü∆?Madan: Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†çûª îªL ÅE-°œ-

≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊.Mohan: Fèπ◊ ûªô’d-èπ◊ØË ¨¡éÀh (resistance) ´’K

ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o-ô’dçC.Madan: Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ typhoid ´*a-†-°æp-ô’oç<

resistance ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC.Mohan: Doctor †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’SMadan: É°æp-öÀÍé -î√-™« áèπ◊\-´-≤ƒ®Ω’x éπL-¨»†’. î√™«

fees Éa-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ¢Ájü¿u ê®Ω’a©’ ´’Káèπ◊\-´-ߪ÷u®· Ø√èπ◊.

Mohan: ؈C Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. Å®·Ø√ †’´¤ydoctor †’ îª÷úøôç ´’ç*C. É°æp-öÀÍé¶«í¬ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC.

Madan: †’´y-†oC correct. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªçîª÷≤ƒh†’.

ANSWER

Mohan: Why are you unwilling to go out?

Madan: Isn't it too cold?

Mohan: That's true. But you are wearing asweater.

Madan: Still I feel it is too cold for me to bear.

Mohan: You seen to have too little resistance.

Madan: Yes, since I had the typhoid myresistance has been too low.

Mohan: See your doctor again.

Madan: I have seen him too often already. Ihave spent too much on medicine,already.

Mohan: I can understand all that. Still you hadbetter see the doctor. You havedelayed too much already.

Madan: What you say is correct. I'll see himthis evening.

Prabha: Hi Subha, how goes the world with

you?

(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?)Subha: Well, I can't complain. How is it with

you?

(¶«üµ¿™‰ç ™‰ ¤. -†’-¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?)(Ñ response English ™ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ)

Prabha: How did you spend the week in your

cousin's place in Hyderabad?

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ O’ éπ->-Ø˛ Éçöx ᙫí∫úÕ-§ƒ´¤?)

Subha: Happily enough to remember the

days there for a long time.

(áçûÓ-鬩ç í∫’®Ω’hç-úËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬)Prabha: What was so enjoyable about it?

(àN’-ôçûª Ææ®Ωü∆ éπ-L-Tç-îË N≠æߪ’çÅéπ\úø?)

Subha: My cousin. Namrata is jovial enough

to make your time pass very quickly.

(-õ„i-¢’ î√™«ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ßË’ç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª/ ûªT†çûª £æ…Ææuç éπ©C ´÷ éπ->-Ø˛†v´’ûª)

Prabha: Yea. She was here last summer,

wasn't she? I remember her jokes

well enough to make me laugh

whenever I remember them.

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ¢ËÆæ-N™ Ééπ\-úø’çC éπü∆. á°æ¤púø’í∫’®Ìh-*aØ√ -†-¢Áy-ô÷d -îË-ߪ’í∫-© Ç¢Á’ -ñé˙qØ√èπ◊ í∫’-®Ω’h-Ø√o®·)

Subha: I asked her over here for the Dasara

holidays, but she has enough

assignments to keep her home.

(ü¿Ææ®√ ÂÆ©´¤©èπ◊ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®Ω´’tØ√o. é¬FÉ©’x éπü¿-©-F-ߪ’†çûª -ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’ç-ö¸qÖØ√o®· ûª†èπ◊)

Prabha: We shall be missing here a lot.

(´’†ç ûª††’ î√™« N’Æˇ Å´¤-û√ç- )Subha: She is a good laugh. She is enter-

taining enough to make us like her

company.

Prabha: Well, by the way, I have a bad cold. I

don't know how to get rid of it.

(ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ï©’•’îËÆœçC. ÅC ᙫ ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-¢√™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ôç-™‰ü¿’)

get rid of = üˆo-®·Ø√ (îÁúø’†’) ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-´ôçSubha: A cold is not serious enough to

cause worry in hot countries, but it is

nuisance enough to make us feel out

of sorts with yourself.

(-Ö-≠ægü˨»™x ï©’•’ -ÅØËC °ü¿l Çü¿’®√léπ©-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆçûª ï•’sé¬ü¿’. é¬E *é¬èπ◊ éπL-TçîËçûª Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπç)

(Feel out of sorts = *é¬èπ◊ §Òçü¿ôç)Prabha: Why didn't you take some medicine?

(´’ç-ü¿’-©’ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-ü¿’?)Subha: I did, of course, but the relief has

been temporary.

(BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬F û√û√\-Léπ Ö°æ-¨¡-´’-†¢Ë’)

Prabha: Doctors say you are cured of cold in

seven days if you take medicines,

and in one week if you don't take

medicines.

(´’çü¿’©ûÓ 7 ®ÓV™x, ´’çü¿’-™‰x-èπ◊çú≈¢√®√-Eéà 禍•’ †ßª’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’ -ú≈éπd®Ω’x)

'Enough' Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆. î√©’/ î√L-†çûª ÅE.1) I have enough money to buy a car =

Ø√-ü¿í∫_®Ω é¬®Ω’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª úø•’sçC.

2) She hasn't (doesn't have) enough money to

buy a house =

É©’x éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª úø•’s Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’.

3) Preethi: How about some more biriyani?

(Éçé¬Ææh G®√u-F ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?)

Pratima: Enough. No more, please.

(î√©’. °‘x-ñ¸ Éçéπ ´ü¿’l. )

Preethi: Is so little enough for you?

(Éçûª ûªèπ◊\´ î√™« Fèπ◊?)

Pratima: That's more than enough.

(ÅC î√L†çûª éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´)

4) Surendra: When shall we go to the next

movie?

(ûªü¿’-°æJ ÆœE´÷ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç)

Narendra: Enough is enough. No more of

these movies.

(ÉçéÌü¿’l ¶«•÷. Ñ ÆœE- ÷©’ Ééπ´ü¿’l)

5) He has enough and to spare

Åûª--úÕéÀ î√L†çûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Éûª-®Ω’© éÀ´y-í∫-L-T†çûª-Öç-C.

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. enough Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-ç.

Look at the following too:

1) You are clever enough to understand easi-

ly =

(†’´¤y Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËç--ûª ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN.)

= You are clever; you understand easily.

= †’´¤y ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN. †’´¤y Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. (†’´¤y Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËçûªûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN.)

2) He is tall enough to touch the ceiling fan=

Æ‘-Lçí˚ -§∂ƒu-Ø -†’ û√éπ-í∫--L-T-†ç-ûª §Òúø- -ûª-úø’ =

He is tall. He can touch the ceiling fan.

--Å--ûª-úø’ -§Ò-úø- ¤. -Å-ûª-úø’ Æ‘-Lçí -§∂ƒu-Ø -†’ -Åç-ü¿’éÓí∫-©-úø’.

3) The class room is large enough to seat 45

students -

45 -´’ç-C -N-ü∆u®Ω’n-©’ èπÿ®Óa-í∫© ´ÆæA Ö†oçûªÂ°ü¿l é¬xÆˇ ®Ω÷ç ÅC.

4) He is ill enough to need a doctor =

-ú≈éπd®˝ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√-Lq†çûª ï•’sí¬ ÖØ√o-úø-ûª†’.

Now look at the following sentences from

the conversation at the beginning of the

lesson.

1) (I spent) happily enough to remember the

days for a long time -

î√™«-鬩ç í∫’®Ω’hçúËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ í∫úÕ-§ƒ-†-éπ\úø.

2) Namrata is jovial enough to make your time

pass quickly -

-õ„i-¢’ -î√-™« ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ßË’-ôô’x îËߪ’-í∫©çûªîª´’-û√\J †v´’ûª.

Namrata is quite/ very jovial; she can

make your time pass quickly.

3) I remember her jokes well enough to make

me laugh whenever I remember them =

á°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*aØ√ †¢Ëyçûª ¶«í¬ Ç¢Á’ -ñé˙q Ø√èπ◊í∫’®Ω’h/ ؈’ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊ç-ö«†’.

I remember her jokes very well; they make

me laugh whenever I remembered them.

4) She has enough assignments/ assign-

ments enough to keep her home -

ûª††’ áéπ\-úÕéà éπü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈ (ÉçöxØË ÖçúË-ô’xí¬)îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª -ÅÂÆj-Ø -¢Á’ç-ö¸q ÖØ√o®·.

She has a good number of assignments.

They keep her home.

5) A cold is not serious enough to cause worry

in hot countries -

Ö≠ægü˨»™x ï©’•’ Çü¿’®√l éπL-TçîËçûª Bv´--¢Á’içCé¬ü¿’.

A cold is not very serious in hot Countries;

it does not cause worry.

6) It is nuisance enough to make us feel out of

sorts =

*é¬èπ◊ éπL-TçîËçûª Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπç.

= It is a big nuisance; it makes us feel out

of sorts.

ÉN enough Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™too Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç.

too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive ´ÊÆh (´’K,ÅA ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ´uA-Í®-é¬-®√n-Eo-Ææ’hçC.

Enough + infinitive ´ÊÆh positive Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC(Å´¤†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

Compare:

a) He is too weak to walk - He is very weak,

so he cannot walk =

¶«í¬ •©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’, †úø-´-™‰úø’.

b) He is strong enough to walk fast =

ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª •©çí∫©-¢√úø’.

2) a) She is too ill to need a doctor =

Ç¢Á’ î√™« Bv´çí¬ ï•’sûÓ ÖçC. -ú≈éπd®˝ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. -(ú≈éπd®˝´*aØ√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’)

b) She is ill enough to need a doctor -

ï•’s ¶«í¬ Bv´çí¬ ÖçC. -ú≈éπd®˝†’ ¢ÁçôØË°œ©-¢√L. (v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçô’çC)

ÅD too èπÿ, enough èπÿ ûËú≈, È®çúÕçöÀ ûª®√yû√infinitive ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’. Å®·ûË ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’pîª÷úøçúÕ enough ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’.

a) He is wise enough to understand such

things =

Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-T†çûª ûÁL-N-í∫©¢√úø-ûª†’.

´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p (Word

Order) îª÷ü∆lç

Wise (Adj) +

enough + infinitive

(ÅüË too ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’too + adjective/

adverb + infinitive

´Ææ’hçC éπü∆?)

ÉD í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq†N≠æߪ’ç.

ÅüË adjective •ü¿’©’ noun Å®·ûË, enough +

noun + infinitive ´Ææ’hçC.

a) There is enough water in the tank to last for

the whole day =

(Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊ ÆæJ-°æúË F∞¡Ÿx-Ø√o®· -ö«uçé˙™.)

b) I have enough friends to help me =

(Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ î√L-†ç-ûª-´’ç-CÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 29 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 220-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

EXERCISE

Preetham: F ü¿í∫_-È®çûª úø•’sçC?

Priya: àç? áçü¿’èπ◊?

Preetham: Ø√éÓ È®çúÌç-ü¿-L-îËaçûª Öçü∆?

Priya: Åçûª-™‰ü¿’. Ø√é¬\-¢√Lq† È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØËçûª úø•’sçC.

Preetham: Ø√èπÿ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®Ω÷.200ûªèπ◊\-¢ÁjçC. ´÷ Ø√†o °æç°œçîË´®Ωèπ◊¢Ë* ÖçúË -õ„i-¢’ ™‰ü¿’.

Priya: ≤ƒ-K.

Answer

Preetham: How much money have you?/

do you have?

Priya: Why? What do you want?

Preetham: Have you enough money to

give/ spare/ lend me Rs.200?

Priya: Not so much. I have enough

money to buy the two books I

need.

Preetham: I am short of Rs.200/- to buy

the books I need. I don't have

the time enough to wait till my

dad sends me money.

Priya: I'm sorry.

Enough is enough

Prem: Hi Syam, you are so late that all the

people have left.

(¨»uç, †’¢Áyçûª Ç©Ææu-´’çõ‰ FéÓÆæç Ö†o¢√-∞¡xçû√ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’)

Syam: I was held up on my way by a terrible

traffic jam. The traffic was so heavy

that I took an hour to travel one kilo-

meter by car.

(ü∆J™ ®ΩDl ††’o ÇÊ°-ÆœçC. é¬®Ω’™ äéπéÀ™-O’-ô®˝ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ í∫çô °æöÀdçC – Åçûª®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC)

Prem: Didn't you hear us on your mobile?

(F ÂÆ™ -§∂ÚØ˛™ ´÷ ´÷ô©’ NE-°œç-‰ü∆Fèπ◊?)

Syam: I knew you were calling, but I couldn't

make out anything. The whole road

was so noisy.

(O’®Ω’ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’h-†oC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, é¬FO’Í®ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†oD ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. ®Ó-úøfçû√ -Åç-ûª íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC.)

Prem: Our friends had waited and waited.

They had to wait for so long that I

served them coffee twice. That was

how long it was.

(´’† v°∂çú˛q F éÓÆæç áçûÓ-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë*-îª÷-¨»®Ω’. áçûª-ÊÆ-°æçõ‰ ؈’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x 鬰∂‘ É¢√y-Lq-´-*açC. Åçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o-®Ω-†o-´÷ô ¢√∞¡Ÿx)

Syam: I'm really sorry but I couldn't help it.

When I took out my car to make it here

I didn't expect it to happen this way.

(Eïçí¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’, é¬E àçîËߪ’†’? ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ Ø√ é¬®Ω’•ßª’-ôèπ◊ BÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)

(... I couldn't help it = ØËØËç îËߪ’-™‰E °æJ-ÆœnA/Ø√èπ◊ ûª°œpç-C-é¬ü¿’.)

eg: I have to go now. I can't help it =

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«x-LqçüË. Ø√éπ-C-ûª-°æpü¿’.

He has to pay the fine. He can't help it =

Åûªúø’ fine éπö«d-LqçüË. ÅûªúÕéπC ûª°æpü¿’.

To make it here = to reach here =

Ééπ\-úÕéÀ îË®Ω-ö«-EéÀ.

Prem: Why was the traffic so heavy?

(áçü¿’-éπçûª ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC vö«°∂œé˙ É¢√y∞¡?)

Syam: For onething, it is a peak traffic hour.

Secondly some procession was in the

way. At one point it was so long that it

took nearly 20 minutes to clear the

road.

(äéπ N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ ÅC ´÷´‚-©’í¬vö«°∂œé˙ ®ΩDl ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçúË Æ洒ߪ’ç.È®çúÓüËçôçõ‰ àüÓ ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ Åúøfç ´*açC.äéπ ü¿¨¡™ Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ áçûÓ §Òúø-´¤çC.áçûªçõ‰, ÅC ®Óúø’f ü∆ô-ö«-EéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®ΩÅ®Ω-í∫çô °æöÀdçC)

peak traffic = Åûªuçûª ®ΩDl

Prem: Why didn't you tell us of it over the

cell?

(cell ™ îÁ°æp-™‰üËç Ñ N≠æߪ’ç?)

Syam: It was so noisy that you could hear

nothing.

(àD N-E°œç-îª-†ç-ûª íÌúø´)Prem: Anyway, it's all over. Our friends have

gone away. Let's plan a meeting this

weekend.

(à¢Á’i-ûËØËç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†v°∂çú˛qÅçü¿®Ω’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀéπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË à®√pô’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç)

Syam: OK.

´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’: So èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n©’:So = 1) Åçü¿’- ©x/ 鬕öÀd 2) Åçûª (American

usage)

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç, so = Åçûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ö†oÖ°æßÁ÷í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.(Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, so, such (Å™«çöÀ) ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç)a) I can't go out now, It is so hot =

ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰†’, Åçûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC =ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC.It is so hot now that I can't go out.

b) Ç é¬®Ω’ ≤ƒ´÷-†’u©’é̆-™‰®Ω’. Åçûª êK-üÁjç-ü¿C =Ordinary people

can't buy the car; It's

so expensive =

≤ƒ´÷-†’u©’ é̆-™‰-†çûªêK-üÁj† 鬮ΩC =The car is so expensive that ordinary peo-

ple can't buy it.

c) It is a long way off; the girl can't walk the

distance =

ÅC î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. Ç Å´÷t®· Ç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-™‰ü¿’.

Ç Å´÷t®· †úø-´-™‰ü¿’; Åçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç ÅC.

= The girl can't walk the distance; it's such

a long way off/ so distant.

= It is such a long way off that the girl can-

not walk.

îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. so †’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úø- a. Å®·ûË'so' É™« ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, sentence ™E ´÷ô-©èπÿ®Ω’p í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

1) The box is so heavy that I cannot carry it.

(Ç Â°õ„d ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤)

2) He is walking so slowly that he cannot

catch the train.

(wõ„jØ˛ Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª Eü∆-†çí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’)

´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p îª÷úøçúÕ:

... so + adjective (heavy - 1) + that + ... (not) etc.

adverb (slowly - 2)

Éçé¬-îª÷-úøçúÕ.

3) He is so lazy that he cannot finish the work

on time.

(Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æE-°æ‹-Jh-îË-ߪ’-†çûª ≤Ú´’J Åûª†’)

4) He talks so fast that I can't understand him

؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-úø-ûª†’.

Now look at the following sentences fromthe conversation at the beginning of thelesson.

1) The traffic was so heavy that I took an hour

to travel one kilometer.

vö«°∂œé˙ áçûª ®ΩDlí¬ Öçü¿çõ‰, äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô °æöÀdçC.´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ûÁ©’-í∫’™– äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô °æöÀdçC; vö«°∂œé˙ Åçûª®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC.

2) You are so late that all the people have left=Éûª-®Ω’-©çû√ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’çûªí¬ Ç©Ææu-´’-ߪ÷u-´¤ †’´¤y.

3) I couldn't make out any thing.

The whole road was so noisy=Ø√Íéç Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’ (NE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’).Road Åçû√ -Åç-ûª íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC.

4) They had to wait so long that I served them

coffee twice=È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x coffee ÉîËaç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢√∞¡Ÿx áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-¨»®Ω’. (F ®√éπ Åçûª Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·ç-ü¿E ¶µ«´ç)

5) Why was the traffic so heavy?=

Traffic Åçûª ®ΩDlí¬ áçü¿’-èπ◊çC?

6) ... it was so long that it took nearly 20 min-

utes to clear the road.

Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ áçûª §Òúø-´çõ‰, ÅC ®Óú˛ ü∆ô--ú≈-EéÀ20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æöÀdçC. (Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ ®Óú˛ ü∆ô-ú≈-EéÀ 20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æöÀdçC. Åçûª §Òúø-´C.)

7) It was so noisy that you couldn't hear any-

thing

´’†èπ◊ (Ééπ\úø, you Åçõ‰ F´¤/ O’®Ω’ ÅE´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬ü¿’; you – Åçõ‰ 'á´-È®jØ√— ÅØËÅ®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩØË N≠æߪ’ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.)

ÉD so... that Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Ééπ\úø ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: so ûª®√yûª adjective/ adverb, ü∆Eûª®√yûª that ®√´ôç.a) She hates him so much that (so + much

(adverb) + that) she doesn't want to talk to

him

Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç É≠ædç-™‰-ü∆-¢Á’èπ◊. Åçûªí¬ÅûªúÕE üËy≠œ-≤ÚhçC.

b) He is so tall that he can touch the ceiling

fan =

ceiling fan †’ û√éπ-í∫-©çûª §Òúø´¤ Åûªúø’.(so + tall (adj) + that)

鬕öÀd 'so' É™« ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ûª®√yûª adjective/

adverb, Ç ûª®√yûª that ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√L.(Å®·ûË present day (É°æpöÀ) American usage

™, so ûª®√yûª that ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.He is so tall he can touch the fan.

É™« ņôç American usage ™ ûª®Ω’îª÷NE°œÆæ’hçô’çC.)O’éÀ-°æp-öÀéÀ Å®Ωn-´’ßË’u Öçô’çC- so ... that éÀ,´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o too ...

infinitive éÀ î√™« ü¿í∫_®Ω Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçü¿E.The car is so expensive that ordinary peo-

ple can't buy it = The car is too expensive

for ordinary people to buy it. =

È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ éπü∆. Å®·ûË too ... +

infinitive Å®·ûË, sentence simple í¬ ÖçúÕconversation effective í¬ Öçô’çC.Too ... infinitive ¢√úø-í∫-L-TûË, ÅüË so that ...

éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.Compare:

a) It's too heavy for me to carry.

b) It is so heavy that I cannot carry it.

îª÷úøçúÕ: so ... that Ö†o sentence (b) ¶«í¬§Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC. éÌçûª ÆæçéÀx-≠ædçí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC éπü∆.

c) It is too difficult for me to understand

d) It is so difficult that I can't understand it.

c) éπçõ‰ (d) complicated í¬ ÖçC éπü∆?so ... that practice îËߪ’çúÕ, é¬F too ... infinitive

áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

It is too difficult .. to understand-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 221-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

EXERCISE

(Practise the following aloud in English;

use only so ... that structure.)

Ramana: ´’†ç É¢√y∞¡ •ßª’öÀÈé∞¡x™‰ç. Åçûª¢√†í¬ ÖçC.

Sumana: ´’J shopping îËߪ÷L éπü∆?

Ramana: Í®°æ¤ îËü∆l癉.

Sumana: Ñ®ÓV éÌØ√-Lq†N î√™« ÖØ√o®·. ÅNÅçûª ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N.

Ramana: Å´¤†’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Í®°æ-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Ç°æ-™‰-†çûªÅ´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†N éπü∆?

Sumana: Å®·ûË ´’†ç °æ‹Jhí¬ ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Ú-ßË’çûª¢√†í¬ ÖçC. ´’Í®ç îËü∆lç?

Ramana: ã í∫çö«T •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωü∆ç.

Sumana: Å°æp-öÀéÀ shops ÅFo ´‚ÊÆ-≤ƒh®Ω’.

Ramana: Auto ™ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç.

ANSWER

Ramana: The rain is so heavy/ It's raining so

heavily that we can't go out.

Sumana: But we've to do shopping.

Ramana: Let's do it tomorrow.

Sumana: Some of the things are so important

that we have to buy them today.

Ramana: Yes, I remember. Some of the

things are so important that they

have to be bought/ we have buy

them today.

Sumana: The rain is so heavy that we will be

drenched. What shall we do?

Ramana: Let's start after an hour.

Sumana: By then the shops will all have

closed.

Ramana: We'll take an auto.

Sankar: Hi Vishnu, you've been away for sucha long time that I felt lonely here.

(؈’ äçô-J-ûª-†çûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úËç-ûª-鬩熒´¤y •ßª’-ô’-Ø√o´¤)

Vishnu: I felt the same too, without your company.

(F ≤ƒ£æ«-Ωuç ™‰éπ ؈÷ Å™«ØË ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f)Sankar: Why did it take so long for you?

(Åçûª-鬩ç áçü¿’èπ◊ °æöÀdçC?)Vishnu: I had been away on a company

assignment. I returned this morning.

(éπç°F °æE-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«x†’. Ñ §Òü¿’lØËo ´î√a†’)Assignment = Å°æp-Tç-*† °æE. ÅÂÆj-†tçö¸ – 'ÂÆj— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.

Sankar: What kind of assignment?

(ᙫçöÀ °æE?)Vishnu: Such a tough assignment that I had

to visit a number of places. I had tosee a number of dealers, watch themovement of our products, and seethat the sales increased.

(Å¢Á÷t î√™« éπ≠æd-¢Á’i† °æE. î√™« îÓôxèπ◊(Ü∞¡xèπ◊) A®Ω-í¬-Lq-´-*açC. î√™«-´’çCdealers †’ îª÷Æœ, ´÷ company ûªßª÷-K© Å´’t-鬩’ ᙫ ÖØ√oßÁ÷ í∫´’-Eç*,Å´’t-鬩’ °çî√-Lq† ¶«üµ¿uûª ÅC.)

dealers = äéπ éπç°F ûªßª÷-K©’ (Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’)Ţ˒t ¢√∞¡Ÿ/ shops.

Movement = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç = éπü¿-L-éπ(©’).Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç ã company ûªßª÷-K© Å´’t-éπ°æ¤üµÓ®ΩùÀ. (Öü¿u´’ç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.Telangana Movement = ûÁ©ç-í¬ù Öü¿u´’ç)Products= ûªßª÷K– ã éπç°F ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËƜŢ˒t ´Ææ’h´¤. v§ƒúøé˙d q – 'v§ƒ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.

Sankar: What a time you had! I really pityyou, old boy! You do get a fat salary,but you can't have a minutes leisure.

(áçûª éπ≠ædçí¬ í∫úÕ-§ƒ¢˛! E†’o îª÷ÊÆh ñ«™‰-Ææ’hçC, N’vûª´÷! Fèπ◊ ´’ç* @ûª¢Ë’´Ææ’hçC é¬F éπ~ùç Nv¨»ç-A-™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆!)

Vishnu: It isn't the salary that matters. I likethe challenging nature of the job. It issuch a challenge that you have thesatisfaction of having done some-thing. You feel happy that you'veachieved something.

(@ûªç é¬ü¿’ ´·êuç, Åéπ\úø Ø√ ÖüÓu-í∫ç™Ö†o Ææ¢√©’ Ø√éÀ≠ædç. Ç Ææ¢√©’ áçûªü¿çõ‰,àüÓ éÌçûª ´’†´‚ ≤ƒCµç-î√ç-éπü∆ ÅØËûª%°œh N’í∫’-©’-ûª’çC (éπ©’-í∫’-ûª’çC). ؈÷àüÓ ≤ƒCµç-î√†’./ ÉC ؈’ ≤ƒCµç-î√†’ÅØË ûª%°œh Öçô’çC.)

that matters = ´·êuç. achieving = ≤ƒCµç-îªôç; Achievement = ≤ƒCµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç

Sankar: Corporate culture has taken hold of you.

(°ü¿l ¢√u§ƒ®Ω Ææç≤ƒn ÆæçÆæ \%A ÅDµ-†ç™ÖØ√o´¤ †’´¤y).

Corporate =°ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn-©èπ◊Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†.Corporate - pronunciation 鬧ÒJ/ È®ö¸.

Vishnu: And I am proud of it too.

(Å™« Ö†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ í∫Jy-Ææ’hØ√o.)Sankar: Did you see any movies while you

were away?

(•ßª’-ô’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ÆœE-´÷-™‰-´’Ø√o îª÷¨»¢√?)Vishnu: I saw two but they were such lousy

movies that I wished I hadn't seenthem.

(È®çúø’ îª÷¨». Å¢Áçûª îÁûªhçõ‰ îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈Öçú≈-LqçC ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o.)

Lousy = îÁûªh. Louse - ™˜Æˇ– Ê°†’ – ÅÆæ©®Ωnç–Lousy - ÅÆæ-£æ«uçí¬/ îÁûªhí¬ ÖçC ÅEAôd-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Lousy fellow -¢Áüµ¿´ ņoô’x.

Sankar: Thank God. I wasn't with you.

(•A-éÀ-§Úߪ÷. FûÓ Øˆ’ ™‰†ç-ü¿’èπ◊.(™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ؈÷ îª÷ú≈Lq ´îËaC)

Vishnu: What next now? Shall we have coffee?

(ûª®√y-ûËçöÀ? coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?)Sankar: OK.

éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ´’†ç so ¢√úøéπç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.'so' Åçõ‰–1) Åçûª

a) He isn't so tall. (Åûª-†çûª §Òúø’-Ííç-é¬ü¿’)b) The place is so distant.

(Ç îÓô’ Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç)´·êuçí¬ so + adjective/ adverb + that (sotall that/ so large that/ so nice that, etc.)

Åçõ‰ adjective/ adverb ©’ ûÁLÊ° à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

2) American usage ™ î√™« ÅE Å®Ωnç.a) Thank you so much.

(British: Thank you very much.)

b) You are so nice.

(British: You are very nice)

É°æ¤púø’ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω Å™«çöÀ Å®Ωnç, ¢√úø’éπ Ö†o'such' N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç.Such Åçõ‰ Å™«çöÀ.a) I don't like such things = Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’

Ø√éÀ-≠ædç-™‰ü¿’.b) He never smiles. Such men are very dan-

gerous = Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ †´yúø’. Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿî√™« v°æ´÷ü¿ç.

c) She works very hard. Such people prosper= Ç¢Á’ î√™« éπ≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√∞¡ŸÂ°jéÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’.

Such E É™« èπÿú≈ ¢√-úø-û√ç. (Such ... as èπÿ®Ω’pûÓ)a) Such people as Gandhi are always

respected = í¬çDµ-™«çöÀ ´uèπ◊h©’ á°æ¤púø÷íı®Ω´ç §Òçü¿’-û√®Ω’.(´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ = í¬çDµ-™«çöÀ ´uèπ◊h-©†’á°æ¤p-úø÷ íı®Ω-N-≤ƒh®Ω’)

b) Such trees as the coconut grow very tall(éÌ•s-J-îÁôx ™«çöÀ îÁô’x à°æ¤í¬ °®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·)

Ééπ\úø such ¢√úË B®Ω’, Å™«çöÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ: such+ noun + as + noun (à Ê°®Ω’-ØÁjØ√ noun Åçö«ç)c) Such movies as Titanic are rare. (Titanic

™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷©’ Å®Ω’ü¿’)Ééπ\úø ´÷ô èπÿ®Ω’p:Such + movies (noun) + as + Titanic (noun)

Å®·ûË äéπ ´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: °∂晫Ø√ ´uèπ◊h©, N≠æ-ߪ÷©™«çöÀ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπü∆ Ééπ\úø ´’†ç such ... as¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. É™« such ... as ¢√úøôç ÆæÈ®j-†-°æp-öÀéÃ,ÉC é¬Ææh ví¬ç-C∑éπç, §ƒçúÕûªuç. Éçûª-éπç-õ‰ like ¢√úøôçî√™« simple, better éπü∆! (™«çöÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)1) Such men as Gandhi are always respected

= Men like Gandhi are always respected.

2) Such trees as the coconut = Trees like thecoconut.

such ... as •ü¿’©’ like ¢√úøôç Ææ®Óy-ûªh´’ç éπü∆.É°æ¤púø’ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ:

a) I bought a variety of fruits such as themango, the apple, etc.

(´÷N’úÕ, apple ™«çöÀ ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 °æçúø’x éÌØ√o).É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx èπÿú≈ such as •ü¿’©’ like ¢√úøôç´’† ¶µ«≠憒 Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ NE-°œç-îËô’xîËÆæ’hçC.

b) There were a number of things such aspen, paper, etc., = There were a number ofthings like ...

3) Now look at the following sentences fromthe conversation at the beginning of thelesson.

a) You have been away for such a long timethat I felt lonely.

b) such a tough assignment that I had to visita number of places.

c) ... they were such lousy movies that Iwished that I hadn't gone to them.

so + adjective/ adverb+ that- Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç-™«ç-öÀüË°j sentences ™ such... that Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç èπÿú≈.a) He is so good that all

like him= Åûª†’Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËçûª´’ç*-¢√úø’.

b) He is such a goodman that all like him.

Åçü¿®Ω÷ Åûª-†çõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. Åçûª ´’ç*-¢√-úø-ûª†’. = Åûª-†ç-ü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËç-ûª- ´’ç-*-¢√úø’.í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Ééπ\úø a) Å®Ωnç, b) Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰.

c) The day was so hot that we couldn't go out= ¢Ë’ç •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC Ç ®ÓV.[so + adjective (hot) + that]

d) It was such a hot day that we couldn't go out.D†®Ωnç, sentence (c) Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø word order (´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p) ûËú≈.

such + adjective (hot) + day (noun) + that鬕öÀd È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË, so ûª®√yûªadjective/ adverb ´Ææ’hçC. such ûª®√yûª, adjec-tive ´*a, ü∆E ûª®√yûª noun èπÿú≈ ®√¢√L.äéÓ\-≤ƒJ, noun ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.

He is such a man that all like him =

Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æúË ´uéÀh Åûª†’.ÉD so ... that èπÿ, such ... that èπÿ Ö†oÆæç•çüµ¿ç, ûËú≈. ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ îª÷ü∆lç.a) He is such a good man that we all like him

= Åûª†’ ¢Ë’´’ç-ü¿®Ωç É≠æd-°æ-úËçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’.b) He is so good a man that we all like him.

(a) ™ such a good man = (b) ™ so good a

man

c) She is so clever a woman that she can

solve any problem easily = She is such a

clever woman that she can ...

(à Ææ´’-Ææu-ØÁjØ√ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª-í∫-L-T-†çûª ûÁL-N-í∫-™«¢Á’)so clever a woman = such a clever woman

d) India is such a large country/ so large a

country that progress cannot be quick

(ÅGµ- %Cl¥ Åçûª ûªyJûªç 鬆çûª °ü¿l üË ¡ç¶µ«®Ωû˝)Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, so í¬F such í¬F ¢√úø-´îª’a.

Sentences from the conversation:

1) You have been away for such a long time

that I felt lonely.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ so ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË Â°j† îª÷°œ-†-ô’xí¬ such a long time, so long a time

Å´¤ûª’çC.You have been away for so long a time that

...

2) ... such a tough assignment that I had to

visit many places = so tough an assign-

ment that I had to visit many places ...

3) ... they were such lousy movies that ... =

the movies were so lousy that ...

ÉO so ... that, such ... that Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 4 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Thank you so much-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 222-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

EXERCISE

Pratap: E†o meeting èπ◊ î√™«- ’çC´î√a®√?

Manish: áçûª Ææçêu™ ´î√a-®Ωçõ‰ ÅçûªÂ°ü¿l Hall èπÿú≈ ÆæJ-§Ú-™‰ü¿’.

Pratap: ´éπh ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈ú≈?Manish: Åçü¿®Ω÷ E¨¡z-•lçí¬ èπÿ®Ω’aE

v¨¡ü¿l¥ûÓ N†oçûª íÌ°æp ´éπh Çߪ’†.Pratap: àçö«-ߪ’† v°æÆæç-í∫ç™ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?Manish: Çߪ’† îÁ°œp† Å稻©’ áçûª

´·êu-¢Á’i-†- çõ‰, ´’†ç Ææ’©¶µºçí¬Å†’-Ææ-Jç--îªí∫-LÍíç-ûªN.

Pratap: Åçûª ´’ç* v°æÆæç-í∫´÷?Manish: @Nûªç™ ´’Sx N†-™‰-†çûª ´’ç*

v°æÆæçí∫ç.Pratap: ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç, ®√™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.

ANSWER

Pratap: Did a large number attend the meeting yesterday?

/ Was it a largely attended meeting yesterday?

Manish: It was such a large number/ so large a number

that the hall wasn't enough.

Pratap: Did he speak well?

Manish: He was such a great speaker/ so great a

speaker that all heard him with all attention.

Pratap: What were the special points/ highlights of his speech?

Manish: He made such good points/ the points he made

were so good that we can easily practise them.

Pratap: Was it such a good speech/ so good a speech?

Manish: So good a speech/ such a good speech that

we can't hear it again.

Pratap: Unfortunately, I couldn't attend it.

Sourabha: Hi Susmitha, we'd better startearly so that we don't miss Aruna.

(Ææ’Æœtû√, ´’†ç ûÌçü¿-®Ωí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωü∆ç, Å®Ω’-ù†’ miss é¬èπ◊çú≈ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.)

We'd better = We had better = ´’ç*C.You'd better see a doctor = you had bet-ter ... = †’´¤y doctor †’ îª÷úøôç ´’ç*C.

Susmitha: I am almost ready. I got up quiteearly so that I might not be late.

(؈’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Æœü¿l¥ç. ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰î√†’Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.)

Sourabha: That's good. I told the taxi man tobe here at 7 so that we need notwaste time looking for a taxi.

(´’ç*C. Taxi ¢√™«†’ àúÕç-öÀÍé®Ω´’tE îÁ§ƒp, ´’Sx Taxi éÓÆæç timewaste é¬èπ◊çú≈.)

Susmitha: When exactly is the arrival of theplane?

(Plane correct í¬ á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçC?)Sourabha: At 8.30. It'll be another hour after

the touch down for Aruna to comeout of the check in area and joinus. The collection of the baggageafter the baggage check thesedays take a lot of time because ofsecurity reasons.

(8.30éÀ. Check in area †’ç* •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ ÉçéÓ í∫çô °æúø’-ûª’çCÅ®Ω’-ùèπ◊. ûªE& --ûª®√y-ûª BaggageBÆæ’-éÓ- úøç ¶µºvü¿û√ 鬮Ω-ù«-©- ©x Ñ®Ó-V™x î√™« Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-ûÓçC.)

touch down = N´÷†ç ¶µº÷O’t-ü¿èπ◊ Cí∫ôç.Check in = ´’† ≤ƒ´÷†’x N´÷-Ø√-v¨¡ßª’

ÅCµ-é¬®Ω’©’ ûªE& îËߪ’ôç.Check in Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç = Hotel ™

•Ææèπ◊ í∫C BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç.baggage - ¶«Tñ¸ (¶« bank ™ b ™«) =

≤ƒ´÷†’x.baggage (American) = luggage (British)

Susmitha: Then why are we going so early?

(Å®·ûË áçü¿’-éÀçûª ´·çüË¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√oç?)

Sourabha: The airport is so long way off.There are likely to be traffic jams.We are starting so early so thatnothing may delay us. Better halfan hour early than a minute late.

(N´÷-Ø√-v¨¡ßª’ç î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. Traffic®ΩDl©’ ¶«í¬ Öçúø- a. É¢Ëç ´’†èπ◊Ç©Ææuç éπL-Tç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç. äéπEN’≠æç Ç©Ææuç éπçõ‰ äéπ Å®Ω-í∫çô´·çü¿’ç-úøôç †ßª’ç éπü∆.)

Susmitha: The first thing Aruna wants to doafter landing here is to go toTirupathi. Let's fix another taxiready so that she may not losetime.

(Ééπ\úø Cí∫-í¬ØË ´·çü¿’ A®Ω’-°æ-A-Èé-∞«x-©E Å®Ω’ù éÓJéπ. ÉçéÓ taxi E èπÿú≈´÷ö«x-úø’ü∆ç, time éπL-≤Ò-Ææ’hçC.)

Sourabha: That I've already done. The taxiwill be here the day after tomor-row. She has to rest today andtomorrow to get over the jet lag.

(ÅD îËÊÆ- »†’. á©’xçúÕ §Òü¿’l† taxiready. Ñ®ÓW, Í®°æ¤ ûª†’ restBÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC jet lag †’ç* •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø-ö«-EéÀ.)

jet lag = N´÷-Ø√™x Ææ’ü¿÷®Ω v°æߪ÷-ù«©’îËߪ’-ôç™ ®√vA-°æ-í∫∞¡x ´’üµ¿u ü˨¡-üË-¨»-©èπ◊ ÖçúËûËú≈© ´©x éπLÍí •úø-Léπ.

Susmitha: Let's accompany her to Tirupathiso that we too can have LordVenkateswara's darsanam.

(´’†ç èπÿú≈ Å®Ω’-ùûÓ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. ´’†çèπÿú≈ A®Ω’-´’-™‰-¨¡ŸE ü¿Jzç--éÓ-´îª’a.)

Sourabha: OK.

éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ so + adjective/ adverb +

that, such + (adj) + noun + that ´îËa sentences

îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.a) He is so good that every one likes him =

Åûªúø’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’ =

He is such a good

man that everyone

likes him.

b) She drives so slow

that even a bullock

cart can over take

her =

áúøx-•çúÕ èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’†’ü∆öÀ-§Ú-ßË’çûª ØÁ´’t-Cí¬ é¬®Ω’ †úø’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ü∆¢Á’.

Hers is such slow driving that even a bullock

cart over takes her.

(overtake = ´·çü¿’†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo ü∆öÀ-¢Á-∞¡xôç)ÉD ´’†ç, so ... that/ such ... that © í∫’Jç*Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC.É°æ¤púø’ éÀçC sentences ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:a) He studies so hard that he always scores

high =

--áèπ◊\-´ marks ´îËaçûª ¶«í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√-úø-ûª†’.b) He is studying very hard so that he may

score high =

-áèπ◊\-´ marks ûÁa-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Åûª†’ î√™« éπ≠æd-°æúÕîªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.

a) ... so hard that. [so èπ◊ that èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u hard

(adv)]

b) so that - Ééπ\úø so èπ◊ that èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ÉçÍéç´÷ô ®√´-úøç-™‰ü¿’. ÅN È®çúø÷ °æéπ\-°æ-éπ\ØË´Ææ’h-Ø√o-®·-éπü∆.

(a) éÀ, (b) éÀ Å®Ωnç™ èπÿú≈ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆.Sentence (a) He is studying so hard that ...

ÅØËC, Åûª†’ áçûª/ à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ éπ≠æd-°æúÕ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

Sentence (b) He is studying very hard so that

he may score high ... ÅØËC Åûª†’ àÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-†oD ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

í∫’®Ω’hç-- π◊çü∆ç: So that á°æ¤púø÷ ´’†ç äéπ°æEE áçü¿’ π◊ îË≤ƒhç/ ´’† ÖüËl-¨»Eo (purpose)

ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.a) Susila started at 7 itself so that she may not

be late for class =

Class èπ◊ Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ’Q©àúÕç-öÀÍé •ßª’-©’-üË-JçC.

b) Harsha goes to bed early so that he can

get up early =

ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿ ™‰îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ £æ«®Ω ûªy®Ωí¬ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.c) I am noting down the phone numbers so

that I can call you when necessary =

Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’ °œL-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅEo phone num-

bers ®√Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.É™« °j sentences ™™«, so that ÅØË expres-

sion ÖüËl-¨»Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.Now look at the following sentences from

the conversation at the beginning of the

lesson:

1) We'd better start early so that we don't miss

Aruna =

Å®Ω’-ù†’ miss é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬•ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωôç ´’ç*C.

2) I got up quite early so that I might not be

late =

Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-î√†’.3) I told the taximan to be here at 7, so that we

need not waste time looking for a taxi =

Taxi ¢√™«†’ àúÕç-öÀÍé ®Ω´’tE îÁ§ƒp, ´’Sx taxi éÓÆæçtime waste îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈/ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.

4) We are starting so early so that nothing

may delay us =

üËE-´™«x Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’-èπ◊í¬†’, ´’†ç´·çüË •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç.

5) Let's accompany her to Tirupathi so that we

too can have darsanam =

´’†ç èπÿú≈ ûª†ûÓ éπLÆœ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç, ´’†´‚ü¿®Ωz†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.

so that É™« ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™xso that •ü¿’©’ to ¢√úË-ߪ’- a, simple í¬.He came here so that he could meet the min-

ister.

´’çvAE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅûªE¢√∞¡ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’ He came here to meet the minister

(Åçõ‰ so that †’ ÖüËl¨¡ç ûÁLÊ° Å®ΩnçûÓ, to + 1st

Regular Doing Word = infinitive ¢√úø-´îª’a.)He bought the bike so that he can move about

quickly =

ûªy®Ωí¬ AJ-Ííç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†’ Åûª†’ bike é̆’-èπ◊\-Ø√oúø’ =He bought the bike to (be able to) move about

quickly.

Å®·ûË so that •ü¿’©’ infinitive ¢√úøôç ÅEo-îÓö«x≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ.Let's accompany her so that we too can have

darsanam.

´’†ç èπÿú≈ ü¿®Ωz†ç §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ´’†ç ûª†ûÓéπL-Æœ -¢Á-∞¡ü∆ç.Ñ sentence ™ so that we too can have

darsanam •ü¿’©’, to have darsanam ÅE infini-

tive (to have) ¢√úÕûË ÅüË Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. Let's

accompany her to have darsanam Åçõ‰ ´îËaÅ®Ωnç, ü¿®Ωz-Ø√-EéÀ Ç¢Á’ûÓ éπL-Æœ-¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-´’ØË ´Ææ’hçC.ÅçûË-é¬E so that Ö†o sentence ™™«í∫ Ç¢Á’ûÓ¢ÁRûË ´’†èπÿ ü¿®Ωz†ç Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E ®√ü¿’.´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷úøçúÕ: Let's accompany her so that we can have

darsanam too =

´’†´‚ ûª†-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ¢ÁRûË ´’†´‚ ü¿®Ωz†çîËÆæ’éӴa.Let's accompany her to have darsanam.

ü¿®Ωz-Ø√-EéÀ ûª†-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç.´’†ç ¶µ«≠æ practice îËÆæ’h-†o-éÌDl, ´’†èπ◊ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’èπ◊ç-ú≈-ØË, so that áéπ\-úø- ¢√-ú≈™, to áéπ\-úø -¢√-ú≈™¢√úË-Ææ’hçö«ç. Practice alone helps us.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-vèπ-¢√®Ωç 6 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

.. so that we don't miss ..-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 223-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

EXERCISE

Practise the following aloud in English.

Sulochana: -î√-™« -Ç-™-*ç-* -E®Ωg-ߪ’ç -BÆæ’éÓ,-ûª®√y-ûª -*ç--Aç-îªèπ◊ç-ú≈ -Öç--úËç-ü¿’èπ◊. (-*ç-Aç-îª-ôç= regret/

repent)

Sunayana: -Åç-ü¿’Íé È®ç-vúÓ-V-©’ -Å-úÕí¬ -¶«í¬-Ç-™-*ç-îª-´-îªa-E.

Sulochana: °-ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x-†’ èπÿ-ú≈ -Å-úø’í∫’-ü∆ç,-¢√-∞¡x -Å-Gµ-v§ƒ--ߪ’-´‚ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.

Sunayana: Åçü¿’-éπØË ´÷´’-ߪ’u--†’ -É-éπ\-úÕéÀ®Ω´’tØ√o.

Sulochana: ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Çߪ’-†ûÓîÁ§ƒpL ´’†ç, Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j†Å´-í¬-£æ«† ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊.

Sunayana: Ç-ߪ’-†’o -ã È®çvúÓ-V-©’ -Ééπ\-úøÖç-úø-´’-Ø√L, ûÌçü¿-®Ω-§ƒô’ E®Ωg--ߪ÷-EéÀ ®√èπ◊çú≈ (conclusion=

E®Ωl¥®Ωù)

Sulochana: OK.

ANSWER

Sulochana: Take a decision, only after a lot of

thinking so that you don't regret

later (to avoid regretting later)

Sunayana: That's exactly why I've asked for

two days time ... so that I can think

well about it.

Sulochana: Let's consult our elders too, so

that we can have their opinion. (to

have their opinion)

Sunayana: That's why I've asked my uncle to

come here. (... I've asked my

uncle over here)

Sulochana: We should tell him all about it, so

that he can have a correct under-

standing of it.

Sunayana: We should ask him to be here for

two days to avoid coming to a con-

clusion in a hurry. (So that we may

not come to a conclusion in a

hurry)

Sulochana: OK.

Ramesh: Hi Nikhila, What brings you here?

(àçöÀ™« ´î√a¢˛?)(Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ What brings you here? ÅØËCÅ´’-®√uü¿éπ®Ωç ÅØË Å§Ú£æ« ÖçC. é¬E ÉC´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æ©-éπ-JçÊ°. O’ conversation™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úøçúÕ.)

Nikhila: Just to see you. Long since we met,you know.

(E†’o îª÷-úø-ö«-EÍé. ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Eî√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC éπü∆)

Ramesh: Thank you. Any news of Krishna?

(´’ç*üË. éπ%≠æg†’ í∫’-Jç-* à¢Á’iØ√ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Nikhila: I'm afraid I haven't any.

(àç ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. Sorry)

Ramesh: I was hopeful you'd have someinformation about him.

(†’¢ËyüÓ ÅûªE í∫’-Jç-* îÁ§ƒh-´ØË Ç¨¡-ûÓ-ÖØ√o.)

Nikhila: Let's call Alamelu. She might havesome news.

(Å-©-¢Ë’-©’èπ◊ phone îËü∆lç. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÌçûªûÁL-ßÁ·îª’a.)

Ramesh: As a jockey he keeps movingabout. Let's call the Race course.They can give us definite informa-tion about him.

Åûª†’ jockey éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE †í∫-®√-©FoA®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. Race course ¢√∞¡xèπ◊phone îËÊÆh ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω éπ*a-ûª-´’-®·†Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Öçô’çC)

(Jockey= ñ«éà – í∫’v®Ω-°æpç-ü∆--™x í∫’v®√-©†’†úÕ-Ê°-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Race course = í∫’v®Ω-°æpç--ü∆©’ïJÍí ¢Á’iü∆†ç)

Nikhila: But there aren't any races now inHyderabad. Not the season here.It's the Bangalore racing season.He might be in Bangalore.

(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ í∫’v®Ω-°æpç-ü∆™‰ç ™‰´¤É°æ¤púø’. °æçü∆© Ææ´’-ߪ’ç- é¬-C-éπ\úø.É°æ¤púø’ ¶„çí∫∞¡⁄®˝ í∫’v®Ω-°æpç-ü∆© Time.Åûª-†-éπ\-úø’ç-úÌa.)

Ramesh: Do you have any friends there?

(Åéπ\úø FÈé-´-®ΩØ√o ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’Ø√o®√?)Nikhila: I haven't any friends there.

(Åéπ\úø Ø√Èé-´®Ω÷ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ™‰®Ω’)Ramesh: Neither have I. How about having

coffee? I haven't had any sincemorning.

(Ø√èπÿ ™‰®Ω’. é¬Ææh coffee û√í∫’-ü∆´÷?§Òü¿’l--†’oç* coffee BÆæ’éÓ™‰ü¿’ ؈’)

Nikhila: Coffee is certainly welcome. I'vecome to you for some CDs on spo-ken English. Can you lend me them?

(Coffee Ø√éÀ-≠æd¢Ë’. ØËØÌ-*açC éÌEospoken English CD © éÓÆæç. -Å-NØ√éÀ-≤ƒh¢√?)

Ramesh: List the CDs you want.

(Fé¬\-´--©Æœ† CD © list ®√®·)Nikhila: I want some paper and pen.

(Ø√é¬\Ææh paper, pen 鬢√L)Ramesh: Here you are. Have this coffee too.

(ÉNíÓ. Ñ coffee èπÿú≈ BÆæ’éÓ)Nikhila: Thank you. But I need some more

sugar.

(Ø√éÌ\çîÁç °æçîª-ü∆®Ω 鬢√L.)Ramesh: There isn't any in this bowl. I will get

some. Wait.

(Ñ *†o §ƒvûª™ ™‰ü¿’. ØË-†’ BÆæ’éÌ≤ƒh.Öçúø’)

Spoken English ™ some èπ◊, any éÀ î√-™«-v§ƒ-´·-êu--´·ç-C. ´’†-ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’, some Åçõ‰ éÌçûª,éÌEo ÅF, any Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√, à¢ÁjØ√, á´-È®jØ√ ÅE.

Some = éÌçûª, éÌEo. a) There is some milk in the glass =

í¬xÆæ’™ éÌçîÁç- §ƒ-©’-Ø√o®·.b) Have some coffee =

é¬Ææh coffee BÆæ’éÓ.c) She cooked some of the rice =

Ç Gߪ’uç™ -Ç-¢Á’ éÌçûª ´çúÕçC.d) I gave him some books yesterday =

E†o -Å-ûªúÕéÀ ؈’ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-î√a†’.e) Some men were sitting; others were stand-

ing =

éÌçûª-´’çC èπÿ®Ω’aE ÖØ√o®Ω’, Éûª-®Ω’©’ E©’-EÖØ√o®Ω’.

f) Only some students were present =

éÌçü¿®Ω’ students ´÷vûª¢Ë’ class éÌî√a®Ω’.Any = àüÁjØ√, á´-È®jØ√a) Any book/ Any of the books here is very

expensive =

Ééπ\úÕ à °æ¤Ææh-éπ-¢Á’i-Ø√/- É-éπ\úÕ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©™ àüÁjØ√êK--ü¿®·ç-üË.

b) Any of them will help you =

¢√∞¡x™x á´-È®jØ√ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh®Ω’.

´÷´‚-©’í¬ affirmativesentences (no, not™‰E sentences) ™,some, not Ö†osentences ™í¬F/questions ™í¬F any¢√-úø-û√ç.1) They have some

books

(¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√o®·)X They do not (don't) have any books

(They haven't (have not) any books)

= ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_Í®ç °æ¤Ææh-鬩÷ ™‰´¤.Question:

Do they have any books?/ Have they anybooks?

(¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_®Ω °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™‰-´’-Ø√o/- °æ¤Ææh鬙‰-¢ÁjØ√ÖØ√oߪ÷?)

2) He wants some more milk.

(Åûª-EéÀ ÉçéÌç-îÁç §ƒ©’ 鬢√L) X He doesn't want any more milk.

(Åûª-EéÀçé𠧃©-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’)Question:

Does he want any more milk?

(Éçé¬ §ƒ©’ 鬢√™«?)Å®·ûË éÌ-Eo Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x some, question ™πÿú≈ ¢√-úø-û√ç.

a) will you have some more Upma?

= ÉçéÌçîÁç Ö§ƒt BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√? DEéÀ answer

a) not ûÓ: No. Thank you. I don't want anymore.

b) not ™‰èπ◊çú≈: Thank you. A little more would do.(Éçé¬Ææh 鬢√L)

´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç:No = not any

eg: Waste no more time = Éçéπ time ´%-ü∑∆ îËßÁ·ü¿’l

= Do not (Don't) waste any more time.

ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆– no more = not any more.

1) Waste no more time

2) Don't waste any more time.

Ñ È®çúø’ èπÿú≈ grammatical í¬ correct.

Å®·ûË no more éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ not any more

ÅØËC spoken English ™ áèπ◊\´ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’.Å™« ¢√úÕ-ûËØË English, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC.

´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ.a) There is no sugar in the bowl.

(ÉC spoken English -™ -Åç-ûª -áèπ◊\-´í¬-N-E°œç-îª-ü¿’.) = There isn't any sugar in the bowl.

(ÉC spoken English -î√-™« natural

(Ææ£æ«-ïç)í¬ üµ¿yEç-îËô’d îËÆæ’hçC.)b) I have no money (not natural) -

I haven't (have not) any money/ I don't

2) Come no more to me for help

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ÷EéÀ ®√´ü¿’l) – Éü¿ç-ûª natural é¬ü¿’. Spoken English ™≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ÉC ¢√úø®Ω’. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬¢√úË sentence –

Don't come to me any more for help.

3) I don't have any money ņôç,I have no money éπØ√o better, natural.

4) She doesn't have any property ņôç,She has no property éπØ√o better, natural.

Now look at the following sentences fromthe conversation at the beginning of thelesson:

1) I'm afraid I haven't any.

(I haven't any news = I have no news.

I have no news Åçûª Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† ¢√úø’éπ é¬ü¿’)2) ... You'd have some news-

not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd some news.

(F ü¿í∫_-Í®üÓ ¢√®Ωh-©’ç-ö«-ߪ’E ÇPçî√) (Not / Question ûÓ any)

3) ... she might have some news.

not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd some.

(Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÖçúÌa)4) But there aren't any races now.

(É™« ņôç, There are no races ņôçéπØ√o ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç, Ææ£æ«ïç)

5) Do you have any friends there?

(Question 鬕öÀd any)

6) I haven't any= I don't have any.

(É™« ņôç, I have no friends éπØ√o≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç, Ææ£æ«ïç)

7) I haven't had any coffee since morning.

(Better than saying, I have had no coffeesince morning)

N’í∫û√ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ some ¢√úøéπç éÌçûª ÅF, éÌFoÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√ú≈ç îª÷úøçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 8 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Have some coffee-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 224-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. say ûª®√yûª to Öçô’çC.tell ûª®√yûª Öçúøü¿’. éÌEoverbs usage ™ confuseÅ´¤-ûª’Ø√oç. DEéÀ °æJ-≥ƒ\-®Ω-¢Ë’-N’öÀ?

2. exams ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ time Å®·-§Ú-ûª’-†oC -Å-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫîÁ§ƒpL?

3. He is in college now, He isat college now. ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?

– Èé.Ç®˝. v°œßª’-ü¿-JzE, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø

-ï-¢√-•’: 1. Say ûª®√yûª to¢√úøôç, tell ûª®√yûª to ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôçÅØËC English usage ™ ¶µ«í∫ç.Åçõ‰ ¢√úø’éπ v°æ鬮Ωç ´Ææ’hçC.´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ äéπJ O’ü¿éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC, Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø'O’ü¿— ÅE áçü¿’-éπ-Ø√L Åçõ‰ àçîÁ-°æp™‰ç éπü∆? Å™«Íí English ™à ´÷ô ´·çü¿÷/- ûª-®√yû√ àpreposition ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-ØËC îªC-¢Ë--

ô°æ¤púø’, NØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Å©-¢√ô’°æúÕí∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’. 2. Time is up (Time Å®·-§Ú-

®·çC). Half an hour is up(Å®Ω-í∫ç-ô-®·çC).Time is over ÅØËC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

3. He is in college now = Åûª†’college ™ ÖØ√oúø’ = He is atcollege now. É™«çöÀîÓôx, in,at ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø’ûª’çö«®Ω’.àüÁjØ√ correct. éÌEoîÓôx, in èπ◊- ·çü¿’, 'the' ¢√ú≈-Lq- ®√-´îª’a.

EXERCISE

Practise the following aloud in English.

Vinod: F ü¿í∫_®Ω computer books à-¢Ó Ö†o-ô’x-Ø√o®·. Ø√éÌ\-Eo-≤ƒh¢√?

Vikram: á´-®Ω-Ø√o®Ω’? Ø√ ü¿í∫_Í®ç computerbooks ™‰´¤.

Vinod: †’´¤y ´÷´‚-©’í¬ éÌçô’ç-ö«´¤ éπü∆?Vikram: É°æ¤púø’ úø•’s©’ ™‰´¤. éÌ-†-úøç ™‰ü¿’.Vinod: Ç library ™ Ø√éÀçé¬ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-´y-ôç-

™‰ü¿’.Vikram: áçü¿’-éπE?Vinod: Ø√™«çöÀ outsiders éÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx °æ¤Ææh-é¬ -

L-´y-®Ωô.Vikram: I am sorry. é̆’-éÓ\- a éπü∆?Vinod: Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s-™‰ü¿’.

ANSWER

Vinod: You seem to have some computer books.Can you lend me some?

Vikram: Who said so? I don't have any (books oncomputers).

Vinod: You usually buy, don't you?

Vikram: I don't have any money. I don't buy (them)any more.

Vinod: They aren't giving me books any more inthe library.

Vikram: Why?

Vinod: They aren't giving books to outsiders likeme any more.

Vikram: I'm sorry. Why don't you buy?

Vinod: I haven't the money/ I don't have the money.

Govardhan: Where are you going?

(áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢˛?)Sudarsan: No where in particular

(áéπ\-úÕéà ™‰ü¿’/ °∂晫-†-îÓ-öÀ-éπØËç ™‰ü¿’,àüÓ Å™« ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o)

Govardhan: (Are you) meeting any

friends today?

(Ñ®ÓV v°∂çú˛qØÁ´-J-ØÁjØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?)

Sudarsan: None

(á -JF éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- ôç ™‰ü¿’)Govardhan: Have you any programme

today?

(Ñ®ÓV àüÁjØ√ 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç Öçü∆?)Sudarsan: None at all

(ÅÆæ™‰ç ™‰ü¿’)Govardhan: You were asking me for Sekhar's

address. What do you want from

him?

(†’´¤y ¨Ïê®˝ ÅvúøÆˇ ÅúÕ-í¬´¤.¢√úÕ†’ç* à´’Ø√o 鬢√™«?)

Sudarsan: Nothing. I just wanted to see him.

(àç Åéπ\Í®xü¿’. ¢√úÕE îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’)

Govardhan: Here you are. This slip has his

address. Why are you going to

see him?

(ÉCíÓ Ñ Æœx°ˇ™ ¢√úÕ ÅvúøÆˇ ÖçC.¢√úÕE áçü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ ?)

Sudarsan: I wonder if he can help me get a

gas cylinder.

(í¬uÆˇ ÆœLç-úø®˝ à´’Ø√o É°œpç-îª-í∫-©-úË-¢Á÷-†E)

Govardhan: How much gas have you at

home now?

(Éçöx í¬uÆˇ áçûª’çC?)Sudarsan: Nil.

(ÅÆæ-™‰ç- ™‰ü¿’)Govardhan: I am sure he can help you.

(-¢√-úø’ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©-úø؈´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC.)

Sudarsan: But today is Sunday. Is there any-

thing he can do?

(é¬F É¢√y∞¡ ÇC-¢√®Ωç. -¢√-úø’îËߪ’í∫-L-Íí-üË-´’Ø√o Öçü∆?)

Govardhan: Nothing, I'm afraid.

(à癉ü¿’)I'm afraid – Å™« îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿-°æ--úø’-ûª’Ø√o.Sudarsan: So I've to wait till tomorrow. We

have to make do with the

Kerosene stove at home.

(Åçõ‰ Í®°æöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷ú≈-LqçüË. Åçûª´®Ωèπ◊ éÀ®ÓÆœØ˛Ææd¢˛ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË.)

[ [ [éÀçü¿öÀ ™„Ææ-Ø˛™ îª÷¨»ç ´’†ç. No = not any

ÅE. Spoken English ™ ûª®Ωîª÷, no •ü¿’©’ not

any ¢√úøôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ææ£æ«ïç(natural) ÅE èπÿú≈.There is no sugar in the bowl ™«çöÀ sen-

tences conversational English ™ î√™« -ÅÆæ£æ«-ïçí¬ NE°œ-Ææ’hçC.There is no sugar in

the bowl •ü¿’©’, There isn't (is not) any

sugar in the bowl ÅØËC spoken English ™áèπ◊\´ NE°œÆæ’hç-ô’çC, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ üµ¿yE-Ææ’hçCèπÿú≈.(´·êu N-≠æߪ’ç: No any áéπ\-ú≈ -¢√úøç.There is no any sugar in the bowl. ÉC Eng-

lish é¬ü¿’. Not... any î√™« ûª®Ωîª’í¬ ´Ææ’hçC;no any á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’)

a) Subodh: How many boys are there in the

room?

(Ç í∫C™ áçûª-´’çC Ŷ«s-®·-©’-Ø√o®Ω’?)Prasanth: There aren't any = á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’

There are not any - ÉC î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬, Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ NE-°œçîË response.

(There are no students at all – ÉC correct

Å®·-†-°æpéà spoken English ™ Åçûªí¬ ¢√úøç)b) Kamala: Have you any story books?

Vimala: I'm sorry I haven't any/ I don't have

any.

(I haven't any ÅØËC áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’)some, any, not any (n't any ®Ω÷°æç™) spo-

ken English ™ î√™« v§ƒüµ∆†uç Ö-Ø√o®·. ´’†conversation Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ üµ¿yEç-î√-©çõ‰OöÀE ¶«í¬ Åüµ¿u-ߪ’†ç îËÆœ ¢√úø-í∫-©-í¬L.

Look at the following sentences:

a) Ram: I want some paper. Have you any?

(Ø√èπ◊ é¬ÆæhÊ°°æ®˝ 鬢√L. Fü¿-í∫_-Í®-´’Ø√oÖçü∆?)

Laxman: I have some/ I do have some, but I

can't lend you any. I need all of it

now.

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ÖçC/ Öçúø-ö«-E-ÈéjûË ÖçC, é¬F

FÍéç É´y-™‰†’. Å´Fo/Åü¿çû√ Ø√èπ◊ 鬢√L.í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆:Paper, uncountable

Åçõ‰ papers ÅE plural

¢√úøç; paper ´·çü¿’ a/

an, 1, 2, 3 ™«çöÀ Ææçêu-©÷-¢√úøç. ÉC ´’†ç®√ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, printing

èπ◊¢√úË paper N≠æ-ߪ’ç™)鬕öÀd ´’† conversation ™ ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd no •ü¿’©’,not any (n't any) ¢√úøôç conversation Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x îËÆæ’hçC.Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ:

b) There are no good watches in the shop =

There aren't any good watches in the shop.

Ééπ\úø There aren't any good watches ņôç,There are no good watches... éπØ√o Ææ®Ω∞¡ç,Ææ£æ«ïç.c) His watch is no better than mine =

Ø√ ¢√---î˝ éπçõ‰- Åûª-úÕ ¢√---î˝ Â°ü¿l-¢Á’-®Ω’ÈíjçüËO’ é¬ü¿’– DEo É™« ņôç better.

His watch isn't any better than mine (spo-

ken form)

Å®·ûË 'no' form ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úø-®ΩE é¬ü¿’. 'No' form

èπÿú≈ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç, ´·êuçí¬ ™‰ü¿’,é¬ü¿’, ÅE ´·éπh-Ææ-Jí¬ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’ (short neg-

ative responses) ÉîËaô-°æ¤púø’,Look at the following sentences:

a) Balu: How many students have come?

(áçûª-´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n-™Ô-î√a®Ω’?)Sekhar: None/ No one

(á´®Ω÷ ®√™‰ü¿’)b) Balu: What did you say?

(à´’-Ø√o´‹?)Subha: Nothing = (I said nothing)

(ØËØËç ņ-™‰ü¿’)c) Sankar: who told you to do that?

(EØÁo-´®Ω’ îËߪ’-´’-Ø√o-®ΩC?)Brahmam: Nobody.

(á´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’)É™« é¬ü¿’, ™‰ü¿’ ÅE ´·éπh-Ææ-Jí¬ responses ÉîËa-ô°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, no, no combinations ¢√úøû√ç.d) Sudhakar: How many books will you give

me?

(áEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-≤ƒh´¤ Ø√èπ◊?)Prabhakar: None. (None - àO É´y†’)É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷úøçúÕ.e) Suman: How many has he given you?

(Åûªúø’ FÈéEoî√aúø’?)Sunil: None/ He hasn't given me any.

îª÷úøçúÕ. short response Å®·ûË None

ÅØËÆœ ÇÊ°≤ƒhç. ÅüË sentence Å®·ûË, He

has'nt, given me any, ÅE not... any

Åçô’Ø√oç. ÉD, no, no combinations èπÿ,not... any éà ֆo ûËú≈.

f) Prem: Who did you consult about this?

(Ñ N≠æߪ’ç™ á´JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√´¤?)Syam: a) None (short negative response)

b) I didn't consult anyone (sentence)

(I consulted no one ņ-ç)g) Sri Ram: Where did you go last night?

(E†o ®√vA áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x¢˛?)Srihari: a) No where (short response- naga-

tive)

b) I didn't go anywhere (sentence)

(I went no where ņç)É™« no, no combination (none, never, no

where, nil ™«çöÀN) short nagative respons-

es èπ◊ ´·êuçí¬ ¢√úøû√ç. sentence Å®·ûËnot... any Åçö«ç. short negative response

-™ á°æ¤púø÷ äéπ-´÷õ‰ Öçô’çC.h) Ramesh: Have you ever been to the US?

(Å¢Á’-Jé¬ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢Á∞«x¢√?)Suresh: a) Never. (short response - one

word)

b) I haven't been there at any time / so far.

(I have never been there - spoken form ™ÉC Å®Ω’ü¿’ )

Let's study the following exchanges from

the conversation at the beginning of this

lesson:

É´Fo èπÿú≈ short negative responses:

1) Govardhan: Where are you going?

Sudarsan: No where (in particular)

(áéπ\-úÕéà ™‰ü¿’)2) Govardhan: (Are you) meeting any

friends?

Sudarsan: None.

(™‰ü¿’)3) Govardhan: Have you any programme

today?

Sudarsan: None (at all) =

ÅÆæ©’ ™‰ü¿’.4) Govardhan: What do you want from him?

Sudarsan: Nothing.

(àç Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’)5) Govardhan: How much gas have you...?

Sudarsan: Nil.

(ÅÆæ™‰ç ™‰ü¿’)6) Sudarsan: Is there anything he can do?

Govardhan: Nothing.

(àç ™‰ü¿’)Å®·ûË Ñ Short nagative responses ÉîËa--ô°æ¤púø’, I'm sorry, I'm afraid, I wonder

™«çöÀN ¢√úø- a.a) Prakash: Can you lend me some money?

Prabhat: I'm afraid, no / No, I'm afraid /

I'm sorry, no / No, I'm sorry.

b) Sumanth: Is your dad coming?

Srikanth: I wonder. (=No)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 10 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

HAVE YOU ANY PROGRAMME TODAY?-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 225-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

Exercise: Practise the following aloud inEnglish. (use short negative responses)Gopal: á´-JE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ E†o?Govind: á´JF éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.Gopal: ´’È®-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x´¤ E†o ®√vA?Govind: áéπ\-úÕéà ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’.Gopal: Å®·ûË Éçöx èπÿ®ÌaE àçîË-¨»´¤?Govind: àO’ îÁߪ’u-™‰ü¿’. öÀ.N. îª÷¨».Gopal: áEo áéπq®˝ÂÆj--V-©’ î˨»´¤?-Govind: äéπ\öà îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.Gopal: -öÃ-O-™ áEo Æ‘-J-ߪ’-™¸q îª÷¨»´¤?Govind: àD îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. -véÀÈé-ö¸ îª÷¨».

ANSWER

Gopal: Who did you meet yesterday?

Govind: None / Nobody

Gopal: Then where did you go last night?

Govind: No where

Gopal: What did you do sitting at home then?

Govind: Nothing. I just watched the TV

Gopal: How many exercises did you do?

Govind: None.

Gopal: How many serials did you watch?

Govind: None. I watched cricket.

Ñ short negative responses èπ◊ •ü¿’©’,not... any ûÓ ÖçúË sentences practice

îËߪ’çúÕ.