split coupling

7/28/2019 Split Coupling

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1.PROJECT PLANNING

Before starting every project its planning is to be done.

Planning is very important task and should be taken with great

care, as the efficiency of the whole project largely depends upon

its planning while planning a project each and every details

should be worked out in anticipation and should carefully is

considered with all the relating provisions in advance. Project

planning consists of the following steps.

PROJECT CAPACITY

The capacity of the project must be decided considering the

amount of money which can be invested and availability of

material and machines.

DRAWINGS

Drawing been decided for the project to be manufacture. Its

detailed drawing specification for raw material and finished

products should be decided carefully along with the specification

of the machines required for their manufacture.


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MATERIAL EQUIPMENT

The list of materials required for manufacture is prepared

from the drawings. The list of is known as BILL OF MATERIALS.

This passes to the store keeper and the required materials taken

from the store under permission of store keeper operation, the

necessity of operation, the person to do the job, machine to be

used to do the job are considered while planning the operation.

After considering tea above questions a best method is developed

and the best method is applied to the operation.

MACHINE LODING

While planning proper care should be taken to find the

machining time for each operation as correct as possible. So that

the arrangement for full utilization of machine can be mademachine loading programmed is also known.

PURCHASE CONSIDERATION

It is different to manufacture all the component needed for

the equipment in the workshop it self. The decision about a

particular item whether to purchase or to manufacture is taken by

planning after making through study of relative merits demerits.


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EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATION

Result obtained from PROCESS PLANNING and MACHINE

LODING helps in calculating the equipment requirement

specification of the equipment should be laid down by considering

the drawing. Drawing will also help in deciding and necessary

requirement of tools, accessories.

COST CALCULATION

The cost of the project can be calculated by adding

following.

1. Material Cost

2. Machining Cost

3. Overhead Expenses.

COMPARION

The various items in the finished project are compared to the

standards for the further correction.


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REPORT

At the end of the project work report is prepared for future

references. The report consists of all the items done the project

work.

2. INTROUCTION OF COUPLINGS


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Mild steel or wrought iron shafts are available in length varying 6 to 10 meters ,so

as to make them handy and easy to transport. Lengthier shaft cannot be

manufactured in a correct form to be used for power transmission. In engineering

practice shaft of large lengths are required to transmit the torque which can be

obtained by joining two or more shafts in order to obtain the required length . the

joining of shafts is dome by a device called as coupling. In other words coupling is

a device to join two or more shafts.

2.1 IMPORTANCE OFCOUPLINGS

The elements which join two shafts are known as Couplings are used to

connect one shaft to another, when the shafts of two independent unit, such as e

motor and centrifugal pump are to be connected A coupling also serves some other

useful

Functions as follows:

1. It follows easy disconnection of shafts for repair arid maintenance.

2. It is used to connect two shafts in order to get long shafts.

3. To provide misalignment of the shafts or to introduce mechanical flexibility.

4. To introduce protection against overload.

5. To reduce the transmission of shock loads from one shaft to another.

2.2CLASSIFICATION OF COUPLING


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Coupling may be classified as follows:

1. Rigid coupling

2. Flexible coupling

3. Box of Clamp Muff coupling

4. Flange Bushed coupling pin type Coupling

5. Universal Oldham coupling

3. RIGID COUPLING


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Rigid couplings arc used only in low-speed applications where good axial

alignment between the connecting shafts can be achieved. Both the shafts that are

to be connected to be perfectly aligned laterally and angularity. Misaligned shafts,

when connected with a rigid coupling, can lead to bearing or fatigue failure.

A flexible coupling is used to connect two shafts which have lateral or angular

misalignments. It is also used to reduce the effect of shock and impact load.

3.1BOX OR MUFF OR SLEEVE COUPLING

This is a simple coupling which is used to connect two shafts

rigidly Muff coupling is a hollow cylindrical piece which is fitted over both shaft

ends connected by means of either keys, taper pins or set Screws as shown in fig.

4.3.1. The torque is transmitted from one shaft to the sleeve and then to the other

shaft. As it has no projecting parts, its interior is perfectly smooth which is good

from safety point of view. From design point of view, the depth of keyway in each

of the shafts to be connected should be exactly the same and the diameters should

also be the same.

3.2FLANGE COUPLING

Flange coupling is a standard from of coupling widely used

in work shops to join two shafts by means of two flanges. It is a rigid and

permanent ype of coupling used for joining co-axial shafts. It consists of cast ion

flanges keyed to the end of the shafts to be joined and fastened together by means

of number of tight fitting bolts. The diameter and number of bolts depend upon the

size of the shaft for which the flange is designed. The two shafts should be in a

straight line . The flange coupling is used in transmit heavy torque and hence is

used on large shafting


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There are three types of flange coupling

1. Un protected type flange coupling

2. Protected type coupling

3. Marine type flange coupling

3.3FLANGE COUPLING


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4. FLEXIBLE COUPLING:

Flexible coupling is very important type of

coupling to join two shafts which are slightly out of line or which are requires

slight relative angular movements Compressible or flexible element such as

spring rubber etc are used in this coupling to join the shafts which absorb shocks

and vibration due to power transmission.

1. Bushed pin coupling

2. Universal coupling

3. Oldham coupling`

4. Highly flexible tyre coupling

HIGHLY FLEXIBLE TYRE COUPLING :

It is used to couple two shafts

whose axes are parallel but not in alignment. It consists of two cast iron flanges

and two centre disc. The two flanges are keyed to the ends of the twp shafts .The

hard rubber is used over the flanges. There is no rigid connection between the two

flanges but the drive take place through rubber.


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4.1CHARACTRISTICS OF TYRE COPLING

1. Parallel misalignment up to 4.3 mm

2. Maximum end float up to 5.5 mm

3. Maximum misalignment up to40

4. No vibrant

5. Easy installation

4.2 MATERIAL OF RUBBER

They are made out natural rubber and reinforced with

rayon cord can be used 15 to 500 c Coupling hubs are cast iron.


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5. APPLICATION OF HIGHLY FLEXIBLY TYRE COUPLING

Type of driven machine TYPE OF DRIVEN UNIT

ELECTIC MOTORS

STEAMTURBINES

IC ENGINES, STEAM

ENGINES,WATERURBINES

Operational hours Per day

10-

16>16 10-

16>16

Centrifugal compressors

and pumps, Agitators

brewing machinery, Beltconveyors,

Dynamometers, Fans

upto 7.5 KW, line shafts,

Blowers and Exhausters

(except positive

displacement)

Generators.

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.42 1.5

Rubber extruders,Rotary screens, Textile

machinery, Marine

propellers and fans over

7.5 KW, Clay working

machinery, General

1.3 1.4 1.5 1. 1.9 2.0


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Machine tools, Paper mill

beaters and winders.

Gyratory crushers,

Reciprocating conveys,Mills (ball, Pebble and

rod). Rubber machinery

(Banbury mixers and

mills) and vibratory

screens.

2.3 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.9 .0

Paper mill calenders,

Pulverisers and positive

displacement blowers,Metal presses, Bucket

elevators, Cooling tower

fans, Piston compressors

and pumps Foundry

machinery.

1.8 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.5


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6.FACTORS TO BE CNSIDERED IN MACHINE DESIGN

There are many factors to be considered while attacking a design problem. In many

cases these are a common sense approach to solving a problem. Some of these

factors are as follows:

(a) What device or mechanism to be used? This would decide the relative

arrangement of the constituent elements.

(b) Material

(c) Forces on the elements

(d) Size, shape and space requirements. The final weight of the product is also a

major concern.

(e) The method of manufacturing the components and their assembly.

(f) How will it operate?

(g) Reliability and safety aspects.

(h) Inspectibility


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7.SHAFT

Shaft is a common and important machine element. It is a rotating member, in

general, has a circular cross-section and is used to transmit power. The shaft may

be hollow or solid. The shaft is supported on bearings and it rotates a set of gears

or pulleys for the purpose of power transmission. The shaft is generally acted upon

by bending moment, torsion and axial force. Design of shaft primarily involves in

determining stresses at critical point in the shaft that is arising due to

aforementioned loading. Other two similar forms of a shaft are axle and spindle.

Axle is a non-rotating member used for supporting rotating wheels etc. and do not

transmit any torque. Spindle is simply defined as a short shaft. However, design

method remains the same for axle and spindle as that for a shaft.

Standard sizes of Shafts

Typical sizes of solid shaft that are available in the market are,

Up to 25 mm 0.5 mm increments

25 to 50 mm 1.0 mm increments



8.1.3 Material for Shafts

The ferrous, non-ferrous materials and non metals are used as shaft material

depending on the application. Some of the common ferrous materials used for shaft

are discussed below.

Hot-rolled plain carbon steel


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These materials are least expensive. Since it is hot rolled, scaling is always present

on the surface and machining is required to make the surface smooth.

8.KEYS

Steel keys are widely used in securing machine parts such as gears and pulleys.

There is a large variety of machine keys and they may be classified under four

broad headings:

Sunk keys, flat keys, saddle keys and pins or round keys (a)(b)Split pin

Sunk keys may be further classified into the following categories:

(a) Rectangular sunk keys

(b) Gib head sunk keys

(c) Feather keys

(d) Woodruff keys

Rectangular sunk

. They are the simplest form of machine keys and may be either

straight or slightly tapered on one side. The parallel side is usually fitted into the

shaft. Steel keys are widely used in securing machine parts such as gears and

pulleys. There is a large variety of machine keys and they may be classified under

four broad headings: Sunk keys, flat keys, saddle keys and pins or round keys

fitted into the shaft.

GIB HEAD KEY

The gib head keys are ordinary sunk keys tapered on top with a raised head on one

side so that its removal is easy.


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FEATHER KEY

A feather key is used when one component slides over

another. The key may be fastened either to the hub or the shaft and the

keyway usually has a sliding fit.

WOOD RUFF KEY

A woodruff key is a form of sunk key where the key shape is that of a

truncated disc, as It is usually used for shafts less than about 60 mm diameter and

the keyway is cut in the shaft using a milling cutter. It is widely used in machine

tools and automobiles due to the extra advantage derived from the extra depth.


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8.1OPERATIONS INVOLVED:

Turning (facing, plain turning, step turning , threading etc)

Facing (flat surface)

Drilling

Tapping

Thread cutting

Heat treatment

TURNING:

Turning is the operation of reducing a cylindrical surface by removing

material from the outside diameter of a work piece. It is done by rotating the work

piece about the lathe axis and feeding the tool parallel to the lathe axis. Due to this

operation screw rod and head are done by the turning operation to get the required

shape.

FACING:

Machining the end of the work piece to produce flat surface is called facing.

Due to this, the plate can get flat surface have done by the facing operation.


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DRILLING:

Drilling is the operation of producing cylindrical hole in work piece. It isdone by rotating the cutting edge of the cutter known as drill bit. In this process of

bar clamp the drilling process made on the body of the bed to inserting the bolts.

TAPPING:

Tapping is the operation of forming internal thread of small diameter by

using a multipoint tool called tap. This process in bar clamp to done on the holes

of the rod to insert the screw rod.

THREAD CUTTING:

Thread cutting is the operation of forming external thread of required

diameter of rod by using a multipoint tool is called thread. This process is used in

screw clamp to done on the rod which is used for the movement of the movable

plate.

HEAT TREATMENT:

Heat treatment may be defined as an operation or combination of operations

involving heating and cooling of a metal/alloy in solid state to obtain desirable

properties.

In other words, heat treatment is a process in which metal/alloy is heatedbeyond the critical temperature and cooled at controlled rates to get different

microstructures and desired mechanical properties.


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TYPES OF HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES

Annealing

Normalising

Hardening

Tempering

Austempering

Martempering

Case hardening

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