split brain split brain patient phantom limb pain amputees often feel pain in a limb after it has...
TRANSCRIPT
Phantom Limb Pain
• Amputees often feel pain in a limb after it has been removed
• Sensation in limb can be felt when touching other areas of body (most common: lost hand feels touch of face)
Plasticity
• The brain is plastic—subject to alteration in the way it functions, such as:
• Changes in the brain’s overall architecture in response to stimulation and environmental experience
• The central nervous system can grow new neurons:
• But limited ability to do so with cortical injury
• This promotes stability in the brain’s connections but is an obstacle to recovery from brain damage.
Plasticity
• Neurons are subject to alteration in the way they function, such as:
• Changes in how much neurotransmitter a presynaptic neuron releases
• Changes in neuron sensitivity to neurotransmitters
• Creating new connections by growing new dendritic spines
Principles and Functions
• Cephalization• All-or-None Law• Frequency Coding of Intensity• Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies• Localization of Function (+ Integration)• Topographic Projection (& Distortion)• Split Brain (Crossed Connections)• Connectivity & Functional Connectivity• Neuro-plasticity & Reorganization
Motivation
What gets things going??
Motivation outline
• The major functions of motivation (activation and goal orientation/seeking)
• A typology of motivations: major types and an idea about their interdependence
• Yerkes-Dodson Law
• Evolution of adaptive mechanism of homeostatic control systems and how they operate
• A model of primary drives and how they fit into above control system model
Motivation: Characteristics
• Story-
• Activation + Goal orientation
Typology of Motivations
• Primary and Secondary Drives
• Pyramid of needs (Maslow)
Yerkes Dodson: Activation (Cockroaches & Quarterbacks!)
• Good/bad pool players: audience size 4
• Zajonc: Mere exposure (cockroaches!)
• Home field advantage-world series!
Primary Drive: Basic Model
• Claude Bernard: Mileau Interior & Evol.
• Walter Cannon & body wisdom (salt ex)
• Homeostasis & negative feedback
• Dual outputs
• Instinct & reflexes vs. motivation & learning (flexitility/adaptability)
Input
Output:Physiol/Motivtional
Negative feedback loop
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Setpoint
Body Water Levels & Thirst
• Physiological: Two systems of regulation– Prevent water loss– Hypothalamus/pituitary/kidney/ADH
• Control of reabsorption of water
– Pressure sensitivity
• Thirst: find new water
Hunger:
• Hunger: More complex– First, a “basic” physiological mechanism
• Hypothalamus VMH: satiety & feeding• Reinterpretation of satiety as change in set point
Other Hunger Regulators: (Long-term and Short-term
• Liver: glucose glycogen conversion
• Long term vs short term regulation
• Fat cell hypothesis & Leptin/NPY
• Genetic control
• Social control
Emotions
• Emotional expression– Darwin & Ekman: universality
• Some basic theories of emotion– Naïve– James-Lange– Cognitive/ Schacter-Singer/Cannon-Bard
A Higher-level Motive:Need for Achievement
• McClelland– Methodology: projective techniques– Goal setting– Parent-child immediate interaction– Longer-term developmental styles– Societal implications– Dweck: Mastery vs Performance orientation