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Section 1: Social Structure and Status
Section 2:Social Structure and Roles
Section 3: Preindustrial Societies
Section 4:Industrial and Postindustrial Societies
Chapter Preview 1
Chapter Preview · Section 1Social Structure and Status (pages 140–145)
The underlying pattern of social relationships in a group is called the social structure. Status is one very important element of social structure. Ascribed statuses are assigned at birth; achieved statuses are earned or chosen.
Chapter Preview 2
Chapter Preview · Section 2Social Structure and Roles (pages 146–152)
People interact according to prescribed roles. These roles carry certain rights and obligations. Sometimes conflict or strain occurs when an individual has too many roles to play.
Chapter Preview 3
Chapter Preview · Section 3Preindustrial Societies (pages 153–158)
The way a society provides for basic needs greatly affects its culture and social structure. Preindustrial societies include hunting and gathering, horticultural, pastoral, and agricultural societies.
Chapter Preview 4
Chapter Preview · Section 4Industrial and Postindustrial Societies (pages 159–164)
The Industrial Revolution created a new type of society called an industrial society. Characteristics that distinguish this society from all earlier ones include the growth of large cities and a widespread dependence on machines and technology. Postindustrial society has a predominately white-collar labor force that is concentrated in service industries. Social instability has been linked to the transition from an industrial to a postindustrial society.
Section 1-Preview
The underlying pattern of social relationships in a group is called the social structure. Status is one very important element of social structure. Ascribed statuses are assigned at birth; achieved statuses are earned or chosen.
Section 1-Key Terms
• social structure
• status
• ascribed status
• achieved status
• status set
• master status
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1-Polling Question
A B C D
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Which is a way that people display their status in our society?
A. Their home
B. Their car
C. Wearing a uniform
D. All of the above
Section 1
Social Structure Is All Around You
• Social structure is the underlying patterns of relationships in a group.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Which is NOT an aspect of social structure?
A. It involves groups
B. It involves patterns
C. It involves computers
D. It involves relationships
Section 1
Everyone Has Status
• A status is a position a person occupies within a social structure.
• An ascribed status is neither earned nor chosen; it is assigned to us.
Section 1
Everyone Has Status (cont.)
• An achieved status is earned or chosen.
• A status set is all of the statuses that a person occupies at any particular time.
The Interrelationships of Social Statuses
Section 1
Everyone Has Status (cont.)
• Master statuses can be achieved or ascribed; they significantly affect the likelihood of achieving other social statuses.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Which type of status would a doctor fall under?
A. Master
B. Status set
C. Ascribed
D. Achieved
Section 2-Preview
People interact according to prescribed roles. These roles carry certain rights and obligations. Sometimes conflict or strain occurs when an individual has too many roles to play.
Section 2-Key Terms
• role
• right
• obligation
• role performance
• social interaction
• role conflict
• role strain
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section-Polling Question
A B C D
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Which role do identify with the most?
A. Student
B. Sibling
C. Artist
D. Athlete
Section 2
Rights and Obligations
• An expected behavior associated with a particular status is a role.
• Rights are behaviors that individuals expect from others.
• Obligations are behaviors that individuals are expected to perform toward others.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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Statuses “in action” is another name for:
A. Rights
B. Roles
C. Obligations
D. Society
Section 2
Role Performance and Social Interaction
• Role performance is the actual conduct, or behavior, involved in carrying out (or performing) a role.
• Social interaction is the process of influencing each other as people relate.
The Links Between Culture and Social Structure
Section 2
Role Performance and Social Interaction (cont.)
• Role performance is much like a play, but there are many differences:
– Most real-life role performance occurs without planning.
– Real-life performance is ad-libbed.
– We choose our own cues and responses.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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Which is an example of social interaction?
A. Asking a stranger for directions
B. Chatting with friends
C. Playing sports
D. All of the above
Section 2
Role Conflict and Role Strain
• Role conflict exists when the performance of a role in one status clashes with the performance of a role in another.
• Role strain occurs when a person has trouble meeting the many roles connected with a single status.
Section 2
Role Conflict and Role Strain (cont.)
• To deal with the conflict and strain we:
– Set priorities
– Segregate roles
Unemployment Rates
Illustrating Social Structure Concepts
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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How often does role strain and conflict affect your own life?
A. Very often
B. Sometimes
C. Rarely
D. Never
Section 3-Preview
The way a society provides for basic needs greatly affects its culture and social structure. Preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial societies meet basic needs in different ways. Preindustrial societies include hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoral, and agricultural societies.
Section 3-Key Terms
• society
• hunting and gathering society
• horticultural society
• pastoral society
• agricultural society
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3-Polling Question
Which is an example of a preindustrial society?
A. Hunting and gathering
B. Pastoral
C. Agricultural
D. All of the above
A B C D
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Section 3
Types of Society
• A society is composed of people living within defined territorial borders who share a common culture.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
A B C
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Do you think our society today is becoming more global?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
C. Not sure
Section 3
Hunting and Gathering Societies
• Hunting and gathering society survives by hunting animals and gathering edible foods.
Time Line of Societies
Section 3
Hunting and Gathering Societies (cont.)
• Characteristics:
– Nomadic
– Small in population
– Cooperation and sharing are key
– No social class
– Family is the only institution
Time Line of Societies
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
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The following are important in the hunting and gathering society EXCEPT
A. Sharing
B. Gathering food
C. Thrift
D. Moving from place to place
Section 3
Horticultural Societies
• A horticultural society solves the subsistence problem primarily through the growing of plants.
Time Line of Societies
Section 3
Horticultural Societies (cont.)
• Characteristics:
– More permanent settlements
– Multicommunity societies
– Family more key
– More complex division of labor
– Trade possible
Time Line of Societies
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
What do you think is the main difference between the horticultural society and the hunting and gathering society?
A. The growing of plants
B. Emphasis on family
C. Permanent housing
A B C
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Section 3
Pastoral Societies
• In pastoral societies, food is obtained primarily by raising and taking care of animals.
Time Line of Societies
Section 3
Pastoral Societies (cont.)
• Characteristics:
– Migration still needed, but with some permanent villages
– Male dominated
– More complex division of labor
– Trade possible
Time Line of Societies
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
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Pastoral societies, food is primarily obtained by which method?
A. Hunting
B. Raising animals
C. Growing crops
D. Trade
Section 3
Agricultural Societies
• An agricultural society subsists by growing food, but with the use of plows and animals.
Time Line of Societies
Section 3
Agricultural Societies (cont.)
• Characteristics:
– More food per unit of land due to the plow
– Animals allow more people to engage in noneconomic activities
– Cities built
– Other occupations appear
Time Line of Societies
Section 3
Agricultural Societies (cont.)
– Political, economic, religious institutions appear
– Government replaces the family group
– King or emperor rules
– Social classes
– Economy based on trade
Time Line of Societies
Section 3
Agricultural Societies (cont.)
– Monetary system
– Separation between religion and government
Time Line of Societies
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
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Which is NOT a true statement about the agricultural society?
A. Distinct social class
B. Monetary system used
C. Wealth and power based on land ownership
D. Nomadic society
Section 4-Preview
The Industrial Revolution created a new type of society, called the industrial society. Characteristics that distinguish this society from all earlier ones include the growth of large cities and a wide-spread dependence on machines and technology. Postindustrial society has a predominately white-collar labor force that is concentrated in service industries. Social instability has been linked to the transition from an industrial to a postindustrial society.
Section 4-Key Terms
• industrial society
• mechanization
• urbanization
• gemeinschaft
• gesellschaft
• social solidarity
• mechanical solidarity
• organic solidarity
• postindustrial society
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 4-Polling Question
A B C
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Which technology do you think has made the biggest impact on our society?
A. Personal computers
B. Assembly lines
C. Robots
Section 4
Basic Features of Industrial Societies
• The industrial society is one that is dependent upon science and technology to produce its basic goods and services.
Section 4
Basic Features of Industrial Societies (cont.)
• When societies shift from agricultural to industrial, some of the structural changes are:
– A loss of simplicity and a gain of scientific knowledge
– Animal and human labor is replaced by machines (mechanization)
Agricultural Employment
Section 4
Basic Features of Industrial Societies (cont.)
– Urbanization—the movement from the country to the city
– Families function differently
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 4
A B C
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Which of the following is a way that the family structure changed once an industrial society emerged?
A. Women became more subordinate to their husbands.
B. Family unity became less important.
C. Education was taughtat home.
Section 4
A Conversation with Two Sociologists
• Tonnies’s view—two types of society:
– Gemeinschaft = community; a society based on tradition, kinship, and intimate social relationships.
– Gesellschaft = industrial society; weak family ties, competition, and less personal social relationships.
Section 4
A Conversation with Two Sociologists (cont.)
• Durkheim’s view:
– Social solidarity is the degree to which a society is unified or can hold itself together in the face of obstacles.
Section 4
A Conversation with Two Sociologists (cont.)
• Two types of society that depend on solidarity:
– Mechanical solidarity applies when members of a society hold the same beliefs, values, and norms; they tend to conform and depend on tradition and family to fulfill their needs.
– Organic solidarity applies when members of an industrial society depend on a variety of people to fulfill their needs.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B C D
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The following are characteristics of mechanical solidarity EXCEPT
A. Group placed above the individual
B. Pressure for conformity
C. Needs filled by a variety of people
D. Tradition and family important
Section 4
Major Features of Postindustrial Society
• In a postindustrial society, the economic emphasis is on providing services and information rather than on producing goods through basic manufacturing.
Section 4
• Five features of this society, according to Daniel Bell:
– For the first time, the majority of the labor force are employed in services rather than in agriculture or manufacturing.
– White-collar employment replaces much blue-collar work.
Major Features of Postindustrial Society (cont.)
Section 4
Major Features of Postindustrial Society (cont.)
– Technical knowledge is the key organizing feature in the postindustrial society.
– Technological change is planned and assessed.
– Computer modeling is relied upon in all areas.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B C D
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What was the major economic emphasis placed on during the postindustrial society?
A. Providing services
B. Agriculture
C. Raising animals
D. All of the above
Section 4
Social Instability in Postindustrial Society
• Historian Francis Fukuyama believes that the transition to a service economy has increased social instability in nations undergoing this change.
• However, he sees current indications of a return to social stability because humans find it difficult to live without values and norms.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B C D
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Do you agree with Fukuyama’s observations?
A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Disagree
D. Not sure
Figure 5.1
The Interrelationships of Social Statuses
Figure 5.2
The Links Between Culture and Social Structure
Figure 5.3
Time Line 1
Time Line of Societies
Time Line 2
Time Line of Societies
Snapshot
Unemployment Rates
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005.
World View
Agricultural Employment
Source: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, 2005.
Transparency 1
Vocab 1
social structure
the underlying patterns of relationships in a group
Vocab 2
status
a position a person occupies within a social structure
Vocab 3
ascribed status
a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned
Vocab 4
achieved status
a position that is earned or chosen
status set
Vocab 5
all of the statuses that a person occupies at any particular time
Vocab 6
master status
a person that strongly affects most other aspects of a person’s life
Vocab 7
role
an expected behavior associated with a particular status
Vocab 8
right
a behavior that individuals can expect from others
Vocab 9
obligation
a behavior that individuals are expected to perform toward others
Vocab 10
role performance
the actual behavior of an individual in a role
Vocab 11
social interaction
the process of influencing each other as people relate
Vocab 12
role conflict
condition in which the performance of a role in one status interferes with the performance of a role in another status
Vocab 13
role strain
condition in which the roles of a single status are inconsistent or conflicting
Vocab 14
society
people living within defined territorial borders and sharing a common culture
Vocab 15
hunting and gathering society
a society that survives by hunting animals and gathering edible plants
Vocab 16
horticultural society
a society that survives primarily through the growing of plants
Vocab 17
pastoral society
a society in which food is obtained primarily by raising and taking care of animals
Vocab 18
agricultural society
a society that uses plows and draft animals in growing food
Vocab 19
industrial society
a society that depends on science and technology to produce its basic goods and services
Vocab 20
mechanization
the process of replacing animal and human power with machine power
Vocab 21
urbanization
the shifting of population from farms and villages to large cities
Vocab 22
gemeinschaft
pre-industrial society based on tradition, kinship, and close social ties
Vocab 23
gesellschaft
industrial society characterized by weak family ties, competition, and impersonal social relationships
Vocab 24
social solidarity
the degree to which a society is unified
Vocab 25
mechanical solidarity
a type of social unity achieved by people doing the same type of work and holding similar values
Vocab 26
organic solidarity
a type of social unity in which members’ interdependence is based on specialized functions and statuses
Vocab 27
postindustrial society
a society in which the economic emphasis is on providing services and information
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