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Spices of Life: The Antimicrobial Properties of
Cinnamon, Clove, and Garlic on
Streptococcus mutans
Lola Agabalogun, Preeti Gondi, Gary Hoffman,
Tasneem Maner, Mehr Mathew, Xuewei Ouyang,
Jason Roth, Ali Siddiqui, Rich Tamirian,
Chelsea Taylor, Rachel Ying
Team 3
• Vegetable or plant
substance that contributes
flavor
• Antimicrobial properties
• Phytochemicals: benzene,
sulfur
• Extract v. Essential oils
• Cinnamon, Clove, and
Garlic
Spices
• Cinnamomum zeylanicum
• Cinnamomum trees
• Eugenol and cinnamaldehyde
• Antimicrobial properties
Cinnamon
• Syzygium aromaticum
• Dried product of immature flower buds
• Natural medicine, antioxidants
• Eugenol
• Antimicrobial properties
Clove
• Allium sativum
• Allicin
• Role in plant
• Effects in humans
• Antimicrobial properties
Garlic
Allicin
• Non-motile bacterium found
in human mouth
o causes tooth decay
o found in crevices & pits of
teeth
• Uses sucrose to generate a
sticky polysaccharide → the
bacteria to stick to one another
→ lactic acid → plaque
Streptococcus mutans
Antiseptic solutions: • Fluoride - prevents dental caries
• Hydrogen peroxide – whitens teeth
• Chlorhexidine - strong antimicrobial
Mouthwash
• To determine the antimicrobial effects of garlic,
cinnamon, and clove on S. mutans in various
concentrations
• To test several mouthwashes to determine
which is most effective at killing S. mutans in the
mouth
Purpose
• In order of decreasing effectiveness against
bacteria:
o Garlic aqueous extract
o Cinnamon aqueous extract
o Clove aqueous extract
• Synergistic effects: garlic and cinnamon together
would be most effective at killing S. mutans
Hypothesis
Each well
o 1.5 mL tryptic soy broth
o 10 μL diluted spice extract
o 10 μL S. mutans culture
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
0.00 μL 0.680 μL 1.25 μL 2.50 μL 5.00 μL 10.0 μL
cinnamon
garlic
clove
control
Paper Disk Diffusion Method
Materials/Methods
10 μL
30 μL
20 μL
40 μL
60 μL
50 μL
0 μL
30+ 30 μl
30+ 30 μl
30+ 30 μl
0 μl
cinna
garlic
clove
Mouthwash Experiment
Materials/Methods
• 10 μL on each filter disk
• Oasis
• ACT Bubble Gum Blowout
• Scope Outlast
• Listerine Antiseptic
• Listerine Zero
• Crest Pro-Health
• CareOne Anti-Septic
• Cepacol Antibacterial Rinse
• Spices: No zones of inhibition → spices did not
kill any bacteria
• Mouthwashes: Zones of inhibition → effective
in killing bacteria
Interpretation of Results
• Ineffective extraction methods
o vacuum filtration
o ethanol & other compounds
o too much boiling
• Powdered state of the spices
o heating during processing
o dried already
• Use of extract instead of
essential oils
Possible Reasons for Unsupported
Hypothesis
• Paper disk diffusion
method o worked for mouthwashes
o circles of clove seen around some
disks
• Thickly spread bacteria o but thinly spread for second
experiment
• Not enough extract used o 60 μL used in second experiment
o some also soaked
Unlikely Possibilities
• Issues with sterilization
o led to contamination
• Overboiling and not stirring
• Non-uniform methods of extraction
• Spices transferred and concentration lost
• Pipetting errors
Error Analysis
Explanation of Our Mouthwash
Results
“kills the
germs that
cause bad
breath”
“helps
prevent
plaque and
gingivitis”
Before the experiment
• Consider testing various spices
• Consider testing various herbs
• Find appropriate method
• Consider testing essential oils instead of extracts
Suggestions for Future Scientists
During Preparation
• Use fresh spices
• Boil in ethanol or other solvent
• Use vacuum filtration
Suggestions for Future Scientists
• Imitate home-use method
o Use of common household items
• Home-use method was ineffective
• However, spice mouthwash is possible.
o extracted in lab
o sold commercially
• Process/production → not completely natural
o still attractive to consumers in comparison to chemical
mouthwash
Practical Applications
• Spice mouthwash cannot be prepared at home.
o Require advanced methods of extraction
• Spices extracted with water are not as effective
as mouthwashes.
• Spices still have potential as mouthwash.
Conclusion
• Sponsors:
o John and Laura Overdeck
o The Crimmins Family Charitable
Foundation
o Ina Zucchi Family Trust
o NJGSS Alumni and Parents 1984 –
2012
o Novartis
o Independent College Fund of New
Jersey
o Watson Pharmaceuticals
o Bayer Healthcare
o Roche
Acknowledgments
• NJGSS:
o Dr. Miyamoto
o Dr. Surace
o Myrna Papier
o Anna-Mae Dinio-Bloch
o Janet Quinn
o Rachel Sandler
o Lalita Nekkanti
o The Counselors