spelling rule and mistakes

7/26/2019 Spelling Rule and Mistakes

1/27

Spelling Rule and Mistakes

Elsadig Agabna


2/27

BASIC FACTS ABOUT SPELLING IN ENGLISH

!"ds in Englis# language $!%p!se !& at least !ne lette" ande'e"( )!"d %ust #a'e at least !ne '!)el* but S!%e )!"ds a"e+ust a '!)el ,I* a-.

A $!ns!nant blend is )#en )e put t)! !" t#"ee $!ns!nants ne/tt! ea$# !t#e"0 e.g. b"1 $l1

A $!ns!nant dig"ap# is )#en )e put t)! $!ns!nants ne/t t! ea$#!t#e" t! $"eate a s!und di2e"ent t! t#e sepa"ate $!ns!nants0 e.g.s#* t#* p#* $#.

A '!)el dig"ap# is )#en )e put t)! '!)els* !" a '!)el and a$!ns!nant* t!get#e" t! %ake a ne) '!)el s!und0 e.g. a"1 !(1 ea1

ai. A split '!)el dig"ap# is )#en t#e t)! '!)els in a dig"ap# a"e split

b( a $!ns!nant. T#e se$!nd '!)el is al)a(s 3e. ,T#is "ule used t!be $alled 4%agi$ e56- e.g. bake* )ine* p!le* tube* t#ese.


3/27

Spelling "ules in Englis#

Englis# is a 'e"( di7$ult language t!spell $!""e$tl(. T#e"e a"e s!%e "ules*but t#e"e a"e nea"l( al)a(se/$epti!ns t! t#e%. Mu$# !& Englis#spelling #as t! be lea"ned !2 b(#ea"t* )#i$# is )#( s!%e pe!ple 8nd

it s! di7$ult.


4/27

THE 4FLOSS95 RULE

T#is "ule is ab!ut )#en t! use d!uble :2* :ss* :ll* :;;!" single lette" .

It als! tells (!u )#en t! use 3t$# !" 3$#* and )#en t!use 3$k !" 3k.

I& a single s(llable )!"d #as a single '!)el* t#en (!us#!uld use t#e d!uble lette"s* :t$# !" :$k.

E/a%ples

sta2 %ass $all +a;; %at$# la$k

$li2 less bell 8;; &et$# )"e$k

$u2 #iss sill bu;; #it$# si$k

l!ss d!ll b!t$# l!$k

&uss bull #ut$# t"u$k


5/27

H!)e'e"* i& a single:s(llable )!"d $!ntains a'!)el dig"ap#


6/27

Als!* i& an!t#e" $!ns!nant $!%es a&te" asingle '!)el* be&!"e t#e 8nal $!ns!nant*

t#en t#e single lette"* !" 3$#* is used0

E/a%ples

gul& tense bel$# %ilk

sel& lapse 8l$# sulk

else gul$# bank

b"an$# )ink

sten$# "isk 8n$# dusk


7/27

Adding Ing t! A )!"d

word is a one-syllable word and follows the consonant-vowel-consonant

(CVC) pattern, double the final consonant before adding the -ing.

dig = digging

mop = mopping

nap = nappingrun = running

pet = petting

This rule also applies to words that have two syllables and the second

syllable follows the CVC pattern and is also the accented (emphasied)

syllable.remit = remittance

refer = referred

concur = concurrent


8/27

?O NOT ?OUBLE

t#e t &!" 'e"bs !& !ne s(llable )it# a d!uble'!)el !" a l!ng '!)el s!und ,e.g. t"eat @t"eating* t"eated1 g"eet @ g"eeting* g"eeted-

t#e " &!" 'e"bs !& !ne s(llable )#en t#e 8nal " isp"e$eded b( a d!uble '!)el ,e.g. &ea" @&ea"ing*&ea"ed-

t#e " &!" )!"ds !& %!"e t#an !ne s(llable* )#en

t#e st"ess &alls !n t#e 8"st s(llable ,e.g. p"!spe"@ p"!spe"ed* p"!spe"ing-

t#e l )#en it is p"e$eded b( a d!uble '!)el ,e.g.$!n$eal @ $!n$ealing* $!n$ealed-.


9/27

#en adding -ing ,!" an( !t#e" su7/ t#at begins)it# a '!)el- t! a )!"d t#at ends in a silent e*d"!p t#e e be&!"e adding t#e -ing.

#!pe #!ping a$#e a$#ing &a%e &a%!us

gl!be gl!bal !2ense !2ensi'e

However* i& t#e su7/ begins )it# a $!ns!nant*su$# as -ful, (!u lea'e t#e 8nal e !n t#e base)!"d.

#!pe #!pe&ulspite spite&ul l!'e l!'eless

age ageless

But* i& t#e )!"d ends in -ce !" -ge and t#ein$!%ing '!)el is an a* o* !" u*(!u $ann!t !%itt#e silent e.

%anage %anageable $!u"age $!u"age!us

n!ti$e n!ti$eable


10/27

?"!pping lette"s

Man( )!"ds d"!p a lette" )#en adding a su7/* but it is n!tal)a(s t#e 8nal lette" 0

A"gue a"gu%ent1 p"!$eed p"!$edu"e1 #u%!u" #u%!"!us1disaste" disast"!us1

"epeat "epetiti!n1 ad%iniste" ad%inist"ati!n

T#e"e is n! "eliable "ule $!'e"ing t#ese )!"ds* s! t#e( si%pl(#a'e t! be %e%!"ised.

. !"d endings su$# as ableible* antan$e1 enten$e

negligible* in$"edible* in'isible* sensible* ad%i"able* p"e'entable*suitable* dependable

attendan$e* ign!"an$e* nuisan$e* i%p!"tan$e senten$e*di2e"en$e *independen$e* intelligen$e

T#e"e is n! "eliable "ule $!'e"ing t#ese )!"ds* s! t#e( si%pl(#a'e t! be %e%!"ised.


11/27

Silent lette"s

S!%e )!"ds in$lude lette"s )#i$# a"en!t p"!n!un$ed )#en t#e )!"d issp!ken.

ad'e"tise%ent* $a%paign* $!lu%n*debt* design* d!ubt* gauge* g#ett!*#ei"* kni&e* kn!)ledge* island*

%!"tgage* !&ten* pneu%ati$* "#(t#%*s!le%n* subtle


12/27

I e* C

"ite i be&!"e e* e/$ept a&te" $

unless it sa(s aas in neig#b!" and )eig#.

e.g. a$#ie'e* belie'e* &"iend "e$ei'e* "e$eipt*

pe"$ei'e "ite iea&te" $ &!" )!"ds )it# a s#ens!und.

an$ient* e7$ient* su7$ient* $!ns$ien$e

"ite ei)#en t#e '!)els s!unds like an a as in

)eig# neig#b!u"* 'ein Exception0 !"ds like $!unte"&eit* eit#e"*

neit#e"* #eig#t* leisu"e* * &!"eign* s$ien$e*spe$ies* sei;e*


13/27

Rule &!" Plu"al

s or es 0 Add es i& a )!"d ends in $#* s#* ss* / !" ; a"$# @ a"$#es* $las#@ $las#es* $lass @ $lasses*

b!/ @ b!/es* =ui; @ =ui;;es

Add es &!" %!st )!"ds ending in ! 0 t!%at! @ t!%at!es* #e"! @ #e"!es*g! @ g!es*

d! @ d!es* e$#! @ e$#!es0 !"ds like alt!s* du!s* pian!s* "adi!s* s!l!ss!p"an!s* studi!s* 'ide!s* t(p!s

4y to i or not

F!" )!"ds ending in ( p"e$eded b( a '!)el* keep t#e ( )#en adding s!" a su7/. $!n'e( @ $!n'e(s* e%pl!( @ e%pl!(e"

F!" )!"ds ending in (* "etain t#e ( )#en adding ing. t"( @ t"(ing* +usti&( @

+usti&(ing* $e"ti&( @ $e"ti&(ing* stud( @ stud(ing

F!" )!"ds ending in (* p"e$eded b( a $!ns!nant* $#ange t#e ( t! i be&!"ean( !t#e" su7/

t"( @ t"ied* +usti&( @ +usti8es* $e"ti&( @ $e"ti8able* %(sti&( @ %(sti8ed*lab!"at!"( @ lab!"at!"ies

E/$epti!ns0 !"ds like d"(ness* s#(ness


14/27

?"!p #e 8nal 4e5

)#en t#e su7/ sta"ts )it# a '!)el.

sa'e sa'able* use usable

)#en t#e )!"d ends in dge.

+udge +udg%ent But i& t#e )!"d ends in $e !" ge ,e.g.

%anage @ %anageable* t"a$e @ t"a$eable-

)#en adding 3ing sa'e sa'ing* %anage %anaging*

t"a$e t"a$ing* e%e"ge e%e"ging


15/27

Sh Sound

0 #en it !$$u"s be&!"e a su7/ t#at begins )it# a '!)el* it isspelled )it# a ti* si* !" ci.0 pa"tial $auti!us patient 'a$ati!nnut"iti!n =u!tient ine"tia su$ti!n pensi!n suspensi!n tensi!ne/pulsi!n spe$ial de8$ient suspi$i!n %usi$ian p#(si$ian !pti$ianele$t"i$ian

#en de$iding )#et#e" t! use -cian* -tion* !" -sion* "e%e%be"t#ese #elp&ul #ints. D -cian is al)a(s used )#en t#e )!"d "e&e"s t!a pe"s!n* and -tion and -sion a"e ne'e" used &!" pe!ple. %usi$ian*ele$t"i$ian* p#(si$ian

I& t#e "!!t )!"d ends in a/t/* t#en use -tion. $!%plete

$!%pleti!n 'a$ate 'a$ati!n D I& t#e "!!t )!"d ends in an s !" d* t#en use sion. supp"ess

supp"essi!n e/tend e/tensi!n

D I& t#e s!und !& t#e last s(llable is t#e #ea'( s!und/zhun/ andn!t t#e s!&t s!und/shun/* t#en use -sion. $!n&usi!n* 'isi!n*ad#esi!n


16/27

. P"e8/es

Add p"e8/ t! "!!t

dis appea" disappea"

un usual unusual i% %!"tal i%%!"tal

dis app!int disapp!int

%is spent %isspent "e ele$t "e:ele$t ,!" "eele$t-


17/27

. Su7/es Add su7/ t! "!!t

"eal l( "eall( %anage %ent %anage%ent like l( likel(

like ness likeness use &ul use&ul $a"e &ull( $a"e&ull(

sa&e t( sa&et( enti"e l( enti"el( i%%ediate l( i%%ediatel(

&!"%al l( &!"%all( usual l( usuall( )!!l l( )!!ll(

N!te0 I& "!!t ,desi"e- ends in '!)el and su7/ begins )it# a '!)el ,e-*d"!p t#e 8nal '!)el

!& t#e "!!t be&!"e adding t#e su7/ ,desi"able-. %!'e able %!'able

$!%bine ati!n $!%binati!n &a%e !us &a%!us s$a"$e it( s$a"$it(

l!se ing l!sing )"ite ing )"iting s#ine ing s#ining

!"ds ending in $e !" ge usuall( keep t#e e be&!"e a su7/ beginning)it# a !" ! in !"de"

t! "etain t#e s!&t s!und !& t#e $ !" g0

$#ange $#angeable ad'antage ad'antage!us kn!)ledgekn!)ledgeable $!u"age $!u"age!us se"'i$e se"'i$eable

Be&!"e su7/es beginning )it# i* t#e e is usuall( $#!pped0

&!"$e &!"$ing "edu$e "edu$ible 8nan$e 8nan$ial

E/$epti!ns0 age ageing singe singeing


18/27

%d$ine... %ed $in al ... i a$ad%( ... a $ad J%i$ ... e

aut#" ... aut# K" it ( ... ! $ustd( ... $ust K di an ... !

neut"l ... neu t"l it ( ... a "e%d( ... "e% J di al ... e

N!) t"( t#ese 3 $#ange t! 8nd t#e $!""e$t '!)el &!"ea$# !& t#e &!ll!)ing0

pe"s!nl pe"s!n l it( si%il" si%il " it(

%etl %etl li$ !"gn !"gn i$

Hu%n #u%n it( legl legl it(

edit" edtK" ial tut" tutK" ial

pa"nt pa"Jnt al !"iginl !"iginl it(

$i'l $i'l ian idit idiKt i$

b"utl b"utl it( t!tl t!tl it(


19/27

C!""!# T$%&' ! &!'

*#T&C+#*#ANT AND ENT ENDINGS, OR ANGE AND ENCE

.minent, occurrence, persvrance, relevant,

respondent

These endings sound virtually the same, and

theres no rule that will tell you which is

correct for a given word. ('ome words in fact

may go either way/ dependant or dependent,

dependence or dependence, descendant ordescendent.


20/27

*#T&C+#*#A!"E AND I!"E

ENDINGS

accessi#le, compati#le, deducti#le, $alli#le,

indispensa#le, interrupti#le, permissi#le

0i1e ant and ent, t%ese sounds are indis&

tinguis%a#le to t%e ear, so you must memorie

the right spelling for each word. The more

common ending is a#le, so 'riters are more

li(el) to err '%en t%e ending s%ould #e i#le.some 'ords can go eit%er 'a)* +or eample,

etenda#le and etendi#le are #ot% correct.


21/27

CONFUSION OER ?OUBLECONSONANTS

accommodate, Britannia, commitment, jackknifed, necessary,

occurrence, Philippines, threshold

!"ds )it# d!uble $!ns!nants tend t! be t"!ubles!%e. E""!"s

in$lude d!ubling t#e )"!ng lette"* )"!ngl( d!ubling %!"e t#an !ne

and d!ubling +ust !ne instead !& t)!. Its als! a $!%%!n %istake t!!%it t#e d!ubling alt!get#e" i& t#e )!"d is a $!%p!und )#e"e t#e

last lette" !& t#e 8"st pa"t and t#e 8"st lette" !& t#e se$!nd pa"t

#appen t! be t#e sa%e (jackknife, misspelling-although note

t#at s!%e $an g! eit#e" )a(* su$# as granddaddy!grandaddy)

C!n'e"sel(* )"ite"s s!%eti%es %istake a )!"d &!" a $!%p!und*and

d!uble a lette" t#at t#e( s#!uldnt (threshold is not a comination

!& thresh and hold)

absen$e

t


22/27

a$$ept

a$$identall(

a$$!%%!date

a$$!%panied

a$$!%pan(ing

a$=uaintan$e

a$"!ss

ad'i$e

ad'ise

a2e$t

agg"essi'e

aisles

allege

all!$ate

all "ig#t

al!ng

all "ead( al"ead(

al"ig#t

al)a(s

a%ateu"

anal(se

ann!(ing

ans)e"

an/i!us

appa"atus

appea"an$e

applied

app!int%ent

app"e$iate

app"!a$#

app"!'e

a"$ti$

a"du!us

a"gu%ent a""ange%ent

a""i'al

as$ent

assistant

assistan$e

ast#%a

at#leti$s

at%!sp#e"e

att"a$t

a'e"age

a)a"eness

a)k)a"d

be#al&

bene8$ial

bene8t

bleeding

b"illiant beginning

belie&

belie'e

bi$($le

B"itain

bulletin

bu"eau

bu"ied

business

bus(


23/27

$a&ete"ia

$an$el

$andles

$aptain

$a"b!n

$a"i$atu"e

$atal!gue

$auti!n

$e"tain

$#ai"s

$#a%pagne

$#angeable

$#a"a$te"

$#asing

$#au2eu"

$#e%ist"(

$#!!se

$li%bed

$!n8"%

$!%ing $!%%ittee

$!%%unities

$!%pelled

$!%pletel(

$!n$ei'e

$!ns$ien$e

$!ns$ienti!us

$!nsensus

$!n'enien$e

$!u"te!us

$!u"tes(

$"iti$is%

$alenda"

$a%paign

$apital

$e%ete"(

$l!t#es

$!a"se

$!lu%n

$!%petent

$!nsistent

$!"p!"ati!n $!u"se

de$ei'e

de$ided

de&eat

de'el!p

de'el!p%ent

di'ine

d!esn5t

de8nite

de8nitel(

de8niti!n

des$"ibe

des$"ipti!n

dese"t

desi"able

despai"

despe"ate

desse"t

de'!te

diagn!sis

di$tat!"

di2e"ent

disappea"

disapp!int

disapp"!'e

disast"!us

dis$ipline

dis$ussed

dis$"epan$(

dispute

distu"bed

di'ing

d!$t!"

d"ains


24/27

eig#t# e=uipped

e%ba""ass

e%pt( entitled

en$!unte" endea'!u"

e=uip%ent

es$ape espe$iall( essential

estee%ed e'iden$e e/agge"ated

e/$eedingl( e/$epti!ns

e/$essi'e e/$lusi'e e/pe"ien$e

e/tensi!n

e/t"e%el(

e2e$t

e%p#asi;e e/$ellent

e/$ept

eligible &ait#&ull( &a%ilia" &as$inating


25/27

identi8$ati!n i%agine

i%%ediatel( inaudible in$essant

in$line

inde8nite

indigesti!n

indi'idual instead

inte"$#angeable inte"ested inte"&e"e independent installed inte""upt

int"!du$e i""itated

issued

ite%i;ed its

its

+eal!us

+e)elle"(

kn!)ledge laid

lab!"at!"( leisu"e lengt# lib"a"( l!!se

l!se l!sing

%aga;ine

%aintenan$e %a""iage

%ate"ial %eant

%edi$ine

%e%!"( %et#!d %ilita"(

%ine"al %ini%u% %inute %at#e%ati$s %is$#ie'!us

%isspell %!"ning

%!"tgage

%is$ellane!us

%agni8$ent

%anu&a$tu"e"

natu"all(

ne$essa"( ni$kel nie$e nineteen ninet(

n!$tu"nal n!"t#e"n n!ti$e

n!ti$eable

nuisan$e

!$$asi!n !$$u""ed

!$$u""ing

!%itted


26/27

!pini!n

!pp!"tunit(

!pp!site

!"iginal

paid

pa%p#let

pa"allel

pa"lia%ent

pasti%e

pe$ulia"

pe"&u%e

pe"#aps

pe"%anent

pe"suade

p#(si$al

p#(si$ian

pie$e

planned pleasant

plu%bing

pneu%!nia

p!is!n

p!ssess

p!stp!ne

p"a$ti$all(

p"epa"ed

p"in$ipal

p"in$iple

p"i'ilege

p"!$ess

p"!&essi!nal

p"!babl(

p"!dig(

p"!&ess!"

p"!8table

p"!nun$iati!n

p"!p"iet(

ps($#!l!g(

pu"$#ase

pu"p!se

=ua""el

=uiet

=uite

"ealit(

"eall(

"e$eipt

"e$ipe

"e$entl(

"e&e"en$e

"e&e""ed

"egula"

"elati'e

"elie&

"elie'e

"e%ained

"e%e%be"

"es!u"$es

"espe$t&ull(

"eali;e

"e$!gni;e

"e$!%%end

"e$!%%endati!n

"eliable

"eligi!us

"epetiti!n

"esp!nsible

"estau"ant

"eti$ent

"e&e""al

"e'e"se

"e'ie)

"#(t#%


27/27

sa&et(

sand)i$#

sane

s$a"$e

Satu"da(

sa'ing

s$#edule

s$"ap

se$"eta"(

senten$e

sei;e

sepa"ate

se'e"al

s#e"i2

s#ining sin$e"el(

si%ila"

spee$#

sp!ntane!us

s!p#!%!"e

st"aig#t

stud(ing

su$$eed

su$$ess

su7$ient

supe"intendent

su"p"ise

su"el(

su"'eillan$e

subtle

sp!ntane!us

ta"i2

te%pe"a%ent

t#ei"

t#e"e

t#e(5"e

t#!"!ug#l(

t!

t!get#e"

t!!

t"aged(

t"ans&e""ed

t"ied

t"ies

t"ul(

Tuesda(

t(pi$al

t)!

te%pe"a%ent

until usuall(

'aluable

'egetable

'!luntee"

)eat#e"

ednesda(

)#et#e"

)#!se

)!%an

)"iting

)"itten

spelling rule and mistakes

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