speed detector

8/7/2019 speed detector

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A Seminar Report on

SPEED DETECTOR

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYIn

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERINGFrom

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD

By

V.SURENDRA

KUA

MR(07C11A05A4)

Under the guidance of

P.SANDEEP REDDYAssistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

ANURAG ENGINEERING COLLEGE(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

ANATHAGIRI (V), KODAD (M), NALGONDA (DT). A.P. INDIA -508206Ph: 08683- 272555, 272456, 272454

www.anurag.ac.in

2010-2011


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ANURAG ENGINEERING COLLEGEAccredited by NBA, New Delhi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

ANATHAGIRI (V), KODAD (M), NALGONDA (DT). A.P. INDIA -508206

Ph: 08683- 272555, 272456, 272454

www.anurag.ac.in

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled Speed Detector is a bonafide

work done by V.Surendra Kumar (07C11A05A4:) in the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of

Technology in Computer Science & Engineering from JNTU, Hyderabad during the year 2010-

2011.

This work has not been submitted to any other university or institute or

organization for the award of any degree or diploma.

(P.SANDEEP) (G.SRINIVASARAO)

Assistant Professor Associate Professor

Supervisor H.O.D., C.S.E.


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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this seminar report entitled SPEED DETECTOR is

carried out by me for the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science &

Engineering from JNTU, Hyderabad during the year 2010- 2011.

This work has not been submitted to any other university or institute or

organization for the award of any degree or diploma.

V.SURENDRA KUMAR


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ABSTRACT

In today's fast moving World, the accidents are increasing at a very fast rate. One

of the major causes of these accidents is over a speeding of vehicles. A major step has beentaken rather to increase the road safety, so as to minimize the accidents

Speed limits are good idea. To enforce these speed limit; laws are passed making

speed an offence and signs are erected were of to indicate the maximum permissible speeds.

The police can't be everywhere to enforce the speed limit and so enforcement cameras art

director to do this work; on one who's got an ounce of Commons sense, the deliberately

drive through speed camera in order fined and penalized.

One of a major development was the introduction of speed cameras. This

camera, usually containing radar, is electronic devices those working are still a mystery tomost electronic hobbyists. The principle of these speed cameras is Doppler Effect used in

radar


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SPEED DETECTOR


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INDEX

S.NO CHAPTER PAGE NO:

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 ANALYSIS 3

3 APPLICATIONS 13

4 LIMITATIONS 15

5 CONCLUSION 17

6 FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES 18

7 REFERENCES 19


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INTRODUCTION

Although there is good road safety performance the number of people killed and

injured on our roads remain unacceptably high. So the roads safety strategy was published

or introduced to support the new casualty reduction targets. The road safety strategy

includes all forms of invention based on the engineering and education and enforcement

and recognizes that there are many different factors that lead to traffic collisions and

casualties. The main reason is speed of vehicle. We use traffic lights and other traffic

manager to reduce the speed. One among them is speed cameras.

Speed cameras on the side of urban and rural roads, usually placed to catch

transgressors of the stipulated speed limit for that road. The speed cameras, the solely to

identify and prosecute those drivers that pass by the them when exceed the stipulated speed

limit.

At first glance this seemed to be reasonable that the road users do not exceed thespeed limit must be a good thing because it increases road safety, reduces accidents and

protect other road users and pedestrians.

So speed limits are good idea. To enforce these speed limit; laws are passed

making speed an offence and signs are erected were of to indicate the maximum

permissible speeds. The police can't be everywhere to enforce the speed limit and so

enforcement cameras art director to do this work; on one who's got an ounce of Commons

sense, the deliberately drive through speed camera in order fined and penalized.

So nearly everyone slowdown for the speed Camera. We finally have a solution to

the speeding problem. Now if we are to assume that speed cameras are the only way to

make driver's slowdown, and they work efficiently, then we would expect there to be a

great number of these everywhere and that day would be highly visible and identifiable to

make a drivers slow down.

Speed cameras are invariably hidden behind trees, road signs and often the first

indication that one is passing through a speed camera point is the ruler marks painted on the

carriageway or flash of the camera that it goes off.

Speed cameras were introduced in west London in 1992 and following their

success in reducing speed related crashes and injuries their use expanded to many other

areas of Great Britain. The equipment is expensive to buy, operate and maintain and their

support in prosecution procedures also much substantial administration costs. However and

the cost are small compared to the benefits of society and the economy.


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Speed cameras are recommended under use to reduce road casualties. Since these

cameras save lives of road users the speed camera is also known as "safety cameras".

.


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ANALYSIS

Speed camera uses the basic principle of Doppler Effect and RADAR technologies.

We can discuss the Doppler Effect in these speed cameras and other working in these

cameras

INTRODUCING THE DOPPLER EFFECT

The device that is the first generation RADAR is not capable of determining the

speed of the detected object. This was limited to measuring the movement of echo on the

screen, which gave a rather inaccurate result.

As an example consider the car that makes a sound with a fixed frequency. When

you are in the car, you won't notice any variation in the frequency of the engine sound.

However you stand at the side of the road and listen to the car when it drives past under

identical condition you will notice that the frequency of the engines sound increases as the

car comes nearer and then decreases as the car travels past you.

It is a matter of common experience that the pitch of the note appears to change

when either source or observers or both are in motion relative to each other. Either the

source or the observers or both move relative to and each other, the apparent pitch produced

by the sounding body appears to be higher than actual pitch. In the same way, when the

source moving towards the observers or the observers moving away from this source or

both moving away from each other the apparent pitch will appear to be lower than the

actual pitch of the sounding body. The apparent change in pitch due to relative motion

between source and observer is known as the Doppler's principle.

For example: if a railway engine moving fast with its whistle blowing is

approaching an observer, the pitch appears to become more. The pitch of the note appears

to become less just as the engine moves away from the observer on the platform.

Doppler Effect: the principle of this effect is well known in the study of sound. It is

known that if the source of sound, emitting a note of frequency 'v' is move with a constant

velocity 'V' relative to an observers, it is found that the observers p Perceives a sound

having the frequency v' which differs from 'v', being greater or smaller according to the

source is move towards or away from observers. This phenomenon in sound was first

explained by Doppler and hence the name Doppler effect. But Fizeau showed that the same

effect on light. Thus if the source of light is moving with a wavelength observed in the

spectroscope slightly different from the original wavelength.


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The principle of speed camera that is the Doppler's effect can be described by the

formula

fM = 2vfEcos(/c)

Where

FM if the frequency of the received signal

v is the speed of vehicles

fE if the frequency of transmitted signal

is the angle between the transmitted signal and path along which the vehicle travels

c is propagation speed of the signal in the air.

Figure 1

The Doppler Effect

From this we can deduce that sending a fixed frequency signal towards the car and

then measuring the efficiency of the returning signal the can the deduce the speed of the car.

The principal used for Radar in speed camera, although they have little in common

with the systems described.

It should be mentioned that the sensitivity of the RADAR increases as the angle

between the beams and the path of the vehicle decreases. For this reason the aerials of speed

cameras positioned parallel to the roads rather than across them! This is also the reason why


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Figure 2. Basic Principle of Speed Camera

COMMUNICATIONS AND PUBLIC AWARENESS

The need for public Communications

A key objective was to ensure that people are made fully aware of the speed

cameras are for road safety purposes and is not for the raise of revenue. Although speeding

leads to more crashes, deaths and injuries, some commentators argue against speed camera

enforcement by claiming that the speeding is not dangerous because speed limit are

arbitrary and good drivers has are better able to judge what is safe in given circumstances.

Conversely there are a larger number of politicians and road safety, environment and

motoring organizations that support efforts to reduce speeding and they are supportive of

speed camera.

We should make people aware of the speeding and benefits of speed cameras. We

should make awareness in the local level, national level and also in government level. We

should make partnership with the local and national and government organizations to make

awareness about these speeding and casualties due to speeding. There are many publicity


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campaigns, for example called THINK! which includes messages about the risks and

other consequences of speeding.

TYPES OF SPEED CAMERAS PLACED ON ROAD SIDES

Speed cameras on the side of urban and rural roads, usually placed to catchtransgressors of the stipulated speed limit for that road. The speed cameras, the solely to

identify and prosecute those drivers that pass by the them when exceed the stipulated speed

limit.

Speed cameras are invariably hidden behind trees, road signs and often the first

indication that one is passing through a speed camera point is the ruler marks painted on the

carriageway or flash of the camera that it goes off

TRAFFIC LIGHT CAMERA

figure 3

Gatsometer BV, manufacturer of the UK's Red Light Cameras, (named Gatso RLC

36) has been producing RLC's since 1966.

The RLC system is triggered by sensors or ground loops that are cut into road

surface as a vehicle passes over them, while a red light is shown. Look out for them in the

road, just ahead of the white stop line at Traffic Lights. Simply rolling over the inductionloop in the road can trigger the camera so no creeping forward while the light is on stop.

The Red Light Camera was originally used to measure red light offences.

Nowadays the RLC can also be used in combination with speed measurement, similar to

that of a Gatso Meter rear facing speed camera (radar type 24 technology) and can therefore


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SPEED SPIKE (new)

Figure 6Currently in test on certain roads in the UK, these new type of cameras communicate

with each other via the GPS Satellite Network and can track a vehicle using NumerplateRecognition (ANPR) to check if it has broken the speed limit during the journey, be it short or

long.

Known as SpeedSpike, the system uses similar methods of recognition as the cameras

which enforce the congestion charge in London, and allow two cameras to 'talk' to each other if avehicle appears to have travelled too far in too short a space of time. The system is much cheaper

to install than the existing SPECS cameras so if the test goes well they could become popular on

UK roads.

TRUVELO SPEED CAMERA

Figure 7

The forward facing Truvelo camera system is designed to take photographs of the front of

a passing vehicle. This allows the picture taken to show the driver of the vehicle as well. In

countries such as Switzerland, Germany and the Scandinavian countries driver recognition is a

required factor to enable a successful prosecution of a speed or red light offence.

A single front photograph, taken just after the vehicle has crossed the piezo sensors used


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for speed measurement, includes all the secondary

To avoid the 'flash' which is given out by a rear facing Gatso camera the Truvelo system

uses an infra red flash which produces no visible 'flash' to the approaching driver. Pictured above

a forward facing Truvelo speed camera, sometimes referred to as a 'pink eye'.

These are becoming increasingly more used, especially with recent cases where the

registered owner of a vehicle has disputed that he/she was not driving the vehicle at the time of

the speeding offence. This system offers evidence as to the identity of the driver at the time of

the offence.

SPECS SYSTEM SPEED CAMERA

Figure 8

Speed Violation Detection Deterrent, SVDD is the digital brain which the SPECS system

is based upon, it uses state of the art video system with Automatic Number Plate Reading

(ANPR) digital technology. Consisting of two video cameras each fitted with infra red

illuminators, giving the ability to work 24hrs 7days a week

SPECS are fitted either at the roadside or central reservation a set distance apart to create

a speed controlled zone, or where appropriate, groups of cameras can be linked to create a speed

controlled network. Mounted to a single or doubled armed distinctive blue SPECS column, they

are linked together via computer.

As vehicles pass between the entry and exit camera points their number plates are

digitally recorded, whether speeding or not. Then, by ANPR recognition, the images on the video

of matching number plates are paired up, and because each image carries a date and time stamp,

the computer can then work out your average speed between the cameras, and then will make a

decision if the preset speed threshold is triggered. This data is then digitally stored on a central

computer, so that there is no need for film to be collected and changed at the cameras site.


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Pictured above a SPECS system sited on one side of the road, used to enforce speed in both

directions.

There were rumours last year on the internet that the SPECS system was flawed and

could be fooled by simply changing lanes but as of today this is unproven.

SOME OTHER SPEED CAMERAS

FIG 9:RED LIGHT CAMERA


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FIG 10: DAZZEL CAMOFLAGGED FIG 11: OLDER TRAFFIC

SPEED CAMERA ENFORCEMENT CAMERA


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APPLICATIONS

Now that we know how it all works. The may wonder how reliable the

measurements made by these devices are. We will see the problem from a technical

viewpoint to discover that what the limits of SHF speed cameras are.

1.Operating during the rain or mist:

In contrast the RADAR works perfectly well during a rain or mist. For example

RADAR is used extensively to help the landing of airplanes in bad weather. In general,

when it rains it comes down vertically which is right angles to the RADAR beam, bringing

about a Doppler effect of zero (cos 90=0 so Fm=0). Heavy rain that comes down at the

angles due to strong gust of wind can't asset to the signal to noise ratio of the receiver and

prevents its correct operation. In this case they processor will simply rejected themeasurements

Since mist doesn't move with respect to RADAR beams it will be practically

invisible to the receiver and the measurements are completely unaffected.

2. Measurement Range:

The distance from which the RADAR can measure the speed of a vehicle depends

on two factors: the power of SHF oscillators and the sensitivity of the detector. We already

know that they oscillators, power are generally low and that the use of a directional aerial

increases the transmitted power. The biggest problem of the detector is a signal to noise

ratio. In this section the sensitivity can be improved through the use of an aerial. whilst the

first Radars could only take measurements up to 20 meters, the newer models with the

ultras sensitive detectors are capable of taking a measurements up to several hundred

meters, so well before they can be seen from the car!

3. Reaction time:

Just as in other equipment that use frequency counters the speed cameras also

require a certain time to take a measurement. Furthermore, most devices now take several

measurements so rapidly, making it possible to reject any possibly erroneousmeasurements. Older models required by about half a second to take a reliable

measurement. Current models react with in tenth of a second, so any motorists who ignores

speed limit will have little chance of avoid a fine after noticing a speed cameras. Sometimes

the RADAR equipment also contains the Dsp, which uses special algorithms with the very

short time, making extremely fast readings possible.


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4. Continuous transmission:

In contrast to what you thought after reading the theoretical part, RADAR does not

need to have its oscillators functioning continuously. It only needs to be active long enough

to stabilize and take a measurement. Actual RADAR equipment works on the random basis

or is activated only when a vehicle comes near by.

5. Discrimination:

When several vehicles traveling at different speeds encounter at the RADAR

beams the resulting Doppler signal contains a mixture of signals at different frequency. The

majority of current devices can't separate these components and reject the measurement as

faulty. There are however newer systems that Dsp, which can measure the speed of the

several car simultaneously. So now only those cars simultaneously happen to be in' shadow

' of other can escape from the speed cameras. The long and short of it is that speed cameras

have become so accurate and reliable that it has become extremely difficult to evade them.


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4. LIMITATIONS

Mankind, and especially homo automobiles, behave in such a way that when he

comes across an obstacle he will try everything to get round of it. Speed cameras are no

exception to this and numerous boffins have contributed to the development of counter

measures.

There are two types of 'anti-radars'. Jamming devices and detectors. The jamming

devices are simply is SHF oscillators, which are used to send ' take ' signal the to speed

camera, causing the measurement to fail and preventing the logical analysis of the

frequency. Besides the fact that these devices are relatively in effective, the electronic

circuit in the radar can detect such the jamming signals and notify the police. A jamming

device is therefore a sure fire way and to get caught.

A detector on the other hand consists of the simple SHF receiver, and by definition

this can't be detected. In USA they are sold in large quantities. On the Internet they arereadily available. These are relatively simple circuit containing a microwave detector an

alarm. It is not difficult to design the broadband detector the frequencies between 2 and 10

GHz, which is the range where most of modern device operate.

However, if the oscillators of the speed camera are set to a frequency that is out

side the range covered by the detector, or it uses an optical laser, then you are bound to get

caught.

In the second problem is that in order to detect something, there first should be

something to detect. Older RADAR equipment transmitted continuously, which made task

simple, but newer models only transmit intermittently, either randomly or in short bursts

reducing the chance of detecting the devices. Some models are more cunning and only

come into action when a car comes within the range. These 'Green bullets ', as they are

known because of the shape and color, have an optical detector on the top that can literally

see the vehicle coming.

As soon as there is movement in front of the device it springs into action. This

brings us to the third problem: a RADAR detector will sense the beam at that instant. But at

the same time the speed camera is already doing its work. From that it follows that in the

time taken by the driver to take appropriate action, the RADAR or will already have taken

four or five measurements.

The detector is made more difficult by the fact that very narrow beams are used,

making for a small detection area. Some users of RADAR detectors have noticed that the

beam can also be detected when reflected off other cars ahead and have gladly made use of

this property.


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And now final problem: most RADAR equipment can take measurements of approaching

and receding but the sensitivity of most detector is Limited to one direction to be prepared

for in the eventually the vehicles should therefore have a detector at both the front and

back!


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5. CONCLUSION

Now we would like to believe that enforcement cameras are there for our on good

and make our roads safer. In general speed camera are perceived to be good idea because

they protect innocent road users and pedestrians. Although these cameras reduces accidents

and protects the innocent road users, the way in which the speed cameras are currently used

is not to make the driver slow down, obey the speed limit and make the road safe but to

catch and penalize the transgressors who may otherwise have slowed down if they have

seen as the cameras in advance .i.e. speed camera as, currently deployed, are not so

justifiable.

These cameras were highly visible then no one would travel by them exceeding the

speed limit and they would do their job. Used as they hidden away, they are penalized and

contribute little to road safety directly only generating revenue to pay for their installation

and maintenance.

Despite nearly 4000 driver caught, more than one per minute on average, not one

single accident but was reported by the police which just showed that, speedier offer a little

towards improving road safety but do an awful lot to generate revenue for the local police

and local authorities. Although road safety strategists are introduced to reduce the number

of people killed and serious injured that is to support new casualty reduction largest. So on

utilizing the strategies in the right way, we can reduce 40 percent it of accidents by the year

of 2010.


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6. FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES

A speed camera designed to catch motorists committing up to five offences at the same time

could be heading to Britain's roads. As well as catching speeding motorists, the Asset camera

should be able to pick out drivers who are not wearing seatbelts and accurately measure

distances between moving cars to identify tailgating

Fig 12: The traditional Gatso speed camera, which could be replaced

by the multi-function Asset system

Asset (advanced safety and driver support for essential road transport) can also note

number plates and recognise cars with out-of-date tax discs and no insurance.

Funded by the European commission, the camera system is being developed by a

consortium that includes a number of European universities and research institutes and is being

tested in Finland.


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7. REFERENCES

1. B.Bouchez,'Speed Cameras', Elektor India, March 2003,

Page no: 12-15.

2. A.S.Vasudeva,'Modern Engineering Physics Page no: 50-55.

3. Handa and others, A text book on Engineering Physics,

Page no: 334-336.

4. Department of Environment, Transport and Region; Seminar on 'Government's Road

Safety Strategy and Causality Reduction, 2000.

5. http:/www.roads.dft.gov.uk/road safety/index.htm.


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