spectro photometry
TRANSCRIPT
SPECTROPHOTOMETRYSPECTROPHOTOMETRY
M.PRASAD NAIDU MSC MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY :-
Defined as the measurement of intensity of light at selected wave length .
Basic principles of light
Light has dual characteristics
Photon ( energy ) Wave form
Photon Energy packets . E = h v h = Planck’s constant ( 6.22 x 10
27 erg sec )
Frequency ( v ) Number of wave passing through a
fixed point per second . v = c / λ c = speed of light in vaccum
(3x1010cms/sec )
Wave length (λ ) Distance between two peaks as the
light travels in wave like manner . Expressed in nanometers ( nm ).
Transmittance ( T ) =Is / Io
% T = Is / Io x 100
A = - log10 T
O D = -log10 % T
Relationship b/n Transmittance , Absorbance
The Laws of Absorption 1. Beer s Law :-
States that concentration of a substance is
directly proportional to the amount of light
absorbed or inversely proportional to the
logarithm of the transmitted light
2. Lambert s Law :-
States that the amount of light absorbed is
proportion to the thickness of absorbing material
and is independent of the intensity of the
incident
light .
A = abc
A = Absorbance a = proportionality constant
(absorptivity) b = Light path in
cms c = concentration
of the absorbing compound in g/L
Instrumentation of Spectrophotometry
Light Source
Incandescent :- visible spectrum------Tungsten light
bulb uv spectrum --------Hydrogen &
deuterium lamps atomic absorption-----Hollow
cathode lamp Laser sources :- These provide intense light
and narrow wave length .
Monochromater ( Spectral isolation )
System for isolating radiant energy of a desired wave length .
1. Filters
2. Prisms
3. Diffraction gratings
Slits may be inserted before & after the monochromater device to render light rays parallel or to isolate narrow portion of the light beam .
Filters : - simplestThin layer of colored glass Operates by absorbing light in all other
region except for one ,which they reflect .
Resolve polychromatic light into a relatively wide band width ( 50 nm )
Used only in colorimeter
Disadvantage Low transmittance ( 5 – 20 % ) Normal T = 20 -80 % A = 0.1 -0.7
The color of filter should be complementary The color of filter should be complementary to the color of the solutionto the color of the solution
Filter color
Wavelength (nm )
Color of solution
Violet 420 Brown
Blue 470 Yellowish brown
Green 520 Pink
Yellow 580 Purple
Red 680 Green \ Blue
Prisms :-
Separates white light into a continues spectrum by refraction ----shorter wave length are refracted more than longer wave length .
this results in non linear with the longer wave length closer together .
Diffraction gratings:-
Prepared by depositing a thin layer of aluminium –copper alloy on the surface of a flat glass plate .Then ruling many parallel grooves into the metal coating .
These are then used as moulds to prepare less expensive replicas for instrumental use .
Better gratings ------1000—2000 lines /mm .
Cuvetts Absorption cells Shapes ---round square rectangle Material ---glass silica (quartz ) plastic All have constant path length ---1cm
Precautions Cuvetts must be clean & optically clear
Etching / deposition on the surface effects absorbance value
Cuvetts are cleaned by copious rinsing with distilled water
Wash with mild detergent or soak in a mixture containing HCl :H2O: Ethanol ( 1: 3 : 4 )
Cont----Alkaline solution not left standing for
prolonged period as it dissolves glass and produces etching
Never soak in dichromate cleaning solution as it is hazardous and tends to adsorb onto and discolor the glass
Invisible scratches , finger prints or
residual traces of previously measured substance may interfere with absorbance ( uv-vis spectrophotometry )
Cont d ---
A good practice is to fill all Cuvetts with distilled water and measure the
absorbance for each against a reference blank over the
wavelength to be used .
This value should be essentially ZERO
Colorimeter UV Visible
Light Filament Hydrogen /Deuterium
Tungsten / Halogen
Monochromater
Filters
Prism Diffraction gratings
Cuvetts Glass
Silica / Quartz
BorosilicateGlass
Cheaper
Costly Sensitive
Photo detectors Converts light into an electric signal
that is proportional to the number of photons striking its photosensitive surface .
Commonly used are 1. Photomultiplier tube 2. Solid state detectors -Photodiodes -Charge couple detectors
Read out devicesElectrical energy from a detector is
displayed on meter or read out system .
Direct reading system no further amplification .
Digital read out device Provides visual numerical display
of absorbance or converted values of concentration
Performance parametersTo verify that a spectrophotometer is
performing satisfactorily or not .
Parameters tested 1. Wave length accuracy2. Special band width3. Stray light 4. Linearity 5. Photometric accuracy
Deviation from Beer Lambert s Law
Reasons
-High sample concentration Specimens may polymerize or ionize Coagulate to form turbid solution
( higher absorbance )
-Instrumentation limitations Imperfect monochromacy Stray lights Power fluctuations
- Temperature effects Changes in temp changes the
degree of solubility ,dissociation /association properties of the solute ,hydration etc.
So absorbance measurement must
always be done at constant temp .
- Sample instability Color developed may be unstable
Application of UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
1. Qualitative analysis -identify compounds in pure state \in
biological preparation -by plotting a absorption graph -curves are specific to a compound eg:- - Nucleic acid 254 nm -Proteins 280 nm
Absorption of compounds in different region gives some hint of its structure
220 – 280nm No absorption aliphatic – alicyclic hydrocarbons
220 -250nm absorption + two unsaturated linkages
Benzidine derivative
250 – 300nm absorption + more than two double bonds
2 .Quantitative analysis:
comparing the absorbance of a sample (unknown concentration) with standard (with known concentration)
3. Enzyme assay:Determination of enzyme activity – change in absorbance
Eg; LDH Lactate + NAD+ Pyruvate + NADH+H+
( 340nm)
Coupled enzyme assay:Eg; PK PEP + ADP Pyruvate + ATP
LDH Pyruvate + NADH+H+ Lactate +
NAD+
( 340nm)
4. Study of cis –trans isomerism:
- Differs in spatial arrangement of groups around the plane. So absorption spectra also differs
- Trans ------- more elongated -----maximum absorption at longer wave length.
5 .Control of purification:- Impurities in a compound easily
detected
Eg; carbon disulphide in carbon tetrachloride
(impurity, 318nm)
Benzene impurity in commercial alcohol
(280nm) (210nm)