species thermal niche traits (tnts) · web viewwe downloaded all available geo-referenced records...

Journal of Biogeography

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Thermal niche traits of tropical high-elevation plant species and communities and their vulnerability to global warming along a 4000 km latitudinal gradient in the Andes

Francisco Cuesta, Carolina Tovar, Luis D. Llambí, William D. Gosling, Priscilla Muriel, Stephan Halloy, Julieta Carilla, Rosa I. Meneses, Stephan Beck, Carmen Ulloa Ulloa, Karina Yager, Nikolay Aguirre, Paul Viñas, Jorge Jácome, David Suárez-Duque, Wouter Buytaert, Harald Pauli

Appendix S1. Extended Methods

Study area and plant community dataExtending more than 4,500 km in a north-south direction, the high tropical Andes (> 3000 m above sea level) show a prominent precipitation and temperature gradient (Fjeldså & Krabbe, 1990) from the humid equatorial Andes to the xeric environments in the central Andes (Josse et al., 2011). The summits of the equatorial Andes are characterized by the absence of thermal seasons, with only 1 to 3 °C difference in mean temperature between the coldest and warmest month (Cuesta et al., 2017). The summits from the central Andes exhibit a more pronounced seasonal air temperature pattern with a decline in mean monthly temperature centred on June and July (normally exceeding 10 °C), associated with the drier season, which becomes more pronounced towards the south (Cuesta et al., 2017).The high tropical Andes have been broadly divided into two major biogeographic biomes, the Páramo, and the Puna (Simpson, 1983). The Páramos constitute a humid non-seasonal alpine grassland spans from Venezuela (8° N) to northern Peru (7° S), above the upper forest line (Luteyn et al., 2002; Sklenár et al., 2005). Due to the equatorial location, the daily solar radiation is almost constant throughout the year. Mean daily amplitudes of air temperature measured at 100 cm above ground are lower than 15 °C in the majority of the cases and tend to decrease along the elevation gradient (Sklenár et al., 2016) whereas mean monthly air temperature variation ranges between 1 to 2 °C (Buytaert et al., 2006).The Puna highlands spans approximately from 8° to 27° S, between 3500 and 5500 m a.s.l. and is characterized by a noticeable seasonal climate due to a pronounced cold dry season (Cuesta et al., 2017; Duchicela et al., 2019). Kleier and Rundel (2009) reported large amplitudes of daily air temperatures exceeding 40°C during the summer rainy season, with sub-zero temperatures every night throughout the year at an elevation of 4400 m. The Puna highlands also exhibits a more pronounced seasonal air temperature pattern than the Páramo. A decline in the mean

minimum monthly temperature around June and July is especially evident and becomes more pronounced as we move away from the equator (Rundel et al., 1994). In the high Andes, the remarkable change in topographic configuration from a fragmented landscape in the northern Andes, to a large continuous alpine zone of the central Andes, including a high-elevation plateau (the Altiplano), has been identified as a key driver of high levels of species turnover (beta diversity) along the latitudinal gradient. Together with the island landscape of the alpine systems in the north, the combined effect of a marked thermal seasonality and a progressive reduction in annual rainfall as we move away from the equator line, have been identified as major drivers of species composition shifts in high Andean plant communities (Anthelme et al., 2014; Cuesta et al., 2017).

Plant community data was derived from the 16 m2 permanent plots established on each of the 49 summits (Table S1) according to the GLORIA protocols (Pauli et al., 2015). Based on the plant community data recorded on each plot, a matrix of the percentage cover of each species, averaged over the sixteen 1 m2 plots in each summit was built (Cuesta et al., 2017).

Species thermal niche traits (TNTs)

Species occurrences dataWe downloaded all available geo-referenced records for the 507 vascular plants recorded on all GLORIA-Andes summits and that were fully identified. We used geo-referenced data from the Missouri Botanical Garden database (TROPICOS®; http://www.tropicos.org/; accessed in March 2016) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility data portal (GBIF; http://www.gbif.org/; accessed in February 2016). We later extracted only the data collected within the Neotropic realm, defined as the territory extending from northern-central Mexico to southern Chile (Hershkovitz, 1969) to characterize the the thermal niches occurring wihtin this region. In addition, for those species that had less than 10 records in the on-line databases we searched the collections from the La Paz Herbarium (LPB, Bolivia) and the Ciencias Forestales Herbarium from the Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela) during 2018.

The cleaning process of the geo-referenced records followed (Ramirez-Villegas et al., 2014), which included removal of records where geographical locations were erroneous or elevation information from the specimen label strongly differed from the one extracted using the ~ 500 m resolution digital elevation model (i.e. elevation data deviated more than 200 meters from voucher information). Records with duplicate geographical locations for the same species were also excluded (unique localities for each species per pixel were used). We also performed a visual inspection and examined all records for each species to identify any other potential outliers and removed them. The total number of valid records was 29,627 from on-line databases

http://www.gbif.org/

http://www.tropicos.org/

and South American herbaria, including 1,388 records from the GLORIA-Andes plots. Twenty-two percent of the original collected records (8,621) had to be removed from the initial total of 38,248 records.We kept species with < 5 records, because the majority (n = 15) are restricted-range species –endemics to high Andean ecosystems– with a presumably limited vertical extent of distribution, which in fact showed little thermal variation among the available geo-referenced records. Most of these 21 species (n = 15) have congeneric species with restricted distributions (i.e. Páramo and Puna endemics); the deviation between the average thermal trait values at the genus level and the species level differ in less than 1.5°C (mean = 0.47; Sd = 1.00).

Growing season along the latitudinal gradient

Growing season along the latitudinal gradient were defined based on the following analyses: First, we estimated the lower elevation limit of the alpine area for each latitudinal band, based on Cuevas (2002); Körner (2003); Josse et al. (2009); Harsch et al. (2009); Körner et al. (2011); and Alfaro-Ramírez et al. (2017) and defined growing season above and below the treeline (Figures S.2A). Then, we obtained the length of the growing season at treeline for latitudinal bands between 27 °N and 55 °S for the American continent, based on Körner (2012) (Figure S.2B). Secondly, we derived the monthly mean, maximum and minimum temperature values from the soil temperature (-10 cm) datasets from 22 summits (out of the 49 in this study), distributed over the entire latitudinal gradient (8 °N - 26 °S; Figure S.3).

These two analyses showed the gradual increase of temperature seasonality with increasing distance from the equator and the latitudes, where monthly means drop to values below zero in the winter season (Figure S1.2b, Table S1.2). Consequently, we calculated the mean growing season temperature of each geo-referenced location, using twelve months for all records within most of the tropics (15°N - 20°S). Outside this range, we included only the months with annual mean temperatures > 0 °C (different season lengths were used for records below versus above the treeline) for each latitudinal degree as we move south or north from 15 °N or 20 °S, respectively (Figure S2C, Table S2).

Figure S1 GLORIA target region locations along the tropical Andes: 1. Piedras Blancas (VE-CPB), 2. Cocuy (CO-CCY), 3. El Ángel (EC-ANG), 4. Pichincha (EC-PIC), 5. Antisana (EC-ANT), 6. Podocarpus (EC-PNP), 7. Pacaipampa (PE-PAC), 8. Sibinacocha (PE-SIB), 9. Apolobamba (BO-APL), 10. Tuni-Condoriri (BO-TUC), 11. Sajama (BO-SAJ), 12. Abra del Acay (AR-ANS), 13. Cumbres Calchaquíes (AR-CUC).

Figure S.2 Latitudinal changes in elevation and length of growing season of alpine regions. A) Changes in elevational distribution of alpine regions (in grey) along the latitudinal range (Körner, et al. 2003). B) Length of growing season in days at treeline extracted from global data along the latitudinal range (Körner, 2012). C) Elevation of treeline and length of growing season below and above treeline in the Neotropical region. Alpine lower limit (treeline) was defined based on Cuevas 2002; Körner (2003); Josse et al. (2009); Harsh et al. (2009); Körner et al. (2011); and Alfaro-Ramírez et al. (2017). Length of growing season was based on data extracted from Körner 2012, curve presented in B) and interpolation of these data. Details of growing season in Table S1.2

Figure S.3 Monthly mean, maximum and minimum temperature values from the soil temperature (-10 cm) datasets (average of the four loggers installed on each summit) from 22 summits out of the 49 analyzed in this study from temperature dataloggers placed in each summit as part of the GLORIA methodology (Pauli et al., 2015).

Table S.1 GLORIA-Andes Summits Metadata. The table contains 49 summits in 13 target regions; the first two letters of summit code stands for the country where the site is located, the third letters after the first hyphen is the acronym of the site name and the last three letters, after the second hyphen is the summit acronym.

Target region

Target región Code

Summit Code

Summit Name Phytoregion Altitude

(masl) Latitude LongitudeAnnual

precipitation (mm Y-1)

Mean Air Temperature

(C°)

Minimum Air Temperature–

Coldest Month (C°)

Maximum Air Temperature– Hottest Month

(C°)

1. Páramo de Piedras Blancas

CPB VE-CPB-MO6 Mordor 4600 Northern

Páramo 4604 8.879194 -70.899722 1023 3,3 -5,63 8,0688

CPB VE-CPB-PB4

Piedras Blancas 4400

Northern Páramo 4394 8.888028 -70.88825 1038 3,1 -4,54 9,1594

CPB VE-CPB-PI2 Piñango 4200 Northern

Páramo 4207 8.909583 -70.860417 944 4,2 -3,32 10,4782

2. Parque Nacional Natural Cocuy

CCY CO-CCY-MOL

Cerro El Molino

Northern Páramo 4411 6.367222 -72.347417 2250 3,0 -3,37 7,7332

CCY CO-CCY-CLG

Cerro Lagunillas

Northern Páramo 4331 6.375861 -72.352806 2241 3,1 -2,67 8,4326

CCY CO-CCY-CAC

Camino Alto del Conejo

Northern Páramo 4209 6.384222 -72.351528 2240 4,4 -1,79 9,4086

CCY CO-CCY-LGB

Lagunillas Bajo

Northern Páramo 4056 6.369167 -72.335833 2264 4,2 -1,4 9,7972

3. Reserva Ecológica El

Ángel

ANG EC-ANG-CNE Cerro Negro Central

Páramo 4263 0.753056 -77.974444 1100 4,7 0,09 9,2922

ANG EC-ANG-CPE Cerro Pelado Central

Páramo 4166 0.725 -77.926389 1270 5,1 0,23 9,4272

ANG EC-ANG-CHE

Chaquitaloma

Central Páramo 4104 0.728333 -77.953889 1300 4,9 0,45 9,7514

ANG EC-ANG-CCE

Monte Crespo

Central Páramo 4059 0.7133 -77.73 1060 9,8 4,43 15,0326

4. Complejo Volcánico Pichincha

PIC EC-PIC-PEN

Padre Encantado

Central Páramo 4584 -0.17098 -78.57335 1779 3,1 -2,45 7,06

PIC EC-PIC-ING

Cerro Ingapirca

Central Páramo 4424 -0.13971 -78.57511 2197 4,5 -0,94 9,0584

PIC EC-PIC-CHU

Cerro Chuquirahua

Central Páramo 4394 -0.17719 -78.58022 1751 3,6 -1,40 8,2084

PIC EC-PIC-LDP La Despensa Central

Páramo 4044 -0.13566 -78.57974 2200 4,5 0,18 9,88

Target region

Target región Code

Summit Code





(C°)


Coldest Month (C°)


(C°)

5. Reserva Ecológica Antisana

ANT EC-ANT-CGL Glaciar 14 Central

Páramo 4936 -0.48043 -78.15712 1240 0,2 -4,05 5,55

ANT EC-ANT-CHG

Chusalongo Grande

Central Páramo 4685 -0.46102 -78.200537 1380 2,1 -3,19 6,41

ANT EC-ANT-CHP

Chusalongo Chico

Central Páramo 4571 -0.46598 -78.204825 1425 2,1 -2,77 6,83

ANT EC-ANT-CBA Crespos Bajo Central

Páramo 4416 -0.49203 -78.181683 1304 3,0 -1,52 8,18

6.Parque Nacional

Podocarpus

PNP EC-PNP-CIC C Southern

Páramo 3400 -4.09444 -79.16111 4743 10,9 4,61 16,21

PNP EC-PNP-CIB B Southern

Páramo 3320 -4.10611 -79.16194 4743 10,5 4,67 16,37

PNP EC-PNP-CIA A Southern

Páramo 3270 -4.10861 -79.16194 4743 10,9 4,90 16,6

7. Páramos de Pacaipampa

PAC PE-PAC-HPV

Henry Paolo Villegas

Southern Páramo 3730 -4,9512 -79,472 1830 10,1 2,45 15,95

PAC PE-PAC-EHG

Erick Hoyos Granda

Southern Páramo 3690 -4,9497 -79,473 1850 9,9 1,89 15,29

PAC PE-PAC-PVO

Paúl Viñas Olaya

Southern Páramo 3427 -4,9384 -79,4865 1877 11,1 4,19 17,59

PAC PE-PAC-IMC

Iván Mejía Castillo

Southern Páramo 3220 -4,9441 -79,4923 1840 12,6 5,19 18,69

8. Laguna de Sibinacocha

SIB PE-SIB-YUR Yurak Mesophytic

Puna 5498 -13.767 -71.088 834 -0,6 -15,69 9,31

SIB PE-SIB-ORQ Orqo Q'ocha Mesophytic

Puna 5320 -13.761 -71.083 821 0,2 -14,76 10,54

SIB PE-SIB-RIT Rititica Mesophytic

Puna 5250 -13.766 -71.081 821 0,2 -14,48 10,82

SIB PE-SIB-PUM Pumachunta Mesophytic

Puna 4960 -13.835 -71.068 801 1,5 -13,10 12,60

Área Natural de 9. Manejo

Integrado Apolobamba

APL BO-APL-MOR Moraroni Mesophytic

Puna 5195 -15.014833 -69.130306 703 1,1 -11,13 10,27

APL BO-APL-MIT

Pelechuco Mita

Mesophytic Puna 5050 -15.020222 -69.143556 697 1,7 -10,32 10,88

APL BO-APL- Puntani Mesophytic 4760 -15.025133 -69.1996 683 3,3 -8,52 11,98

Target region

Target región Code

Summit Code





(C°)


Coldest Month (C°)


(C°)PUN Puna

APL BO-APL-SOC Socondori Mesophytic

Puna 4500 -15.008733 -69.225511 696 4,8 -6,54 13,46

10. Parque Nacional

Tuni Condoriri

TUC BO-TUC-PAT Paco Thojo Mesophytic

Puna 5058 -16.2087 -68.270083 641 2,2 -9,87 11,03

TUC BO-TUC-COP

Condor Pusthaña

Mesophytic Puna 4862 -16.2244 -68.267611 646 2,7 -8,99 11,70

TUC BO-TUC-WAT Waña Tuxu Mesophytic

Puna 4650 -16.2308 -68.258139 662 4,5 -7,25 12,95

11. Parque Nacional Sajama

SAJ BO-SAJ-JAS Jasasuni Xerophytic

Puna 4931 -18.1553 -68.8624 342 1,1 -13,30 12,20

SAJ BO-SAJ-SUM Sumac Xerophytic

Puna 4759 -18.1272 -68.935611 342 1,1 -13,01 12,39

SAJ BO-SAJ-HUI Huincurata Xerophytic

Puna 4567 -18.1181 -68.962167 340 3,6 -11,41 13,99

SAJ BO-SAJ-PAC Pacollo Xerophytic

Puna 4192 -18.2103 -68.968058 330 5,2 -9,17 16,43

12. Abra del Acay

ANS AR-ANS-ABR

Abra del Acay

Xerophytic Puna 5062 -24.44126 -66.24192 132 2,3 -13,28 13,22

ANS AR-ANS-ANA

Acay altoandina

Xerophytic Puna 4862 -24.43264 -66.24714 130 2,8 -12,24 14,26

ANS AR-ANS-AFI Acay filo Xerophytic

Puna 4734 -24.42383 -66.24832 128 3,4 -11,67 15,03

ANS AR-ANS-APU Puneña Xerophytic

Puna 4492 -24.38387 -66.24821 126 4,8 -10,28 16,52

13. Cumbres Calchaquíes

CUC AR-CUC-ISA Cerro Isabel Xerophytic

Puna 4743 -26.625650 -65.728840 251 2,7 -10,59 14,11

CUC AR-CUC-SIN Sinuosa Xerophytic

Puna 4450 -26.636020 -65.733910 249 3,1 -10,06 14,64

CUC AR-CUC-HUA Piedra Blanca Xerophytic

Puna 4280 -26.6612507 -65.741230 246 4,1 -8,75 16,05

CUC AR-CUC-ALZ Alazán Xerophytic

Puna 4040 -26.69067 -65.75806 244 4,9 -7,46 17,34

Table S.2 Detailed latitudinal changes in elevation of treeline and length of growing season of alpine regions in the Neotropics. Lower elevation limit of the alpine area (i.e. treeline) for each latitudinal range, based on Cuevas (2002); Körner (2003); Josse et al. (2009); Harsch et al. (2009); Körner et al. (2011); and Alfaro-Ramírez et al. (2017). Growing season based on graphs presented in Körner (2012).

Latitudinal range Treeline (m a.s.l)

Growing season below treeline

Growing season above treeline

Minimum Maximum Length (months) Period Length

(months) Period

20 27 3100 12 jan-dec 6 may-oct19 20 4000 12 jan-dec 7 apr-oct18 19 4000 12 jan-dec 8 mar-oct15 18 3600 12 jan-dec 11 mar-jan10 15 3300 12 jan-dec 12 jan-dec9 10 2800 12 jan-dec 12 jan-dec3 9 3200 12 jan-dec 12 jan-dec-3 3 3300 12 jan-dec 12 jan-dec-6 -3 2800 12 jan-dec 12 jan-dec-8 -6 3300 12 jan-dec 12 jan-dec-20 -8 3800 12 jan-dec 12 jan-dec-21 -20 3650 12 jan-dec 12 jan-dec-23 -21 3650 12 jan-dec 11 aug-jun-27 -23 3650 12 jan-dec 10 sep-jun-31 -27 3500 12 jan-dec 9 sep-may-33 -31 3300 12 jan-dec 8 sep-apr-35 -33 3000 9 sep-may 7 oct-apr-36 -35 2500 9 sep-may 7 oct-apr-46 -36 1800 9 sep-may 6 dec-may-56 -46 1000 9 sep-may 4 dec-mar

Table S3. Species recorded in the 49 Andean summits with its category of biogeographic floristic group, number of geo-located records and thermal niche traits.

Family Species Biogeographic floristic group

Species level Genus level

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Pteridophyte Blechnaceae Blechnum auratum Tropical montane 60 11.68 2.01 16.46 205 14.75 5.45 17.58Blechnaceae Blechnum cordatum Neotropical 132 16.28 6.71 18.76 205 14.75 5.45 17.58Blechnaceae Blechnum lima Tropical montane 13 13.5 8.64 10.76 205 14.75 5.45 17.58Cystopteridaceae Cystopteris fragilis Cosmopolitan 155 13.54 -0.7 25.17 155 13.54 -0.7 25.17Dryopteridaceae Elaphoglossum lingua Neotropical 93 16.97 8.76 16.08 93 16.97 8.76 16.08Lycopodiaceae Huperzia crassa Tropical andean alpine 124 6.45 0.42 15.46 146 7.27 1.65 14.13Lycopodiaceae Huperzia kuesteri Tropical montane 22 11.89 8.62 6.64 146 7.27 1.65 14.13Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium clavatum Cosmopolitan 220 14.93 4.4 22.47 325 14.25 4.9 19.86Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium jussiaei Tropical montane 78 13.42 5.3 16.26 325 14.25 4.9 19.86Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium vestitum Tropical montane 27 11.09 7.89 9.05 325 14.25 4.9 19.86Polypodiaceae Melpomene moniliformis Tropical montane 88 10.23 1.95 17.83 138 11.48 1.72 19.05Polypodiaceae Melpomene peruviana Tropical montane 50 13.68 1.33 21.2 138 11.48 1.72 19.05Polypodiaceae Polypodium subandinum Tropical montane 12 11.42 9.55 4.17 12 11.42 9.55 4.17Pteridaceae Cheilanthes pruinata Tropical montane 76 9.32 -1.2 19.99 76 9.32 -1.2 19.99Pteridaceae Eriosorus cheilanthoides Tropical montane 55 11.67 1.94 16.38 55 11.67 1.94 16.38Pteridaceae Jamesonia goudotii Tropical andean alpine 50 7.14 1.48 16.39 67 7 2.01 13.93Pteridaceae Jamesonia pulchra Paramo endemic 17 6.59 3.57 6.68 67 7 2.01 13.93Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris euthythrix Tropical montane 5 15 10.62 7.96 5 15 10.62 7.96Woodsiaceae Woodsia montevidensis Neotropical 119 10.64 -2.89 27.21 119 10.64 -2.89 27.21Gymnosperms Ephedraceae Ephedra rupestris Tropical montane 54 5.66 -4 20.81 54 5.66 -4 20.81Angiosperms Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeria pygmaea Tropical montane 27 8.29 -2.64 24.56 27 8.29 -2.64 24.56Alstroemeriaceae Bomarea brachysepala Tropical montane 20 13.73 9.62 9.81 265 12.11 6.26 12.44Alstroemeriaceae Bomarea dissitifolia Tropical montane 46 13.67 9.57 8.83 265 12.11 6.26 12.44Alstroemeriaceae Bomarea glaucescens Tropical andean alpine 47 6.4 2.11 8.98 265 12.11 6.26 12.44Alstroemeriaceae Bomarea setacea Tropical montane 152 13.19 6.1 14.94 265 12.11 6.26 12.44Amaranthaceae Gomphrena meyeniana Tropical montane 61 7.89 -1.67 19.27 61 7.89 -1.67 19.27



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Apiaceae Azorella aretioides Neotropical 87 4.95 -2.76 14.98 331 6 -1.66 15.13Apiaceae Azorella biloba Tropical montane 57 7.6 -1.51 16.78 331 6 -1.66 15.13Apiaceae Azorella compacta Puna endemic 16 4.84 -2.93 14.03 331 6 -1.66 15.13Apiaceae Azorella julianii Paramo endemic 8 5.47 2.12 8.62 331 6 -1.66 15.13Apiaceae Azorella multifida Tropical andean alpine 34 6.42 0.35 12.26 331 6 -1.66 15.13Apiaceae Azorella pedunculata Paramo endemic 129 6.07 -1.6 15.79 331 6 -1.66 15.13Apiaceae Bowlesia tropaeolifolia Neotropical 38 8.15 -3.53 22.03 38 8.15 -3.53 22.03Apiaceae Eryngium humile Tropical montane 191 8.2 0.71 20.45 191 8.2 0.71 20.45Apiaceae Mulinum axilliflorum Puna endemic 8 5.66 -3.12 17.39 8 5.66 -3.12 17.39Apiaceae Niphogeton dissecta Tropical andean alpine 85 6.32 1.1 17.15 107 5.7 0.96 15.12Apiaceae Niphogeton josei Paramo endemic 22 3.33 0.43 7.26 107 5.7 0.96 15.12Apiaceae Oreomyrrhis andicola Tropical montane 62 5.74 -2.21 19.84 62 5.74 -2.21 19.84Aquifoliaceae Ilex myricoides Tropical montane 30 12.28 7.13 11.93 30 12.28 7.13 11.93Araliaceae Hydrocotyle humboldtii Tropical montane 52 14.25 8.09 16.02 52 14.25 8.09 16.02Boraginaceae Phacelia nana Andean alpine 14 6.36 -2.37 15.43 34 6.12 -2.96 15.18Boraginaceae Phacelia setigera Neotropical 20 5.95 -3.37 15 34 6.12 -2.96 15.18Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys congestus Tropical montane 17 7.04 -2.56 17.01 17 7.04 -2.56 17.01Brassicaceae Aschersoniodoxa cachensis Puna endemic 7 4.63 -2.13 14.69 16 4.16 -1.42 12.34Brassicaceae Aschersoniodoxa mandoniana Puna endemic 9 3.79 -0.87 10.51 16 4.16 -1.42 12.34Brassicaceae Brayopsis calycina Tropical montane 23 5.32 -2.53 21.48 37 5.19 -2.68 19.94Brassicaceae Brayopsis monimocalyx Puna endemic 14 4.98 -2.93 17.41 37 5.19 -2.68 19.94Brassicaceae Descurainia depressa Puna endemic 47 6.46 -2.43 15.86 133 6.82 -2.72 18.73Brassicaceae Descurainia leptoclada Tropical andean alpine 15 4.67 -4.28 17.29 133 6.82 -2.72 18.73Brassicaceae Descurainia titicacensis Tropical andean alpine 71 7.51 -2.59 20.93 133 6.82 -2.72 18.73Brassicaceae Draba alyssoides Paramo endemic 12 4.64 2.82 3.97 144 4.67 -1.17 10.05Brassicaceae Draba aretioides Paramo endemic 26 4.23 0.24 6.68 144 4.67 -1.17 10.05Brassicaceae Draba burkartiana Tropical montane 5 7.5 -1.87 15.82 144 4.67 -1.17 10.05Brassicaceae Draba chionophila Paramo endemic 5 1.91 -0.13 3.45 144 4.67 -1.17 10.05Brassicaceae Draba discoidea Puna endemic 27 3.54 -2.51 10.6 144 4.67 -1.17 10.05Brassicaceae Draba gilliesii Neotropical 34 7.15 -4.08 18.71 144 4.67 -1.17 10.05Brassicaceae Draba loayzana Puna endemic 3 4.36 -0.38 8.94 144 4.67 -1.17 10.05Brassicaceae Draba obovata Paramo endemic 19 3.18 0.62 5.3 144 4.67 -1.17 10.05Brassicaceae Draba pulvinata Paramo endemic 13 3.62 -0.25 6.14 144 4.67 -1.17 10.05



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Brassicaceae Eudema nubigena Paramo endemic 18 4.61 1.33 5.37 18 4.61 1.33 5.37Brassicaceae Lepidium abrotanifolium Tropical andean alpine 8 4.4 1.37 6.74 59 6.48 -1.49 18.22Brassicaceae Lepidium meyenii Puna endemic 51 6.81 -1.94 20.02 59 6.48 -1.49 18.22Brassicaceae Mancoa hispida Puna endemic 41 6.32 -1.96 15.47 41 6.32 -1.96 15.47Brassicaceae Menonvillea virens Puna endemic 7 4.65 -3.59 12.38 7 4.65 -3.59 12.38Brassicaceae Parodiodoxa chionophila Tropical montane 10 6.62 -2.87 16.63 10 6.62 -2.87 16.63Brassicaceae Physaria mendocina Neotropical 15 12.28 -2.02 25.14 15 12.28 -2.02 25.14Brassicaceae Rorippa nana Tropical andean alpine 17 8.32 -1.57 16.46 17 8.32 -1.57 16.46Brassicaceae Weberbauera spathulifolia Puna endemic 14 4.91 -0.71 12.37 14 4.91 -0.71 12.37Bromeliaceae Pitcairnia pungens Tropical montane 58 14.33 6.61 16.52 58 14.33 6.61 16.52Bromeliaceae Puya hamata Tropical andean alpine 19 8.12 1.08 12.79 60 9.15 4.94 7.46Bromeliaceae Puya maculata Paramo endemic 11 9.73 5.91 5.81 60 9.15 4.94 7.46Bromeliaceae Puya nitida Paramo endemic 13 9.23 6.73 5.26 60 9.15 4.94 7.46Bromeliaceae Puya pygmaea Paramo endemic 17 9.86 7.27 4.26 60 9.15 4.94 7.46Bromeliaceae Tillandsia aequatorialis Tropical montane 9 11.66 9.55 4.55 9 11.66 9.55 4.55Cactaceae Maihueniopsis bolivianum Puna endemic 7 5.6 -2.18 12.94 7 5.6 -2.18 12.94Calceolariaceae Calceolaria fusca Tropical montane 12 11.26 8.86 4.8 48 9.05 4.19 8.62Calceolariaceae Calceolaria glacialis Puna endemic 12 7.01 -2.02 15.42 48 9.05 4.19 8.62Calceolariaceae Calceolaria nivalis Tropical andean alpine 24 8.97 4.96 7.13 48 9.05 4.19 8.62Calyceraceae Calycera pulvinata Neotropical 35 7.05 -2.87 18 35 7.05 -2.87 18Campanulaceae Lobelia tenera Tropical montane 80 9.13 3.32 15.45 80 9.13 3.32 15.45Campanulaceae Lysipomia acaulis Paramo endemic 11 3.6 1.06 4.65 40 4.35 0.97 6.01Campanulaceae Lysipomia montioides Tropical andean alpine 29 4.63 0.94 6.52 40 4.35 0.97 6.01Caprifoliaceae Phyllactis rigida Tropical andean alpine 59 5.68 2.02 9.42 59 5.68 2.02 9.42Caprifoliaceae Valeriana alypifolia Paramo endemic 11 2.54 -5.7 16.46 598 7.46 0.84 14.7Caprifoliaceae Valeriana aretioides Tropical andean alpine 56 4.99 1.15 9.18 598 7.46 0.84 14.7Caprifoliaceae Valeriana convallarioides Tropical montane 17 12.15 9.46 5.68 598 7.46 0.84 14.7Caprifoliaceae Valeriana microphylla Tropical montane 398 8.31 0.8 16.54 598 7.46 0.84 14.7Caprifoliaceae Valeriana petersenii Puna endemic 14 2.17 -4.42 11.78 598 7.46 0.84 14.7Caprifoliaceae Valeriana plantaginea Paramo endemic 89 6.38 1.51 12.24 598 7.46 0.84 14.7Caprifoliaceae Valeriana pycnantha Puna endemic 13 3.14 -3.94 12.29 598 7.46 0.84 14.7Caryophyllaceae Arenaria bisulca Puna endemic 6 4.76 -2.75 13.8 78 4.01 -1.96 11.23Caryophyllaceae Arenaria dicranoides Tropical andean alpine 7 0.54 -3.09 7.75 78 4.01 -1.96 11.23



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Caryophyllaceae Arenaria digyna Tropical andean alpine 13 3.87 -3.01 12.64 78 4.01 -1.96 11.23Caryophyllaceae Arenaria musciformis Paramo endemic 14 5.61 -0.03 10.71 78 4.01 -1.96 11.23Caryophyllaceae Arenaria pycnophylla Puna endemic 9 3.44 -0.61 6.62 78 4.01 -1.96 11.23Caryophyllaceae Arenaria pycnophylloides Puna endemic 3 4.95 -2.2 11.71 78 4.01 -1.96 11.23Caryophyllaceae Arenaria rivularis Andean alpine 8 2.91 -7.36 18.23 78 4.01 -1.96 11.23Caryophyllaceae Arenaria venezuelana Paramo endemic 18 4.56 -0.24 10.21 78 4.01 -1.96 11.23Caryophyllaceae Cardionema burkartii Tropical montane 6 7.78 0.55 12.41 6 7.78 0.55 12.41Caryophyllaceae Cerastium arvense Cosmopolitan 87 8.38 -1.61 22.95 243 5.68 -2.13 15.66Caryophyllaceae Cerastium candicans Tropical andean alpine 22 3.62 0.14 6.29 243 5.68 -2.13 15.66Caryophyllaceae Cerastium crassipes Tropical andean alpine 12 3.68 -1.03 7.75 243 5.68 -2.13 15.66Caryophyllaceae Cerastium floccosum Tropical andean alpine 68 4.19 -3.8 13.51 243 5.68 -2.13 15.66Caryophyllaceae Cerastium imbricatum Tropical andean alpine 34 3.92 -1.57 9.61 243 5.68 -2.13 15.66Caryophyllaceae Cerastium peruvianum Puna endemic 6 3.55 -3.73 11.85 243 5.68 -2.13 15.66Caryophyllaceae Cerastium tucumanense Puna endemic 14 6.32 -2.43 18.73 243 5.68 -2.13 15.66Caryophyllaceae Paronychia andina Puna endemic 25 5.98 -1.03 16.55 25 5.98 -1.03 16.55Caryophyllaceae Pycnophyllopsis keraiopetala Puna endemic 12 2.9 -2.55 8.74 12 2.9 -2.55 8.74Caryophyllaceae Pycnophyllum convexum Puna endemic 14 6.1 -2.69 15.15 76 3.65 -3.32 14.13Caryophyllaceae Pycnophyllum macropetalum Puna endemic 13 2.5 -3.38 11.41 76 3.65 -3.32 14.13Caryophyllaceae Pycnophyllum molle Puna endemic 30 3.46 -3.78 16.76 76 3.65 -3.32 14.13Caryophyllaceae Pycnophyllum spathulatum Puna endemic 6 1.66 -4.17 11.82 76 3.65 -3.32 14.13Caryophyllaceae Pycnophyllum tetrastichum Puna endemic 13 3.54 -2.5 10.74 76 3.65 -3.32 14.13Caryophyllaceae Silene mandonii Puna endemic 16 3.65 -3.68 14.17 33 4.58 -1.69 13.26Caryophyllaceae Silene thysanodes Tropical andean alpine 17 5.46 0.18 12.4 33 4.58 -1.69 13.26Clethraceae Clethra fimbriata Tropical montane 140 12.06 1.61 20.88 262 13.87 2.98 21.36Clethraceae Clethra revoluta Tropical montane 122 15.93 4.55 21.9 262 13.87 2.98 21.36Compositae Achyrocline alata Neotropical 342 14.47 -2.58 30.45 342 14.47 -2.58 30.45Compositae Ageratina cutervensis Tropical montane 9 12.11 9.55 6 66 10.52 2.88 13.86Compositae Ageratina gracilis Tropical montane 57 10.27 1.82 15.1 66 10.52 2.88 13.86Compositae Antennaria gnaphalioides Paramo endemic 9 5.77 1.4 9.07 9 5.77 1.4 9.07Compositae Aphanactis cocuyensis Paramo endemic 4 3.16 1.66 2.63 19 3.83 1.38 4.52Compositae Aphanactis jamesoniana Paramo endemic 15 4.01 1.3 5.02 19 3.83 1.38 4.52Compositae Baccharis alpina Tropical andean alpine 34 4.44 -1.41 13.24 1511 10.75 -1.38 23.35Compositae Baccharis arbutifolia Paramo endemic 61 6.09 1.18 11.13 1511 10.75 -1.38 23.35



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Compositae Baccharis caespitosa Tropical montane 160 4.72 -3.22 17.96 1511 10.75 -1.38 23.35Compositae Baccharis genistelloides Neotropical 585 12.13 -2.47 28.85 1511 10.75 -1.38 23.35Compositae Baccharis incarum Andean alpine 23 7.42 -2.94 18.69 1511 10.75 -1.38 23.35Compositae Baccharis obtusifolia Tropical montane 275 15.94 1.15 22.81 1511 10.75 -1.38 23.35Compositae Baccharis prunifolia Tropical montane 81 9.25 0.53 17.21 1511 10.75 -1.38 23.35Compositae Baccharis tola Neotropical 73 6.96 -2.64 19.08 1511 10.75 -1.38 23.35Compositae Baccharis tricuneata Tropical montane 219 9.4 -1.17 22.42 1511 10.75 -1.38 23.35Compositae Belloa erythractis Tropical montane 24 7.95 -2.2 24.39 191 4.68 -2.57 15.51Compositae Belloa kunthiana Tropical andean alpine 61 4.11 -3.38 16.23 191 4.68 -2.57 15.51Compositae Belloa pickeringii Puna endemic 15 4.16 -2.64 12.53 191 4.68 -2.57 15.51Compositae Belloa piptolepis Tropical andean alpine 37 4.02 -2.87 15.31 191 4.68 -2.57 15.51Compositae Belloa radians Paramo endemic 20 4.98 1.98 6.19 191 4.68 -2.57 15.51Compositae Belloa schultzii Tropical andean alpine 34 4.18 -3.69 14.98 191 4.68 -2.57 15.51Compositae Bidens andicola Neotropical 190 9.96 -1.62 27.02 190 9.96 -1.62 27.02Compositae Blakiella bartsiifolia Paramo endemic 8 5.26 2.48 7.65 8 5.26 2.48 7.65Compositae Chaetanthera pulvinata Andean alpine 23 3.3 -4.31 17.07 35 3.93 -4.03 16.25Compositae Chaetanthera revoluta Andean alpine 12 5.14 -3.49 14.68 35 3.93 -4.03 16.25Compositae Chaptalia cordata Tropical montane 14 9.97 4.58 9.05 14 9.97 4.58 9.05Compositae Chersodoma jodopappa Puna endemic 22 6.89 -1.26 15.87 22 6.89 -1.26 15.87Compositae Chrysactinium acaule Tropical montane 46 8.81 0.21 14.81 46 8.81 0.21 14.81Compositae Chuquiraga jussieui Tropical andean alpine 173 6.8 -1.69 15.92 173 6.8 -1.69 15.92Compositae Coespeletia timotensis Paramo endemic 68 4.91 1.32 7.07 68 4.91 1.32 7.07Compositae Conyza deserticola Neotropical 45 7.64 -4.46 21.28 45 7.64 -4.46 21.28Compositae Coreopsis venusta Tropical montane 7 9.52 1.98 11.18 7 9.52 1.98 11.18Compositae Cotula mexicana Tropical montane 49 7.53 -0.46 21.08 49 7.53 -0.46 21.08Compositae Culcitium nivale Paramo endemic 31 4.21 -3.52 12.17 31 4.21 -3.52 12.17Compositae Diplostephium empetrifolium Tropical montane 7 11.9 9.72 3.93 267 7.09 2.12 10.2Compositae Diplostephium ericoides Paramo endemic 71 6.53 1.94 9.85 267 7.09 2.12 10.2Compositae Diplostephium floribundum Tropical montane 48 8.77 1.98 12.79 267 7.09 2.12 10.2Compositae Diplostephium glandulosum Tropical montane 65 7.68 1.44 13.26 267 7.09 2.12 10.2Compositae Diplostephium macrocephalum Paramo endemic 6 8.89 6.72 3.78 267 7.09 2.12 10.2Compositae Diplostephium rupestre Paramo endemic 70 5.31 1.87 7.11 267 7.09 2.12 10.2Compositae Dorobaea pimpinellifolia Tropical montane 86 9.02 3.25 15.15 86 9.02 3.25 15.15



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Compositae Erigeron ecuadoriensis Tropical andean alpine 76 6 1.25 12.13 93 5.72 0.77 12.49Compositae Erigeron rosulatus Puna endemic 17 4.48 -1.39 14.12 93 5.72 0.77 12.49Compositae Espeletia lopezii Paramo endemic 21 4.05 0.95 8.6 58 6.26 1.38 9.14Compositae Espeletia pycnophylla Paramo endemic 37 7.52 1.63 9.44 58 6.26 1.38 9.14Compositae Espeletiopsis colombiana Paramo endemic 17 3.55 1.29 4.94 17 3.55 1.29 4.94Compositae Gamochaeta lulioana Puna endemic 8 3.86 -1.22 8.65 304 14.44 0.4 27.6Compositae Gamochaeta purpurea Cosmopolitan 296 14.72 0.44 28.11 304 14.44 0.4 27.6Compositae Gnaphalium antennarioides Tropical andean alpine 97 7.22 0.18 17.2 148 7.05 -0.34 16.47Compositae Gnaphalium badium Tropical montane 16 7.21 -0.93 16.39 148 7.05 -0.34 16.47Compositae Gnaphalium frigidum Puna endemic 17 7.09 -0.8 15.3 148 7.05 -0.34 16.47Compositae Gnaphalium lacteum Puna endemic 18 5.98 -2.24 13.69 148 7.05 -0.34 16.47Compositae Gynoxys cuicochensis Paramo endemic 24 9.39 4.51 8.8 57 9.19 5.03 8.52Compositae Gynoxys miniphylla Paramo endemic 24 8.68 4.42 9.87 57 9.19 5.03 8.52Compositae Gynoxys tomentosissima Tropical andean alpine 9 10.02 8.08 4.17 57 9.19 5.03 8.52Compositae Hieracium avilae Tropical montane 64 7.86 1.48 18.94 100 8.26 1.73 16.39Compositae Hieracium frigidum Tropical andean alpine 36 8.97 2.17 11.85 100 8.26 1.73 16.39Compositae Hinterhubera columbica Paramo endemic 9 7.4 2.85 8.29 9 7.4 2.85 8.29Compositae Hypochaeris echegarayi Tropical montane 26 6.45 -3.07 18.57 339 6.1 -1.4 15.75Compositae Hypochaeris eremophila Tropical montane 14 5.8 -1.85 17.89 339 6.1 -1.4 15.75Compositae Hypochaeris meyeniana Tropical montane 18 5.86 -2.25 15.98 339 6.1 -1.4 15.75Compositae Hypochaeris mucida Puna endemic 7 4.34 0.43 7.19 339 6.1 -1.4 15.75Compositae Hypochaeris sessiliflora Tropical andean alpine 214 6 -1.17 15.44 339 6.1 -1.4 15.75Compositae Hypochaeris setosa Paramo endemic 5 6.71 2.69 7.52 339 6.1 -1.4 15.75Compositae Hypochaeris taraxacoides Tropical andean alpine 55 6.66 -1.73 16.83 339 6.1 -1.4 15.75Compositae Hysterionica pulchella Tropical montane 11 9.1 -1.25 20.46 11 9.1 -1.25 20.46

CompositaeLasiocephalus longipenicillatus Paramo endemic 12 6.14 1.31 9.77 53 5.29 0.86 9.23

Compositae Lasiocephalus ovatus Paramo endemic 41 5.04 0.73 9.07 53 5.29 0.86 9.23Compositae Loricaria ilinissae Paramo endemic 32 5.12 2.72 5.12 130 6.73 1.84 11.25Compositae Loricaria thuyoides Tropical andean alpine 98 7.25 1.55 13.25 130 6.73 1.84 11.25Compositae Luciliocline burkartii Tropical montane 6 8.24 -0.12 16.41 78 7.79 -2.23 18.61Compositae Luciliocline santanica Tropical montane 14 8.43 -2.02 21.73 78 7.79 -2.23 18.61Compositae Luciliocline subspicata Tropical montane 58 7.59 -2.5 18.08 78 7.79 -2.23 18.61



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Compositae Mikania brachyphylla Tropical montane 13 12.85 9.68 6.06 22 13.65 10.11 6.81Compositae Mikania featherstonei Tropical montane 9 14.82 10.73 7.89 22 13.65 10.11 6.81Compositae Mniodes pulvinata Puna endemic 9 4.6 -0.85 11.46 9 4.6 -0.85 11.46Compositae Monticalia arbutifolia Paramo endemic 77 6.93 2.65 18.99 93 7.09 3.02 16.72Compositae Monticalia myrsinites Paramo endemic 8 9.23 6.11 5.15 93 7.09 3.02 16.72Compositae Monticalia peruviana Paramo endemic 8 6.57 3.56 6.45 93 7.09 3.02 16.72Compositae Noticastrum marginatum Neotropical 102 12.15 0.18 24.64 102 12.15 0.18 24.64Compositae Novenia acaulis Puna endemic 11 4.54 -0.81 9.05 11 4.54 -0.81 9.05Compositae Oriastrum stuebelii Puna endemic 18 2.77 -3.79 11.66 18 2.77 -3.79 11.66Compositae Oritrophium peruvianum Tropical andean alpine 166 6.7 0.72 12.71 188 7.39 1.55 12.46Compositae Oritrophium repens Tropical montane 22 12.64 7.86 10.54 188 7.39 1.55 12.46Compositae Oxylobus glanduliferus Andean alpine 12 5.84 2 7.5 12 5.84 2 7.5Compositae Parastrephia phyliciformis Puna endemic 34 6.61 -3.39 19.38 69 6.66 -3.05 18.8Compositae Parastrephia quadrangularis Tropical montane 35 6.7 -2.72 18.24 69 6.66 -3.05 18.8Compositae Pentacalia andicola Tropical montane 159 7.72 0.99 17.45 345 7.18 0.24 15.24Compositae Pentacalia apiculata Paramo endemic 7 7.04 1.64 10.64 345 7.18 0.24 15.24Compositae Pentacalia imbricatifolia Paramo endemic 10 3.22 -0.23 5.37 345 7.18 0.24 15.24Compositae Pentacalia vaccinioides Paramo endemic 169 6.91 -0.49 13.94 345 7.18 0.24 15.24Compositae Perezia ciliosa Puna endemic 14 6.13 -3.31 16.35 104 7.26 -2.12 21.07Compositae Perezia coerulescens Puna endemic 14 3.83 -2.42 14.08 104 7.26 -2.12 21.07Compositae Perezia multiflora Neotropical 57 9.1 -1.52 26.38 104 7.26 -2.12 21.07Compositae Perezia purpurata Puna endemic 19 5.09 -2.83 13.76 104 7.26 -2.12 21.07Compositae Senecio adenophyllus Puna endemic 18 4.22 -3.87 15.06 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio algens Puna endemic 14 4.62 -3.56 15.73 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio anconquijae Andean alpine 4 14.66 2.63 22.41 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio apolobambensis Puna endemic 6 4.09 -0.24 7.75 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio asplenifolius Puna endemic 6 6.82 -1.5 13.45 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio candollii Tropical andean alpine 15 5.06 -1.12 13.09 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio canescens Tropical andean alpine 59 4.81 -2.09 11.81 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio chionogeton Tropical andean alpine 12 6.92 2.88 8.16 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio formosus Paramo endemic 20 6.32 1.67 11.34 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio funckii Paramo endemic 8 4.8 0.34 7.74 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio humillimus Puna endemic 32 5.2 -1.37 13.01 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Compositae Senecio modestus Puna endemic 16 3.88 -1.82 10.97 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio neeanus Puna endemic 3 4.31 -1.82 11.36 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio niveoaureus Paramo endemic 26 4.54 -0.09 9.55 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio nutans Puna endemic 20 4.05 -2.84 13.31 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio puchii Puna endemic 17 4.22 -4.15 14.11 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio rufescens Puna endemic 27 4.05 -2.3 11.83 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio scorzonerifolius Tropical montane 14 7.57 -1.92 16.3 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio spinosus Puna endemic 19 6.22 -0.32 14.84 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Senecio tephrosioides Tropical andean alpine 62 6.88 1.74 9.64 398 5.39 -0.97 12.05Compositae Stevia bertholdii Tropical montane 8 14.62 10.57 7.55 8 14.62 10.57 7.55Compositae Trichocline reptans Neotropical 45 15.26 0.38 26.36 45 15.26 0.38 26.36Compositae Werneria apiculata Puna endemic 25 4.35 -1.86 12.24 299 5.34 -1.73 16.03Compositae Werneria cochlearis Puna endemic 4 2.93 -3.73 11.62 299 5.34 -1.73 16.03Compositae Werneria nubigena Tropical montane 75 6.76 0.23 18.24 299 5.34 -1.73 16.03Compositae Werneria orbignyana Puna endemic 12 3.84 -2.26 13.38 299 5.34 -1.73 16.03Compositae Werneria pectinata Puna endemic 16 3.61 -1.24 8.13 299 5.34 -1.73 16.03Compositae Werneria pumila Tropical andean alpine 30 4.57 -3.59 16.55 299 5.34 -1.73 16.03Compositae Werneria pygmaea Tropical andean alpine 123 5.3 -2.46 16.99 299 5.34 -1.73 16.03Compositae Werneria villosa Puna endemic 14 5.33 -1.2 13.93 299 5.34 -1.73 16.03Compositae Xenophyllum humile Tropical andean alpine 56 5.55 0.37 9.42 70 5.23 -0.46 10.59Compositae Xenophyllum poposum Puna endemic 12 3.98 -3.99 16.03 70 5.23 -0.46 10.59Compositae Xenophyllum rosenii Puna endemic 2 3.77 -2.23 10.66 70 5.23 -0.46 10.59Crassulaceae Echeveria bicolor Tropical montane 22 10.76 1.83 15.21 22 10.76 1.83 15.21Cunoniaceae Weinmannia elliptica Tropical montane 33 13.48 8.99 10.65 192 11.89 6.29 14.54Cunoniaceae Weinmannia fagaroides Tropical montane 104 11.89 5.17 17.69 192 11.89 6.29 14.54Cunoniaceae Weinmannia rollottii Tropical montane 55 10.93 6.79 10.93 192 11.89 6.29 14.54Cyperaceae Bulbostylis juncoides Neotropical 432 20.15 1.33 28.8 432 20.15 1.33 28.8Cyperaceae Carex pichinchensis Tropical andean alpine 143 6.54 0.64 14.2 191 6.51 0.62 13.83Cyperaceae Carex pygmaea Tropical montane 48 6.41 0.57 12.72 191 6.51 0.62 13.83Cyperaceae Oreobolopsis inversa Tropical andean alpine 27 6.74 2.15 9.53 27 6.74 2.15 9.53Cyperaceae Oreobolus ecuadorensis Tropical andean alpine 36 6.91 3 8.87 162 8.03 1.94 14.49Cyperaceae Oreobolus goeppingeri Tropical montane 126 8.35 1.64 16.09 162 8.03 1.94 14.49Cyperaceae Rhynchospora hieronymi Tropical montane 28 13.3 4.07 17.76 156 11.81 3.97 20.23



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Cyperaceae Rhynchospora ruiziana Tropical montane 65 11.18 3.5 21.16 156 11.81 3.97 20.23Cyperaceae Rhynchospora vulcani Tropical montane 63 11.81 4.41 20.37 156 11.81 3.97 20.23Cyperaceae Trichophorum rigidum Tropical andean alpine 25 6.31 -1.07 18.28 25 6.31 -1.07 18.28Cyperaceae Uncinia macrolepis Neotropical 28 5.64 0.15 12.82 69 6.13 1.55 10.29Cyperaceae Uncinia paludosa Tropical andean alpine 21 6.13 3.68 5.28 69 6.13 1.55 10.29Cyperaceae Uncinia tenuis Neotropical 20 6.83 1.26 12.01 69 6.13 1.55 10.29Ericaceae Bejaria resinosa Tropical montane 165 11.85 5.73 14 165 11.85 5.73 14Ericaceae Disterigma acuminatum Tropical montane 97 10.95 3.71 16.77 567 10.61 4.16 14.85Ericaceae Disterigma alaternoides Tropical montane 199 13.13 6.79 15.79 567 10.61 4.16 14.85Ericaceae Disterigma empetrifolium Tropical montane 248 8.12 1.82 13.81 567 10.61 4.16 14.85Ericaceae Disterigma pentandrum Tropical montane 23 14.14 8.38 9.8 567 10.61 4.16 14.85Ericaceae Gaultheria erecta Neotropical 247 13.49 2.8 20.25 414 13.21 4.72 16.63Ericaceae Gaultheria megalodonta Tropical montane 10 12.35 8.19 10.81 414 13.21 4.72 16.63Ericaceae Gaultheria reticulata Tropical montane 112 13.57 7.81 12.55 414 13.21 4.72 16.63Ericaceae Gaultheria strigosa Tropical montane 45 10.94 6.78 8.21 414 13.21 4.72 16.63Ericaceae Macleania rupestris Tropical montane 379 12.36 1.91 25.4 379 12.36 1.91 25.4Ericaceae Pernettya prostrata Tropical montane 483 9.87 0.15 23.93 483 9.87 0.15 23.93Ericaceae Themistoclesia epiphytica Tropical montane 55 10.89 4.72 12.79 55 10.89 4.72 12.79Ericaceae Vaccinium crenatum Tropical montane 24 11.06 3.13 13.53 329 9.72 1.06 20.58Ericaceae Vaccinium floribundum Tropical montane 305 9.61 0.9 21.13 329 9.72 1.06 20.58Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon microcephalum Tropical andean alpine 48 7.4 3 8.5 48 7.4 3 8.5Escalloniaceae Escallonia myrtilloides Tropical montane 336 9.81 -1.04 20.64 336 9.81 -1.04 20.64Gentianaceae Gentiana sedifolia Tropical montane 234 7.3 -1.01 20.71 234 7.3 -1.01 20.71Gentianaceae Gentianella androsacea Paramo endemic 7 10.1 8.28 3.07 163 6.97 1.05 10.95Gentianaceae Gentianella bicolor Tropical montane 12 11.42 5.41 14.03 163 6.97 1.05 10.95Gentianaceae Gentianella cernua Paramo endemic 17 4.86 0.91 8.31 163 6.97 1.05 10.95Gentianaceae Gentianella corymbosa Tropical montane 55 7.79 0.84 12.7 163 6.97 1.05 10.95Gentianaceae Gentianella foliosa Paramo endemic 50 5.44 -0.81 10.71 163 6.97 1.05 10.95Gentianaceae Gentianella sandiensis Puna endemic 12 7.07 -0.58 13.54 163 6.97 1.05 10.95Gentianaceae Gentianella selaginifolia Paramo endemic 10 6.08 3.48 5.72 163 6.97 1.05 10.95Gentianaceae Halenia asclepiadea Tropical andean alpine 48 8.4 1.86 12.57 216 8.08 2.39 12.68Gentianaceae Halenia umbellata Tropical montane 26 10.23 3.36 11.91 216 8.08 2.39 12.68Gentianaceae Halenia weddelliana Tropical andean alpine 142 7.58 2.39 12.86 216 8.08 2.39 12.68



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium Cosmopolitan 88 11.79 -2.38 27.39 88 11.79 -2.38 27.39Geraniaceae Geranium ayavacense Tropical montane 9 10.07 5.09 8.13 467 6.9 0.61 12.79Geraniaceae Geranium humboldtii Tropical andean alpine 25 4.51 0.82 6.29 467 6.9 0.61 12.79Geraniaceae Geranium loxense Tropical montane 12 11.51 8.13 5.72 467 6.9 0.61 12.79Geraniaceae Geranium maniculatum Paramo endemic 23 5.61 1.14 10.38 467 6.9 0.61 12.79Geraniaceae Geranium reptans Paramo endemic 67 7.9 2.29 11.77 467 6.9 0.61 12.79Geraniaceae Geranium sericeum Paramo endemic 2 2.33 1.17 2.12 467 6.9 0.61 12.79Geraniaceae Geranium sessiliflorum Neotropical 105 6.64 -2.95 19.94 467 6.9 0.61 12.79Geraniaceae Geranium sibbaldioides Tropical andean alpine 181 7.12 0.7 12.65 467 6.9 0.61 12.79Geraniaceae Geranium stramineum Paramo endemic 43 5.4 2.8 6.02 467 6.9 0.61 12.79Gunneraceae Gunnera magellanica Neotropical 188 7.55 -0.81 17.68 188 7.55 -0.81 17.68Hypericaceae Hypericum lancioides Paramo endemic 95 7.34 0.93 13.88 354 8.68 1.48 15.8Hypericaceae Hypericum laricifolium Tropical montane 218 9.41 1.3 17.75 354 8.68 1.48 15.8Hypericaceae Hypericum sprucei Paramo endemic 41 7.92 3.72 9.85 354 8.68 1.48 15.8Iridaceae Olsynium acaule Puna endemic 14 5.31 -0.03 11.06 41 7.34 -0.23 14.94Iridaceae Olsynium junceum Neotropical 27 8.4 -0.34 16.95 41 7.34 -0.23 14.94Iridaceae Orthrosanthus chimboracensis Tropical montane 143 10.8 4.02 20.03 143 10.8 4.02 20.03Iridaceae Sisyrinchium chilense Cosmopolitan 38 12.67 -0.46 25.7 186 12.52 0.78 22.79Iridaceae Sisyrinchium hypsophilum Puna endemic 1 3.69 -0.06 5.54 186 12.52 0.78 22.79Iridaceae Sisyrinchium jamesonii Tropical andean alpine 32 7.07 1.79 9.97 186 12.52 0.78 22.79Iridaceae Sisyrinchium tinctorium Neotropical 115 14.07 0.91 25.54 186 12.52 0.78 22.79Juncaceae Luzula gigantea Tropical montane 110 7.87 1.46 17.51 364 6.29 -1.06 19.6Juncaceae Luzula racemosa Neotropical 224 5.69 -2.27 21.97 364 6.29 -1.06 19.6Juncaceae Luzula vulcanica Tropical andean alpine 30 4.93 -1.26 9.64 364 6.29 -1.06 19.6Lamiaceae Clinopodium nubigenum Tropical andean alpine 59 6.63 2.08 12.13 79 8.37 3.8 11.04Lamiaceae Clinopodium taxifolium Tropical montane 20 13.49 8.87 7.82 79 8.37 3.8 11.04Leguminosae Adesmia crassicaulis Andean alpine 5 4.38 -2.31 12.08 36 6.96 -1.26 14.85Leguminosae Adesmia schickendantzii Puna endemic 13 7.19 -1 14.41 36 6.96 -1.26 14.85Leguminosae Adesmia spinosissima Puna endemic 18 7.5 -1.15 15.94 36 6.96 -1.26 14.85Leguminosae Astragalus bustillosii Andean alpine 16 3.95 -5.69 17.48 127 4.85 -3.25 14.67Leguminosae Astragalus cryptanthus Puna endemic 6 4.52 -0.85 11.37 127 4.85 -3.25 14.67Leguminosae Astragalus cryptobotrys Puna endemic 9 4.8 -2.39 13.13 127 4.85 -3.25 14.67Leguminosae Astragalus diminutivus Puna endemic 16 6.76 -0.83 15.3 127 4.85 -3.25 14.67



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Leguminosae Astragalus flavocreatus Puna endemic 8 4.14 -2.41 11.55 127 4.85 -3.25 14.67Leguminosae Astragalus geminiflorus Paramo endemic 40 3.83 -5.13 14.83 127 4.85 -3.25 14.67Leguminosae Astragalus peruvianus Tropical montane 16 5.73 -1.34 15.01 127 4.85 -3.25 14.67Leguminosae Astragalus pusillus Puna endemic 16 6 -2.22 14.17 127 4.85 -3.25 14.67Leguminosae Lupinus microphyllus Tropical montane 62 4.66 0.05 13.51 112 6.1 1.56 12.68Leguminosae Lupinus subacaulis Puna endemic 3 4.98 -0.59 8.81 112 6.1 1.56 12.68Leguminosae Lupinus tauris Paramo endemic 47 8.07 3.7 11.83 112 6.1 1.56 12.68Loasaceae Caiophora nivalis Puna endemic 12 5.98 -2.59 15.65 12 5.98 -2.59 15.65Malvaceae Acaulimalva purdiaei Paramo endemic 15 5.54 1.87 8.71 15 5.54 1.87 8.71Malvaceae Nototriche anthemidifolia Puna endemic 10 5.44 -2.35 12.71 105 3.85 -2.07 10.76Malvaceae Nototriche caesia Puna endemic 5 5.11 -2.78 13.58 105 3.85 -2.07 10.76Malvaceae Nototriche hillii Puna endemic 1 1.14 -2.71 5.17 105 3.85 -2.07 10.76Malvaceae Nototriche nigrescens Puna endemic 2 3.51 -1.42 8.28 105 3.85 -2.07 10.76Malvaceae Nototriche obcuneata Puna endemic 15 2.36 -3.04 8.86 105 3.85 -2.07 10.76Malvaceae Nototriche phyllanthos Paramo endemic 34 3.83 -1.57 11.04 105 3.85 -2.07 10.76Malvaceae Nototriche pulverulenta Puna endemic 11 4.38 -3.62 13.71 105 3.85 -2.07 10.76Malvaceae Nototriche purpurascens Puna endemic 11 3.26 -1.29 8.5 105 3.85 -2.07 10.76Malvaceae Nototriche rugosa Puna endemic 5 5.24 0.98 7.68 105 3.85 -2.07 10.76Malvaceae Nototriche turritella Puna endemic 11 3.65 -2.42 11.09 105 3.85 -2.07 10.76Malvaceae Tarasa tenella Neotropical 28 8.38 -0.71 17.41 28 8.38 -0.71 17.41Melastomataceae Brachyotum alpinum Tropical montane 42 8.57 -1.14 16.85 76 9.41 2.53 11.91Melastomataceae Brachyotum campii Paramo endemic 34 10.45 7.06 5.8 76 9.41 2.53 11.91Melastomataceae Miconia chionophila Tropical montane 73 8.12 2.06 15.47 227 9.93 3.21 13.36Melastomataceae Miconia dodsonii Tropical montane 20 13.07 9.01 7.48 227 9.93 3.21 13.36Melastomataceae Miconia ligustrina Tropical montane 121 10.39 2.38 13.96 227 9.93 3.21 13.36Melastomataceae Miconia stenophylla Paramo endemic 13 11.02 8.41 5.1 227 9.93 3.21 13.36Montiaceae Montiopsis cumingii Neotropical 14 7.96 -1.56 20.48 28 6.13 -2.21 17.27Montiaceae Montiopsis modesta Andean alpine 14 4.3 -2.85 14.06 28 6.13 -2.21 17.27Onagraceae Oenothera epilobiifolia Tropical montane 35 11.4 3.45 14.18 88 9.43 0.89 16.52Onagraceae Oenothera multicaulis Tropical montane 40 8.31 -0.62 19.09 88 9.43 0.89 16.52Onagraceae Oenothera nana Neotropical 13 7.56 -1.34 14.93 88 9.43 0.89 16.52Orchidaceae Aa colombiana Tropical montane 11 7.23 1.58 18.18 11 7.23 1.58 18.18Orchidaceae Epidendrum chioneum Tropical montane 30 10.1 5.97 9.06 56 12.29 6.57 11.77



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Orchidaceae Epidendrum cochlidium Tropical montane 26 14.81 7.25 14.9 56 12.29 6.57 11.77Orchidaceae Gomphichis caucana Tropical montane 35 11.77 5.06 15.03 56 10.9 4.92 12.04Orchidaceae Gomphichis traceyae Paramo endemic 21 9.46 4.7 7.06 56 10.9 4.92 12.04Orchidaceae Myrosmodes paludosum Puna endemic 8 2.72 -4.29 11.06 8 2.72 -4.29 11.06Orchidaceae Pachyphyllum crystallinum Tropical montane 32 10.4 3.83 13.3 32 10.4 3.83 13.3Orobanchaceae Bartsia elongata Tropical montane 15 10.4 -0.17 21.62 299 7.7 0.34 13.92Orobanchaceae Bartsia inaequalis Tropical montane 71 11.96 2.49 17.25 299 7.7 0.34 13.92Orobanchaceae Bartsia laniflora Tropical montane 22 7.2 1.32 9.81 299 7.7 0.34 13.92Orobanchaceae Bartsia laticrenata Paramo endemic 117 5.96 -1.56 13.84 299 7.7 0.34 13.92Orobanchaceae Bartsia stricta Paramo endemic 74 5.96 1.09 10.52 299 7.7 0.34 13.92Orobanchaceae Castilleja fissifolia Tropical montane 280 8.76 -1.26 20.11 461 9.64 -0.45 20.52Orobanchaceae Castilleja integrifolia Tropical montane 133 13.31 1.83 24.04 461 9.64 -0.45 20.52Orobanchaceae Castilleja nubigena Tropical andean alpine 48 4.64 -2.02 13.22 461 9.64 -0.45 20.52Oxalidaceae Oxalis elegans Tropical montane 16 12.78 8.26 10.73 167 12.18 4.56 16.98Oxalidaceae Oxalis erythrorhiza Puna endemic 1 2.03 -3.24 6.83 167 12.18 4.56 16.98Oxalidaceae Oxalis oreocharis Tropical andean alpine 16 5.36 0.36 11.49 167 12.18 4.56 16.98Oxalidaceae Oxalis sleumeri Puna endemic 3 3.69 -3.81 12.1 167 12.18 4.56 16.98Oxalidaceae Oxalis spiralis Tropical montane 131 13.21 4.87 18.6 167 12.18 4.56 16.98Piperaceae Peperomia verruculosa Puna endemic 8 6.98 -0.55 12.88 8 6.98 -0.55 12.88Plantaginaceae Bougueria nubicola Puna endemic 10 4.93 -0.74 9.53 10 4.93 -0.74 9.53Plantaginaceae Ourisia chamaedrifolia Tropical andean alpine 43 6.85 0.57 17.91 43 6.85 0.57 17.91Plantaginaceae Plantago orbignyana Tropical montane 34 8.28 -1.21 16.7 277 6.95 -1.37 16.78Plantaginaceae Plantago rigida Tropical andean alpine 71 5.34 0.14 9.25 277 6.95 -1.37 16.78Plantaginaceae Plantago sericea Neotropical 172 7.34 -2.03 19.91 277 6.95 -1.37 16.78Plantaginaceae Sibthorpia repens Tropical montane 89 10.12 2.05 18.97 89 10.12 2.05 18.97Poaceae Aciachne acicularis Tropical andean alpine 67 5.51 -0.3 12.94 173 5.27 0.29 10.54Poaceae Aciachne flagellifera Paramo endemic 60 5.61 3.02 7.13 173 5.27 0.29 10.54Poaceae Aciachne pulvinata Tropical andean alpine 46 4.48 -2.42 11.51 173 5.27 0.29 10.54Poaceae Agrostis boyacensis Paramo endemic 19 4.07 0.89 12.54 982 6.62 -2.65 19.39Poaceae Agrostis breviculmis Tropical andean alpine 261 5.2 -3.14 16.05 982 6.62 -2.65 19.39Poaceae Agrostis foliata Tropical andean alpine 147 5.21 -2.76 15.97 982 6.62 -2.65 19.39Poaceae Agrostis tolucensis Tropical montane 518 7.85 -2.76 22.93 982 6.62 -2.65 19.39Poaceae Agrostis trichodes Paramo endemic 37 6.31 0.9 10.49 982 6.62 -2.65 19.39



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Poaceae Anatherostipa mucronata Tropical montane 129 12.48 -1.25 21.89 129 12.48 -1.25 21.89Poaceae Anthochloa lepidula Puna endemic 17 2.27 -5.02 11.45 17 2.27 -5.02 11.45Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum Cosmopolitan 102 9.77 0.85 20.78 102 9.77 0.85 20.78Poaceae Bromus lanatus Tropical montane 261 6.37 -3.88 19.65 261 6.37 -3.88 19.65Poaceae Calamagrostis effusa Paramo endemic 200 6.89 0.61 12.7 711 6.94 -0.84 14.22Poaceae Calamagrostis fibrovaginata Tropical andean alpine 95 5.21 -3.04 13.22 711 6.94 -0.84 14.22Poaceae Calamagrostis guamanensis Paramo endemic 24 4.98 1.48 6.05 711 6.94 -0.84 14.22Poaceae Calamagrostis intermedia Tropical andean alpine 213 6.51 -2.77 15.58 711 6.94 -0.84 14.22Poaceae Calamagrostis macrophylla Tropical andean alpine 38 7 0.7 10.74 711 6.94 -0.84 14.22Poaceae Calamagrostis planifolia Tropical montane 107 9.11 0.92 17.63 711 6.94 -0.84 14.22Poaceae Calamagrostis rauhii Tropical andean alpine 3 10.54 7.56 4.39 711 6.94 -0.84 14.22Poaceae Calamagrostis tarmensis Tropical montane 31 9.13 -0.78 17.55 711 6.94 -0.84 14.22Poaceae Chusquea asymmetrica Tropical montane 18 11.86 5.46 9.84 55 11.93 8.02 7.07Poaceae Chusquea leonardiorum Tropical montane 21 11.84 9.03 5.98 55 11.93 8.02 7.07Poaceae Chusquea nana Tropical montane 3 12.22 10.18 3.97 55 11.93 8.02 7.07Poaceae Chusquea neurophylla Tropical montane 13 12.11 9.45 5.72 55 11.93 8.02 7.07Poaceae Cortaderia bifida Tropical montane 98 11.49 -0.26 24.36 98 11.49 -0.26 24.36Poaceae Deyeuxia breviaristata Puna endemic 14 5.12 -2.71 16.72 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia cabrerae Puna endemic 28 5.94 -4.36 18.91 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia colorata Cosmopolitan 29 10.72 -2.08 23.43 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia crispa Puna endemic 27 4.62 -3.74 17.24 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia curvula Tropical montane 74 6.84 -2.99 20.55 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia deserticola Andean alpine 36 5.52 -3.25 19.69 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia filifolia Puna endemic 20 6.38 -0.09 12.74 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia heterophylla Tropical andean alpine 21 4.28 -2.3 13.21 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia lagurus Puna endemic 23 3.84 -3.9 15.73 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia minima Puna endemic 12 2.38 -3.45 9.26 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia nitidula Puna endemic 50 2.97 -4.7 12.65 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia ovata Tropical andean alpine 29 2.93 -4.1 13.03 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia spicigera Puna endemic 28 4.33 -2.83 16.85 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia swallenii Puna endemic 4 4.48 -2.16 12.19 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia vicunarum Tropical andean alpine 119 5.82 -2.71 17.6 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08Poaceae Deyeuxia violacea Tropical montane 32 6.78 -2.47 17.32 546 5.48 -3.09 17.08



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Poaceae Dielsiochloa floribunda Puna endemic 57 2.66 -3.91 14.56 57 2.66 -3.91 14.56Poaceae Festuca andicola Tropical andean alpine 21 5.76 0.46 11.27 410 5.89 -0.07 12.13Poaceae Festuca asplundii Tropical andean alpine 70 6.13 2.24 8.82 410 5.89 -0.07 12.13Poaceae Festuca chimborazensis Paramo endemic 32 5.16 0.82 8.04 410 5.89 -0.07 12.13Poaceae Festuca dolichophylla Tropical andean alpine 66 7.07 -0.66 14.69 410 5.89 -0.07 12.13Poaceae Festuca fragilis Paramo endemic 10 2.84 -0.25 5.21 410 5.89 -0.07 12.13Poaceae Festuca glumosa Paramo endemic 22 3.77 -0.29 7.03 410 5.89 -0.07 12.13Poaceae Festuca nardifolia Andean alpine 3 3.14 -2.68 10.63 410 5.89 -0.07 12.13Poaceae Festuca orthophylla Puna endemic 74 5.37 -4.26 19.84 410 5.89 -0.07 12.13Poaceae Festuca rigescens Puna endemic 23 5.07 -0.82 12.47 410 5.89 -0.07 12.13Poaceae Festuca subulifolia Tropical andean alpine 85 6.76 2.14 9.81 410 5.89 -0.07 12.13Poaceae Festuca uninodis Tropical montane 4 6.37 -2.24 15.68 410 5.89 -0.07 12.13Poaceae Koeleria kurtzii Neotropical 29 9.81 -2.52 27.73 29 9.81 -2.52 27.73Poaceae Muhlenbergia fastigiata Tropical montane 32 7.5 1.39 13.72 192 8.57 -1.18 22.59Poaceae Muhlenbergia peruviana Neotropical 160 8.79 -1.7 24.36 192 8.57 -1.18 22.59Poaceae Nassella caespitosa Tropical montane 45 8.28 -2.3 20.26 56 8.37 -2 20.12Poaceae Nassella rupestris Puna endemic 11 8.77 -0.74 19.54 56 8.37 -2 20.12Poaceae Paspalum bonplandianum Tropical andean alpine 104 8.81 3.34 15.93 104 8.81 3.34 15.93Poaceae Poa annua Cosmopolitan 207 12.14 -1.58 29.06 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa calchaquiensis Neotropical 87 9.98 -2.19 25.78 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa cucullata Paramo endemic 50 4.74 -0.53 12.95 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa glaberrima Puna endemic 15 5.97 0.3 11.12 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa gymnantha Puna endemic 67 4.65 -2.56 15.03 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa humillima Puna endemic 17 3.82 -3.4 14.22 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa kurtzii Puna endemic 56 6.36 -2.73 17.4 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa lilloi Neotropical 38 8.63 -2.94 23.58 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa macusaniensis Puna endemic 21 4.84 -1.78 12.23 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa parviceps Neotropical 18 7.11 -2.71 17.92 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa pauciflora Tropical andean alpine 96 6.28 -0.05 12.3 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa pearsonii Puna endemic 9 3.94 -2.47 12.68 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa perligulata Puna endemic 23 3.43 -1.83 13.38 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Poa trivialis Cosmopolitan 17 11.4 1.26 22.07 721 8.19 -1.62 20.46Poaceae Polypogon exasperatus Neotropical 43 5.55 0.42 15.3 43 5.55 0.42 15.3



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Poaceae Stipa hans-meyeri Tropical andean alpine 96 5.1 -2.76 17.23 596 10.39 -1.2 24.47Poaceae Stipa ichu Neotropical 395 12.34 -0.92 27.59 596 10.39 -1.2 24.47Poaceae Stipa leptostachya Tropical montane 71 7.94 -1.82 22.57 596 10.39 -1.2 24.47Poaceae Stipa mexicana Tropical montane 20 7.99 1.97 12.28 596 10.39 -1.2 24.47Poaceae Stipa nardoides Puna endemic 14 7.42 0.3 13.3 596 10.39 -1.2 24.47Poaceae Triniochloa stipoides Tropical montane 99 13.68 4.06 23.69 99 13.68 4.06 23.69Poaceae Trisetum irazuense Tropical montane 100 10.71 0.99 17.71 225 8.95 0.12 19.1Poaceae Trisetum spicatum Cosmopolitan 125 7.54 -0.58 20.21 225 8.95 0.12 19.1Polygalaceae Monnina arbuscula Tropical montane 30 13.51 9.44 10.8 30 13.51 9.44 10.8Polygonaceae Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia Neotropical 380 13.19 2.13 25.79 380 13.19 2.13 25.79Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella Cosmopolitan 190 9.71 1.02 20.09 190 9.71 1.02 20.09Portulacaceae Calandrinia acaulis Andean alpine 91 4.41 -3.58 17.81 91 4.41 -3.58 17.81Primulaceae Cybianthus marginatus Tropical montane 42 10.84 5.08 11.6 42 10.84 5.08 11.6Primulaceae Geissanthus andinus Tropical montane 52 10.83 4.61 11.08 52 10.83 4.61 11.08Primulaceae Myrsine dependens Tropical montane 166 9.23 3.79 15.31 166 9.23 3.79 15.31Proteaceae Lomatia hirsuta Neotropical 106 11.3 1.09 18.64 106 11.3 1.09 18.64Ranunculaceae Ranunculus praemorsus Tropical montane 106 9.28 1.64 22.77 106 9.28 1.64 22.77Rosaceae Acaena cylindristachya Tropical andean alpine 87 7.99 0.85 15.65 87 7.99 0.85 15.65Rosaceae Hesperomeles obtusifolia Tropical montane 328 10.34 3.64 15.41 328 10.34 3.64 15.41Rosaceae Lachemilla hispidula Tropical andean alpine 106 5.86 0.57 10.55 591 6.97 0.66 13.53Rosaceae Lachemilla holosericea Paramo endemic 48 6.04 3.24 6.68 591 6.97 0.66 13.53Rosaceae Lachemilla moritziana Paramo endemic 10 6.58 2.07 8.72 591 6.97 0.66 13.53Rosaceae Lachemilla nivalis Paramo endemic 104 6.32 0.87 11.02 591 6.97 0.66 13.53Rosaceae Lachemilla orbiculata Tropical montane 140 9.25 0.94 17.13 591 6.97 0.66 13.53Rosaceae Lachemilla pinnata Tropical montane 76 6.22 -2.77 21.17 591 6.97 0.66 13.53Rosaceae Lachemilla tanacetifolia Tropical andean alpine 18 2.93 0 6.1 591 6.97 0.66 13.53Rosaceae Lachemilla uniflora Paramo endemic 29 6.64 3.58 6.97 591 6.97 0.66 13.53Rosaceae Lachemilla vulcanica Tropical montane 60 7.85 0.59 16.79 591 6.97 0.66 13.53Rosaceae Polylepis tarapacana Puna endemic 25 4.46 -2.85 13.78 25 4.46 -2.85 13.78Rosaceae Potentilla dombeyi Tropical andean alpine 15 5.03 1.36 6.52 15 5.03 1.36 6.52Rosaceae Rubus laegaardii Tropical montane 14 11.78 7.87 8.82 14 11.78 7.87 8.82Rosaceae Tetraglochin cristatum Puna endemic 23 8.22 -0.65 15.25 24 8.01 -0.67 14.87Rosaceae Tetraglochin inerme Puna endemic 1 3.05 -1.25 6 24 8.01 -0.67 14.87



N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

N° Records

Thermal optimum

(C°)

Minimum (C°)

Thermal niche

breadth (C°)

Rubiaceae Arcytophyllum aristatum Paramo endemic 17 5.75 2.94 5.52 171 9.34 3.28 10.96Rubiaceae Arcytophyllum filiforme Tropical montane 64 9.08 0.92 14.02 171 9.34 3.28 10.96Rubiaceae Arcytophyllum rivetii Tropical montane 28 11.84 6.51 10.24 171 9.34 3.28 10.96Rubiaceae Arcytophyllum setosum Tropical montane 37 8.78 3.9 9.99 171 9.34 3.28 10.96Rubiaceae Arcytophyllum vernicosum Tropical andean alpine 25 10.48 5.04 9.07 171 9.34 3.28 10.96Rubiaceae Galium corymbosum Tropical montane 162 8.84 -1.2 25.77 538 11.99 0.92 24.71Rubiaceae Galium hypocarpium Neotropical 366 13.58 1.84 24.68 538 11.99 0.92 24.71Rubiaceae Galium pumilio Tropical andean alpine 10 5.03 1.27 8.63 538 11.99 0.92 24.71Rubiaceae Nertera granadensis Cosmopolitan 258 11.25 0.82 23.65 258 11.25 0.82 23.65Saxifragaceae Saxifraga magellanica Neotropical 58 6.62 -2.16 25.42 58 6.62 -2.16 25.42Solanaceae Solanum acaule Tropical montane 363 8.7 -1.79 25.37 363 8.7 -1.79 25.37Violaceae Viola bangii Tropical andean alpine 13 4.95 1.32 7.85 79 8.54 2.21 14.13Violaceae Viola dombeyana Tropical montane 18 11.39 7.33 8.71 79 8.54 2.21 14.13Violaceae Viola glandularis Paramo endemic 8 6.4 3.74 5.8 79 8.54 2.21 14.13Violaceae Viola pygmaea Tropical montane 29 8.79 0.39 19.63 79 8.54 2.21 14.13Violaceae Viola rodriguezii Tropical montane 8 9.34 -2.25 25.27 79 8.54 2.21 14.13Violaceae Viola tucumanensis Tropical montane 3 8.07 0.74 13.08 79 8.54 2.21 14.13Xyridaceae Xyris subulata Tropical montane 72 10.2 2.39 22.96 72 10.2 2.39 22.96

Appendix S2. Observed temperature changes since 1979 across high Andean summits, and monthly soil temperatures from 22 summits out of the 49 analyzed in this study

We downloaded the monthly temperature maps at 30-arc second resolution for the period 1979-2013 from CHELSA (Karger et al., 2017). We estimated the mean annual values for each summit and compared it with the mean annual temperature extracted from the Worldclim climatology (1960-1990; Hijmans et al. (2005)), which shows a good agreement between the two datasets (Figure A2.1). We estimated the trend over the 35 years of the studied period by using the slope of the linear regression of temperature against year.

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

02

46

810

CHELSA annual mean temperature (°C)

WO

RLD

CLI

M a

nnua

l mea

n te

mpe

ratu

re (°

C)

Figure A2.1 Comparison between mean annual temperature estimated using WORLDCLIM (1960-1990) and CHELSA (1973-2013) climatologies.

Comparing the rate of increase between the summits located in the equatorial latitudes (i.e. Páramo) and the ones located in the higher latitudes (i.e. Puna), we found that the summits located in the Puna have undergone stronger temperature increments than the Páramo summits, with some negative trends in the latter (Figure A.2.2). Yet, important to notice the observed trend was based on monthly means, thus minimum and maximum values are not considered. Further, the observed warming is less than what was reported previously in the study cited above (Vuille & Bradley, 2000), but it should be kept in mind that these are surface and not free- tropospheric trends and that they represent a large-scale average over a model topography that is significantly lower than reality. Hence surface warming is likely to be larger than these values reported here at high elevations where summit plant communities are located (Vuille et al., 2018).

Although the global climate model outputs project an increase between 1.5°C and 3.5°C from a moderate (RCP 4.5) and a high-emission (RCP 8.5) scenario by the end of the century (Pachauri et al., 2014), inevitably there will be regional variations. The Andes in particular is a region of high climate variability induced by external drivers such as ENSO and the Pacific Decadal

Oscillation, as well as local topography and microclimates (Garreaud, 2009), which may obfuscate warming trends. The regional variation in tropical Andean glaciers size and shrinks reflects the heterogeneity of climate. Glacier shrinkage in the tropical Andes has been more pronounced than the global average, and is consistently and robustly related to increasing temperatures (Vuille et al., 2018) and a high sensitivity to changes in air humidity (Kaser, 1999). Albeit the consistent trend in glacier loss in the Andes, the inner tropics are likely to be most affected due to smaller size and lower maximum elevation with respect to the glaciers of the outer tropics (Vuille et al., 2018). At a landscape scale, the local climate in individual valley systems can change the balance between temperature and precipitation and drive differential ecosystem responses to glacier advances and retreats (Rull, 2009).

Figure A2.2 Comparison of the annual rate of change in temperature for the period 1979-2013 between the high mountain summits located in the Páramo (n = 26) and those located in the Puna (n = 23).

Figure AS.3 Observed air temperature trend over 35 years (period 1979-2013) of 49 studied summits along the high tropical Andes. The trend was built using the slope of the linear regression of temperature against year. Data monthly temperature maps at 30-arc second resolution of CHELSA climatology (Karger et al. 2017).

Appendix 3 Linear mixed-effects model results for each thermal niche traits (TNTs) scores of 49 summit plant communities in the high tropical Andes.

Table S4 Linear mixed-effects model results for each thermal niche traits (TNTs) scores of 49 summit plant communities in the high tropical Andes. The response variable was the community TNTs, whereas elevation and distance to the equator (i.e. latitude) were defined as fixed factors and site region (n = 13) as a random factor. Asterisks represent a significant relationship: *** 0.001, ** 0.01 *0.05.

CBS

Value Std. Error t value Prob(>|

t|)(Intercept) 13.185 0.463 28.48 0.0000 ***abs (latitude) 0.112 0.033 3.37 0.0018 **Correlation: (Intr)abs(latitude) -0.776CMS


t|)(Intercept) 15.62 3.042 5.136 2.95E-05 ***abs (latitude) -0.125 0.057 -2.206 0.0343 *Elevation -0.0011 0.0004 -2.530 0.0162 *

Correlation: (Intr) abs(l)

abs(latitude) -0.072 Elevation -0.929 -0.224CTS


t|)(Intercept) 20.816 1.260 16.52 0.0000abs (latitude) 0.0032 0.0216 0.148 0.8832Elevation -0.0033 0.0003 -11.006 0.0000 ***

Correlation: (Intr) abs(l) abs(latitude) 0.203 Elevation -0.975 -0.372

References

Alfaro-Ramírez, F.U., Arredondo-Moreno, J.T., Pérez-Suárez, M. & Endara-Agramont, Á.R. (2017) Pinus hartwegii (Lindl.) treeline ecotone: structure and altitudinal limits at Nevado de Toluca, Mexico. Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, XXIII, 261-273.

Anthelme, F., Cavieres, L.A. & Dangles, O. (2014) Facilitation among plants in alpine environments in the face of climate change. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5, 387.

Buytaert, W., Célleri, R., De Bièvre, B., Cisneros, F., Wyseure, G., Deckers, J. & Hofstede, R. (2006) Human impact on the hydrology of the Andean páramos. Earth-Science Reviews, 79, 53-72.

Cuesta, F., Muriel, P., Llambí, L.D., Halloy, S., Aguirre, N., Beck, S., Carilla, J., Meneses, R.I., Cuello, S., Grau, A., Gámez, L.E., Irazábal, J., Jácome, J., Jaramillo, R., Ramírez, L., Samaniego, N., Suárez-Duque, D., Thompson, N., Tupayachi, A., Viñas, P., Yager, K., Becerra, M.T., Pauli, H. & Gosling, W.D. (2017) Latitudinal and altitudinal patterns of plant community diversity on mountain summits across the tropical Andes. Ecography, 40, 1381-1394.

Cuevas, J.G. (2002) Episodic regeneration at the Nothofagus pumilio alpine timberline in Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Journal of Ecology, 90, 52-60.

Duchicela, S.A., Cuesta, F., Pinto, E., Gosling, W.D. & Young, K.R. (2019) Indicators for assessing tropical alpine rehabilitation practices. Ecosphere, 10, e02595.

Fjeldså, J. & Krabbe, N. (1990) Birds of the High Andes: A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen.

Garreaud, R. (2009) The Andes climate and weather. Advances in Geosciences, 22, 3-11.Harsch, M.A., Hulme, P.E., McGlone, M.S. & Duncan, R.P. (2009) Are treelines advancing? A

global meta‐analysis of treeline response to climate warming. Ecology letters, 12, 1040-1049.

Hershkovitz, P. (1969) The Recent Mammals of the Neotropical Region: A Zoogeographic and Ecological Review. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 44, 1-70.

Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Parra, J.L., Jones, P.G. & Jarvis, A. (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 1965-1978.

Josse, C., Cuesta, F., Navarro, G., Barrena, V., Cabrera, E., Chacon-Moreno, E., Ferreira, W., Peralvo, M., SAito, J. & Tovar, A. (2009) Ecosistemas de los Andes del Norte y Centro. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru y Venezuela. In. Secretaria General de la Comunidad Andina, Programa Regional ECOBONA-Intercooperation, CONDESAN-Proyecto Paramo Andino, Programa BioAndes, EcoCiencia, NatureServe, IAvH, LTA-UNALM, ICAE-ULA, CDC-UNALM, RumBOL SRL, Lima.

Josse, C., Cuesta, F., Navarro, G., Barrena, V., Becerra, M.T., Cabrera, E., Chacón-Moreno, E., Ferreira, W., Peralvo, M. & Saito, J. (2011) Physical geography and ecosystems in the tropical Andes. Climate change and biodiversity in the tropical Andes (ed. by S.K.

Herzog, R. Martínez, P.M. Jørgensen and H. Tiessen), pp. 152-169. Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) and Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), Brasilia.

Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, H.P. & Kessler, M. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas. Scientific Data, 4, 170122.

Kaser, G. (1999) A review of the modern fluctuations of tropical glaciers. Global and Planetary Change, 22, 93-103.

Kleier, C. & Rundel, P. (2009) Energy balance and temperature relations of Azorella compacta, a high-elevation cushion plant of the central Andes. Plant Biology, 11, 351-358.

Körner, C. (2003) Alpine plant life: functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems; with 47 tables, 2nd edn. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin.

Körner, C. (2012) Alpine treelines: functional ecology of the global high elevation tree limits. Springer Science & Business Media, Basel.

Körner, C., Paulsen, J. & Spehn, E.M. (2011) A definition of mountains and their bioclimatic belts for global comparisons of biodiversity data. Alpine Botany, 121, 73.

Luteyn, J., A. Cleef & Rangel, C. (2002) Plant diversity in paramo: towards a checklist of paramo plants and a generic flora. Paramo: an Andean ecosystem under human influence (ed. by H. Balslev and J. Luteyn), pp. 71-84. London Academic Press, London.

Pachauri, R.K., Allen, M.R., Barros, V.R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J.A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q. & Dasgupta, P. (2014) Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC.

Pauli, H., Gottfried, M., Lamprecht, A., Niessner, S., Rumpf, S., Winkler, M., Steinbauer, K. & Grabherr, G. (2015) The GLORIA field manual – standard Multi-Summit approach, supplementary methods and extra approaches., 5th edition. edn. GLORIA-Coordination, Austrian Academy of Sciences & University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna.

Ramirez-Villegas, J., Cuesta, F., Devenish, C., Peralvo, M., Jarvis, A. & Arnillas, C.A. (2014) Using species distributions models for designing conservation strategies of Tropical Andean biodiversity under climate change. Journal for Nature Conservation, 22, 391-404.

Rull, V. (2009) Microrefugia. Journal of Biogeography, 36, 481-484.Rundel, P.W., Smith, A.P. & Meinzer, F.C. (1994) Tropical alpine environments: plant form

and function. Cambridge University Press.

Simpson, B.B. (1983) An historical phytogeography of the high Andean flora. Revista Chilena Hist. Nat., 56, 109–122.

Sklenár, P., Kučerová, A., Macková, J. & Romoleroux, K. (2016) Temperature Microclimates of Plants in a Tropical Alpine Environment: How Much does Growth Form Matter? Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 48, 61-78.

Sklenár, P., Luteyn, J.L., Ulloa, C.U., Jorgensen, P.M. & Dillon, M.O. (2005) Generic flora of the Páramo: illustrated guide of the vascular plants. The New York Botanical Garden, New York.

Vuille, M. & Bradley, R. (2000) Mean temperature trends and their vertical structure in the tropical Andes. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 3885-3888.

Vuille, M., Carey, M., Huggel, C., Buytaert, W., Rabatel, A., Jacobsen, D., Soruco, A., Villacis, M., Yarleque, C., Elison Timm, O., Condom, T., Salzmann, N. & Sicart, J.-E. (2018) Rapid decline of snow and ice in the tropical Andes – Impacts, uncertainties and challenges ahead. Earth-Science Reviews, 176, 195-213.

species thermal niche traits (tnts) · web viewwe downloaded all available geo-referenced records...

Documents