species no. 74: mistle thrush turdus...

Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version 2008

Reproduction & Prenuptial Migration * 442 *

Species no. 74: Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus Distribution: The Mistle Thrush inhabits North-western Africa and a major part of Europe and western Asia, reaching India and Mongolia to the east. It breeds in coniferous forests, some deciduous forests and open habitats with isolated large trees. Movements: Sedentary to dispersive in southern and western Europe. Main winter range of central European and Fennoscandian birds extends from Belgium through western and southern France to North-east Spain. First birds appear on central European breeding grounds in February. In central Sweden, the average arrival is in late March. Population size and trends: The European population numbers 3 – 7.4 million including the large Russian population of 1 – 3 million pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population of EU 27 is estimated at 1.6 - 3.6 million breeding pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). This species has undergone a strong expansion at the beginning of last century, but the range and population size in Europe was stable during 1970-2000. In a few regions a decline has been reported, but an increase in the large German populations has compensated for the decrease elsewhere (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: Breeding: clutch size is usually 3-5 eggs (-6); incubation: 12-15 days; fledging period: 12-15 days; becomes independent app. two weeks after fledging; broods: 2 (-3).



Movements

Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus

MIGRANT Member State RESIDENT Breeding Passage Wintering

FI SE EE LV LT Irregular PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE Few Few LU Few HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT Very scarce GR CY RO BG HR



Definition of period of reproduction


Member State

Period of reproduction begins with

Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

SE Occupation of breeding sites EE Occupation of breeding sites LV 3 LT Occupation of breeding sites 8 PL Occupation of breeding sites 1, 3 SK Occupation of breeding sites CZ Occupation of breeding sites DK Occupation of breeding sites UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3 DE Occupation of breeding sites 4 NL Occupation of breeding sites 16 BE Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4 LU HU Construction of the nest AT Construction of the nest SI FR Construction of the nest territorial behaviour in

winter; premature singing since December

6

ES Construction of the nest 3, 7 PT Construction of the nest Lack of information 1 IT Construction of the nest 1,3,4,5 MT GR Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3 CY RO 3 BG Occupation of breeding sites,

Construction of the nest 3, 4, 7, 8, 17

HR Construction of the nest 19



Period of reproduction

Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions 1) In western, central, and Southern Europe (where it is mainly resident to

dispersive), the beginning of the period of reproduction corresponds to the construction of the nest, although territorial behaviour already occurs in the winter. In Northern and Eastern Europe (where it is mainly migratory, the beginning of the period of reproduction corresponds to the occupation of the breeding sites.

2) The end of the period of reproduction ranges from the 3rd decade of June (ES, PL) to the 2nd decade of August (SE, FR). Full flight of young birds marks the end of the reproduction period.



Prenuptial migration


Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing

grounds?

Member State YES NO References FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X EE X LV 6 LT X 5,8 PL X 1, 3 SK Mixing of wintering, migrating and

breeding birds

CZ Mixing of wintering, migrating and breeding birds

DK X UK Small number of migrants 1 IE Mixed population of residents &

migrants

DE X 4 NL X 7 BE Presence of wintering birds 1, 2, 3, 4 LU X HU Mixing of wintering, migrating and

breeding birds

AT SI FR Diurnal migration, but few data X 2, 6 ES Mixing of resident and wintering

populations 3, 14, 15

PT Resident IT Presence of local resident and wintering

birds 1,3,4,5

MT GR Mixing of resident and wintering

populations 1, 2, 3

CY X 3 RO 3 BG Mixed populations of residents and

migrants 3, 4, 7, 8, 17

HR Mixing of migrating and wintering populations

17, 19



Period of prenuptial migration


J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR

IT - The species is poorly represented during prenuptial migration, as it follows a loop strategy, which involves IT especially during the post-nuptial movements. Ringing data suggests the start of movements in February. Comments and conclusions 1) Varies from migratory in north and east of range (FI, SE, DK) to sedentary or

dispersive in west and south. Birds breeding in central Europe and Scandinavia winter from BE through western and southern FR to north-east of ES. It is sedentary in PT; in FR there is a mix of resident, wintering and passage birds.

2) Beginning of prenuptial migration is not difficult to identify (diurnal migration) although data is lacking.

3) Departure (in southern countries) and arrival (in northern countries) of first migrants coincides with the beginning of the prenuptial migration.

4) Beginning of prenuptial migration ranges from the 3rd decade of January (BE, ES) to the 2nd decade of March (FI, EE, LT, DK).



Species no. 75: Jay Garrulus glandarius Twenty-eight subspecies of Jay have been recognised in the Palearctic region. Ten occur in Europe. The European subspecies can be divided in two well-defined groups: The streak-capped nominate group that is widespread in the European Union and the black-capped atricapillaris group that occurs marginally on the East Aegean islands. Distribution: Being a Palearctic and northern Oriental species, the Jay occurs in the West from Ireland, Portugal and north-west Africa to Japan in the East, and in a separate band from South Himalayas to China. Movements: In Europe this species is largely sedentary in west and south of the range and an eruptive migrant in the east and north. Among the northernmost breeders some always move south in winter. Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 6 - 13 million pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population in EU 27 has been estimated to 3.4 – 7.4 million pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). Breeding numbers in Europe are considered more or less stable during 1990 – 2000 (BirdLife 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 5-7 eggs (3-10); incubation: 16-17 days – up to 19 days; full flight of young birds at 21-22 (19-23) days; independence: young cease to be fed by parents at 6-8 weeks after hatching; broods: one brood.



Movements

Jay Garrulus glandarius


FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





Member State


Comments References

FI Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6SE Construction of the nest EE Construction of the nest LV 3 LT Construction of the nest 8 PL Construction of the nest 1, 3 SK Construction of the nest 3, 5 CZ Construction of the nest DK Construction of the nest UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest 1, 4, 6 DE Occupation of breeding sites 4 NL Construction of the nest 16 BE Pair formation after group

nuptial parades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU Nuptial parade 1 HU Construction of the nest AT Construction of the nest 1,13 SI FR ES PT Construction of the nest No data on breeding

chronology 1

IT Construction of the nest MT GR CY RO 3 BG Construction of the nest 3, 4, 7, 8, 17,

24 HR Construction of the nest 19




Jay Garrulus glandarius J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions

1) The period of reproduction starts with the construction of the nest. 2) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 3rd decade of June (LT, PL,

BG) to the 2nd decade of September (SK). Independence of young birds (c. 5 decades after hatching) marks the end of the period of reproduction.





Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds?

Member State YES NO References FI SE EE Partial migrant LV LT X PL Mixing of residents & migrants 1,3 SK X 3 CZ DK X UK Mixing of residents & migrants 1 IE DE X 4 NL Mixing of residents & migrants BE Mixing of migrants with large numbers of

resident birds. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU X 1 HU AT X SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Difficult to separate large resident

population and returning migrants 19




Jay Garrulus glandarius J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions

1) Largely resident in west and south, mainly eruptive migrant in east and north. 2) Mixing of often-large numbers of residents with migrants makes it difficult to

identify the beginning of the prenuptial migration. 3) The beginning of the prenuptial period ranges from the 3rd decade of February

(DK) to the 3rd decade of March (UK, DE).



Species no. 76: Magpie Pica pica Distribution: The Magpie occurs in the Northern Hemisphere between 15° and 70° north. Its range is continuous throughout Europe an Asia. It occurs also in North America. In Europe, the Magpie is missing only from most of the Atlantic islands and from Crete, Sardinia, Corsica, Malta, and Balearic Islands. Movements: In winter, it may wander in search of food, but otherwise it does not migrate. Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 7.5 - 19.0 million pairs including 1 – 5 million pairs in Russia (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The EU 27 breeding population is estimated at 3.9 – 9.4 million pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). Since 1965, Magpie densities have increased in most European countries, but during 1990-2000 key populations in Russia and France declined sharply (Birdlife Int. 2004A). However, in most other European countries this species increased during 1990 – 2000 (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 5-7 eggs (3-10); incubation: 21-22 days; fledging period: 24-30 days, independence of young c. 7 decades after hatching. One brood.



Movements

Magpie Pica pica

Member State RESIDENT

FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR




Magpie Pica pica

Member State


Comments References

FI Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 SE Construction of the nest 1, 8 EE Construction of the nest LV 1 LT Construction of the nest 8 PL Construction of the nest 1 SK Occupation of breeding sites

and construction of the nest 3

CZ Construction of the nest DK Construction of the nest Prenuptial migration:

3rd decade of Feb. to 1st decade of May

UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest Pair bonds may last

several years 1, 2, 3, 6

DE Occupation of breeding sites 4 NL Construction of the nest Includes 7 weeks

feeding after fledging 26

BE Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 LU Construction of the nest 1 HU Construction of the nest AT Construction of the nest SI FR Construction of the nest 1 ES PT Construction of the nest No data on breeding

chronology 1

IT Construction of the nest MT GR CY Construction of the nest 3 RO 3 BG Occupation of breeding sites 3, 4, 7, 8, 17 HR Construction of the nest 19




Magpie Pica pica J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT ? ? IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions

1) The period of reproduction starts with the construction of the nest, including re-lining of old nests (i.e. 3 decades before egg laying) and ends with the independence of young birds (c. 7 decades after hatching).

2) The beginning of the reproduction period ranges from the 2nd decade of February (CZ, FR, BG) to the 1st decade of April (FI, IE, PT?).

3) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 2nd decade of June (PL) to the 1st decade of September (SK).



Species no. 77: Jackdaw Corvus monedula Distribution: The Jackdaw has a very widespread distribution in Europe and Western Asia. The range from Ireland and Iberian Peninsula in the west to upper Yenisey, eastern Tien Shan mountains and North-west Himalayas in the east. Movements: In Britain and Ireland most birds are sedentary but in continental Europe the species undergoes extensive WSW movements in autumn, particularly in northern regions. Fennoscandian birds winter in the Netherlands, France, Britain and Ireland. Population size and trends: The European population is 5.2 – 15 millions of which 1 – 5 million breeds in Russia (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population breeding in EU 27 is estimated at 2.5 – 4.5 million pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). Since 1975, the Jackdaw population in many regions of Europe has either remained stable or shown a slight increase. During 1990-2000 the population decreased in several countries, e.g. Turkey and France, but the decrease was compensated by increases in the populations of Belarus, Romania and UK and overall the European population remained stable (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 4-6 eggs (2-8); incubation: 17-18 days (16-20); full flight of young birds at 28-36 days; independence: young birds become independent c. 5 weeks after fledging; broods: one brood.



Movements

Jackdaw Corvus monedula


FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU ? ? ? AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





Member State


Comments References

FI Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

SE Construction of the nest 1, 8 EE Construction of the nest LV 1 LT Construction of the nest 8 PL Construction of the nest 1, 3 SK Construction of the nest CZ Construction of the nest DK Construction of the nest UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest Pair bond year-round and

usually life-long 1, 2, 3, 6

DE Occupation of breeding sites 4 NL Construction of the nest 35 BE Construction of the nest 3 LU Construction of the nest HU Construction of the nest AT Construction of the nest 13, 18 SI FR ES PT Construction of the nest No data on breeding

chronology

IT Construction of the nest MT GR CY Construction of the nest 3 RO 3 BG Occupation of breeding sites

Construction of the nest 3, 4, 7, 8,

17, 25 HR Construction of the nest 19





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE ? ? ? ? ? ? NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR NL - includes 1 month feeding after fledging Comments and conclusions

1) The period of reproduction starts with the construction of the nest, including re-lining of old nests and ends with the independence of young birds (c. 7 decades after hatching).

2) The beginning of the period of reproduction ranges from the 1st decade of February (DE?) to the 3rd decade of April (FI).

3) The end of the period of reproduction ranges from 2nd decade of June (EE, SK, LV) to the 1st decade of August (DE).





Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing

grounds?

Member State YES NO References FI Partial migrant 1, 2, 3, 4 SE Partial migrant EE Partial migrant LV 1 LT X 5,8 PL Mixing of residents & migrants 1, 3 SK CZ Mixing of residents & migrants DK X UK Mixing of residents & migrants 1 IE Mixing of residents & migrants 4 DE X 4 NL X 12 BE Mixing of residents & migrants 3 LU HU X AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR




Jackdaw Corvus monedula J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT FR SI ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR UK - migrants; IE - no information. Comments and conclusions

1) Largely resident but Fennoscandian birds winter in NL, FR, UK, IE. 2) The beginning of the prenuptial migration period ranges from the 1st decade of

February (CZ, DE) to the 3rd decade of March (LV).



Species no. 78: Rook Corvus frugilegus Distribution: Palearctic - this species is widely distributed across the temperate and boreal middle latitudes of Europe and in the boreal, steppe and desert zones of Asia Minor to Yenisey River, Northwest Altai and Northwest Sinkiang. In Europe there are two strongholds, one comprising the regions bordering the North Sea and Baltic Sea, the other the plains of East-Central Europe (mainly Russia, Poland and Romania). Movements: Resident to migratory, with more birds migrating in cold winters. Winters in Europe within and south of the breeding range. Adults tend to move less far than juveniles. British and Irish birds are almost entirely resident. Spanish and French birds are mainly resident. Partial migrant in the Netherlands, Germany and Scandinavia. Chiefly migratory in Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and former Soviet Union countries. Following post-breeding dispersal, autumn departure begins in September with main movement October-November. Hard-weather movements sometimes reported during mid-winter. Return movement is early, usually February-March, exceptionally from January. Population size: The total European population is estimated between 10 - 18 million pairs including the large Russian population of 5 - 10 million (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The EU 27 breeding population is estimated at 2.5 – 3.8 million pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). Since 1900, the European Rook populations have fluctuated mainly due to changing agricultural land-use, application of pesticides and seed dressing (mercury) and persecution. During 1990 – 2000 most European populations were stable or increasing (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is usually 2-6 eggs (1-7); incubation: 16-18 days; fledging period: 30-36 days; independence: fed by parents for app. six weeks after fledging; broods: one brood.



Movements

Rook Corvus frugilegus


FI SE DK EE LV LT PL SK CZ Few UK IE Small numbers DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





Member State


Comments References

FI Occupation breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6SE Construction of the nest 1, 8 EE Occupation of breeding sites 19 EE Construction of the nest LV 1 LT Construction of the nest 8 PL Construction of the nest 1, 3 SK Occupation breeding sites 3 CZ Permanent occupation of

colonies

DK Occupation breeding sites & construction of the nest

1, 2, 3 ,4

UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3 DE Occupation breeding sites 4 NL Occupation breeding sites 13 BE Occupation breeding sites &

nuptial parade 1, 2, 3, 4

LU Occupation breeding sites & construction of the nest

1

HU Occupation of the nest AT Occupation of breeding sites 18, 20 SI FR Permanent occupation of

colonies 6

ES PT IT MT GR CY RO 3 BG Occupation of breeding sites 3, 4, 7, 8 HR Construction of the nest 9





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions

1) The period of reproduction begins with the continuous occupation of breeding colonies and ends with the independence of young birds (c. 7 decades after hatching).

2) The beginning of the reproduction period ranges from the 1st decade of February (IE, BE, LU) to the 3rd decade of April (FI) and its end ranges from 3rd decade of May (SK) to the 3rd decade of July (FI, PL).






Member State YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 1 EE X LV 1 LT Mixing of wintering and breeding birds 5,8 PL X 1, 3 SK Mixing of residents and migratory

populations 3, 4

CZ X DK X 1, 2, 3, 4 UK Mixed flocks of residents & migrants 1 IE No information DE X 4 NL Mixed population of residents &

migratory 12

BE Mixed population of residents & migratory

1, 2, 3, 4

LU Lack of data on migration 1 HU X AT Mixed population of residents &

migratory 2, 9, 18, 20

SI X FR 6 ES PT Scarce and irregular wintering IT MT GR CY RO 3 BG X 3, 7, 8, 13,

16, 17 HR




Rook Corvus frugilegus J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR AT - breeders wintering from AT to FR and large wintering population from Russia. Comments and conclusions

1) Resident to migratory. 2) Departure of first migrants from wintering areas corresponds to the beginning

of the prenuptial migration. 3) Beginning of prenuptial migration ranges from the 3rd decade of January (SK)

to the 1st decade of March (FI, LT, PL).



Species no. 79: Carrion Crow & Hooded Crow Corvus corone The Crow can be divided in two groups, sometimes considered as two species. The Carrion Crow, Corone, group which occurs in two separated populations in SW Europe and in Eastern Palearctic; and sandwiched in between is the Hooded Crow, Cornix, group in northern, central and southern Europe (west to Corsica). Distribution: The crow occupies an enormous range in Eurasia. It is mostly abundant throughout its entire distribution, and among the most widespread of all Palearctic bird species. It occurs from the Atlantic to the Pacific and in Europe from the Mediterranean coast to northern Norway. Movements: Nominate Carrion Crow is essentially sedentary while Hooded Crow populations breeding in Northern and Eastern Europe includes sedentary, partly migratory and almost completely migratory populations. The Fennoscandian population is partially migratory, and is more migratory in the north than in the south. Migrants from Denmark and Scandinavia head southwest, reaching the Netherlands, Northeast France, and eastern Britain. Those from western Finland migrate through Southeast Sweden and winter in the Netherlands. Those from eastern Finland and the Baltic States migrate south of the Baltic Sea to reach Germany and Poland. Hooded Crows breeding in the Mediterranean region (subspecies sardonius) are sedentary. Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 7 - 17 million pairs, of which 1.5 – 5 million breeds in Russia (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The EU 27 population is estimated at 4.1 - 8.7 million breeding pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). The European population increased during 1970-1990 and have remained stable overall during 1990-2000 with increases in some countries and decreases in other (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 3-6 eggs (2-7); incubation: 18-19 days (17-20); full flight of young birds at 28-38 days; independence: usually independent of parents 6 decades after hatching; broods: one brood.



Movements:

Carrion Crow & Hooded Crow Corvus corone


FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR (few) ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





Member

State Period of reproduction

begins with Comments References

FI Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

SE Construction of the nest 1, 22 EE Construction of the nest LV 1 LT Occupation of the nest 8 PL Construction of the nest 1 SK Courtship display 3 CZ Construction of the nest DK Construction of the nest UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest Pair bond usually year-

round and of several years duration

1, 2, 3, 6

DE 4 NL Occupation of the nest 38 BE Construction of the nest Formation of new couples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 LU Construction of the nest 1 HU Occupation of the nest AT Construction of the nest SI FR ES PT Construction of the nest No data on breeding

chronology

IT Construction of the nest MT GR CY Occupation of the nest 3 RO 3 BG Occupation of breeding site

Occupation of the nest 3, 4, 7, 8, 17

HR Construction of the nest 19





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL 1 BE 2 LU 1 HU AT SI FR ES PT ? ? IT 2 MT GR CY 1 RO 2 BG HR 2 1 C. c. corone 2 C. c. cornix Comments and conclusions

1) The period of reproduction start with the construction of the nest, including re-lining of old nests, and ends with the independence of young birds (c. 6 decades after hatching)

2) The beginning of the period of reproduction ranges from the 2nd decade of February (SK,) to the 2nd decade of April (FI, HU) and the end ranges from the 2nd decade of June (LV) to the 1st decade of August (SE, AT, SI).





Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds? Member

State YES NO References

FI Partial migrant 1, 2, 3, 4 SE Partial migrant EE Partial migrant LV 1 LT X 5,8 PL X 1 SK Partial migrant, overlap of wintering and resident

populations 2, 4

CZ X DK Partial migrant X UK Some migrants from the continent suspected 1 IE Resident DE X 4, 12 NL X 12 BE Few data available LU Resident X 1 HU X AT X SI FR ES Resident PT Resident IT Resident MT GR Resident CY Resident RO 3 BG HR Resident




Carrion Crow & Hooded Crow Corvus corone J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV 1 LT PL SK CZ DK 1 2 UK IE DE NL 2 BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO 2 BG HR 1 C. c. corone 2 C. c. cornix Comments and conclusions

1) Partial migrant in Fennoscandia. 2) The beginning of the prenuptial migration period ranges from the 1st decade of

February (LU) to the 2nd decade of March (DK).



Species no. 80: Starling Sturnus vulgaris Distribution: The Starling is a Palearctic bird breeding between 40° to 70°N. It is replaced by Spotless Starling Sturnus unicolor in Iberian Peninsula and the large Thyrrenean islands. It has been introduced to and is now widespread in North America, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. It is a widespread breeder across Europe, which accounts for less than half of its global breeding range. Movements: Generally migratory in the north and east of the breeding range; partial migrant in the south and west. The direction of autumn migration of adults is predominantly to the south-west, but more southerly in the east of the range and more westerly in the west. Population size and trends: The European breeding population is very large (23 - 56 million breeding pairs). The total population in EU 27 is estimated to 14 - 34 breeding pairs (BirdLife 2004A). After a continuous increasing trend from the 19th century until the 1950s, many European populations started to decline, especially since the 1970s. This decline was first noted, and probably started, in the Finnish range periphery, then affected Karelia, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Western Europe. It is now declining in Turkey, Russia and most countries in the north and northwest of Europe. The species has undergone a moderate overall decline (>10%) during 1990-2000 (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 3-8 eggs (4-5 days); incubation: 11-15 days; fledging period: at c. 21 days; independence: a few days after fledging; broods: usually only one brood in northeast, but in south and west pairs may have two broods.



Movements

Starling Sturnus vulgaris


FI SE EE Occasional LV LT Irregular PL SK CZ ( ) DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





Member State


Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6SE Occupation of breeding sites 8, 10, 11 EE Occupation of breeding sites LV 1 LT Occupation of the nest 8 PL Occupation of breeding sites 1, 3 SK Occupation of breeding sites CZ Occupation of breeding sites DK Occupation of breeding sites UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest 1, 4, 6 DE Occupation of breeding sites 4 NL Construction of the nest 33 BE Construction of the nest and/or

occupation of breeding sites (S BE)

5

LU Occupation of breeding sites HU Construction of the nest AT Occupation of breeding sites 13, 18 SI FR Construction of the nest 6 ES Construction of the nest PT IT Construction of the nest 29 MT Occupation of breeding sites 5 GR Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3 CY RO BG Occupation of breeding sites

Occupation of the nest 3, 4, 7, 8, 17

HR Occupation of breeding sites 2




Starling Sturnus vulgaris J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions

1) The period of reproduction starts with the occupation of the breeding sites where it is mainly migratory and ends with the independence of young birds (c. 3 decades after hatching).

2) The end of the period of reproduction ranges from the 1st decade of June (MT) to the 3rd decade of July (FI, LT, PL, CZ, UK, IE, DE, HU, AT, ES, IT, SI, RO, BG, HR).






Member State

YES NO References

FI Over-winters in small numbers in southern- and westernmost FI

X 1, 2, 3, 4

SE X 8, 10, 11 EE X LV 1 LT X 5,8 PL X 1,3 SK X CZ X DK X UK Mixed resident & migrant flocks 1 IE Large resident population mixed with winter

migrants from central Europe 1, 3

DE X 4 NL X 36 BE Mixing of resident & wintering birds 3, 5 LU HU X AT SI FR 6 ES Mixing of resident & wintering birds PT Little information on departure dates;

species is easily confused with the local S. unicolor.

IT Mixture of wintering birds and local residents

MT 5 GR Mixing of resident & wintering birds 1, 2, 3 CY X 3 RO BG X 3, 7, 8, 17,

19 HR Mixing of migrating and wintering

populations 3, 12, 16




Starling Sturnus vulgaris J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions

1) Generally migratory in north and east of breeding range, partially migratory in south and west.

2) Beginning of prenuptial migration more difficult to identify where migrants are mixed with residents.

3) The beginning of the prenuptial migration period ranges from the 3rd decade of January (NL) to the 2nd decade of March (LV).

species no. 74: mistle thrush turdus...

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