species diversity and trophic structure characterize
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Species InteractionTori Teoh, Skylar Masuda, Heather Osterstock,
Lea Sado, Juliane Venezuela, Liana Garcia
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What makes a species?
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You Must Know
● The concept of a niche and how it is
affected by competition.
● The role of competitive exclusion in
interspecific competition.
● The symbiotic relationships of
parasitism, mutualism, and
commensalism.
● Species diversity has two components:
species richness and relative
abundance.
● The impact of keystone species on
community structure
● The difference between primary and
secondary successions.
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Community Interactions
Categorized as positive relationships:
Or negative relationships:
(+/+) or (+/0)
(+/-) or (-/-)
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Mutualism (+/+)
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Commensalism (+/0)
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Negative Relationships
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Predation (+/-)
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Herbivory (+/-)
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Parasitism (+/-)
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Competition (-/-)
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Interspecific Competition
Competition for resources in short
supply. A neg/neg interaction
between species.
Competitive Exclusion Principle: two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist permanently in the same place.
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Ecological Niches
Fundamental NicheRealized Niche
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How competitions affects niche
● Predation
○ Both prey and predator adapting to each other
● Herbivory
○ Prey adapt to predators likes, predators adapt to
prey’s protection
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● Parasitism
○ Changes/ directly affects host
● Mutuilism
○ “Benefits to each partner must
exceed costs”
● Commensalism
○ “One-sided relationship”
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Keystone SpeciesA keystone species is a species that
plays a crucial role in an ecosystem.
Without it, many ecosystems would
be drastically changed or be unable to
function.
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Why are they so important?
● Keystone species have low
functional redundancy, meaning
it is unlikely that other species in
their ecosystems serve the same
purpose or fill the same niche.
● Often, keystone species are
predators who keep populations
in check.
● Sometimes, keystone species are
mutualists, such as pollinators,
who benefit other species that
more directly.impact the
ecosystem.